ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ |
--ȨġζԪۡ˼о
תйѧ
ԪۻԪ(Pluralism)һڷѧѧѧѧУζԪۣPolitical PluralismҲƶԪۣڶʮͳڸŷ۽ԾӰ죬ҲձйѧһʱԪһԪ۶ΧơȨ۵ĺģܴӹҡᡢߵĹϵǴӷҵĹϵǴս¹ңNation
StateǷȻͳԵĽǶ˵бҪ̽һ۵弰ʧ⣬˼ĹϵζԪҲDzɺӵ֮һ[1]ĿǰѧζԪ۵ۣΧ?Robert
Dahl˼·Լʮϰdzϯ۽ĶԪ˼˵ϲɡëǵйѧеѧҲ̡ˣΧȨӢζԪۡPolitical
PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political Theory1927ζԪ۵ԨԴоΪЩ˼ᡢҡεȹϵṩЩİ֮⣬Щһζν۵ѧǻҲЩʾ밵ʾá
һ ζԪۡд
йءɷȺ塱ԼɵĶԵȻ⣬ڵġļѳ¶ߡпάڡжTownship֯;ԼҲкܶۡʮoA.F.Bentley,1870-1957ʼ漯ŵĸʵ1920꿪ʼζԪΪУһԪγ̬ơʱζԪ۵ĴзĵLon
Duguit,1859-1928ӢİͿˣE. Barker1874-1960Ƽ˹J. N. Figgis1866-1919˹H.
J. Laski,1893-1950¶(G.D.H.Cole,1889-1959)Լĸ(M.P.Follett,1868-1933)(J.
Dewey,1859-1952)R.M.MacIver1882-1970)ȡУ˹صʶԪ۱IJ֮ӶΪ淶ĶԪۡ1920ڣԪ塱롰ԪۡѾѧͨãΪһִɫʵִۣڹңstateı֮γɶž档ˣѧʷΧζԪ۵Ϊ۵ĸdzġ[2]
ζԪչϵͳǰأW.Y.ElliottζԪߵΪԹȨstate sovereigntyʴԪ빤йϵղķʿΪʵĴˡΪοѧ壬ʵչҵСΪʵ岻һѧ෴Ϊʵʷһģʽл˹塢˼塢˹ϵʵīѧǶԺҵķԹΪ淶ĻʹʵȻѧҪѧʱȴпܳΪ˹ı绤ߣӶвĴ[3]
밣أW.Y.ElliottĿ෴֣G.E.G.CatlinζԪ۵̬ȡΪζԪ۷˾ԵĹңabsolute
stateǿѧڵĻϵѧѧͳѧΪΪѧѧ֮С˴Կ1923÷ķC.E.Merriam,1874-1953½ɵѧоᣨSSRCŵġڹɷѧоӹԣо֥ӸѧΪΪѧɣbehavioral
political scienceһС
˵ǰ߶ζԪ۽ȻͬǻǶۻοѧIJͬĻôGHSabine˵ǡ֮䡣1923ڡѧۡϷˡԪۣһӽǡPluralismA
Point of ViewһģΪһԪԪ۵Ѿ۽磬ҳΪһԾΪĿڷһԪԪ۸ԲıʧԺίķʽԼΪԼʱ뱣ȨʱΪһһԪߣҪʱΪһԪߡFor
my own part thenI must reserve the right to be a monist when I can and a
pluralist when I must[4]һԪۻǶԪۣżȻģ뿼ͷγɵʷȨ͵Ľ̻ᡢʥ۹Լ⽨öӶ˽ȨһԪ۶ȨսҲڶʮӵIJҵһչġ
ӦùעڶԪΤ赣W.W.WilloughbyĹϵΤ赵ġΪعɹ˾ĹThe
National Government as a Holding CorporationΤ赵ļ⣺ڹŵĹϵڿعɹ˾ӹ˾Ĺϵ֮ķɹϵԿһίΣdelegationϵһָһίΡǰ仯ģԣͬʱҲǿʶ۵ı仯ʶ˴ǿ˵ȨߵȨ˵֮佻Ҫԡ[5]棨negotiationһǶԪ۵ĺĸǣΤ˵ζŶȨķ[6]
ζԪ۶йӰڶʮͶʮ˶δйṹע˼롢ϵ⣬ʶIJɻرԡ塱ѧ֮ս롰´塱Уԡ塱ΪĸšЩҪʵܡ⣬Ӷʮʮʡ˶𡢹ߵĻ彨ɡֳԣҲʹDzò˼ҡᡢߵĹϵζԪۿ˵ǡΪṩһ˼ռ䡣
ζԪۺʱΪʱй˼Ļ⣬һ첢ʮڶʮڵĻѧսУѾνȨ֡Ĵʾ֡[7]ڴǰ˽ܻ˹L.T.HobhouseĹ⣬רŷ˿¶(G.D.H.Cole)Ļҹۡ[8]1925귢ġȨۡһУȽϸؽ˵Lon
Duguit˹H.J.LaskiȨۡ[9] 19267µġйἰѧ(The Chinese Social and
Political Science Review)ѧΤ赣W.W.WilloughbyġζԪՓߡPolitical
PluralistsڽζԪ߷Ƽ˹J. N. Figgis1866-1919˹H.J.Laskiͬʱ˻塢(M.P.Follett,1868-1933)ġ¹ҡThe
New StateԼ˼룬Ҳ̸GHSabineζԪ۵ĿͬʱҲԼĹ۵㡣[10]1930ǰ˹¶ȶԪߵĹ۵ϱܷ뵽йһʱԵʱ˼ѧĴ[11]
ζԪ۵Ľܣ˵ʱѧֳ̬ȣԴ˼һͬȱѧϵijֳ֣̽ijʳë෴ȨġζԪۡȴڴУȼ֮侲о̬ȣʹһΪ̽ζԪ۵̱ʽʷס[12]
1920ļȨ뿪ΪѧȺͶѧͿ˶ѧ1926ļȡòʿѧλһֱһʱζԪǡóΪ۽Ҫ⡣ȨġζԪۡѧд˶ʿ--ֱʾָ֮---ԪĹՓThe
Pluralistic Theory of the State֮ϷչɵġΪʲôѡζԪΪоĿȻʾֱӵĹϵһĩĶ֮ʱĶ˶˼˵ζԪ漰⣬ɻһȻȨ19236ȡ˶ʿѧλԺȥѧѧϰĻᣬͶĸУζѧѧϵѡѧΪԼԵɣպо㣺һζѧѧϵǵʱΨ۵۸ǷΨۣоһɵѧԵõ˼ѵζѧĵFrank
ThillyھἰѧԼ˼룬ڵϺŨȤڵָ֮£һ֡ͺ棨Jay
William HudsonλڵƼ£Ȩ뿵ζѧоԺ졣ζѧѧڼ䣬ڵϸĶʶȵָ֮£бרҵĸ⣬ѧϰġĺ͵ģҲõʱڿζѧѧϵޡͬʱִϵӢѧԪ۵֧߿֣G.E.G.CatlinĹĺʿִڼ䣬ʱ֣ѡʿüӢҲǵڿֵĽܡ[13]
1927ȨIJʿġζԪۡPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political
TheoryΪѧѧѧ飨International Library of Psychology Philosophy and
Scientific MethodغŦԼijͬʱ档ȻڵʱѧӰ죬źû뱾ҲйԼ飬˵̽ˡĽڸζԪۡҪݵĻϣ̽ζԪоĻڣӶԱֵи˽⡣ⲻʹǶȨѧλиһʶҲڶʮһͳ˼ŹᡢȨ빫⡢µṩһӦӵꡢһʷŲ
ȨζԪۡҪ
ζԪۡȻعΪ۵һԪ۵ʷζԪΪȻֱӷΡáѧȲȫϸµĿ֣۶ζԪ˼ʷϵĵλΧζԪһԪ۵Ĺϵؿصĸ˼ϵ˼ʷϵ磬˼İա˵ѧʷΪֹζԪȫ桢о
˵һԪΪһȨ;ȨȨڹϵνһԪΪԪԶԹȨĴΪۡϿһԪ۴ۻǴʵǽIJڹŵŴDzڵġȨһԵĽҲ˹ڸ˹ijŵȻһԪǰŽңرǽĵո¶ͷǣһԪ۲ǾͬʡαȻһԪңһԪδǾΡԷӢȨΪ˵Ȩ۵ҲһԼƶȣΪһԪ۲ǻݵ[14]һԪ۵dzڴչ˶ζԪȫ
1
Ȩ֮ѡӷĽǶȿʼ̽ζԪ۲֣ΪǻˣOtto Friedrich von Gierke1841-1921F.W.Maitland1850-1906ǵLon
Duguit,1859-1928ΪζԪ۵Ϊһṩ˷ѧĸݡ⣬(Hugo Krabbe,1857-1936)ĵҹҲӢģThe
Modern Idea of The StateҸʮҳԡҪ漰ıȨң뷨Ĺϵ⡣
ȾͷȨȨĹϵչۡΪʿʱѾ漰Ȩlegal authorityȨpolitical
sovereignty(law)ңstateĹϵ⡣ڹһΪݣǻֹŴͺͽ۱ʶʿʾĻ˵ԵķҲã˹?ǵķķַʾȻnatural
law㷨eternal lawĸҲãȨڹ֮ϵġΪʵڷȴΪǹȨ裬ڹ֮¡սۣȨߵΪĴ߱뱣ϡԵȨȨľԹɷȨΨһԴȪ[15]ܽ˹ŴԼйطҹϵԺȻָζԪͼָŴ͵ķڽעڽ֮С[16]
ϼ̶ʼͿķۡ۷Ϊ֣ٶйȨĴͳ۵УйΪԪϵķţΪιңRechtsstaatһķrgle
de droit϶Եֱַ֮óĽۣιңRechtsstaatۻ֧䣨reign
of lawܳڷȨjuristic sovereigntyķ֮ϡ[17]ϽָԷȨǿҲΪһԪ۵ķѧϿɣر粩߸ˡ[18]ˣϿһΪ෴ķϵǶԪۣһԪۡ
߽һΪԪҪ֮һ˸ۣCorporate Personalityڲ˸۵ĴﵱȻF.W.MaitlandӢĵġ͵ۡPolitical
Theories in the Middle AgeˣOtto Friedrich von Gierke֪˵۲ӰζԪ۵γɣҲɴⷨѧáȷΪ۵Ļͬʱָìܡһ۵Ϊҵ˸⡣ΪҵĿ֮ϻȨijϣôҵ־Ȼ־֮ϾзȨô䷨۵ĻҲһԪġ[19]
ִܷʷĽǶ̽ζԪܷۡӢܷΪǿΪһԪ۵ʡζԪ۶۵УζŶӢƵķѡ[20]ڴ˿Կ밣أW.Y.ElliottͬᶨһָԪ߰õġhnegotiationһΪηں죬һΪԪ߰йظɣindividual
freedomܷһϵĹڸ㷺Ļ֮ϣ̬һԪӦѧϰġ[21]ָݰ±L.F.L.Oppenheim,1858-1919ĹʷۣӹȨ־֤ʷԴָνķͬ壨the
universal legal communityǶԪң뵫۹the world-empireòһһԪҡ[22]
֮ΧŷҵĹϵ⣬ָζԪߵ۲ͬʱʾԪ۱εһԪ۵ӰӣûζԪ˼ʷϵ壬ʶһ档ΪΤS.J.Webb,1859-1947;B.P.Webb,1858-1943ľ幹ʹܷΪ˼ʷϾش壬[23]һʵЧԡ
2ְܴطȨ
˵˽ƵıȻϵԼƱڵԺֱѡ١ᡢƵַζԪ۶ԴƵС
ζԪָ˶ִѡƶȵ--ٶ⡱ĴڲͶƱ䵱֤ڸ˵˸ܱһǰᣬְܴƣfunctional
representationͨơ𡰹⡱general will Ǹǿ־association-willsͼԴ˽ͳͨѡƶȵȱݡǣϿְܴƵȻĸĵterritorial
representationڵѡְѡĹϵ⣬ȴûṩȷķ[24]
̽ΤйءᡱSocial Parliament롰ᡱPolitical ParliamentĹ룬ΪԪٽҪ۵㣬ΪͼʹȨԪΪʹ֮Ӧְܴµѡ١Ϸһѵ㣬ΪȫָȨͬʱܵ谭ĿԼߡȻΤҲûʶһ㣬Ժе⣬ܳΪǵĶԪƻɡϿͨԺȣԪߵṹϵѵ㡣ͨ˵ԺԺ˵ϴͬײ㣬˽ΪȫͬĶǶԹȫĸΪҪԴȫΪǰᡣԣʹڲijϰҲΪʱϰᶯҡңthe
statethe peopleԼdemocracyĻǣԪȫͬǴͬͬĽײ棬һ֮ǽζ֯ġ漯ŵͻͨ桢ЭҵشɺȻۣܽԪƽֽһIJ֡ΤԪ۵⡣[25]
Ͻְܴ̽һԪߺڸᣨcivic community֮Ĺϵְܴ϶ԪڸĹ۵һ¡ǣԺڸ˵ְܴƲңethical
stateıʣֻҪIJ֣沢ȫ壬ֻһԪҵһ֡ɴ˿ְܴƲܳΪԪ۵ݣ֧ԮдƵһԪۡ[26]
ϻ̫Ԫἰƶ⡣ԪȻָͳƶȵȱݣְܵĽǶٽ뷨ȴμͶƱߵĹϵڵˡնԪߵ룬ȫĸְְָ֯ͬתȻνְҵvocational
representativesĵְֻҵ⣬ԳԽΪsocial democracy磬political
democracyչְ֮֯ûпȡͳƶȡ[27]
ְܴ̽ԺִӵְԼطȨ⡣ֱӢĵطȨְܵطȨΪ˵ְܵطȨijϣҲһᵽΤ赣W.W.WilloughbyίΣdelegationͬʱ˷壨the
French administrative syndicalistsһɵšΪطȨδԪƥ䡣ͬΪطȨȨٷתƲӰȨıͳһԡ෴ԪְָܷͼϣڹȨְָܷͨطȨڲͬ⡣[28]
3ΪϵԵζԪ
Ϊʿἰйκ;õĹϵ⡣ôζԪ߶ԴֺΪŪһ⣬ȿʷΪѧԵһԪۣpolitical
monismΪϵʿ¡ѧоֵ⣬ξѧҪݡξѧıʲ߹һÿľʵΪ˹ҵ淢ӦòƸwealthΪζڡεİھõƽ--в֧ԱϣζŲƸ֧䣬֯ڹҶԲǴIJ֡ϵһԪӵڶĺߣʮӢĹ߹ֶ٣J.Harrington,1611-1677֮һ[29]
ǣˣƲpropertyѾεĿǾҪ壬䱾ѱĿġ֮ϣΪƲڡ˱ҲϣǴΪƲfor
propertyڣͲòƲby propertyˣʿ²ͬ˵ĹϽƫߵĹͷΡoligarchy
of wealthᵼΡ֡չ˾ʽĹ뷴һԪۣanti-political monismʹϵġͬҡΪƲҡ[30]
ǣ뾭õĹϵϣķһԪǶģ֮ΪԵľһԪۣeconomic monismŲҵģҵĵγʱͶҲƲת䣨the
transformation of propertyƲpropertyתΪʱcapital֯ı仯ʱֵ̬¾ıͬˡʱЯ֣ʱҡǣΪƲڣЩûвƲǾû塣ֱ£顣һԪ෴߿ζǾòΨһĿ֧֯Ԥʾʲ֧䡣ԴˣҪٽ뾭õĹϵɴ˳˾һԪۡ[31]
ϵ⣬߳ҵԼȨɥʧڶε˼˹ζŴӡ˵֧䡱the government of
personsĹthe administration of thingsر̵Ĺthe conduct of
the process of productionĹɡ˼Ŀʹ̱ΪԵľͳ塣岢ûзйϵսһԴ˼Ϊ뾭öԪ۵õӡ֤Ȼ˼ڷϳҵĽ壬ǿεIJ棬䱾ʵľһԪȴģɡͳһԪ壨orthodox
monistic socialismȴΪĽ۷ֽΪöԪۡ߶ʧȥ˼屾ľһԪ[32]
̶dzǻ壬Ͻ俴˼빤ϵijԡ˼Ӿõӵ빤ȨεĹ۵㣬߷ϳҵţʹҷΪ֯롰ЭεܡּȷַεһԪ۸Ԫṩһȷķ[33]
Ͻſ˻ɭ(S.G.Hobson)¶(G.D.H.Cole)šɭһءҵЭأϹҵƵλλܡڻɭһΪȨΪسԱݡ¶ѹΪߵֻ֯侭ûܣ롰ءǿ˹صЭϵת뷨ʼְܴơָɭ¶űصһԪ۵ӰӣڳϻŵľҵɵҪԵͬʱƲԪʤпζžһԪ۵ĴۺһԪ۵ĸ----رһ档[34]
4Ϊ۵ĶԪ
˹ϵζԪ۵֪ʶѪͳԴ?ղķʿW.JamesġԪ桷A Pluralistic Universe1909Ϊ۵ĶԪһȴʹ˲⡣Ԫͨ뷨ְܴۡƻۣ֯óĽۣںܶೡϣ˵ǰʾ˶ԣ˵ǰʾ˳ԽֶԪ֮ϵͳһԡ--Ȩͨó෴ķ֡ϼ̶ֱȨҸ⡢̵ı䶯ȶ棬һµۡ[35]
1 ȨҸ
ڶԪ߿ҲȫԵȫ壬ΪڵIJֱ֡ǣϿδعɶһԪ۵ϵСȻʿҵ˵Եȫ֣ۼҺ˳Ϲҵȫԡ˹ġά̹ȻԤ˵ϵûǾϵIJ˹ָȨ۵ìܣԲԣȨľԲڽ̻ϵģֻΪϵĹҳԱΪʱ塣νȨƣDzȻ¡ƣֻDzķƶѡԪйְָܷΪԲ۵Ҳʵ[36]
ϽһԼȨLegal SovereigntyȨPolitical SovereigntyЧȨEffective Sovereignty棬ΪĸIJ涼յġԵģ෴ܵԼߵȨԵġʵйǷڣνߵġƵȨΪȫ壨theoretical
totalityˣԪ߰Ȩ۵ԴһԪϵҪ㡣[37]
ϿԪȻлųȨǰŽִӺŽǿķͬ壨legal communitysocial
solidarityǿ¶ķȨlegal supremacyȻͬΪȨںȴûʲô仯˵ǶȨġƻ˵ǶȨġٽΪʡǴӡȨٽһӵ㣬ϴζԪ۵ĹסΪͳһԪӦôӶԪ۶һԪ۵мȡɷ֣ӶӾذԶȴͳҸӸӻִ֯ΪһѧߣӦÿݵؿԪߵеʵϵ壬ӦʵضԴһԪԪ˫ΪͲܲƵۡ[38]
2 ڡ⡱
⣨general willһɵҵʹã¬䡶ԼۡΪ۵Ļϵͳչ¬ĽͣԶǹģԶԹΪ־𣺡ֻڹ棬˽˵桱[39]Ȩǹá[40]ˣȨĶԪ߱Ȼһ
Ϊ˵Ȩ۹˽һԪ۵Ļôһѧ˵ṩ˽۹۵ĻȨһΪԪĶ磬¶Ϊ﹫̧߹־п˵ɣɴˣ¬۱Ϊר۾ݡǣϿַѶн˹ۼ˵ƽرǶЩ¬ҲߵǸˡӦϣ¬ԼûгɹؽʾʵĴ֮ĶӦϵҲͬԪһָȱݣʹ¬йع˼õһķչͳһunityһԽĵһonenessʵҲ˵ʶԶԺڸΪŹӦΪһ־־ͳһǿֿۣǹͬʵ־actual
wills֮IJ죬dz˼IJǴġԺڸ˵ⲢԪŵʵ־DZʾЩʵ־ĵͳϡȻͲǹΨһ֣ʱھ˵ζ־֮ĺгһ£˵ζųͻֳͻսζŹĽ塣[41]
Ȼͬ¬ںΪļ⣬ʵ־the actual willsʵֱ뾭šΪ־ûбҪ빫ԭ˵ݣֻбҪʹճΪġڼȳɵĵͣpre-established
harmony֮ĶΪ˴ٽĸ־ʵЭһ϶Կ¶빫ĴڣΪֻӦô˵ʵ־ųַĽǶָ¶ǿ˿۵ȼԡ[42]
ΧŹһָԪߵ˼Dz㣬ھ¶ġְ֯Ĺnotion of functional organizationġʶsense
of rightġsocial solidarityȼ˵صĹԭ͡˹Ȼȫ˹һ̧ν־the
state-willĸδȫһԪ۵Ĺϸ෴˹ԹսرĹҸϿڸͷĽ֮ۡȻѵ㣬ȫȴᱻԪߵƷ[43]
3Ƶı䶯ȶ
ΪζԪ۲йضԵĽ壬Ҳйر䶯Ľ塣˹ȶԣstability of lawǿΪʵķԴˣϽӵļ⣬ͬʱǿ˷ı䶯ȶ棬ָԪߵƫ֮[44]
֮Ϊ۵ĶԪۣ۵ĺIJ֣ӡȨٽһӵۡͬʱҲָ˶ԪڹԼȶ䶯ϵڴ˻֮ϣһζԪ۵ѧ
5ζԪ۵ѧ
Ϊ˲ζԪ۵ѧ˹кܴӰ?ղķʿʵΪҪֶָ̽ʵ崫ͳһԪ۵⣬Ϊν棨a
block universeѧthe philosophy of abstractionȱǩҲܾܵġϵ⣬ÿ˶ͬʱ߱һԪԪۻ뾭˫ظоˣľ壨radical
empiricismζŷ壨anti-rationalism䱾Ϊan abstraction[45]
ΧšʵڡrealityչʵСΪʵۣpragmatic meliorismȱ۵ġ̶ļֵĿԣӶȵǿ۵ĿĻʵ彫Σself-government֯ŵζѧIJ棬ʵ徫pragmatic-humanist
spiritκΡʵڡűȨȻɥʧ˿ۼֵ£Ӷ߱Ļᣬν繲the Universe-Republic֮dzĽޱߵĿֲthe
Cosmic Reign of Terror[46]
ʵܾһԪۣabsolute monismԶԪۣabsolute pluralismìܣijֵһԣijЩҲͨľߵǺϡ[47]νԪ沢?ղķʿŷֳԪۣڹƽԹﷴղķʿһԪijԡΪղķʿԼöԪ棬ȴʹѡһԪأʶԪڲijͻһԪԶԪۺͽ⣨reconciliationĽأ˼Դھ͵IJ棬ˣΪԪ汾DzƵġ
ߣʵζԪ֮Ȼ֮ߵĹϵδDZȻġӦЩղķʿϵĶԪߵĴڡ෴ڿ¶Կڸ۵ijЩԡǣľΪˡʵԡӶֻۡζԪнʵҪأͨijʵ־һԪۣa
concrete monismһȷۡ[48]
ΧζԪ۵ѧһԪʵԼ뾭Ĺϵ⡣Գԣǿԣڴ˱ԼġһԪۡa
concrete monismѧһĽӽFrank Thillyѧ[49]
6ζԪ
ڡζԪ֣ۡΧζԪҵĹϵչƪ˼ʷͨǻĹҹ֮䣺ΪĹңthe
state as supreme ethical idealΪṤߵĹңthe state as a mere social instrumentͨΪνġķ롱the
separation of politics from ethicsνάķǵԼӢѧɶι̽Сѧķͨڴ⡣[50]
Ϊҹ۵ĴϾٳʿڸϿʿµȣڸĹҹӳϴڸĹҹΪľְεεĸ棬ζϵֱͳΡϵҵһֶѡΪѺڸĹҹΪҪҪģԼͥᾭ֯ΪȻҪصIJ棨natural-material
aspectΪϵͳķ-εIJ棻ΪұȳԽְǰߵIJ档ˣںڸΪ֯ĹҲϵġ[51]
ΪĹҹ۲ͬά˹ͨɡķ롱ĴǣϿΪıͳһƽи߶ǻ۵άﱾDzֻΪ˵֧Ȩıġͬڲ֧䡰ҡIJȨȨԣreasonǸΪĶ˹зѧɵص㣬Ȼƶ粩ҪʹȨ۷ӵڽ̵ļһά̹䱾ԶԲϵģձܡȻļ顣⣬ȻҵĿľڲƲıϣδƣ
ultimate ethical goodĿܹ˵Լûдһͬ壬ֻǴһΡͬ塣˵һ㹲ͬ壨the
general communityιǰĿҲιͬΪ㷺ճϡԡһϣΪ벩ͨġΪǽ۵ķΧйιҵۣرε⡣˹ŷ߰˹J.Austin,1790-1859һ˹Ϊ˹Ȩṩ˷Ļǿ۵һԣͬʱҲı˻˹ۡ˹Ȼʹ֪νȨȴܾȨԨԴĿġϿεַ˵ijΪһķԼεĸΪ㷺Ŀĸ˶Ԫ߶Ȩ۵С˵ԪΪιȨֶһͬ壨a
general ethical community[52]
Ͽġ۷ϵ˵ǻ˹ϵĸЩ˵ԵԣйιϵϵĹҲһȨϵIJthe
laws of solidarityǷĻΪ߹淶ҪˣҲҪطӡǣԻ˹ζѧϵIJ𣬾Ͳѷϼʵ֮㡣ȣ߶˼άҪصáԷıȻΪΣѵµȨֵ۵ġζϵġԻرܡң˹ʹȨڲȻһΪΪĹߣΪں϶ߵġǣϿsolidarityձʵģôƶʧȥֵӵĸҲֻơΪջDzֵġ[53]
Ԫߵһȴ졣˹¶رǿſǸΪ㷺ι̣ΪбҪָĿ۵the ethical-teleological
positionһιͬ壨the general political communityһɵĹ㷺֯a comprehensive
organization of human freedomԪߵΪιߵĹΪϵֵһ㹲ͬ壨
a general community˴ԿһԪߺڸ֮һڸԪһΪһĹͬ壨 a general
communityȡεġҺǵķΧ㣬ĸɾ廯Ҹ֯ڵԾԵȨڶڸԪһʹΪεĹΪձƣthe
universal good߹Ȩ֧乲ͬڲ֯Ҳǹͬһ֡ڸҲͬԪߵĹ۵㣺֮䲢ڲԽĺ蹵ЩȻζڵ¹ۺϵijЩ--磬˹ĸڸһԪ֮IJ죬ԼǰйƵĹ˼άߵ֮ȡ[54]
ȻܴЩ֮ͬԪ߲ûʶһԪڱϵĺͽ⣬һԪΪԪ۵˴Ϊר塣¶ԣͬ˶ڣǸͬڡΪҪжеǷֱбҪعʿ¶ԡΪĿĵĹҡ(the
state as the end)롰ΪĹҡ(the state as a means)ߡΡthe ideally perfect
polity롰ʵʵ֯(the practically best constitution)֮𡣶ʿ¶ԣԡsocialityָ֯ĻҲ롰ԡɡ࣬DZԼΪ㷺岻ͬ۵һԡҲζż塣¶岢Ƕġԣ¶ķȫû˵Ϊһʿ±ϵ֮֮ͨΪ˵ġˡ롰ᡱ֮Ȼϵԡ롰жΪһ̸Ȼ¶лΪúڸĹ۶רṩһȫĽⶾϿԪ۵֮ȷ˴˵㣺е۱ΪȻԪδرǿ۵һ棬Ի˹˹ķ볰ЦȴѲ[55]
Ͻ̽˶ԪĹϵܶԪڸߣѹָԵѧǣ㲻ϣʹÿ˵Ϊڹ淶˵ԣthe
social nature of manÿҲġˣɲζųġûѹabsence of force˿ûⲿԼһζǿԵķ룬ԡɡԡԼ벻ܽìܡϻϿǷ˹ĸ˼롣Ϊ˹ΪΪĹȨӦǿ˵ȨҪϳȨʹȷֹ۵㣬ΪͨʵʩΪ˵ĹʧӦɹұûѡĹȴѡܵĹIJǹΪ˵ͶƱߡԴͶƱߵĿȡ˼ԼϵĮ̬ȡ˵Ӧƹң˵ӦƸ˵֪ԭԼĮĸΪʡ[56]
Ͻһۣ۵ĸ⡣Ϊ̸εĹңԸΪ㷺ĹͬĴΪˣΪۣӦйۣҲǹ˵ϵȫۡ⽫ζοѧ壨political
scientismķĿthe ethical-teleological standpointĸ[57]
7ۣ ӡһԪۡһԪۡ
ڡζԪۡĽ۲֣صӽζԪ˼ʷϵĹסʷذһԪԪ۵ı仯չ̣һԪۣabstract
monismԪۣabstract pluralismһԪۣconcrete monismΪʱĶԪ۴һεĿʼ̶»عԹϣԼ˼ķչִָ̣Ԫ¶һԪϣ۵Լִ͵ĶԪ۵֮ǿִвҵɣindustrial
freedomɣsocial freedomйϵٴΰʾ˺ڸʷϵҪλ[58]
ζԪ۵оУ¶ϱ˶뷨ĹϵԼ˼Ĺ㲩ѧʶ̵ĶҲֳᶨԽƶȵĿ϶̬Լϵ˼ǡָζԪ۵ȱʧͬʱע۱ԼɼһԪ۵ӰӣӡȨؽһǶȻΪ۵ĶԪۣΤ赡صͨΧζԪ۵ѧۼһԪʵ塢뾭ϵĹУԳԣǿԣԼһԪۡѧϹζԪҵ۲漰ˡᡢߵĹϵҴԡɡԵȻ⡣ӴҲѲΪһȽߵĻΪӦǹϵȫۣͼᡢֹҰۺϵءʷء̬ذոΡ˼Ρһij̶ֳԤʾպѧожϵĻ˴ѿѧоķѧ֮ͨ[59]
ζԪۡӰ졢ۼϱ˵ĻӦ
ͨ϶ԡζԪۡ ¿죬Ѿ˽ȨζԪоĺݼҪ˵ѧΪֹйζԪ۵Ϊϵͳ꾡о乱ײ档Ͻķ빫ʵۼġһԪۡconcrete
monismʱڶѧߵע⡣ϱ˼뷽ѧʶԼйΡáɡѧѧѧȸҲΪʶߵĹע
ʵϣζԪۡһΪʱѧĹע㡣ʱLondon Times¹͡The New RepublicйἰѧThe
Chinese Social and Political Science ReviewѧѧThe Journal of PhilosophyThe
NationѧۡAmerican Political Science ReviewһЩʱӰıѧ־
Ժܸߵۡ[60]ζԪ۵Ĵ˹ڡ¹͡дڡ⡱ϵIJͬ⣬ʵѧѧѧͨıҪԣΪǹȥڳѧܳƷ[61]ҲЩעһԪۡconcrete
monismһͼͶԪһԪЩָ֡͡ԿŵIJ֡[62]
Щۣϱ˲ûֱӵӦǿй˹˼ԼζԪߵѧ˼⡣
ȨȻûֱӦ˹Լۣ19326ڡ廪ѧϷġ˹˼֮һģһ˹˼룬ָì֮۶ʧΪ˹䡶ѧ䷶ʹѧ˵ϵ˹˹պ֪˼ܵɵӰ졣ܶĹ塢ֵ弰ԭղķʿľʵ塣
ȻϿ֮⣬Ⱥ֮Ϊһң˹ܶһ˵ķչΪεĿ꣬֯ĸĿڱɡȨˣ˵˹ѧ˵ǶԱ߹½ͣ˵ܶ۵ĺ߸Ϊʡ֮⣬˹ĸ岻ͬӢͳ壬ǿ˵Ȩḣܲɷ֣ӶڿֵԭΪ˵Ȩ֮СϿ˹֮졣һڽΪһĸ֣˹ϸߵĸΪҲеһ֡ڶǿɵͬʱϹĴڣ˹⼰ɣνʵ־Real
Will˿˹Ȼ˸ֵ壬ΪܾΪݵĹӶ¶ijϵìܡ˹ϵìܣΪͬʱܵѧӰ죬ʱӽӸˣʱԷӽӹҵԵʡ[63]
Ȼ˹ֵͬ壬ۼȴ¡֣Ƴɵľղķʿʵ塣־۵⣬һĿ֮ش˾֮Сƶ֮Ŀ֮ν֮˹ȻȨľԣȴŴͳȨۡΪ֮ΣȨ֮֮νߣ˸֮רҲ侭۵Ȩ۵ͬʱҲָ˹ӦöԪ۵ʧ֮һ˹ȨĸԣȴûΪԤ踴ʵʩءڶ˹õĶԪ۱൱ļֵȴ˼뱳еԭִȨȨ֮ìܡԪ֮ìܵȡ[64]
۲ѿ϶˹Ԫ˼Ļ̬ȣڷ˼ԨԴʧʵϣ϶˹˼ij̶ֳϴŹ֮ϣָ˹-עѧ˵ʵ̬֮ͬȡϼȷǾʽ֮ߣɼ֮塣ȫ˼֮ʵΪһۺ֮ۡۺ֮ԭΪһָɫ֮[65]˿϶˹ΪζԪ۵˵ǰͬ
⣬Ȩ˹ġ֮ԭʵThe State in Theory and Practice1935¶ġִָϡA
Guide to Modern Politics1934֣G.E.G.Catlinġж֮ԡA Preface to Action1934ҲΪעĿϿ1929ģľôֻԼžϵĹʾƵĶΪЩ˼뱳˹˼뱾ͼֳɷ֣徫ΪȻִұвֻǼϣʱƶȿڵĸΣ֮Ρ1933һѾʾ̬ȵת䡣֮ԭʵʹԡڴ֮ǰŸ˵ΪεĿģ˸չĻʱȴеľƽ塣ϵĽ˼ľʷۡԼǽѹȵĹߵһ£˼ΪȻȴֻҪԣȻԡΪ˼ϵìʵıڻ쵼߿¶ġִָϡһ飬ָеļ⣬η˿¶Ļҹ۵ıʼͨữʵ־ƽȵšʾ˿¶֯˼ıʡڿֵġж֮ԡָ˼ϵתΪǰȴʧ֮ΪοѧᳫߣȴԴѧɫʡڽŨİͼ岻ʾĪ˹Oswald
Mosleyķ˹ͬ飬ķ˹塱Liberal FascismθҲʹԻ⡣ΪֱӢ֪ʶе˼롣[66]
ġۣѧۺϡ
ͨϵĿֿԵ֪ȨڡζԪۡ˼оʮͶʮѧı䶯еĹϵȻԼɼڸĹҹۣȨڸŷδ֮¡ڸֵ˵ĹҹֱۣӰķۡΤ赡صйȨļԼѧȻָζԪìܵһ棬Ƕȡȫų̬ȣǻȡеĺɷ֣ͬʱҲʶͳһԪ۵ȱ㣬ӶڡۺϡߵʷϵĻ֮ϣһչˡһԪۡĿԡ֡һԪۡͼͶԪһԪ۵ìܣںۣpolitical
theoryοѧpolitical scienceΪһķ˼ᱳıֵжϡʵǣжϺΪһ塱the
coalescence of judgments of value with judgments of fact or of logical implication[67]νΪѧɣbehavioral
political scienceΪѧɵķͬҲǿѧӦΪʵηνͳɡ[68]ʵ̬졣ǻԽ俴ѧʷϳԽοѧ֮һͳ--ѧʷϵġ·ֱ˹ٲʵ϶Ϊʷ塱Ĵͳвѿ뿨?ķڡʶ̬авνѧѧѧ֮ͬ[69]
Ȩڼ꣨1920-1926ǡѧ۵ĺ⼰ʹз˼ʶĹؼʱڡζԪ۱е۽֮һΪоȻܵʱ˼ѬȾΪһ䶯ʱڵļ֤ˣȨѧоķۿҲγɡǣⲢζźеĵ;˵ƣֶԡʦԾӣŪνʮӶʮνйɫѵνѧȨ۵ζԪоǾƾᴩȫܵķжϡԵԹƽݵ侲º͵̬ԼԸָ˼ǡЩԸ洦պо֮Сر
ۺϡоպļСӢ硶й˼ʷйRural ChinaImperial Control in
the Nineteenth Centuryй硷A Modern China and a New World: KangYu-weiReformer
and Utopian, 1858-1927ԡɡ롰塱IJ[70]ж֡ͨϵĶ֣ԼƳйִѧʷһûѾõѧͳʱʧйѧûҵͬʱҲٵõһЩοʾͼ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] йءؽζԪ۵ۿɲģvigaid ɣEisenbergReconstructing Political PluralismState
University of New York1995ζԪ弰ĹϵɲAdam£UlamPhilosophical
Foundations of English Socialism1951⣬ζԪ۵· ۵ɲPaul HirstFrom
Statism to PluralismUniversity College London Press1997p.2
[2] John GGunnellThe Descent of Political TheoryThe University of
Chicago Press,1993pp.105-
[3] ͬϣpp.112-3.
[4] G.H.SabinePluralism Point of View American Political Science Review
vol.171923p.50
[5] ͬϣpp.47-9
[6] ζԪȨĹϵΤᵽġ Political Pluralists.628һ˸صĹ۵㣺not
for the purpose of breaking up sovereigntybut for the purpose of creating
a real sovereignty.ԭļM.P.FollettThe New StateThe Pennsylvania State University,1998p.284ڸصɲĴ顰Introduction
by Kevin MattsonReading Follett֡
[7]꡷žţ192271շУҳ31
[8] ԿڣHobhouseĹҹۡѧ֡һһڣѧ־磬19219£
һ¶Ĺۡѧһڶţѧ19232¡
[9] Ȩۡļ廪ѧ1989档
[10] Westel WWilloughby Political PluralistsThe Chinese Social and Political
Science ReviewVol.أNo.Peking1926
[11] ϸҹοѧ֮ض뷢չйѧʤ湫˾ӡ19471³棻ͬϣйοѧ֮ʷķչ˼̨ۡл1965档
[12] John GGunnellThe Descent of Political TheoryThe University of Chicago
Press,1993p.292Լvigaid ɣEisenbergReconstructing Political PluralismState
University of New York,1995p.199IJοоб顣
[13] ȨȨѧ¼̨ѧ1972档
[14] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOIntroductionPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary
Political TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927
[15] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political
TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927pp.912
[16] Ibid.p.13
[17] Ibid.p.23
[18] Ibid.p.28.
[19] Ibid.,p.36.
[20] Ibid.,p.40
[21] Ibid.,pp.43-5.
[22] Ibid.,pp.50-2.
[23] Ibid.,pp.48-9.
[24] Ibid.,pp.60-6.
[25] Ibid.,pp.70-7.
[26] Ibid.,pp.77-82.
[27] Ibid.,pp.85-9
[28] Ibid.,pp.91-8.
[29] Ibid.,pp.100-2.
[30] Ibid.,pp.102-6
[31] Ibid.,pp.106-8.
[32] Ibid.,pp.109-11.
[33] Ibid.,pp.115-6.
[34] Ibid.,pp.119-25.
[35] Ibid.,pp.126-7.
[36] Ibid.,pp.128-30.
[37] Ibid.,pp.132-6.
[38] Ibid.,pp.137-45.
[39] ¬룺Լۡӡ1980棬ҳ39
[40] ͬϣҳ35
[41] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political
TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927,pp.146-9
[42] Ibid.,pp.149-58.
[43] Ibid.,pp.160-8.
[44] Ibid.,pp.169-74.
[45] Ibid.,pp.175-82.
[46] Ibid.,pp.182-94.
[47] Ibid.,pp.194.
[48] Ibid.,pp.205-8
[49] ѧ룺ѧʷӡ2001棬?ʮƪ??ڡ桱߽ڡۡ֡ΪԵ鹹ͼ˽Ŀбͳһ͵룬ذһвһԱ˲еͳһһǶ࣬Լıԡ뱾ҳ641-2Ψ岻ʹǰһΪһԭһв𡢶ͱ仯粻硣뱾ҳ644ɴ˿ԿΪԡԴڡ顱ǿͳһ롰족ɷĹ۵㡣⣬йѧethicsѧpoliticsڹϵļɲFrank
ThillyIntroduction to EthicsNew York Charles Scribners Sons1905pp.,167ΪʦѧŶȨDZĬá
[50] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political
TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927,p.209.
[51] Ibid.,pp.210-4.
[52] Ibid.,pp.214-23.
[53] Ibid.,pp.223-7.
[54] Ibid.,pp.228-32.
[55] Ibid.,pp.232-9.
[56] Ibid.,pp.239-46.
[57] Ibid.,pp.247.
[58] Ibid.,pp.249-57.
[59] ڡѧ ķ²ΪǽܹԽԽؿֻĹ۵۵ģЩ۵ҲǾжԵ־IJԣѧŵһпܳΪһſѧǰṹʹһοѧΪܣοѧһĿѧһŹĿѧѧΪһĿѧͿԴﵽʵֵľء?ķ룺ʶ̬аij2001棬ҳ169
[60] ʱ¸־London TimesLiterary SupplementDecember1,1927The New
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Journal of PhilosophyJuly,1928The Nation August8,1928American Political
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[61] HJLaski The New RepublicMarch28,1928pp.197-8
[62] ǰHsin-hai ChangThe Chinese Social and Political Science ReviewApril,1928pp.334-7Ellen
Deborah Ellis, American Political Science ReviewAugust,1928pp.776-8Lewis
Rockow, The NationAugust 8,1928p.142
[63] Ȩ˹˼֮hȨȫ֮ţҵ˾1983棬ҳ4-14
[64] ͬϣҳ14-20
[65] Ȩʿ˹ε䷶ء?θ1930527ա
[66] ȨhȨȫ֮ţҵ˾1983棬ҳ365-376.
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DemocracyEssays in Political TheoryPresented to GeorgeȣSabineEdited by
MiltonңKonvitz and ArthurţMurphyCornell University Press1948DavidEastonThe
Political SystemAlfredKnopfNEW YROK1967pp.24954John GGunnellThe
Descent of Political TheoryThe University of Chicago Press 1993pp.10671289˹٣DEaston䡶ϵһнִ۵˥ʷĵˡΪд֮һȻ˹Ҳἰ?ķ֣ûкܺõ֡ʷ塱historism롰ʷۡhistoricismĺ壬ij̶ֳϵϮ˿?նK.R.Popperڡʷ۵ƶthe
Poverty of HistoricismһжԡʷۡУۿˡʷ塱ν塱IJ棬νŹķʸоĻɲ
What Is a Political TheoryJournal of Politicsɣ1939p.15.йġ塱social
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[68] ѧʷϵġͳɡthe Third TraditionRaymond Seidelman with the
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[70] Ȩԡɡ塱ġִйġ塱ءйͳۣĴѧ磬2002ꡣ