¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ

 Î©Ô¸¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈç½­ºÓÌÏÌÏ£¡
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÈíÁ¦Á¿ÒÔ¼°¶ÔÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ¹Û²ì

¡¡¡¡

Ö£ÓÀÄê ÕųÚ

¡¾ÄÚÈÝÌáÒª¡¿×÷ÕßÖ÷Ҫ̽ÌÖÁ˹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÈíÁ¦Á¿ÒÔ¼°ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£ÔÚ¶ÔԼɪ·ò¡¤ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ñ§Ëµ½øÐÐÅúÆÀºó£¬×÷Õß¶Ô¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ¦Á¿µÄ¡°Èí¡±¡¢¡°Ó²¡±×öÁ˲»Í¬µÄÚ¹ÊÍ£¬ÈÏΪ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÏà¶Ô¶øÑԵĸÐÖª£¬Òª¸ù¾Ý¾ßÌåÇé¿ö¶øÂÛ¡£Í¬Ò»ÖÖÁ¦Á¿×ÊÔ´¼È¿ÉÒÔ±íÏÖΪÈíÁ¦Á¿£¬ÓÖ¿ÉÒÔ±íÏÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿¡£ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧÀÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ·¶³ë²»ÄÜÎÞÏÞÀ©´ó¡£Ó¦¸ÃÓö¯Ì¬Ë¼Î¬¿´´ý¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²¡£¸ù¾Ý½ÓÊ̶ܳȵIJ»Í¬£¬Á¦Á¿¿É·ÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿¡¢ÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿¡£¶ÔÁ¦Á¿ÈíÓ²µÄ·ÖÎö¿É´ÓºáÏòÐÔ¡¢×ÝÏòÐÔ¡¢Ïà¶ÔÐÔÈý¸ö½Ç¶ÈÈëÊÖ¡£ÔÚµ±Ç°¹ú¼ÊÕþÖα³¾°Ï£¬ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ö÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚ¡°Öйúģʽ¡±¡¢¶à±ßÖ÷Òå¡¢¾­¼ÃÍâ½»ÓëÄÀÁÚÕþ²ßÖС£

¡¡¡¡¡¾×÷Õß¼ò½é¡¿Ö£ÓÀÄ꣬Ӣ¹úŵ¶¡ºº´óѧÖйúÕþ²ßÑо¿Ëù½ÌÊÚ¡¢Ñо¿Ö÷ÈΣ»Õųڣ¬Ó¢¹úŵ¶¡ºº´óѧÕþÖÎѧÓë¹ú¼Ê¹ØÏµÑ§Ôº²©Ê¿Ñо¿Éú¡£

¡¡¡¡"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"Ò»´ÊÒѳÉΪÖйúýÌå¡¢Õþ²ßȦÄÚ¡¢¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧ½çÀïÈËÃÇÈÈÖÔÓÚÌÖÂÛµÄÒ»¸ö¸ÅÄî¡£¶àÊýÌÖÂÛÖ÷Òª»ùÓÚÃÀ¹úÕþÖÎѧÕßԼɪ·ò¡£ÄÎÌá³öµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿£¨softpow2er £©¸ÅÄî¡£Õë¶Ô½üÄêÀ´ÓÈÆäÊÇ2003ÄêÒÁÀ­¿ËÕ½ÕùÒÔÀ´ÃÀ¹úÍâ½»ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉç»áÏÝÈëÀ§¾³µÄ¾ÖÃæÒÔ¼°ÃÀ¹úÔÚÈ«ÊÀ½çÉùÍûϽµ¡¢ÊÀ½ç·¶Î§ÄÚ·´ÃÀÇéÐ÷ÉÏÉýµÄÏÖÏó£¬ÄζԲ¼Ê²Õþ¸®µÄÍâ½»Õþ²ßÌá³öÁËÅúÆÀ¡£Õë¶Ô²¼Ê²Õþ¸®µÄ¾üÊÂÖ÷Ò壬ÄÎÈÏΪÔÚÊÀ½çÕþÖÎÖУ¬ÈíÁ¦Á¿¢Ù¡¸Öйú¹úÄÚ¶Ô"soft power"µÄ·­Òë°üÀ¨"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"¡¢"ÈíʵÁ¦"¡¢"ÈíȨÁ¦"µÈ¡£±¾ÎÄͳһ²ÉÓÃ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"µÄÒë·¨£¬¶Ô¸Ã´ÊµÄÌÖÂÛÒ²°üÀ¨¶ÔÆäËûÒë·¨µÄÌÖÂÛ¡£¡¹µÄÖØÒªÐÔÔÚ²»¶ÏÔö¼Ó£¬ÃÀ¹úҪѧ»áÔËÓÃÁéÇɵÄÁ¦Á¿£¨smart power£©£¬¼´½áºÏÓ²Á¦Á¿£¨hard power£©ºÍÈíÁ¦Á¿À´ÊµÏÖÆäÍâ½»Õþ²ßÄ¿±ê¡£

¡¡¡¡ÄÎÈÏΪ£¬Á¦Á¿£¨power £©ÊÇÓ°ÏìËûÈËÐÐΪ´Ó¶øÊµÏÖ×Ô¼ºÄ¿µÄµÄÄÜÁ¦¡£Ó²Á¦Á¿ÔÚÓÚÒýÓÕ£¨"ºúÂܲ·"£©»òÕßÍþв£¨"´ó°ô"£©¡£¶øÒ»¹úµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ö÷ÒªÔÚÓÚÈý¸ö×ÊÔ´£º¸Ã¹úµÄÎÄ»¯£¨¶ÔËûÈ˾ßÓÐÎüÒýÁ¦µÄµØ·½£©¡¢¸Ã¹úµÄÕþÖμÛÖµ¹Û£¨µ±¸Ã¹úÔÚ¹úÄÚ¡¢¹úÍⶼʵ¼ù¸Ã¼ÛÖµ¹ÛµÄʱºò£©ÒÔ¼°¸Ã¹úµÄÍâ½»Õþ²ß£¨µ±ÕâЩÕþ²ß±»¿´×öºÏÀí¡¢ºÏ·¨²¢¾ßÓеÀµÂȨÍþµÄʱºò£©¡£¢Ú¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power£ºThe Means to Success in World Politics £¬New York £ºPublic Affairs£¬2004£¬p.2£¬p.11.¡¹ .

¡¡¡¡±¾ÎÄÏȶÔÈíÁ¦Á¿Ñ§ËµÔÚÖйú¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧ½ç·¢Õ¹µÄÇé¿ö¼°Æä¾ÖÏÞÐÔ×öÒ»¼òҪ˵Ã÷£¬È»ºóÕë¶ÔÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîµÄ²»¹»¿ÆÑ§Ö®´¦½øÐÐһЩÅúÆÀ£¬¢Û¡¸Ô¼Éª·ò¡£ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ñ§ËµÖ÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÆä2004Äê³ö°æµÄ¡¶ÈíÁ¦Á¿£ºÊÀ½çÕþÖεijɹ¦Ö®µÀ¡·£¨SoftPower £ºTheMeans to Success inWorld Poli2tics £©Ò»ÊéÖС£±¾ÎÄ¶ÔÆäÈíÁ¦Á¿ÀíÂÛµÄÅúÅÐÒ²Ö÷ÒªÕë¶Ô¸ÃÊéµÄÄÚÈÝ¡£¡¹²¢ÔÚ´Ë»ù´¡É϶Թú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²¹ØÏµ×öÒ»¶¯Ì¬Ú¹ÊÍ£¬×îºó¼òÒª·ÖÎöµ±Ç°¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ×é³É¡£

¡¡¡¡Ò»¡¢Öйú¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧ½ç¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌÖÂÛ

¡¡¡¡Ò»¸öÓÐȤµÄÏÖÏóÊÇ£¬Ò»Ð©Î÷·½¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧÕßÌá³öµÄ¾ßÓÐÕþ²ßµ¼ÏòµÄ¸ÅÄî»òÕßѧ˵£¬ÓÉÓÚ´æÔÚ×ÅÃ÷ÏÔȱÏÝ£¬²¢Ã»ÄÜÔÚÎ÷·½Ñ§Êõ½çµÃµ½¹ã·º¹Ø×¢ºÍÓ¦Óᣵ«ÔÚһЩ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò£¬ÕâЩÀíÂÛÈ´µÃÒÔѸËÙ´«²¥£¬Ó°ÏìÉîÔ¶¡£ÔÚÖйúÒ²²»ÀýÍâ¡£ÔçЩÄêÈûçѶû¡£ºàÍ¢¶ÙµÄ"ÎÄÃ÷³åÍ»ÂÛ"ºÍ½üÄêÀ´Ô¼Éª·ò¡£ÄεÄ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"¸ÅÄî¾ÍÊÇÁ½¸öÃ÷ÏÔµÄÀý×Ó¡£ÓÉÓÚѧÊõ½çµÄÍÆ³ç£¬¼ÓÉÏýÌåµÄ³´×÷£¬ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄî½üÄêÀ´ÒѾ­´«±éÖйú¡£¾¡¹ÜÓ¦ÓÃÉõ¹ã£¬µ«¹úÄÚ¸÷·½Ãæ¡¢¸÷ÁìÓò¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿²¢Ã»Óдï³ÉÒ»ÖµÄÈÏʶ¡£Ã½ÌåºÍÆäËûÐÐÒµ¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÀí½âºÍÔËÓÃÓë¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧÊÇÓÐÇø±ðµÄ¡£±¾ÎĵÄÌÖÂÛ½öÕë¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîÔÚÖйú¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧ½çÓ¦Óúͷ¢Õ¹µÄÇé¿ö¡£

¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¼®»ªÈËѧÕßÍõºìÓ§¶ÔÖйúѧÊõ½ç¹ØÓÚÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌÖÂÛ×ö¹ýÒ»¸öÏàµ±È«ÃæµÄ×ܽᣬ·¢ÏÖÔÚ¸ÅÄî·¶³ëÉÏ£¬ÖйúѧÕßʹÓõÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¹ãÓÚÄεĸÅÄî¡£ÄÎÖ÷ÒªÕë¶Ô¹ú¼Ê¹ØÏµ¶øÌá³öÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄµ«ÖйúѧÕß¶ÔÓÚÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌÖÂÛ°üÀ¨ÁËÍâ½»Õþ²ßºÍ¹úÄÚÕþ²ßÁ½·½ÃæÄÚÈÝ¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÄιØÓÚÃÀ¹úÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌÖÂÛÖ÷Òª¼¯ÖÐÔÚÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯ºÍÕþÖÎģʽÉÏ£¬¶øÖйúѧÕß¹ØÓÚÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌÖÂÛÔò¼¯ÖÐÔÚ´«Í³ÎÄ»¯ºÍ¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹Ä£Ê½ÉÏ£¬²¢Éæ¼°¹ú¼ÒÄý¾ÛÁ¦¡¢Éç»á¹«Æ½¡¢ÕþÖθĸµÀµÂË®×¼¡¢·´¸¯°ÜµÈÄÚÈÝ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄî¶ÔÓÚ¹ú¼ÒÕþ²ßµÄÓ°ÏìÔÚÖйúËÆºõ±ÈÔÚÃÀ¹ú´ó¡£Ëýͬʱ¶ÔÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîÌá³öһЩÅúÅУ¬±ÈÈ磬ûÓнâÊÍÈçºÎ¶ÈÁ¿ÎüÒýÁ¦ÒÔ¼°Ï뵱ȻµØÈÏΪ"ÎüÒýÁ¦"ºÍ"Ó°Ïì±ð¹úÔÚ¹ú¼Ê¹ØÏµÖÐÐÐΪµÄÄÜÁ¦"Á½ÕßÖ®¼ä´æÔÚÁªÏµ¡£ÓÉÓÚÀíÂÛÉϵľÖÏÞ£¬ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîÎÞ·¨¶ÔÖйúÕþ²ßÖÆ¶¨ÕßÔö¼ÓºÍÔËÓÃÖйúÎüÒýÁ¦À´ÊµÏÖÆäÕþ²ßÓ°ÏìµÄ¼Æ»®Ìṩ½øÒ»²½µÄÖ¸µ¼¡£¢Ù¡¸HongyingWang£¬"Chinese Concep tion of SoftPower and Its Policy Imp lications£¬"inWang Gungwu and Zheng Yongnian£¬eds.£¬China in theN ew International O rder£¬London £ºRoutledge£¬forthcoming.¡¹Ä¿Ç°£¬Öйú¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧ½ç¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîµÄ̽Ìֺܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÊǽéÉÜÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄ¢Ú¡¸ÀýÈ磬ÑîÎľ²£º¡¶ÖØËÜÐÅϢʱ´úÃÀ¹úµÄÈíȨÁ¦¡ª¡ª½éÆÀ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÏÖ´ú¹ú¼Ê¹ØÏµ¡·£¬2004ÄêµÚ8ÆÚ£¬µÚ61¡«62Ò³£»ÕÅÏþ»Û£º¡¶"ÈíʵÁ¦"ÂÛ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶¹ú¼Ê×ÊÁÏÐÅÏ¢¡·£¬2004ÄêµÚ3ÆÚ£¬µÚ25¡«28Ò³£»ÁõµÂ±ó£º¡¶"ÈíȨÁ¦"˵µÄÓÉÀ´Óë·¢Õ¹¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶¼ªÁÖ´óѧÉç»á¿ÆÑ§Ñ§±¨¡·£¬2004ÄêµÚ4ÆÚ£¬µÚ55¡«62Ò³£»Î¤×ÚÓÑ£º¡¶È¨Á¦¡¢ÈíȨÁ¦Óë¹ú¼ÒÐÎÏó¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶¹ú¼Ê¹Û²ì¡·£¬2005ÄêµÚ5ÆÚ£¬µÚ39¡«45Ò³£»Ð»Ïþ¾ê£º¡¶ÂÛÈíȨÁ¦ÖеĹú¼ÒÐÎÏó¼°ÆäËÜÔì¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÀíÂÛÇ°ÑØ¡·£¬2004ÄêµÚ19ÆÚ£¬µÚ19¡«21Ò³£»Ð¤»¶£º¡¶ÀäÕ½ºóÃÀ¹úÈíʵÁ¦µÄϽµ¼°ÆäÆôʾ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÑо¿¡·£¬2006ÄêµÚ3ÆÚ£¬µÚ148¡«156Ò³¡£¡¹»òÕß½«ÄεĸÅÄîÔÚÄÚº­ÉϼÓÒÔÀ©´ó£¬ÒÔ±ã½âÊÍÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿£¬¢Û¡¸ÀýÈ磬Áõ½Ü£º¡¶ÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿½¨ÉèµÄ¼¸¸ö»ù±¾ÎÊÌâ¡·£¬ÔØÉϺ£Éç»á¿ÆÑ§ÔºÊÀ½ç¾­¼ÃÓëÕþÖÎÑо¿Ôº±à£º¡¶¹ú¼ÊÌåϵÓëÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡·£¬±±¾©£ºÊ±Ê³ö°æÉ磬2006Äê°æ£¬µÚ101¡«115Ò³£»ºú¼ü£º¡¶ÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿£ºÒªËØ¡¢×ÊÔ´¡¢ÄÜÁ¦¡·£¬ÔØÉϺ£Éç»á¿ÆÑ§ÔºÊÀ½ç¾­¼ÃÓëÕþÖÎÑо¿Ôº±à£º¡¶¹ú¼ÊÌåϵÓëÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡·£¬µÚ116¡«133Ò³£»ÍõÑ޺죺¡¶"ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿½¨Éè"ר¼Ò×ù̸»á×ÛÊö¡·£¬ÔØÉϺ£Éç»á¿ÆÑ§ÔºÊÀ½ç¾­¼ÃÓëÕþÖÎÑо¿Ôº±à£º¡¶¹ú¼ÊÌåϵÓëÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡·£¬µÚ134¡«140Ò³£»ÅÓÖÐÓ¢£º¡¶ÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÄÚº­¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶²tÍûÐÂÎÅÖÜ¿¯¡·£¬2005Äê11ÔÂ7ÈÕ£¬µÚ62Ò³£»ÅÓÖÐÓ¢£º¡¶·¢Õ¹ÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶²tÍûÐÂÎÅÖÜ¿¯¡·£¬2006Äê1ÔÂ2ÈÕ£¬µÚ63Ò³£»Áõ°¢Ã÷£º¡¶ÈíȨÁ¦ÀíÂÛÓëÖйúºÍƽáÈÆð¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ì«Æ½Ñóѧ±¨¡·£¬2005ÄêµÚ12ÆÚ£¬µÚ55¡«63Ò³£»Àî½Ý£º¡¶ÌáÉýÈíȨÁ¦¶ÔʵÏÖÎÒ¹úºÍƽáÈÆðÕ½ÂÔµÄ×÷Óá·£¬ÔØ¡¶Ì«Æ½Ñóѧ±¨¡·£¬2005ÄêµÚ12ÆÚ£¬µÚ64¡«71Ò³£»ÁõÑÞÆ¼£º¡¶ÊÔÎöÈíȨÁ¦¼°ÆäʵÏÖ;¾¶¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Òõɽѧ¿¯¡·£¬2006ÄêµÚ5ÆÚ£¬µÚ90¡«94Ò³£»µËÏÔ³¬£º¡¶ÌáÉýÖйúÈíʵÁ¦Â·¾¶¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÀíÂÛÓëÏÖ´ú»¯¡·£¬2006ÄêµÚ1ÆÚ£¬µÚ15¡«20Ò³£»µËÏÔ³¬£º¡¶ÇÄÈ»áÈÆðµÄÖйúÈíʵÁ¦¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶Åʵǡ·£¬2005ÄêµÚ6ÆÚ£¬µÚ89¡«93Ò³£»³ÂÇÙÐ¥£º¡¶ÂÛÈíʵÁ¦ÓëÖйúÍâ½»¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶½­ÄÏÉç»áѧԺѧ±¨¡·£¬2005ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ£¬µÚ30¡«33Ò³¡£¡¹Òò´ËºÜ¶àÌÖÂÛÔÚ»ù±¾ÑØÏ®ÄεÄÀíÂÛģʽµÄͬʱ£¬Ò²±ÜÃâ²»ÁËÆä²»×ãÖ®´¦¡£

¡¡¡¡¶þ¡¢¶ÔԼɪ·ò¡¤ÄÎÈíÁ¦Á¿Ñ§ËµµÄÅúÆÀ

¡¡¡¡ÄεÄÈ·ÊÇ×îÔçÌá³öÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîµÄ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧÕß¡£

¡¡¡¡µ«Ëû²¢²»ÊÇÈÏʶµ½"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"ÖØÒªÐԵĵÚÒ»¸öѧÕß¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬µÚÒ»¸öÌá³ö²¢±È½ÏϵͳµØÌÖÂÛÈíÁ¦Á¿µ«Ã»ÓÐʹÓÃÕâ¸ö¸ÅÄîµÄÊÇÒâ´óÀûÐÂÂí¿Ë˼Ö÷ÒåѧÕß°²¶«Äá¡£¸ðÀ¼Î÷¡£ÔÚ¸ðÀ¼Î÷ÄÇÀÈíÁ¦Á¿±íÏÖΪÒâʶÐÎ̬ºÍÎÄ»¯¡£ÔÚ¶ÔÎ÷·½·¢´ï×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¹ú¼ÒÓÈÆäÊÇÒâ´óÀûµÄÕþÖνøÐп¼²ìºó£¬¸ðÀ¼Î÷ÈÏʶµ½×ʱ¾Ö÷Òå¹ú¼ÒÕþȨ×îÓÐЧµÄͳÖι¤¾ß²¢·ÇÊÇÖîÈçÎä×°²¿¶ÓºÍ¾¯²ìµÄÓ²Á¦Á¿£¬¶øÊÇÆäÕ¼°ÔȨµØÎ»»òÉÏÉýÖÁ°ÔȨµØÎ»µÄÒâʶÐÎ̬ºÍÎÄ»¯¡£¸ðÀ¼Î÷ÌÖÂÛµÄÊÇÈíÁ¦Á¿ÔÚ¹úÄÚÕþÖÎÖеÄ×÷Ó㬶øÄÎÔò°Ñ´ËÀ©Õ¹µ½¹ú¼ÊÕþÖΡ£ÄÎÕýʽʹÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ¸ÅÄµ«¶ÔÕâ¸ö¸ÅÄîµÄЧÓõÄÌÖÂÛ²¢Ã»Óг¬³ö¸ðÀ¼Î÷¶àÉÙ¡£

¡¡¡¡ÄÎÌá³öµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄî¾ßÓкÜÇ¿ÁÒµÄÕþ²ßÕë¶ÔÐÔ£¬ÊÇÃæÏòÃÀ¹úÍâ½»ËùÃæÁÙµÄÄÑÌ⣬ÌáÐÑÃÀ¹ú¾ö²ßÕßÖØÐÂ×¢ÖØÊ¹ÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿£¬Ç¿µ÷ÈíÁ¦Á¿ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÖØÒªÐÔ¡£µ«´ÓѧÊõ½Ç¶È¿´£¬ÔÚÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ¸ÅÄîºÍ·¶³ëµÈ·½Ã棬ÄεÄÀíÂÛ´æÔÚ×Ų»ÉÙÎÊÌâ¡£

¡¡¡¡µÚÒ»£¬ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄî´æÔÚ×ÔÏàì¶ÜÖ®´¦¡£Ò»·½Ã棬Ëû¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍÓ²Á¦Á¿´Ó¸ÅÄîÉÏ×öÁ˼òµ¥µÄ"Ò»µ¶ÇÐ"ʽµÄ»®·Ö£¬¼´Ó²Á¦Á¿ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÇ¿ÖÆÁ¦£¬Ö÷Òª±íÏÖΪ¾üʺ;­¼Ã£»¶øÈíÁ¦Á¿ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÎüÒýÁ¦£¬Ö÷Òª±íÏÖΪÎÄ»¯¡¢¼ÛÖµ¹ÛºÍÕþ²ß¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬»ùÓÚ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖεÄÏÖʵ£¬ËûÓÖÖ¸³ö"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"ºÍ"Ó²Á¦Á¿"Ö®¼äÏ໥ÁªÏµ¡¢Ï໥¼ÓÇ¿µÄÐÔÖÊ¡£¾­¼Ã¡¢¾üʵÈÓ²Á¦Á¿¿ÉÒÔ´ßÉúÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£Í¬Ñù£¬"Ò»¹ú¾­¼ÃºÍ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦µÄϽµºÜ¿ÉÄܵ¼Ö¸ùúÊ§È¥ÖÆ¶¨¹ú¼ÊÒé³ÌµÄÄÜÁ¦ºÍ¸Ã¹úµÄÎüÒýÁ¦".Ëû¹Û²ìµ½£¬Ò»Ð©¹ú¼ÒºÜ¿ÉÄܱ»ÁíÍâһЩ¹ú¼ÒµÄÓ²Á¦Á¿ÖîÈç²»¿ÉսʤµÄÉñ»°ËùÎüÒý¡£¢Ù¡¸JosephS.Nye£¬J r.£¬The Paradox of American Power£ºWhy the World'sOnly SuperpowerCan'tGo it alone £¬Oxford £ºOxfordUniversity Press £¬2002£¬pp.8-10.¡¹ËùÒÔ£¬"Ó²Á¦Á¿ÓÐʱºò¿ÉÒÔ¾ßÓÐÎüÒýÁ¦ºÍÈíµÄÒ»Ãæ".¢Ú¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power £ºThe Means to Success in World Politics £¬p.26.¡¹

¡¡¡¡ÏàͬµÄÁ¦Á¿×ÊÔ´¿ÉÒÔ´ßÉú´ÓÇ¿ÖÆÁ¦µ½ÎüÒýÁ¦µÄÕû¸öÐÐΪģʽ¡£¢Û¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power £ºThe Means to Success in World Politics £¬pp.3-9.¡¹

¡¡¡¡»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬Í¬Ò»ÖÖÁ¦Á¿£¬ÓÐʱ±íÏÖΪ"Èí"£¬ÓÐʱ±íÏÖΪ"Ó²"£¬ÕâµÄÈ·Êǹú¼ÊÕþÖεÄÏÖʵ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÄζÔÕâÒ»ÏÖʵµÄÇå³þÈÏʶÏÔÈ»ºÍËû×Ô¼º¶Ô"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"Óë"Ó²Á¦Á¿"ÔÚ¶¨ÒåÉϵIJ»µ±»®·Ö×ÔÏàì¶Ü¡£¼´Ê¹Ïñ¾üÊ¡¢¾­¼ÃÕâÑù±»ÄιéÈë"Ó²Á¦Á¿"·¶³ëµÄÒªËØ£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ±íÏÖ³ö"Èí"µÄÒ»Ãæ£¬¶øÄβ¢Ã»ÄÜÔÚÀíÂÛÉϰÑÕâ¸öì¶Ü½âÊÍÇå³þ¡£

¡¡¡¡ÄÎËùÁоٵÄһЩ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"·½ÃæµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬±ÈÈçÂíЪ¶û¼Æ»®¡¢ÔÞÖúѧÕß½øÐйú¼Ê½»Á÷µÈ£¬±³ºóʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇ"Ó²Á¦Á¿"µÄÖ§³Å¡£Èç¹ûûÓÐÃÀ¹ú¶þÕ½ºó³¬Ç¿µÄ¾­¼ÃºÍ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦£¬ÔòºÜÄѳöÏÖÈËÃÇËù¼ûµ½µÄÂíЪ¶û¼Æ»®¡£»òÐíÓÐÈË»á˵£¬ÕâЩ»ùÓÚ"Ó²Á¦Á¿"Ö®ÉϵĹú¼ÒÕþ²ßÊÇ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿".µ«Èç¹û¹âÓÐÕþ²ß¶øÎÞ·¨Ö´ÐУ¬Á¦Á¿ÓÖÈçºÎÌåÏÖ£¿ÕâЩÕþ²ßµÄÖ´Ðл¹µÃÒÀ¿¿ÄÎËù¶¨ÒåµÄ"Ó²Á¦Á¿".ËùÒÔ£¬°´ÕÕÄεÄÀíÂÛ£¬ºÜ¶àËùνµÄ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"ͬʱÓÖÊÇ"Ó²Á¦Á¿".ÓÉÓÚ¶ÔÁ½Õß¹ØÏµÈ±·¦ÀíÂÛÉϵÄ˵Ã÷£¬Ê¹µÃËûµÄÕû¸öÈíÁ¦Á¿Ñ§ËµµÄ˵·þÁ¦³ÉΪÎÊÌâ¡£

¡¡¡¡¶øÇÒ£¬Äν«²»Í¬ÀàÐÍÁ¦Á¿µÄÕþ²ßºÍÐÐΪ·½Ê½Ò²½øÐÐÁË"Ò»µ¶ÇÐ"ʽµÄ»®·Ö¡£±ÈÈç°Ñ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿µÄÕþ²ßÐÐΪѡÔñ·ÖΪÍþвÍâ½»£¨coercive dip lomacy£©¡¢Õ½Õù¡¢ÁªÃË£»¾­¼ÃÁ¦Á¿·ÖΪԮÖú¡¢»ß¸¡¢ÖƲã»ÈíÁ¦Á¿·ÖΪ¹«¹²Íâ½»¡¢Ë«±ßºÍ¶à±ßÍâ½»¡£¢Ü¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power £ºThe Means to Success in WorldPolitics£¬p.31.¡¹µ«ÊÇ£¬ÍþвÍâ½»¡¢ÁªÃË¡¢Ô®Öú¡¢ÖƲõÈʵ¼ÊÉ϶¼ÊÇÔÚË«±ßºÍ¶à±ßÍâ½»µÄ·¶³ëÄڵġ£ÕâÖÖÔÚ¶¨Òå»®·ÖÉÏËù³öÏֵIJ»¿É±ÜÃâµÄÏà»¥ÖØµþºÍì¶ÜÒ²·´Ó³Á˹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÒ»ÖÖÁ¦Á¿×ÊÔ´¼È¿ÉÒÔ"Èí"ÓÖ¿ÉÒÔ"Ó²"µÄÏÖʵ¡£

¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þ£¬ÄεÄÂÛÊöÓÐÖî¶àÓëÊÂʵ²»Ïà·ûºÏÖ®´¦¡£ÀýÈ磬ËûÖ¸³öÓÐʱºò²»ÐèÒªÓ²Á¦Á¿Ò²¿ÉÒԴﵽĿµÄ¡£Èç¹ûһЩ¹ú¼Ò³ç°Ýij¹úµÄ¼ÛÖµ¹Û£¬Ð§·Â¸Ã¹úµÄÑù°å£¬¿ÊÍûʵÏָùúµÄ·±ÈٺͿª·Å£¬ÄÇô¸Ã¹ú¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÕâЩ¹ú¼Ò¶ÔÆäµÄ×·Ëæ´Ó¶ø´ïµ½×Ô¼ºÔÚÊÀ½çÕþÖÎÖеÄÄ¿µÄ¡£¢Ý¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power £ºThe Meansto Success in World Politics£¬p.5.¡¹Õâ¸ö¹Ûµã¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊÇÆäÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîµÄºËÐÄ£¬µ«ºÜÄÑÌåÏÖÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖεÄÏÖʵÖС£ÀýÈ磬ÊÀ½çÉϺܶà¹ú¼ÒºÍÈËÃñÏÛĽÃÀ¹úµÄÃñÖ÷¡¢×ÔÓÉ£¬²¢ÆÚÍûʵÏÖÃÀ¹ú°ãµÄ¸»Ç¿£¬µ«Õâ²¢²»µÈÓÚÕâЩ¹ú¼ÒºÍÈËÃñ»á×·ËæÃÀ¹úµÄÍâ½»Õþ²ß¡£³ç°ÝÃÀ¹ú¼ÛÖµ¹ÛºÍ¾­¼Ã·±ÈÙµÄÈËÃÇͬʱ¿ÉÒÔ·´¶ÔÃÀ¹úµÄÍâ½»Õþ²ß¡£Äμòµ¥µØÒÔΪ¶ÔÒ»¹ú¼ÛÖµ¹ÛµÄϲ»¶¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¶¯×ª»¯Îª¶Ô¸Ã¹úÍâ½»Õþ²ßµÄÖ§³Ö¡£ÕâÖÖÂß¼­´øÓÐÇ¿ÁÒµÄÀíÏëÖ÷ÒåÉ«²Ê£¬ÓëÏÖʵ²¢²»ÎǺϡ£

¡¡¡¡µÚÈý£¬ÄζÔÈíÁ¦Á¿·¶³ëµÄÃèÊö²¢²»·ûºÏÏÖ´úÉç»á¿ÆÑ§ËùÇ¿µ÷µÄ¿ÆÑ§ÐÔ£¬²¢Ã»ÓжԹú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍÆäËû·½ÃæµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿×ö³ö¿ÆÑ§µÄ¹æ¶¨¡£¡¶ÈíÁ¦Á¿¡·Ò»ÊéÓÃÁËÁ½¸öÕ½ÚÀ´ÁоÙÃÀ¹úºÍÆäËûһЩ¹ú¼ÒÓëµØÇøµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£

¡¡¡¡ËûÕâÑù×öʱ£¬Óн«ÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ·¶³ëÎÞÏÞÀ©´ó»¯µÄÇ÷ÊÆ£¬°ÑºÜ¶à¶Ô¹ú¼ÊÕþÖκ͹ú¼ÒÐÐΪӰÏìÉõ΢µÄ¶«Î÷¶¼¸ø°üÀ¨½øÈ¥ÁË¡£±ÈÈ磬ÔÚ½²ÃÀ¹úÈíÁ¦Á¿×ÊÔ´µÄʱºò£¬ÄÎÁоÙÁËÒÆÃñÈËÊý×î¶à¡¢µçÓ°µçÊÓ×îÊÜ»¶Ó­¡¢¸ßµÈ½ÌÓý·¢´ï¡¢Åµ±´¶û½±µÃÖ÷¶àÒÔ¼°ÃÀ¹úÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯µÈ¡£ÔÚ½²Å·ÖÞÈíÁ¦Á¿Ê±£¬»¹ÊÇÓÃÁËŵ±´¶û½±¡¢ÒôÀÖ¡¢Ê鿯ÏúÁ¿¡¢ÌåÓý¡¢¶ÔÍâ¾­¼ÃÔ®Öú¡¢¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾ÉõÖÁÈ˿ڵÄÔ¤ÆÚÊÙÃüµÈ¡£ÔÚ½²ÑÇÖÞÈíÁ¦Á¿Ê±£¬ÄÎÔòÇ¿µ÷¾­¼Ã¿ìËÙ·¢Õ¹£¬ÈçÖйú×÷ΪÑÇÖÞ×î´óµÄ¾­¼ÃÌ壬Äê¾ù¹úÃñÉú²ú×ÜÖµÔö³¤Æßµ½¾Å¸ö°Ù·ÖµãµÈ¡£Ëû»¹Ö¸³ö£¬ÈÕ±¾ÊÇÑÇÖÞ×î¾ßÈíÁ¦Á¿×ÊԴDZÁ¦µÄ¹ú¼Ò¡£½Ó×ÅÁоÙÁËÈÕ±¾µÄרÀûÊýÁ¿¡¢Ñз¢Ë®Æ½¡¢¶ÔÍâÔ®Öú¡¢È˾ùÊÙÃü¡¢¿ç¹ú¹«Ë¾µÈ¡£ÖÁÓÚÖйú£¬Äλ¹ÁгöÁË¡¶ÎÔ»¢²ØÁú¡·¡¢Ò¦Ã÷µÈ¡£¢Þ¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power£ºThe Means to Success in World Politics £¬pp.33-89.¡¹°´ÕÕÕâÖÖÂß¼­£¬ÕâЩ³¤³¤µÄÇåµ¥¿ÉÒÔ¼ÌÐøÉõÖÁÎÞÏÞµØÂÞÁÐÏÂÈ¥¡£ÇÒ²»ÂÛÉÏÊöÆäÖм¸Ïîµ½µ×ÊôÓÚÄÎËù¶¨ÒåµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿»¹ÊÇÓ²Á¦Á¿£¬µ¥¿´ÕâÒ»³¤´®Çåµ¥£¬¶àÊýÊǶԹú¼ÊÕþÖκ͹ú¼ÒÐÐΪÆð²»ÁËÖØÒª×÷ÓõÄÒòËØ¡£ºÜÏÔÈ»£¬ÊÂʵ²¢·ÇÈç¹ûÖйúÈËϲ»¶ÌýÃÀ¹úÁ÷ÐÐÒôÀÖ£¬ÖйúÕþ¸®¾Í»áÔÚÍâ½»ÉÏÅäºÏÃÀ¹úµÄÕþ²ß¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÃÀ¹ú¹ÛÖÚϲ»¶¿´ÖйúµçÓ°Ò²²¢²»Òâζ×ÅÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®µÄ¶Ô»ªÕþ²ß»áÓÐʲô±ä»¯¡£°ÑÈíÁ¦Á¿·¶³ëÎÞÏÞÀ©´ó»¯Ê¹µÃÄεĸÅÄîºÜÄÑ¿ÆÑ§µØ·ÖÎö¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÏÖÏó£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÖ÷Ȩ¹ú¼ÒµÄ¹ú¼ÊÐÐΪ¡£

¡¡¡¡Äν«ÃÀ¹úÁ÷ÐÐÒôÀÖ¡¢Âóµ±ÀÍ¡¢ºÃÀ³ÎëµçÓ°µÈÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯¹éÈëÈíÁ¦Á¿·¶³ë¡£µ«Ìý×ÅÃÀ¹úÒôÀÖ¡¢¿´×źÃÀ³ÎëµçÓ°¡¢³Ô×ÅÂóµ±ÀÍ£¬²¢²»·Á°­ÈËÃǸߺô"·´ÃÀ"¿ÚºÅ½øÐÐʾÍþÓÎÐС£ÒÁÀ­¿ËÕ½Õù¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÔÚÈ«ÊÀ½ç¸÷µØÉõÖÁ°üÀ¨ÃÀ¹úÔÚÅ·ÖÞµÄÌú¸ËÃ˹úºÍÉîÊÜÃÀ¹úÎÄ»¯Ñ¬ÌÕµÄÐí¶àÇàÄêÖб¬·¢µÄ´ó¹æÄ£·´Õ½»ò·´ÃÀÔ˶¯¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öÀý×Ó¡£ÕâЩÉç»áÔ˶¯Ó°ÏìÁËËùÔÚ¹úÕþ¸®¶Ô´ýÃÀ¹úºÍÒÁÀ­¿ËÕ½ÕùµÄ̬¶È£¬Ò²Ê¹µÃ¾­³£Î¨ÃÀ¹úÂíÊ×ÊÇÕ°µÄÓ¢¹ú¡¢Î÷°àÑÀ¡¢Òâ´óÀûµÈ¹úÕþ¸®µÄÐÅÓþÊÜËð¡£Ò»µ©ÕþȨ¸üµü£¬Î÷°àÑÀºÍÒâ´óÀûÁ¢¿Ì×ö³ö´ÓÒÁÀ­¿Ë³·¾üµÄ¾ö¶¨¡£ÉõÖÁÁ¬Ó¢¹ú²¼À³¶ûÕþ¸®Ò²±¸ÊܹúÄÚѹÁ¦¶ø²»µÃ²»Ðû²¼³·¾ü£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹ÉîÏÝÒÁÀ­¿ËÕ½ÕùµÄÃÀ¹ú"Ñ©ÉϼÓ˪".¿É¼û£¬ÃÀ¹úÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯ÕâÒ»ËùνµÄ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"ÖÁÉÙÔÚÏñÒÁÀ­¿ËÕ½ÕùÕâÑùµÄÖØ´ó¹ú¼ÊÎÊÌâÉÏûÓаïÖúÃÀ¹úʵÏÖÆäÕþ²ßÄ¿±ê¡£

¡¡¡¡ÖÁÓÚÃñÖÚ¶ÔÃÀ¹úÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯µÄϲºÃ²¢²»×ÜÄÜ´Ùʹij¹ú²ÉÈ¡·ûºÏÃÀ¹úÀûÒæµÄÕþ²ßÕâÒ»ÏÖÏó£¬ÄεĽâÊÍÊÇ£ºÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯²»ÔÚ£¨ÃÀ¹ú£©Õþ¸®Ö±½Ó¿ØÖÆÏ£¬ËùÒÔ²¢²»×ÜÊDzúÉú£¨ÃÀ¹ú£©Õþ¸®ÏëÒªµÄ½á¹û¡£¢Ù¡¸Joseph S.Nye £¬J r.£¬Soft Power £ºThe Means to Success in World Politics£¬p.52.¡¹µ«ÎÊÌâ²»ÔÚÓÚÕþ¸®ÄÜ·ñ¿ØÖÆÕâЩÁ¦Á¿£¬¼´Ê¹Ïñ¾­¼ÃÖÆ²ÃºÍÎäÁ¦ÍþÏÅÕâÑùÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®Äܹ»Ö±½Ó¿ØÖƵÄÐÐΪ£¬Ò²²»¼ûµÃÒ»¶¨ÄܴﵽĿµÄ¡£ÕæÕýµÄÔ­ÒòÊÇ£¬ÏñÎÄ»¯ÕâÑùµÄ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"»òÐíÄÜÈÃÒ»²¿·ÖÃñÖÚ¸ÐÐËȤ£¬µ«¶Ô¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеĹú¼ÒÐÐΪûÓкܴóµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ .

¡¡¡¡Ëµµ½µ×£¬¹ú¼ÊÕþÖεÄÖ÷ÌåÆù½ñΪֹ»¹ÊÇÖ÷Ȩ¹ú¼Ò£¬¹ú¼ÒÀûÒæ²ÅÊÇÖ÷Ȩ¹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶¨Íâ½»Õþ²ßʱËù¿¼ÂǵÄ×îÖØÒªµÄÒòËØ¡£ÈÕ±¾ÉîÊÜÖйú¹Å´úÎÄ»¯µÄÓ°Ï죬µ«ÕÕÑùÇÖÂÔÖйú¡£ÃÀ¹úÁ÷ÐÐÎÄ»¯ÔÚһЩ¹ú¼ÒµÄ¹ã·º´«²¥Ò²²»Òâζ×ÅÕâЩ¹ú¼ÒµÄÍâ½»Õþ²ß»á×Ô¶¯×·ËæÃÀ¹ú¡£ÄÎÒ»·½Ã潫ÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ·¶³ëÎÞÏÞÀ©´ó£¬³¬³ö¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎËùÑо¿µÄ·¶Î§£»ÁíÒ»·½ÃæÈ´ÓÖÊÔͼÓÃÕâ¸ö¸ÅÄîÀ´½âÊ͹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÎÊÌ⣬ËùÒÔºÜÄѾßÓÐ˵·þÁ¦¡£

¡¡¡¡ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄîµÄ×î´óȱÏÝÊÇÆä¶ÔÓÚ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"ºÍ"Ó²Á¦Á¿"ÔÚ¸ÅÄîÉϵĻ®·Ö¹ýÓÚ¼òµ¥ºÍ¾ø¶Ô¡£ÒÔ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿ÎªÀý£¬ÄΰÑËü¹éÈë"Ó²Á¦Á¿"Ö®ÁС£ÕⲢûÓÐ´í£¬µ«ÔÚÒ»Ð©ÌØÊâÇé¿öÏ£¬¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿Ò²¿ÉÒÔ±íÏÖ³ö"Èí"µÄÒ»Ãæ¡£

¡¡¡¡±ÈÈ磬¶þÕ½ºóÃÀ¹ú¶ÔÈÕ±¾ºÍµÂ¹úµÄ¾üÊÂÕ¼ÁìºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉÏΪÈÕ±¾ºÍµÂ¹úËù½ÓÊÜ£¬ÒòΪÃÀ¹úµ±Ê±±íÏÖΪһ¸ö"ÉÆÒâ"µÄ°ÔȨ£¬°ïÖúÈÕ±¾ºÍµÂ¹ú½¨Á¢ÃñÖ÷ÕþÌåºÍ·¢Õ¹¾­¼Ã¡£¿É¼û£¬ÄÎÎä¶ÏµÄ¸ÅÄî»®·Ö²»Äܹ»·´Ó³¹ú¼ÊÕþÖεĿ͹ÛÏÖʵ¡£Ëû¶Ô´ýÁ¦Á¿ÈíÓ²µÄ˼άÊÇÔÚ¾²Ì¬µÄÎïÖʲãÃæ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ»úеµØ°Ñ¸÷ÖÖÁ¦Á¿¶ÔºÅÈë×ùÌùÉÏ"Èí"»ò"Ó²"µÄ±êÇ©¡£Óý¨¹¹Ö÷ÒåµÄ»°À´Ëµ£¬ÄÎÔڽ綨Á¦Á¿Ê±£¬¹ýÓÚ"ΨÎï".Èç¹û²»ÄÜ¿¼Âǵ½Á¦Á¿½ÓÊÜÕß¶ÔÁ¦Á¿µÄ¸ÐÊÜ£¨"ΨÐÄ"£©£¬¶Ô"Èí"¡¢"Ó²"Á¦Á¿µÄЧÓ÷ÖÎö¾ÍºÜÄѾßÓÐÏÖʵÐÔ£¬¼´Óë¾­ÑéÏÖÏóÏàÎǺϡ£ .

¡¡¡¡¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÍùÍùûÓоø¶ÔµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍÓ²Á¦Á¿£¬²»ÄÜÎä¶ÏµØ¶ÔijÖÖÁ¦Á¿½øÐÐ"Ò»µ¶ÇÐ"ʽµÄ¹éÀàºÍ»®·Ö¡£ÒªÏë¶ÔÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²×öϸÖµıæÎö£¬¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÓö¯Ì¬µÄ·ÖÎö¡£ .

¡¡¡¡Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÎÞÂÛʲôÑùµÄÁ¦Á¿×ÊÔ´£¬ÈçºÎʹÓÃÊǹؼü¡£Í¬Ò»ÖÖÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÓÚ²»Í¬¶ÔÏó»òÕßʹÓ÷½Ê½²»Í¬£¬²úÉúµÄ"Èí"¡¢"Ó²"Ч¹ûÒ²²»Í¬¡£

¡¡¡¡Èý¡¢ÈíÓ²Á¦Á¿µÄ¶¯Ì¬·ÖÎö

¡¡¡¡±¾ÎÄÈÏΪ£¬¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐijÖÖÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²³Ì¶ÈÒ»·½Ãæ¾ßÓп͹ÛÐÔ£¬µ«ÊǸÃÁ¦Á¿µÄÊÜÁ¦ÕßµÄÌåÑéºÍ¸Ð֪ҲͬÑùÖØÒª¡£ËùνµÄ"ÊÜÁ¦Õß"ºÍÓëÖ®Ïà¶ÔÓ¦µÄ"Ê©Á¦Õß"£¬¼È¿ÉÒÔÊÇij¸ö¹ú¼Ò¡¢Õþ¸®£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÇÒ»¹úÄÚ²¿µÄÉõÖÁÊÇ¿ç¹úµÄijЩÀûÒæ¼¯ÍÅ¡£Ä³ÖÖÁ¦Á¿µÄ"Èí"»ò"Ó²"µÄ³Ì¶ÈÍùÍùÊÇÒ»ÖÖÏà¶Ô¶øÑԵĸÐÖª£¬Òª¸ù¾Ý¾ßÌå¹ú¼ÊÇéÊÆ¶øÂÛ¡£

¡¡¡¡¶Ô´Ë£¬±¾ÎÄ´Ó¹ú¼ÊÕþÖεÄÏÖʵºÍ¶¯Ì¬³ö·¢£¬½«¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÁ¦Á¿·Ö³ÉÈýÖÖ£¬¼´Ó²Á¦Á¿¡¢ÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿¡£ÖØÒªµÄÊÇÒªÒâʶµ½ÎÞÂÛÄÄÖÖÁ¦Á¿¶¼±ØÐëÌåÏÖÔÚ¸÷¸ö½Çɫ֮¼äµÄ»¥¶¯Ö®ÖС£

¡¡¡¡Ê×ÏÈÊÇÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£Èç¹ûÊÜÁ¦ÕßÊDZ»¶¯¡¢²»ÇéÔ¸¡¢±»ÆÈµØ½ÓÊÜijÖÖÁ¦Á¿¼°Æäµ¼ÖµĽá¹û»òÊÂʵ£¬ÄÇôÕâ¸öÁ¦Á¿¾ßÓÐÓ²Á¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£±ÈÈ磬¶þÕ½Öз¨Î÷˹µÄ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÓÚ±»ÇÖÂԵĹú¼ÒÀ´ËµÊǵäÐ͵ÄÓ²Á¦Á¿£»Í¬Àí£¬·´·¨Î÷˹µÄ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦¶ÔÓÚ·¨Î÷˹ÕþȨÀ´ËµÒ²ÊǵäÐ͵ÄÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£ÀäÕ½ºó£¬ÃÀ¹úÖ÷µ¼µÄһЩ¹ú¼Ê×é֯ͨ¹ý¸÷ÖÖÊÖ¶ÎÇ¿ÆÈһЩµÚÈýÊÀ½ç¹ú¼Ò½ÓÊÜÒÔ"»ªÊ¢¶Ù¹²Ê¶"ΪÖ÷µÄ¸Ä¸ï·½°¸£¬ÍùÍù±íÏÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£

¡¡¡¡Æä´ÎÊÇÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£µ±ÊÜÁ¦ÕßÖ÷¶¯¡¢×ÔÔ¸µØÈ¥Ñ°ÇóºÍ½ÓÊÜijÖÖÁ¦Á¿Ê±£¬Õâ¸öÁ¦Á¿ÍùÍùÌåÏÖ³öÈíÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£±ÈÈ磬һЩÈõС¹ú¼ÒµÄÕþ¸®Ö÷¶¯Ñ°ÇóijЩ´ó¹úÌṩµÄ¾üʺͰ²È«±Ó»¤£¬´ó¹úµÄ¾üʱ£»¤¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩС¹úÀ´Ëµ¾Í¾ßÓÐÈíÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£ÂíЪ¶û¼Æ»®ÊǶþÕ½ºóÃÀ¹ú¶ÔÎ÷Å·Ã˹úÔËÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÒ»¸ö¾­µä·¶Àý¡£ÖйúÔÚ20ÊÀ¼Í70Äê´úÓ¦ÔÞ±ÈÑǺÍ̹ɣÄáÑÇÕþ¸®µÄÒªÇóÔ®½¨Ì¹ÔÞÌú·£¬Ò²ÊÇÖйúʩչÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÀý×Ó¡£

¡¡¡¡×îºó£¬Èç¹ûÊ©Á¦ÕßËùÔËÓõÄijÖÖÁ¦Á¿Éв»×ãÒÔÇ¿ÆÈÊÜÁ¦Õß½ÓÊÜijÖÖ½á¹û£¬Ò²²»¾ßÓÐ×ã¹»µÄÎüÒýÁ¦ÈÃÊÜÁ¦ÕßÖ÷¶¯È¥Ñ°ÇóºÍ½ÓÊÜ£¬¶øÊÇͨ¹ýË«·½Ð­ÉÌ¡¢Ì¸ÅС¢Í×Э֮ºó´ï³ÉЭÒé»ò¹²Ê¶£¬´Ó¶øÊµÏÖijÖÖ¾ÖÃæ£¬ÄÇôÕâÖÖ½éÓÚÓ²Á¦Á¿ºÍÈíÁ¦Á¿Ö®¼äµÄÁ¦Á¿¾ÍÊÇЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¨bargaining power £©¡£ÕâÖÖÇé¿ö¶à¼ûÓÚË«±ßºÍ¶à±ß¹ú¼Ê»úÖÆÖеÄÍâ½»²©ÞÄ¡£±ÈÈ磬ÖйúÏò¶«ÃËÌá³ö½¨Á¢Öйú-¶«ÃË×ÔÓÉóÒ×Çø£¬²¢Îª´Ëͬ¶«Ã˹ú¼Ò½øÐÐË«±ß»ò¶à±ßµÄ̸ÅоÍÊÇÔÚʩչһÖÖЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿¡£ÔÙ±ÈÈ磬ÔÚ³¯ÏʺËÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬ÃÀ¹ú²»Äܹ»µ¥Æ¾Ó²Á¦Á¿»òÈíÁ¦Á¿¾Í´ïµ½Ä¿µÄ£¬Òò´ËÐèҪʹÓÃЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¬Í¬³¯ÏÊ̸ÅУ¬»¥Ïà×ö³öÍ×Э¡£

¡¡¡¡³ýÁ˶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿¡¢Ó²Á¦Á¿ºÍЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿½øÐиÅÄîÉϵÄÇø·ÖÍ⣬×îÖØÒªµÄÊDzÉÈ¡¶¯Ì¬Ë¼Î¬£¬¸ù¾Ý¾ßÌåÇé¿öÀ´¿´´ýÁ¦Á¿µÄ"Èí"ºÍ"Ó²".ÏÂÃæ´ÓÈý¸ö·½ÃæÀ´¶Ô¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÁ¦Á¿½øÐж¯Ì¬·ÖÎö¡£

¡¡¡¡£¨Ò»£©Á¦Á¿ÈíÓ²³Ì¶ÈµÄºáÏò±ä»¯

¡¡¡¡ºáÏòµØ¿´£¬Í¬Ò»ÖÖÁ¦Á¿ÔÚͬһʱ´ú¶Ô²»Í¬µÄÊÜÁ¦ÕßÀ´Ëµ£¬Æä¸ÐÊܵ½µÄÈíÓ²³Ì¶ÈÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡£±ÈÈ磬ÃÀ¹úºÍÒÔÉ«Áг¤ÆÚµÄ¾üÊÂͬÃ˹ØÏµÒÔ¼°Àú´ÎÖж«Õ½ÕùÖÐÃÀ¹ú¶ÔÒÔÉ«ÁеÄÔ®ÖúÊǵäÐ͵ÄÓ²Á¦Á¿£¬µ«ÒòΪ¶ÔÒÔÉ«ÁÐÀ´ËµÊÇÖ÷¶¯Ñ°ÇóºÍ½ÓÊܵģ¬ËùÒÔÓÖ¾ßÓÐÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌØÕ÷£»µ«¶ÔÖж«µØÇøÒ»Ð©°¢À­²®¹ú¼ÒÀ´Ëµ£¬¾ÍÊÇÕæÕýµÄÓ²Á¦Á¿ÁË¡£ÓÖ±ÈÈ磬ÃÀ¹ú½üÄêÀ´ËùνµÄ"ÑÕÉ«¸ïÃü"¼°ÆäÔÚijЩ¹ú¼ÒËù½øÐеĸ÷ÖÖ¹«¿ªºÍÃØÃܵķ´Õþ¸®»î¶¯£¬¶Ô¸Ã¹úµÄ·´¶ÔÅɺÍÇ×Î÷·½µÄÀûÒæ¼¯ÍŶøÑÔÊǸöÈíÁ¦Á¿£»µ«¶ÔÕþȨ¸üµüǰµ±È¨µÄÅɱðºÍÀûÒæ¼¯ÍŶøÑÔ£¬ÉõÖÁÔÚÆäËûһЩÔڸùúÓµÓÐÖØÒª¼ÈµÃÀûÒæµÄ¹ú¼Ò¿´À´£¬ÓÖÌåÏÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿¡£ÔÙ±ÈÈ磬ŷÃ˺ͱ±Ô¼¶«À©½ø³ÌµÄÆô¶¯¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩÈÈÇÐÆóÅμÓÈëÕâЩ×éÖ¯µÄ¶«Å·¹ú¼ÒÀ´Ëµ£¬×ÔÈ»ÊǸöÈíÁ¦Á¿£»µ«¶ÔÓÚ¶íÂÞ˹¶øÑÔ£¬Ö»ÄܸÐÊܵ½À´×ÔÎ÷·½µÄÓ²Á¦Á¿ÕýÔÚ²ÏʳÆä´«Í³µÄÊÆÁ¦·¶Î§¡£

¡¡¡¡£¨¶þ£©Á¦Á¿ÈíÓ²³Ì¶ÈµÄ×ÝÏò±ä»¯

¡¡¡¡×ÝÏòµØ¿´£¬ÓÐÁ½ÖÖÇé¿ö£ºµÚÒ»ÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Ëæ×Åʱ´úºÍ»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯£¬¶ÔÓÚÏàͬµÄÊ©Á¦ÕߺÍÊÜÁ¦Õߣ¬Á¦Á¿µÄ"Èí"ºÍ"Ó²"»áÆð±ä»¯¡£ÀýÈ磬20ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´úËÕÁªÈëÇÖ°¢¸»º¹ºó£¬ÃÀ¹úÔø´Ó¶à·½Ãæ´óÁ¦Ô®Öúµ±µØÒÁ˹À¼Îä×°·Ö×Ó¶Ô¿¹ËÕ¾üÕ¼Á죬"ËþÀû°à"¾ÍÊÇÆäÖÐÖ®Ò»¡£¶ÔÕâЩÎä×°·Ö×ÓÀ´Ëµ£¬µ±Ê±ÃÀ¹úµÄ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦±íÏÖ³öһЩÈíÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷£¨¼´ËûÃǵÄ×ÔÔ¸½ÓÊÜ£©£¬ÓÐÀûÓÚËûÃǵķ´¿¹»î¶¯£¬¾¡¹ÜijЩ»î¶¯ÔÚ½ñÌì¿´À´ÊôÓÚ¿Ö²ÀÐÐΪ¡£È»¶ø£¬Ê±¹ý¾³Ç¨£¬¾ÅÒ»Ò»¿Ö²ÀÏ®»÷ºó£¬ÃÀ¹ú¶Ô"ËþÀû°à"µÈ¿Ö²À·Ö×ÓʵÐÐȫȻ²»Í¬µÄÕþ²ß¡£Õâʱ£¬ÃÀ¹úÇ¿´óµÄ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦¶ÔÕâЩÒÁ˹À¼Îä×°·Ö×ÓÀ´Ëµ¾ÍÊDz»ÕÛ²»¿ÛµÄÓ²Á¦Á¿ÁË¡£ÔÙ±ÈÈ磬ÃÀ¹úÔøÔÚÁ½ÒÁÕ½ÕùÖÐÖ§³ÖÒÁÀ­¿ËÈø´ïÄ·ÕþȨ¶ÔÒÁÀʵÄÕ½¶·¡£µ±Ê±ÃÀ¹úµÄ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÈø´ïÄ·¶øÑÔÊÇ×ÔÔ¸½ÓÊܵ쬱íÏÖΪÈíÐÔ¡£µ«1991ÄêµÄº£ÍåÕ½ÕùºÍ2003ÄêµÄÒÁÀ­¿ËÕ½Õù¶ÏËÍÁËÈø´ïÄ·ÕþȨ¼°Æä±¾È˵ÄÐÔÃü£¬ÕâʱÃÀ¹úµÄ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÈø´ïÄ·ÕþȨÀ´ËµÔò±ä³ÉÁËÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£ .

¡¡¡¡µÚ¶þÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Ëæ×Åʱ´úºÍ»·¾³µÄ¸Ä±ä£¬ÊÜÁ¦Õß»òÕßÊ©Á¦Õ߯äÖÐÖ®Ò»·¢ÉúÖØ´óµÄ¡¢ÐÔÖÊÉϵı仯£¬Ô­À´Ä³ÖÖÁ¦Á¿µÄ"Èí"¡¢"Ó²"Ò²¸ú×ÅÆð±ä»¯¡£ÏÈ˵ÊÜÁ¦Õ߱仯µÄÇé¿ö¡£ÀýÈ磬¶þÕ½ÖеÄ̫ƽÑóÕ½³¡£¬ÃÀ¶ÔÈÕ×÷Õ½²¢È¡Ê¤¡£¶Ôµ±Ê±µÄÈÕ±¾·¨Î÷˹ÕþȨÀ´Ëµ£¬ÃÀ¹úµÄ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿ÊÇÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£È»¶ø£¬¶þÕ½ºóµÄÈÕ±¾³ÉÁËÃÀ¹ú×îÖØÒªµÄÃËÓÑÖ®Ò»¡£ÈÕ±¾Õþ¸®·Ç³£ÐèÒªÃÀ¹úÔÚÆä±¾ÍÁ´óÁ¿×¤¾ü£¬ÒÔÓ¦¶ÔÆäËù¹ØÐĵÄÖܱ߰²È«ÊÂ̬£¬ÃÀ¹úµÄ¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÆä¶øÑԾͱíÏÖ³öÈíÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£ÔÙ˵ʩÁ¦Õ߱仯µÄÇé¿ö£¬»¹ÒÔÈÕÃÀΪÀý¡£¶þÕ½ÖÐÈÕ±¾·¨Î÷˹ÕþȨµÄ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦¶ÔÃÀ¹úÀ´ËµÊǸöÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£µ«¶þÕ½ºóÈÕ±¾³ÉΪÃÀ¹úÃËÓÑ¡£µ±ÃÀ¹úÔÚ2003ÄêÅ׿ªÁªºÏ¹ú¡¢Å¬Á¦Ñ°ÇóÒ»¸ö"Ö¾Ô¸ÕßÁªÃË"À´¹¥´òÒÁÀ­¿Ë£¬¶øÈÕ±¾Õþ¸®´ðÓ¦³ö±øÐ­ÖúÃÀ¹ú"·´¿Ö"µÄʱºò£¬ÈÕ±¾µÄ¾üÊÂʵÁ¦¶ÔÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®À´Ëµ¾Í±íÏÖ³öÈíÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£ .

¡¡¡¡ÉÏÃæ·ÖÎöÁËÁ¦Á¿ÈíÓ²³Ì¶È±ä»¯µÄºáÏòÐÔºÍ×ÝÏòÐÔ£¬µ«ÐèÒªÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚÏÖʵ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖУ¬ºáÏòÐÔºÍ×ÝÏòÐÔÍùÍù¿ÉÒÔÏà½áºÏÀ´·ÖÎö¡£ÈÔÒÔÃÀ¹úÔÚÈÕ±¾×¤¾üΪÀý£¬ÓÐÁËǰÎÄ×ÝÏò·ÖÎöÃÀ¹ú¾üÊÂÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÈÕ±¾¶øÑÔ´Ó"Ó²"µ½"Èí"ºó£¬ÔÙºáÏòµØ¿´£¬×¤ÈÕÃÀ¾ü¶ÔÈÕ±¾Õþ¸®¶øÑÔ±íÏÖΪÈíÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷£¬µ«¶Ô¶«ÑǵØÇøµÄÆäËûһЩ¹ú¼ÒÀ´Ëµ£¬¿ÖžÍÊÇÓ²Á¦Á¿ÁË¡£ .

¡¡¡¡£¨Èý£©"Èí"Óë"Ó²"µÄÏà¶ÔÐÔ

¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË·ÖÎöºÍÂÛÊöµÄ·½±ã£¬±¾ÎÄ´Ó¶¨ÒåÉϽ«¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÁ¦Á¿³õ²½»®·ÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿¡¢ÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿ÈýÖÖ¡£

¡¡¡¡µ«ÊÇ£¬¶ÔÓÚÏÖʵ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐij¸öÁ¦Á¿»òÐÐΪµÄ¾ßÌå·ÖÎö²»Ó¦¸Ã¿Ì°åµØ¾ÖÏÞÓÚÕâÈý¸ö¶¨Ò壬¶øÒª¸ù¾Ýʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö½øÐн綨¡£ÕâÀïÐèҪǿµ÷µÄÊÇij¸öÁ¦Á¿»òÐÐΪÔÚÓë±ðµÄÁ¦Á¿ºÍÐÐΪÏà±È½Ï¶øÑÔµÄ"½ÏÈí£¨softer £©"»ò"½ÏÓ²£¨harder £©"

¡¡¡¡Í¼1£¨ÂÔ£©ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ½¹úÁ¦Á¿ºÍÐÐΪÈíÓ²¶Ô±ÈµÄ¼òµ¥Ê¾Òâͼ¡£¼ýÍ·µÄ·½Ïò´ú±íÒ»¹ú»òÒ»¸öÊ©Á¦ÕßËùʹÓõÄÁ¦Á¿»òËù½øÐеĻÔÚÑϸñ¶¨ÒåÉÏ´ÓÈíµ½Ó²µÄ³Ì¶È±ä»¯¡£A ºÍB ´ú±íÊÀ½çÉÏÁ½¸öÖØÒªµÄ´ó¹ú¡£¼ÙÉèÔÚµ±½ñÊÀ½ç£¬A ¹úÖ÷ҪʹÓÃÓ²Á¦Á¿À´ÊµÏÖÆä¹ú¼ÒÀûÒæºÍÕ½ÂÔÄ¿±ê£¬Å¼¶ûʹÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¨ÈçͼÖÐA µÄλÖã©¡£Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬B ¹úÖ÷ÒªÒÀ¿¿Ð­ÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¬Å¼¶ûʹÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍÓ²Á¦Á¿£¨ÈçͼÖÐBµÄλÖã©¡£ÄÇôÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬¾¡¹ÜA ¹úºÍB ¹ú¶¼Ã»Óо­³£Ê¹ÓÃÑϸñÒâÒåÉϵÄÈíÁ¦Á¿£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÉç»á¿´À´£¬B ¹úµÄ¹ú¼ÊÐÐΪģʽÏÔȻҪ±ÈA ¹ú"Èí".»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬ÔÚA ¹ú¾­³£Ê¹ÓÃÓ²Á¦Á¿µÄ³ÄÍÐÏ£¬B ¹úµÄÐÐΪ¾ÍÏÔµÃÏà¶ÔµÄ"Èí"ÁË¡£Í¬Àí£¬¼ÙÉèA ¹ú¶ÔÆäÍâ½»Õþ²ß×ö³öÖØ´óµ÷Õû£¬ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÊÂÎñÖÐÖ÷ҪʹÓÃЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¬ÓÐʱºòʹÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍÓ²Á¦Á¿£¨ÈçͼÖÐA ¡äµÄλÖã©£¬Èç¹ûB ¹ú»¹ÊÇ×ñÑ­Ô­À´µÄ¹ú¼ÊÐÐΪģʽ£¬ÄÇôËüµÄÐÐΪÓëA ¹úеÄÐÐΪÏà±È½Ï¶øÑԾͲ»»áÏÔµÃÓжà"Èí"ÁË¡£Òò´Ë£¬Èç¹ûB ¹úÏëÒª¼ÌÐø±£³Ö¶ÔA ¹úÐÐΪµÄ"Èí"£¬ÄÇôËüÒ²µÃµ÷Õû×Ô¼ºµÄÍâ½»Õþ²ß£¬±ÈÈç¾­³£¼æ¹ËºÍƽºâʹÓÃÈíÁ¦Á¿ºÍЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¬Å¼¶ûʹÓÃÓ²Á¦Á¿£¨ÈçͼÖÐB ¡äµÄλÖã©¡£

¡¡¡¡ÔÚÏÖʵ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖУ¬Ä³¸öÁ¦Á¿ÐÐΪµÄ"Èí"»ò"Ó²"ÍùÍùÊǾ­¹ý¶Ô±Èºó²úÉúµÄ¸Ð¾õ¡£ÕýÈçͼ1Ëùʾ£¬¾¡¹ÜB ºÍA ¡ä¶¼Ö÷ҪʹÓÃЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿£¬µ«B ¶Ô±ÈA ¶øÑÔÊÇ"Èí"µÄ£¬A ¡ä¶Ô±ÈB ¡ä¶øÑÔÈ´ÊÇ"Ó²"µÄ¡£

¡¡¡¡ËÄ¡¢¶ÔÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄһЩ¹Û²ì

¡¡¡¡ÉÏÊö¶¯Ì¬Ë¼Î¬¿´´ýÁ¦Á¿ÈíÓ²µÄ·½·¨¿ÉÒÔÓÃÀ´·ÖÎöÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿ÒÔ¼°Öйúµ±Ç°µÄÍâ½»Õþ²ßºÍ¹ú¼ÊÐÐΪģʽ¡£±¾ÎÄÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚµ±½ñ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖУ¬ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ô¢ÓÚÒµÒÑÐγɵÄÖйú¹ú¼ÊÐÐΪģʽÖУ¬°üÀ¨"Öйúģʽ"µÄÍⲿӰÏìÁ¦ÒÔ¼°ÒÔ¶à±ßÖ÷Òå¡¢¾­¼ÃÍâ½»ºÍÄÀÁÚÕþ²ßΪºËÐĵĹú¼ÊÐÐΪ¡£ËäÈ»ÓеIJ¢·ÇÑϸñ¶¨ÒåÉϵÄ"ÈíÁ¦Á¿"£¬Æä²Ù×÷¹ý³ÌÖÐÍùÍùÊôÓÚ¶¨ÒåÉϵÄ"ЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿"£¬µ«ÔÚÃÀ¹ú¶ªÏ¶à±ßÖ÷ÒåºÍ¾­¼ÃÍâ½»µÄ´óÆì¡¢¹ÌÖ´µØÒÀ¿¿×ÔÉíÇ¿´óµÄÓ²Á¦Á¿ÍÆÐÐÆäÍâ½»Õþ²ßµÄ´ó±³¾°Ï£¬ÖйúµÄ¹ú¼ÊÐÐΪģʽÎÞÒÉÊÇ"½ÏÈí"µÄ¡£ÃÀ¹úÀÄÓÃÓ²Á¦Á¿µÄÐÐΪģʽǡǡ³ÄÍгöÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿£¬ÕâÒ²¾ÍÊDZ¾ÎÄËùÇ¿µ÷µÄÁ¦Á¿ÈíÓ²µÄÏà¶ÔÐÔ¡£

¡¡¡¡£¨Ò»£©¶à±ßÖ÷Òå¡¢¾­¼ÃÍâ½»¡¢ÄÀÁÚÕþ²ß

¡¡¡¡ÀäÕ½ºóÃÀ¹ú³ÉÁËÊÀ½çÉÏΨһµÄ°ÔȨ¡£µ«¾ø¶ÔµÄȨÁ¦µ¼Ö¾ø¶ÔµÄ¸¯°Ü¡£ÓÉÓÚûÓÐÈκÎÍâÔÚµÄÖÆÔ¼Á¦Á¿£¬ÃÀ¹ú¿ªÊ¼ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÊÂÎñÖзîÐе¥±ßÖ÷Òå¡£±ÈÈçÅ׿ªÁªºÏ¹ú·¢¶¯¿ÆË÷ÎÖÕ½Õù£¬²¢ÍƳö"ÈËȨ¸ßÓÚÖ÷Ȩ"µÄÂÛµ÷£¬¾ÅһһʼþÔò°ÑÃÀ¹úµÄµ¥±ßÖ÷ÒåÍÆµ½Á˶¥·å¡£²¼Ê²Õþ¸®Å׿ªÁªºÏ¹úºÍÆäËû¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯£¬²»¹Ë´«Í³ÃËÓѵķ´¶Ô£¬´Òæƴ´Õ"Ö¾Ô¸ÕßÁªÃË"³ö±øÒÁÀ­¿Ë¡£ÃÀ¹úб£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕßÖ´ÕÆÃÀ¹úÍâ½»Õþ²ß²¢Öƶ¨"ÏÈ·¢ÖÆÈË"µÄ¾üÊÂÕ½ÂÔ¡£ .

¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¹úÀÄÓÃÓ²Á¦Á¿µ¼ÖÂÆäËû¹ú¼Ò¶ÔÃÀ¹ú°ÔȨµÄ»³ÒÉÉõÖÁÑá¶ñ¡£¶øÓë´Ëͬʱ£¬Öйú·îÐÐ"躹âÑø»Þ"µÄ²ßÂÔ¡£

¡¡¡¡Ëæ×ÅÖйú¾­¼ÃµÄáÈÆð£¬ÆäµÍ×Ë̬µÄÍâ½»Õþ²ß²¢Ã»ÓзÁ°­Öйú¹ú¼ÊÓ°ÏìÁ¦µÄÌáÉý¡£Ò»·½Ã棬Öйú²»µ«½ÓÊܶøÇÒÒѾ­¸ß¶ÈÈÚÈëÏÖ´æµÄÊÀ½çÌåϵ£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÖйúÌᳫ¶à±ßÖ÷Òå¡¢¾­¼ÃÍâ½»¡¢ÄÀÁÚÕþ²ß£¬·¢Õ¹³öÁËÊʺÏ×Ô¼ºµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£ .

¡¡¡¡½üÄêÀ´£¬Öйú²»½ö½ÓÊÜÁ˶à±ßÖ÷Ò壬¶øÇÒÔ½À´Ô½³ÉΪ¶à±ßÖ÷ÒåµÄ³«µ¼ÕߺÍÍÆ¶¯Õß¡£¶«ÃË-Öйú£¨"10+1"£©¡¢¶«ÃË-ÖÐÈÕº«£¨"10+3"£©¡¢ÉϺ£ºÏ×÷×éÖ¯¡¢³¯ºËÎÊÌâÁù·½»á̸µÈ¶¼Êdzɹ¦µÄÀý×Ó¡£Öйú»¹Õë¶Ô×ÔÉíÇé¿ö£¬×ÅÁ¦·¢Õ¹¾­¼ÃÍâ½»¡£°éËæ×ÅÖйúÁìµ¼È˵Ĵó¹úÍâ½»£¬ÕâÖÖÒÔ¾­¼ÃÍ⽻ΪºËÐĵĶà±ßÖ÷ÒåÒѾ­×ß³öÁËÑÇÖÞ£¬µ½´ïÁ˰üÀ¨·ÇÖÞ¡¢Å·Ã˺ÍÀ­ÃÀÔÚÄÚµÄÊÀ½ç¸÷¸öµØÇø¡£ÖйúÈÕÒæÔö³¤µÄ¾­¼ÃʵÁ¦ÔòΪ¶à±ßÖ÷ÒåÌṩÁË»ù´¡ºÍ¶¯Á¦¡£ .

¡¡¡¡ÁíÍ⣬ÖйúµÄÄÀÁÚÕþ²ßÖ÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÁ½¸ö·½Ã棺һÊÇÖйúÈçºÎ½â¾öÓëÁÚ¹úµÄ¾À·×ÓÈÆäÊÇÁìÍÁ¾À·×¡£ÓÉÓÚ¸´ÔÓµÄÀúÊ·Ô­Òò£¬Öйúͬ¶àÊýÁÚ¹ú´æÔÚ×ÅÁìÍÁ¾À·×¡£Ôڸĸ↑·Å³õÆÚ£¬µËСƽ¾ÍÌá³ö"¸éÖÃÕùÒé¡¢¹²Í¬¿ª·¢"µÄģʽ¡£½ñÌ죬ÖйúÒѾ­½â¾öÁËͬ¶íÂÞ˹ºÍÔ½ÄϵĽÉÏÁìÍÁ»®½çÎÊÌ⣬»¹Í¬¶«ÃËÕë¶ÔÄÏɳȺµº¡¢Î÷ɳȺµºµÄÖ÷ȨÕùÒé´ï³É¡¶ÄϺ£¸÷·½ÐÐΪ׼Ôò¡·£¬Îª½øÒ»²½½â¾ö¾À·×µì¶¨ÁË»ù´¡¡£¶þÊÇÖйúÊÇ·ñÓëÁÚ¹ú·ÖÏí·¢Õ¹³É¹û¡£ÖйúÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÌá³öÁË"ÄÀÁÚ¡¢°²ÁÚ¡¢¸»ÁÚ"µÄÕþ²ß¡£"°²ÁÚ"ºÍ"¸»ÁÚ"ÊǶÔ"ÄÀÁÚ"µÄ²¹³äºÍʵÖÊ»¯¡£¶ÔÓÚÖܱßһЩ¹ú¼Ò¶ÔÖйúáÈÆðµÄ¹ËÂÇ£¬Öйú±íÃ÷²»×߯äËû´ó¹úµÄģʽ¡£ÖйúµÄÄÀÁÚÕþ²ßÓÖÉîÉîµØÔ¢ÓÚÖйúµÄ¶à±ßÖ÷ÒåºÍ¾­¼ÃÍâ½»ÖС£¶à±ßÖ÷ÒåΪÄÀÁÚÕþ²ßÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖÖÆ¶ÈºÍ»úÖÆÉϵı£ÕÏ£¬¶ø¾­¼ÃÍâ½»ÔòÊÇʵÏÖ"°²ÁÚ"ºÍ"¸»ÁÚ"µÄ·½Ê½¡£ .

¡¡¡¡½üÄêÀ´£¬ÖйúͬÊÀ½ç¸÷µØÇøµÄ¾­Ã³¹ØÏµÓÐÁ˳¤×ãµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Öйú¾­¼ÃµÄÔö³¤ÒѾ­³ÉΪÖܱßһЩ¹ú¼Ò¾­¼ÃÔö³¤µÄÖ÷Òª¶¯Á¦¡£

¡¡¡¡£¨¶þ£©Çø·Ö"Öйúģʽ"ºÍ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"

¡¡¡¡"Öйúģʽ"ÔòÊÇÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÁíÒ»¸öÖØÒª×é³É²¿·Ö¡£µ«µ±Ç°ºÜ¶àÈ˽«ÆäÓëËùνµÄ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"»ìΪһ̸£¬¶øºóÕßÈç¹ûʹÓò»µ±¿ÉÄܱíÏÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿ÌØÕ÷¡£×Ô´ÓÃÀ¹úÈËÇÇÊæÑÇ¡£À×Ĭ2004ÄêÌá³ö"±±¾©¹²Ê¶£¨the Beijing consensus£©"µÄ¸ÅÄî¢Ù¡¸²Î¼ûJoshua Cooper Ramo£¬The B eijing Consensus £¬London £ºTheForeign Policy Centre £¬2004.¡¹ÒÔÀ´£¬ÖÐÍâýÌå¶Ô´Ë²»¶Ï³´×÷¡¢ËæÒâ·¢»Ó£¬Ñ§Êõ½çÒ²ÓÐÈËÈÏΪËùνµÄ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"¿ÉÄÜÈ¡´ú"»ªÊ¢¶Ù¹²Ê¶"»òÓëÆä¾ºÕù£¬ÉõÖÁ½«"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"¿´×öÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£

¡¡¡¡ÖÁÓÚ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"ÊÇ·ñÕæÓй²Ê¶¡¢ÊÇʲôÑùµÄ¹²Ê¶¡¢ÔÚÄÄЩÈ˵±ÖдæÔÚ¹²Ê¶£¬¶¼²»ÊǺÜÇå³þ¡£ÖйúµÄ·¢Õ¹Éд¦ÓÚ"Ãþ×Åʯͷ¹ýºÓ"½×¶Î£¬»¹ÃæÁÙן÷·½Ãæ¸Ä¸ïµÄ¾Þ´óÌôÕ½¡£¼´Ê¹ÊÇ"Öйúģʽ"£¬Ò²Ö»ÊÇÒ»¸ö³ûÐΣ¬»¹´æÔÚ×ÅÖî¶à²»È·¶¨ÐÔ£¬¸ü²»ÓÃ˵ÐγÉ"¹²Ê¶"ÁË¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Öйú·¢Õ¹×îÖ÷ÒªµÄ¾­Ñé¾ÍÊÇʵÊÂÇóÊÇ£¬²»½ÓÊÜÈκÎËùνµÄ"¹²Ê¶"À´Ö¸µ¼×ÔÉíµÄ¸Ä¸ï¡£ËùÒÔºÜÄÑ˵´æÔÚËùνµÄ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶".

¡¡¡¡¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"²»Í¬ÓÚ"Öйúģʽ".ËäÈ»Á½Õß¶¼ÒâÔÚ×ܽáÖйúµÄ·¢Õ¹¾­Ñ飬µ«Ò»µ©ÖÃÓÚ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖεı³¾°ÖУ¬Á½ÕßÔÚº¬ÒåÉϾÍÓб¾ÖÊÉϵÄÇø±ðÁË¡£"Öйúģʽ"Ö»×ÅÖØÓÚ×ܽáºÍ½âÊÍÖйú×ÔÉí¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅµÄ³É¹¦¾­Ñ飬¶ø"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"¾Í²»½ö½öÊÇ×ܽᾭÑéÁË£¬»¹´øÓÐō֨µÄÏòÆäËû¹ú¼ÒÍÆÏúÖйú¾­ÑéµÄÒâζ¡£ËùÒԺܶàÎ÷·½Ñ§ÕߺÍÕþ¸®¹ÙÔ±¶¼ÔÚ̸ÂÛ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"¶Ô¿¹"»ªÊ¢¶Ù¹²Ê¶"£¨Beijingconsensus vs.Washington consensus£©£¬ÃÀ¹ú¼°ÆäÖ÷µ¼µÄһЩ¹ú¼Ê×éÖ¯Ôø¾­Ê¹Óø÷ÖÖÊÖ¶ÎÆÈʹһЩ·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò±»¶¯½ÓÊÜÒÔ"»ªÊ¢¶Ù¹²Ê¶"ΪÖ÷µÄ·¢Õ¹Ä£Ê½¡£ .

¡¡¡¡Òò´Ë£¬"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"µÄÌá·¨Ò²ÄÑÃâÈÃÈË×ö³öÀàËÆµÄÍÆ²â»òÀà±È¡£

¡¡¡¡ÃñÖ÷ÕþÖÎÔÚÃÀ¹ú¡¢ÈÕ±¾ºÍÎ÷Å·µÄһЩ¹ú¼Ò¿ÉÒÔ˵Êdzɹ¦µÄ£¬¶øÒ»µ©°Ñ³É¹¦¾­ÑéÉÏÉýΪËùνµÄ"¹²Ê¶"£¬ÉõÖÁ²»ÔñÊÖ¶ÎÇ¿ÐÐÏòÍâÍÆ¹ã£¬ÄǾÍÊǰԵÀÁË£¬Ô­À´µÄÈíÁ¦Á¿±íÏÖ³öÁËÓ²Á¦Á¿µÄÌØÕ÷¡£Ò»Ð©·¢Õ¹Öйú¼Ò·¢ÏÖÒÔÃÀ¹úΪÊ×µÄÎ÷·½ËùÍÆÐеķ¢Õ¹Ä£Ê½²¢²»Äܽâ¾öËüÃÇËùÃæÁÙµÄÎÊÌ⣬Òò´ËºÜ×ÔÈ»µØÒªÑ°ÇóÆäËûµÀ·¡£ËüÃÇ·¢ÏÖÖйúÇ¿µ÷ÕþÖÎÎȶ¨¡¢¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹¡¢¸ÄÉÆÃñÉúµÈ¾­ÑéÖµµÃ½è¼ø£¬µ«ËüÃǵ½µ×ÄÜ·ñѧϰÖйúµÄ¾­Ñ飬»òÕßѧϰÄÄЩ¾­Ñ飬ÔòÊÇËüÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÊÂÇ飬Íâ½çµÄ¸ÉÉæºÍÍÆÏúÊÇÓк¦ÎÞÒæµÄ¡£ .

¡¡¡¡ÖйúÕþ¸®Ò²Ò»¹áÖ÷ÕŸ÷¹úÓÐȨ¾ö¶¨×Ô¼ºµÄ·¢Õ¹·½Ê½¡£

¡¡¡¡¾Í"Öйúģʽ"±¾Éí¶øÑÔ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¿´×öÊÇÖйúÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£¶øÒ»µ©ÉÏÉýµ½ËùνµÄ"¹²Ê¶"£¬ÉõÖÁÏòÍâÍÆ¹ã£¬ÄǾͻá±íÏÖ³öÓ²Á¦Á¿µÄÌØÕ÷¡£ÖйúµÄ¾­Ñé²»¼ûµÃÍêÈ«ÊÊÓÃÓÚ±ðµÄ¹ú¼Ò¡£Èç¹ûÖйú¾­ÑéºÃ£¬±ð¹ú×ÔÈ»»áѧ£¬ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¾ÍÏÔÏÖ³öÀ´ÁË¡£·´Ö®£¬Èç¹ûÖйúÖ÷¶¯ÏòÍâÍÆÐÐÖйúģʽ£¬ÄǾͺܿÉÄÜת±ä³ÉΪһÖÖÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£µ±½ñµÄÖйúÕþ¸®´Óδ½ÓÊܺÍʹÓÃËùνµÄ"±±¾©¹²Ê¶"Õâһ˵·¨¡£ÖйúÏÖÔÚËùÃæÁÙµÄÎÊÌâ²¢·ÇÊǰÑÏÖÓеľ­ÑéÉÏÉýµ½"¹²Ê¶"µÄ¸ß¶È£¬¶øÊÇÈçºÎ·¢Õ¹ºÍÍêÉÆ"Öйúģʽ"£¬ÊµÏֿɳÖÐø·¢Õ¹¡£

¡¡¡¡Îå¡¢½áÓï

¡¡¡¡±¾ÎÄ̽ÌÖÁ˹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÈíÁ¦Á¿ÒÔ¼°ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£ÔÚÖйú¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧ½ç£¬¶ÔÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄÌÖÂÛÖ÷ÒªÎ§ÈÆÔ¼Éª·ò¡£ÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¸ÅÄî½øÐУ¬²¢´óÖÂÍ£ÁôÔÚ¾²Ì¬·ÖÎö²ãÃæ¡£¶Ô´Ë£¬±¾ÎĶÔÄεÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ñ§Ëµ½øÐÐÁËÅúÆÀ£¬¶øºó£¬´Ó¶¯Ì¬Ë¼Î¬µÄ½Ç¶È¶Ô¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²×öÁËһЩ²»Í¬µÄÚ¹ÊÍ¡£×îºó£¬ÌÖÂÛÁËÖйúÔÚµ±½ñ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖеÄÈíÁ¦Á¿¡£

¡¡¡¡¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÀïijÖÖÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÏà¶Ô¶øÑԵĸÐÖª¡£ËùνµÄ"Èí"ºÍ"Ó²"ûÓоø¶ÔµÄ½çÏÞ£¬²»ÄÜ¶ÔÆä´Ó¸ÅÄîÉϽøÐлúеµÄÌù±êÇ©»òÕß"Ò»µ¶ÇÐ"ʽµÄ»®·Ö¡£¶þÕßÔÚһЩÇé¿öÏ¿ÉÒÔÏ໥ת»¯¡£Ä³ÖÖÁ¦Á¿µ½µ×ÊÇ"Èí"»¹ÊÇ"Ó²"Òª¸ù¾Ý¾ßÌåÇé¿ö¶øÂÛ¡£Í¬Ò»ÖÖÁ¦Á¿×ÊÔ´¼È¿ÉÒÔÊÇÈíÁ¦Á¿ÓÖ¿ÉÒÔÊÇÓ²Á¦Á¿¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚ¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎѧÀÈíÁ¦Á¿µÄ·¶³ë²»ÄÜÎÞÏÞÀ©´ó¡£ .

¡¡¡¡±¾ÎÄÖ÷ÕÅÔËÓö¯Ì¬Ë¼Î¬¿´´ý¹ú¼ÊÕþÖÎÖÐÁ¦Á¿µÄÈíÓ²¡£¸ù¾ÝÊÜÁ¦Õ߸ÐÖªºÍ½ÓÊ̶ܳȵIJ»Í¬£¬Á¦Á¿¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪӲÁ¦Á¿¡¢ÈíÁ¦Á¿ÒÔ¼°½éÓÚÁ½ÕßÖ®¼äµÄЭÉÌÁ¦Á¿¡£ÏàÓ¦µØ£¬¶ÔÁ¦Á¿ÈíÓ²³Ì¶ÈµÄ·ÖÎö¿ÉÒÔ´ÓÈý¸ö½Ç¶ÈÈëÊÖ£¬¼´ºáÏòÐÔ¡¢×ÝÏòÐÔ¡¢Á¦Á¿µÄ"½ÏÈí"ºÍ"½ÏÓ²"£¨Ïà¶ÔÐÔ£©¡£ÔÚÕâ¸ö¹¹¼ÜÖУ¬ÔÚĿǰÃÀ¹úÒ»Òâ¹ÂÐС¢ÀÄÓÃÓ²Á¦Á¿µÄ¹ú¼Ê±³¾°Ï£¬ÖйúµÄÈíÁ¦Á¿Ö÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚ"Öйúģʽ"¡¢¶à±ßÖ÷Òå¡¢¾­¼ÃÍâ½»ºÍÄÀÁÚÕþ²ßÖС£
¡¡