ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

 


--ȨġζԪۡ˼о

תйѧ


ԪۻԪ(Pluralism)һڷѧѧѧѧУζԪۣPolitical PluralismҲƶԪۣڶʮͳڸŷ۽Ծ޴Ӱ죬ҲձйѧһʱԪһԪ۶ΧơȨ۵ĺģܴӹҡᡢߵĹϵǴӷҵĹϵǴս¹ңNation StateǷȻͳԵĽǶ˵бҪ̽һ۵弰ʧ⣬˼ĹϵζԪҲDzɺӵ֮һ[1]ĿǰѧζԪ۵ۣΧ޲?Robert Dahl˼·Լʮϰdzϯ۽ĶԪ˼˵ϲɡëǵйѧеѧҲ̡ˣΧȨӢζԪۡPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political Theory1927ζԪ۵ԨԴо׷ΪЩ˼ᡢҡεȹϵṩЩİ֮⣬Щһζν۵ѧ׷ǻҲЩʾ밵ʾá



һ ζԪۡд



йءɷȺ塱ԼɵĶԵȻ⣬ڵġļѳ¶ߡпάڡжTownship֯;ԼҲкܶۡʮoA.F.Bentley,1870-1957ʼ漯ŵĸʵ1920꿪ʼζԪΪУһԪγ̬ơʱζԪ۵ĴзĵLon Duguit,1859-1928ӢİͿˣE. Barker1874-1960Ƽ˹J. N. Figgis1866-1919˹H. J. Laski,1893-1950¶(G.D.H.Cole,1889-1959)Լĸ(M.P.Follett,1868-1933)(J. Dewey,1859-1952)R.M.MacIver1882-1970)ȡУ˹صʶԪ۱IJ֮ӶΪ淶ĶԪۡ1920ڣԪ塱롰ԪۡѾѧͨãΪһִɫʵִۣڹңstateı֮γɶž档ˣѧʷΧζԪ۵Ϊ۵ĸdzġ[2]

ζԪչϵͳǰأW.Y.ElliottζԪߵΪԹȨstate sovereigntyʴԪ빤йϵղķʿΪʵĴˡΪοѧ壬ʵչҵСΪʵ岻һѧ෴Ϊʵʷһģʽл˹塢˼塢˹ϵʵīѧǶԺҵķԹΪ淶ĻʹʵȻѧҪѧʱȴпܳΪ˹ı绤ߣӶвĴ[3]

밣أW.Y.ElliottĿ෴֣G.E.G.CatlinζԪ۵̬ȡΪζԪ۷˾ԵĹңabsolute stateǿѧڵĻϵѧѧͳѧΪΪѧѧ֮С˴Կ1923÷ķC.E.Merriam,1874-1953½ɵѧоᣨSSRCŵġڹɷѧоӹ׸ԣо֥ӸѧΪΪѧɣbehavioral political scienceһС

˵ǰ߶ζԪ۽ȻͬǻǶۻοѧIJͬĻôGHSabine˵ǡ֮䡣1923ڡѧۡϷˡԪۣһӽǡPluralismA Point of ViewһģΪһԪԪ۵Ѿ۽磬ҳΪһԾΪĿڷһԪԪ۸ԲıʧԺίķʽԼΪԼʱ뱣ȨʱΪһһԪߣҪʱΪһԪߡFor my own part thenI must reserve the right to be a monist when I can and a pluralist when I must[4]һԪۻǶԪۣżȻģ뿼ͷγɵʷȨ͵Ľ̻ᡢʥ۹Լ⽨öӶ˽ȨһԪ۶ȨսҲڶʮӵIJҵһչġ

ӦùעڶԪΤ赣W.W.WilloughbyĹϵΤ赵ġΪعɹ˾ĹThe National Government as a Holding CorporationΤ赵ļ⣺ڹŵĹϵڿعɹ˾ӹ˾Ĺϵ֮ķɹϵԿһίΣdelegationϵһָһίΡǰ仯ģԣͬʱҲǿʶ۵ı仯ʶ˴ǿ˵ȨߵȨ˵֮佻Ҫԡ[5]棨negotiationһǶԪ۵ĺĸǣΤ˵ζŶȨķ񶨡[6]



ζԪ۶йӰڶʮͶʮ˶δйṹע˼롢ϵ⣬ʶIJɻرԡ塱ѧ֮ս롰´塱Уԡ塱ΪĸšЩҪʵܡ⣬Ӷʮʮʡ˶𡢹ߵĻ彨ɡֳԣҲʹDzò˼ҡᡢߵĹϵζԪۿ˵ǡΪṩһ˼ռ䡣

ζԪۺʱΪʱй˼Ļ⣬һ첢ʮڶʮڵĻѧսУѾνȨ֡Ĵʾ֡[7]ڴǰ󣬳˽ܻ˹L.T.HobhouseĹ⣬רŷ˿¶(G.D.H.Cole)Ļҹۡ[8]1925귢ġȨۡһУȽϸؽ˵Lon Duguit˹H.J.LaskiȨۡ[9] 19267µġйἰѧ(The Chinese Social and Political Science Review)ѧΤ赣W.W.WilloughbyġζԪՓߡPolitical PluralistsڽζԪ߷Ƽ˹J. N. Figgis1866-1919˹H.J.Laskiͬʱ˻塢(M.P.Follett,1868-1933)ġ¹ҡThe New StateԼ˼룬Ҳ̸GHSabineζԪ۵ĿͬʱҲԼĹ۵㡣[10]1930ǰ󣬵˹¶ȶԪߵĹ۵ϱܷ뵽йһʱԵʱ˼ѧĴ[11]

ζԪ۵Ľܣ˵ʱѧֳ̬ȣԴ˼һͬȱѧϵijֳ֣̽ijʳ󲻻ë෴ȨġζԪۡȴڴУȼ֮͹侲о̬ȣʹһΪ̽ζԪ۵̱ʽʷס[12]



1920ļȨ뿪ΪѧȺͶѧͿ˶ѧ1926ļȡòʿѧλһֱһʱζԪǡóΪ۽Ҫ⡣ȨġζԪۡѧ׫д˶ʿ--ֱʾָ֮---ԪĹՓThe Pluralistic Theory of the State֮ϷչɵġΪʲôѡζԪΪоĿ⵱ȻʾֱӵĹϵһĩĶ֮ʱĶ񱨡˶˼˵ζԪ漰⣬ɻһȻȨ19236ȡ˶ʿѧλԺ󣬷ȥѧѧϰĻᣬͶĸУζѧѧϵѡѧΪԼ򡣹Եɣպо㣺һζѧѧϵǵʱΨ۵۸ǷΨۣоһɵѧԵõ˼ѵζѧĵFrank ThillyھἰѧԼ˼룬ڵϺ͹ŨȤڵָ֮£һ֡ͺ棨Jay William HudsonλڵƼ£Ȩ뿵ζѧоԺ졣ζѧѧڼ䣬ڵϸĶʶȵָ֮£бרҵĸ⣬ѧϰġĺ͵ģҲõʱڿζѧѧϵޡͬʱִϵӢѧ߼Ԫ۵֧߿֣G.E.G.CatlinĹĺ͹ʿִڼ䣬ʱ֣໥ѡʿ󲻾üӢҲǵڿֵĽܡ[13]

1927ȨIJʿġζԪۡPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political TheoryΪѧѧѧ飨International Library of Psychology Philosophy and Scientific Method׶غŦԼijͬʱ档ȻڵʱѧӰ죬źû뱾ҲйԼ飬˵̽ˡĽڸζԪۡҪݵĻϣ̽ζԪоĻڣӶԱֵи˽⡣ⲻʹǶȨѧλиһʶҲڶʮһͳ˼ŹᡢȨ빫⡢µṩһӦӵꡢһʷŲ



Ȩ᣺ζԪۡҪ



ζԪۡȻعΪ۵һԪ۵ʷζԪΪȻֱӷΡáѧȲȫϸµĿ֣۶ζԪ˼ʷϵĵλΧζԪһԪ۵Ĺϵؿصĸ˼໥ϵ׷˼ʷϵ磬˼İա˵ѧʷΪֹζԪȫ桢о

˵һԪΪһȨ;ȨȨڹϵ׷νһԪΪԪԶԹȨĴΪۡϿһԪ۴ۻǴʵǽIJڹŵŴDzڵġȨһԵĽҲ򲩵˹ڸ˹ijŵȻһԪǰŽңرǽĵո¶ͷǣһԪ۲ǾͬʡαȻһԪңһԪδǾΡԷӢȨΪ˵Ȩ۵ҲһԼƶȣΪһԪ۲ǻݵ[14]һԪ۵dzڴչ˶ζԪȫ



1

Ȩ֮ѡӷĽǶȿʼ̽ζԪ۲֣ΪǻˣOtto Friedrich von Gierke1841-1921F.W.Maitland1850-1906ǵLon Duguit,1859-1928ΪζԪ۵Ϊһṩ˷ѧĸݡ⣬(Hugo Krabbe,1857-1936)ĵҹҲӢģThe Modern Idea of The StateҸʮҳԡҪ漰ıȨң뷨Ĺϵ⡣

ȾͷȨȨĹϵչۡΪʿʱѾ漰Ȩlegal authorityȨpolitical sovereignty(law)ңstateĹϵ⡣ڹһΪݣǻֹŴͺͽ۱ʶʿʾĻ˵ԵķҲã˹?ǵķķַʾȻnatural law㷨eternal lawĸҲãȨڹ֮ϵġΪʵڷȴΪǹȨ裬ڹ֮¡սۣȨߵΪĴ߱뱣ϡԵȨȨľԹɷȨΨһԴȪ[15]ܽ˹ŴԼйطҹϵԺȻָζԪͼָŴ͵ķڽעڽ֮С[16]

ϼ̶ʼͿķۡ۷Ϊ֣ٶйȨĴͳ۵УйΪԪϵķţΪιңRechtsstaatһķrgle de droit϶Եֱַ֮󣬵óĽۣιңRechtsstaatۻ򷨵֧䣨reign of lawܳڷȨjuristic sovereigntyķ֮ϡ[17]ϽָԷȨǿҲΪһԪ۵ķѧϿɣر粩߸ˡ[18]ˣϿһΪ෴ķϵǶԪۣһԪۡ

߽һ׷ΪԪҪ֮һ˸ۣCorporate Personalityڲ߼˸۵ĴﵱȻF.W.MaitlandӢĵġ͵ۡPolitical Theories in the Middle Age߻ˣOtto Friedrich von Gierke֪˵۲ӰζԪ۵γɣҲɴⷨѧáȷΪ۵Ļͬʱָìܡһ۵߼׷Ϊҵ˸⡣ΪҵĿ֮ϻȨijϣôҵ־Ȼ־֮ϾзȨô䷨۵ĻҲһԪġ[19]

ִܷʷĽǶ̽ζԪܷۡӢܷΪǿΪһԪ۵ʡζԪ۶۵УζŶӢƵķѡ[20]ڴ˿Կ밣أW.Y.ElliottͬᶨһָԪ߰õġhnegotiationһΪηں죬һΪԪ߰йظɣindividual freedomܷһϵĹڸ㷺Ļ֮ϣ̬һԪӦѧϰġ[21]ָݰ±L.F.L.Oppenheim,1858-1919ĹʷۣӹȨ־֤ʷԴָνķͬ壨the universal legal communityǶԪң뵫۹the world-empire򽫲òһ޴һԪҡ[22]

֮ΧŷҵĹϵ⣬ָζԪߵ۲ͬʱʾԪ۱εһԪ۵ӰӣûζԪ˼ʷϵ壬ʶһ档ΪΤS.J.Webb,1859-1947;B.P.Webb,1858-1943޶ľ幹ʹܷΪ˼ʷϾش壬[23]һʵЧԡ



2ְܴطȨ

˵˽ƵıȻϵԼƱڵԺ󣬷ֱѡ١ᡢƵַζԪ۶ԴƵС

ζԪָ˶ִѡƶȵ--ٶ⡱ĴڲͶƱ䵱֤ڸ˵˸ܱһǰᣬְܴƣfunctional representationͨơ𡰹⡱general will Ǹǿ־association-willsͼԴ˽ͳͨѡƶȵȱݡǣϿְܴƵȻĸĵterritorial representationڵѡְѡĹϵ⣬ȴûṩȷķ[24]

̽ΤйءᡱSocial Parliament롰ᡱPolitical ParliamentĹ룬ΪԪٽҪ۵㣬ΪͼʹȨԪΪʹ֮Ӧְܴµѡ١Ϸһѵ㣬ΪȫָȨͬʱܵ谭ĿԼߡȻΤҲûʶһ㣬Ժе⣬ܳΪǵĶԪƻɡϿͨԺȣԪߵṹϵѵ㡣ͨ˵ԺԺ˵ϴͬײ㣬˽Ϊ໥ȫͬĶǶԹȫĸΪҪԴȫΪǰᡣԣʹڲijϰҲΪʱϰᶯҡңthe statethe peopleԼdemocracyĻǣԪȫͬǴͬͬĽײ棬һ֮ǽζ֯ġ޴漯ŵͻͨ桢Эҵشɺ⵱ȻۣܽԪƽֽһIJ֡Τ޷Ԫ۵⡣[25]

Ͻְܴ̽һԪߺڸᣨcivic community֮Ĺϵְܴ϶ԪڸĹ۵һ¡ǣԺڸ˵ְܴƲңethical stateıʣֻҪIJ֣沢ȫ壬ֻһԪҵһ֡ɴ˿ְܴƲܳΪԪ۵ݣ֧ԮдƵһԪۡ[26]

ϻ̫Ԫἰƶ⡣ԪȻָͳƶȵȱݣְܵĽǶٽ뷨ȴμͶƱߵĹϵڵˡնԪߵ룬ȫĸְְָ֯ͬתȻνְҵvocational representativesĵְֻҵ⣬ԳԽΪsocial democracy޽磬political democracyչְ֮֯ûпȡͳƶȡ[27]

ְܴ̽ԺִӵְԼطȨ⡣ֱӢĵطȨְܵطȨΪ˵ְܵطȨijϣҲһᵽΤ赣W.W.WilloughbyίΣdelegationͬʱ˷壨the French administrative syndicalistsһɵšΪطȨδԪƥ䡣ͬΪطȨȨٷתƲӰȨıͳһԡ෴ԪְָܷͼϣڹȨְָܷͨطȨڲͬ⡣[28]



3ΪϵԵζԪ

Ϊʿἰйκ;õĹϵ⡣ôζԪ߶ԴֺΪŪһ⣬ȿʷΪѧԵһԪۣpolitical monismΪϵʿ¡ѧоֵ⣬ξѧҪݡξѧıʲ߹һÿľʵΪ˹ҵ淢ӦòƸwealthΪζڡεİھõƽ--в׼֧ԱϣζŲƸ֧䣬֯ڹҶԲǴIJ֡ϵһԪӵڶĺߣʮӢĹ߹ֶ٣J.Harrington,1611-1677֮һ[29]

ǣˣƲpropertyѾεĿǾҪ壬䱾ѱĿġ֮ϣΪƲڡ˱ҲϣǴ߼ΪƲfor propertyڣͲòƲby propertyˣʿ²ͬ˵Ĺ߼Ͻƫ򡰸ߵĹͷΡoligarchy of wealthᵼΡ֡չ˾ʽĹ뷴һԪۣanti-political monismʹϵġͬҡΪƲҡ[30]

ǣ뾭õĹϵϣķһԪǶģ֮ΪԵľһԪۣeconomic monismŲҵģҵĵγʱͶ׼ҲƲת䣨the transformation of propertyƲpropertyתΪʱcapital֯ı仯ʱֵ̬¾ıͬˡʱ໥Я֣ʱҡǣΪƲڣЩûвƲǾû塣ֱ£顣һԪ෴߿ζǾòΨһĿ֧֯Ԥʾʲ׼֧䡣ԴˣҪ󳹵ٽ뾭õĹϵɴ˳˾һԪۡ[31]

ϵ⣬߳ҵԼȨɥʧڶ׶ε˼˹ζŴӡ˵֧䡱the government of personsĹthe administration of thingsر̵Ĺthe conduct of the process of productionĹɡ˼Ŀʹ̱ΪԵľͳ塣岢ûзйϵսһԴ˼Ϊ뾭öԪ۵õӡ֤Ȼ˼ڷϳҵĽ壬ǿεIJ棬䱾ʵľһԪȴģɡͳһԪ壨orthodox monistic socialismȴΪĽ׼۷ֽΪöԪۡ߶ʧȥ˼屾ľһԪ[32]

̶dzǻ壬Ͻ俴˼빤ϵijԡ˼Ӿõӵ빤ȨεĹ۵㣬߷ϳҵţʹҷΪ֯롰ЭεܡּȷַεһԪ۸Ԫṩһȷķ[33]

Ͻſ˻߻ɭ(S.G.Hobson)¶(G.D.H.Cole)šɭһءҵЭأϹҵƵλλܡڻɭһΪȨΪسԱݡ¶ѹΪߵֻ֯侭ûܣ롰ءǿ˹صЭϵת뷨ʼְܴơָɭ¶űصһԪ۵ӰӣڳϻŵľҵɵҪԵͬʱƲԪʤпζžһԪ۵ĴۺһԪ۵ĸ----رһ档[34]



4Ϊ۵ĶԪ

˹ϵζԪ۵֪ʶѪͳԴ?ղķʿW.JamesġԪ桷A Pluralistic Universe1909Ϊ۵ĶԪһȴʹ˲⡣Ԫͨ뷨ְܴۡƻ򾭼ۣ֯óĽۣںܶೡϣ˵ǰʾ˶ԣ˵ǰʾ˳ԽֶԪ֮ϵͳһԡ--Ȩͨó෴ķ֡ϼ̶ֱȨҸ⡢̵ı䶯ȶ棬һµۡ[35]



1 ȨҸ

ڶԪ߿ҲȫԵȫ壬ΪڵIJֱ֡ǣϿδعɶһԪ۵߼ϵСȻʿҵ˵Եȫ֣ۼҺ˳Ϲҵȫԡ˹ġά̹ȻԤ˵ϵûǾϵIJ˹ָ𲩵Ȩ۵ìܣԲԣȨľԲڽ̻ϵģֻΪϵĹҳԱΪʱ塣νȨƣDzȻ¡񷨵ƣֻDzķƶѡԪйְָܷΪԲ۵Ҳʵ[36]

ϽһԼȨLegal SovereigntyȨPolitical SovereigntyЧȨEffective Sovereignty棬ΪĸIJ涼յġԵģ෴ܵԼߵȨԵġʵйǷڣνߵġƵȨΪȫ壨theoretical totalityˣԪ߰Ȩ۵ԴһԪ߼ϵҪ㡣[37]

ϿԪȻлųȨǰŽִӺŽǿķͬ壨legal communitysocial solidarityǿ¶ķȨlegal supremacyȻͬΪȨںȴûʲô仯˵ǶȨġƻ˵ǶȨġٽΪʡǴӡȨٽһӵ㣬ϴζԪ۵ĹסΪͳһԪӦôӶԪ۶һԪ۵мȡɷ֣ӶӾذԶȴͳҸӸӻִ֯ΪһѧߣӦÿݵؿԪߵеʵϵ壬ӦʵضԴһԪԪ˫ΪͲܲƵۡ[38]



2 ڡ⡱

⣨general willһɵҵʹã¬䡶ԼۡΪ۵Ļϵͳչ¬ĽͣԶǹģԶԹΪ־𣺡ֻڹ棬˽˵桱[39]Ȩǹá[40]ˣȨĶԪ߱Ȼһ

Ϊ˵Ȩ۹˽һԪ۵Ļôһѧ˵ṩ˽۹۵ĻȨһΪԪĶ磬¶Ϊ﹫̧߹־п𺦸˵ɣɴˣ¬۱Ϊר۾ݡǣϿַѶн˹ۼ˵ƽرǶЩ¬׷ҲߵǸˡӦϣ¬ԼûгɹؽʾʵĴ֮ĶӦϵҲͬԪһָȱݣʹ¬йع˼õһķչͳһunityһԽĵһonenessʵҲ˵ʶԶԺڸΪŹӦΪһ־־ͳһǿֿۣǹͬʵ־actual wills֮IJ죬dz˼IJǴġԺڸ˵ⲢԪŵʵ־DZʾЩʵ־ĵͳϡȻͲǹΨһ֣ʱھ˵ζ־֮ĺгһ£˵ζųͻֳͻսζŹĽ塣[41]

Ȼͬ¬ںΪļ⣬ʵ־the actual willsʵֱ뾭šΪ־ûбҪ빫ԭ˵ݣֻбҪʹճΪġڼȳɵĵͣpre-established harmony֮ĶΪ˴ٽĸ־ʵЭһ϶Կ¶񶨹빫ĴڣΪֻӦô˵ʵ־ųַĽǶָ¶ǿ˿۵ȼԡ[42]

ΧŹһָԪߵ˼Dz㣬ھ¶ġְ֯Ĺnotion of functional organizationġʶsense of rightġsocial solidarityȼ˵صĹԭ͡˹Ȼȫ˹һ̧ν־the state-willĸδȫһԪ۵Ĺϸ෴˹ԹսرĹҸϿڸͷĽ׼֮ۡȻѵ㣬ȫȴᱻԪߵƷ[43]



3Ƶı䶯ȶ

ΪζԪ۲йضԵĽ壬Ҳйر䶯Ľ塣˹񶨷ȶԣstability of lawǿΪʵķԴˣϽӵļ⣬ͬʱǿ˷ı䶯ȶ棬ָԪߵƫ֮[44]



֮Ϊ۵ĶԪۣ۵ĺIJ֣ӡȨٽһӵۡͬʱҲָ˶ԪڹԼȶ䶯ϵ߼ڴ˻֮ϣһ׷ζԪ۵ѧ



5ζԪ۵ѧ

Ϊ˲ζԪ۵ѧ˹кܴӰ?ղķʿʵΪҪֶָ̽ʵ崫ͳһԪ۵⣬Ϊν棨a block universeѧthe philosophy of abstractionȱǩҲܾܵġϵ⣬ÿ˶ͬʱ߱һԪԪۻ뾭˫ظоˣľ壨radical empiricismζŷ壨anti-rationalism䱾Ϊan abstraction[45]

ΧšʵڡrealityչʵСΪʵۣpragmatic meliorismȱ񶨿͹۵ġ̶ļֵ׼ĿԣӶȵǿ۵ĿĻʵ彫Σself-government֯ŵζѧIJ棬ʵ徫pragmatic-humanist spiritκΡʵڡűȨȻɥʧ˿͹ۼֵ׼£Ӷ߱Ļᣬν繲͹the Universe-Republic֮dzĽޱߵĿֲthe Cosmic Reign of Terror[46]

ʵܾһԪۣabsolute monismԶԪۣabsolute pluralismìܣijֵһԣijЩҲͨľߵǺϡ[47]νԪ沢?ղķʿŷֳԪۣڹƽԹﷴղķʿһԪijԡΪղķʿԼöԪ棬ȴʹѡһԪأʶԪڲijͻ׷һԪԶԪۺͽ⣨reconciliationĽأ˼Դھ໥͵IJ棬ˣΪԪ汾DzƵġ

ߣʵζԪ֮Ȼ׽֮ߵĹϵδ߼DZȻġӦЩղķʿ޹ϵĶԪߵĴڡ෴ڿ¶Կڸ۵ijЩ׶ԡǣľΪˡʵԡӶֻۡζԪн޳ʵҪأͨijʵ־һԪۣa concrete monismһȷۡ[48]

ΧζԪ۵ѧһԪʵԼ뾭Ĺϵ⡣Գԣǿԣڴ˱ԼġһԪۡa concrete monismѧһĽӽFrank Thillyѧ[49]



6ζԪ

ڡζԪۡ󲿷֣ΧζԪҵĹϵչƪ˼ʷͨǻ໥Ĺҹ֮䣺ΪĹңthe state as supreme ethical idealΪṤߵĹңthe state as a mere social instrumentͨΪνġķ롱the separation of politics from ethicsνάķǵԼӢѧɶι̽Сѧķͨڴ⡣[50]

Ϊҹ۵ĴϾٳʿڸϿʿµȣڸĹҹӳϴڸĹҹΪľְεεĸ棬ζϵֱͳΡϵҵһֶѡΪѺڸĹҹΪҪҪģԼͥᾭ֯ΪȻҪصIJ棨natural-material aspectΪϵͳķ-εIJ棻ΪұȳԽְǰߵIJ档ˣںڸΪ֯ĹҲϵġ[51]

ΪĹҹ۲ͬά˹ͨɡķ롱ĴǣϿΪıͳһƽи߶ǻ۵άﱾDzֻΪ˵֧Ȩıġͬڲ֧䡰ҡIJȨȨԣreasonǸΪĶ˹зѧɵص㣬Ȼƶ粩ҪʹȨ۷ӵڽ̵ļһά̹䱾ԶԲϵģձܡȻļ顣⣬ȻҵĿľڲƲıϣδƣ ultimate ethical goodĿܹ˵Լûдһͬ壬ֻǴһΡͬ塣˵һ㹲ͬ壨the general communityιǰĿҲιͬΪ㷺ճϡԡһϣΪ벩ͨġΪǽ۵ķΧйιҵۣرε⡣˹ŷ߰˹J.Austin,1790-1859һ񡣰˹Ϊ˹Ȩṩ˷Ļǿ۵һԣͬʱҲı˻˹ۡ˹Ȼʹ֪νȨȴܾȨԨԴĿġϿεַ˵ijΪһķԼεĸΪ㷺Ŀĸ˶Ԫ߶Ȩ۵С˵ԪΪιȨֶһͬ壨a general ethical community[52]

Ͽġ͹۷ϵ˵ǻ˹ϵĸЩ˵ԵԣйιϵϵĹҲһȨϵIJthe laws of solidarityǷĻΪ߹淶ҪˣҲҪطӡǣԻ˹ζѧϵIJ𣬾Ͳѷϼʵ֮㡣ȣ߶˼άҪصáԷıȻΪΣѵµȨֵ۵ġζϵġԻرܡң˹ʹȨڲȻһΪΪĹߣΪں϶ߵġǣϿsolidarityձʵģôƶʧȥֵ׼ӵĸҲֻơΪջ׼Dzֵġ[53]

Ԫߵһȴ졣˹¶رǿſǸΪ㷺ι̣ΪбҪָĿ۵the ethical-teleological positionһιͬ壨the general political communityһɵĹ㷺֯a comprehensive organization of human freedomԪߵΪιߵĹΪ͹ϵֵһ㹲ͬ壨 a general community˴ԿһԪߺڸ֮һڸԪһΪһĹͬ壨 a general communityȡεġҺǵķΧ㣬ĸɾ廯Ҹ֯ڵԾԵȨڶڸԪһʹΪεĹΪձƣthe universal good߹Ȩ֧乲ͬڲ֯Ҳǹͬһ֡ڸҲͬԪߵĹ۵㣺֮䲢ڲԽĺ蹵ЩȻζڵ¹ۺϵijЩ--磬˹ĸڸһԪ֮IJ죬ԼǰйƵĹ˼άߵ֮ȡ[54]

ȻܴЩ֮ͬԪ߲ûʶһԪڱϵĺͽ⣬һԪΪԪ۵˴Ϊר塣¶ԣͬ˶ڣǸͬڡΪҪжеǷֱбҪعʿ¶ԡΪĿĵĹҡ(the state as the end)롰ΪĹҡ(the state as a means)ߡΡthe ideally perfect polity롰ʵʵ֯(the practically best constitution)֮𡣶ʿ¶ԣԡsocialityָ֯ĻҲ롰ԡɡ࣬DZԼΪ㷺岻ͬ۵һԡҲζż塣¶岢Ƕġԣ¶ķȫû˵Ϊһʿ±ϵ֮֮ͨΪ˵ġˡ롰ᡱ֮Ȼϵԡ롰жΪһ̸Ȼ¶лΪúڸĹ۶רṩһȫĽⶾϿԪ۵֮ȷ˴˵㣺е۱ΪȻԪδرǿ۵һ棬Ի˹˹ķ볰ЦȴѲ[55]

Ͻ̽˶ԪĹϵܶԪڸߣѹָԵѧǣ㲻ϣʹÿ˵Ϊڹ淶˵ԣthe social nature of manÿҲ޷ġˣɲζų׵ġûѹabsence of force˿ûⲿԼһζǿԵķ룬ԡɡԡԼ벻ܽìܡϻϿǷ˹ĸ˼롣Ϊ˹ΪΪĹȨӦǿ˵ȨҪϳȨʹȷֹ۵㣬ΪͨʵʩΪ˵ĹʧӦɹұûѡĹȴѡܵĹIJǹΪ˵ͶƱߡԴͶƱߵĿȡ˼ԼϵĮ̬ȡ˵Ӧƹң˵ӦƸ˵֪ԭԼĮĸΪʡ[56]

Ͻһۣ۵ĸ⡣Ϊ̸εĹңԸΪ㷺ĹͬĴΪˣΪۣӦйۣҲǹ˵ϵȫۡ⽫ζοѧ壨political scientismķĿthe ethical-teleological standpointĸ[57]



7ۣ ӡһԪۡһԪۡ

ڡζԪۡĽ۲֣صӽζԪ˼ʷϵĹסʷذһԪԪ۵ı仯չ̣һԪۣabstract monismԪۣabstract pluralismһԪۣconcrete monismΪʱĶԪ۴һ׶εĿʼ̶»عԹϣԼ˼ķչִָ̣Ԫ¶һԪϣ۵׺Լִ͵ĶԪ۵֮ǿִвҵɣindustrial freedomɣsocial freedomйϵٴΰʾ˺ڸʷϵҪλ[58]



ζԪ۵оУ¶ϱ˶뷨ĹϵԼ˼Ĺ㲩ѧʶ̵ĶҲֳ߼ᶨԽƶȵĿ϶̬Լϵ˼ǡָζԪ۵ȱʧͬʱע⵽۱ԼɼһԪ۵ӰӣӡȨؽһǶȻΪ۵ĶԪۣΤ赡صͨΧζԪ۵ѧۼһԪʵ塢뾭ϵĹУԳԣǿԣԼһԪۡѧϹζԪҵ۲漰ˡᡢߵĹϵҴԡɡԵȻ⡣ӴҲѲΪһȽߵĻΪӦǹϵȫۣͼᡢֹҰۺϵءʷء̬ذոΡ˼Ρһ͹ij̶ֳԤʾպѧожϵĻ˴ѿѧоķѧ֮ͨ[59]



ζԪۡӰ졢ۼϱ˵ĻӦ



ͨ϶ԡζԪۡ ¿죬Ѿ˽ȨζԪоĺݼҪ˵ѧΪֹйζԪ۵Ϊϵͳ꾡о乱ײ׷档Ͻķ빫ʵۼġһԪۡconcrete monismʱڶѧߵע⡣ϱ˼뷽ѧʶԼйΡáɡѧѧѧȸҲΪʶߵĹע

ʵϣζԪۡһΪʱѧĹע㡣׶ʱLondon Times¹͡The New RepublicйἰѧThe Chinese Social and Political Science ReviewѧѧThe Journal of Philosophy񡷣The NationѧۡAmerican Political Science ReviewһЩʱӰıѧ־׷׿ Ժܸߵۡ[60]ζԪ۵Ĵ˹ڡ¹͡׫дڡ⡱ϵIJͬ⣬ʵѧѧѧ໥ͨıҪԣΪǹȥڳѧܳƷ[61]ҲЩע⵽һԪۡconcrete monismһͼͶԪһԪ׵򣬶Щָ֡͡ԿŵIJ֡[62]

Щۣϱ˲ûֱӵӦǿ͸󷢱й˹˼ԼζԪߵѧ˼⡣

ȨȻûֱӦ˹Լۣ19326ڡ廪ѧϷġ˹˼֮һģһ˹˼룬ָì֮۶ʧΪ˹䡶ѧ䷶ʹѧ˵ϵ˹˹պ֪˼ܵɵӰ졣ܶĹ塢ֵ弰ԭղķʿľʵ塣

ȻϿ֮⣬Ⱥ֮Ϊһң˹ܶһ˵ķչΪεĿ꣬֯ĸĿڱɡȨˣ˵˹ѧ˵ǶԱ߹½ͣ˵ܶ۵ĺ߸Ϊʡ֮⣬˹ĸ岻ͬӢͳ壬ǿ˵Ȩḣܲɷ֣ӶڿֵԭΪ˵Ȩ֮СϿ˹֮졣һڽΪһĸ֣˹ϸߵĸΪҲеһ֡ڶǿɵͬʱϹĴڣ˹񶨹⼰ɣνʵ־Real Will˿˹Ȼ˸ֵ壬ΪܾΪݵĹӶ¶ijϵìܡ˹ϵìܣΪͬʱܵѧӰ죬ʱӽӸˣʱԷӽӹҵԵʡ[63]

Ȼ˹ֵͬ壬ۼȴ¡֣Ƴɵľղķʿʵ塣־۵⣬һĿ֮ش˾֮Сƶ֮׼Ŀ֮񣬶ν֮˹ȻȨľԣȴŴͳȨۡΪ֮ΣȨ֮֮νߣ˸֮רҲ侭۵Ȩ۵ͬʱҲָ˹ӦöԪ۵ʧ֮һ˹ȨĸԣȴûΪԤ踴ʵʩءڶ˹õĶԪ۱൱ļֵȴ˼뱳еԭִȨȨ֮ìܡԪ֮ìܵȡ[64]

۲ѿ϶˹Ԫ˼Ļ̬ȣڷ˼ԨԴʧʵϣ϶˹˼ij̶ֳϴŹ֮ϣָ˹-עѧ˵ʵ̬֮ͬȡϼȷǾʽ֮ߣ಻ɼ֮塣ȫ˼֮ʵΪһۺ֮ۡۺ֮ԭΪһָɫ֮[65]˿϶˹ΪζԪ۵˵ǰͬ

⣬Ȩ˹ġ֮ԭʵThe State in Theory and Practice1935¶ġִָϡA Guide to Modern Politics1934֣G.E.G.Catlinġж֮ԡA Preface to Action1934ҲΪעĿϿ1929ģľôֻԼžϵĹʾƵĶΪЩ˼뱳˹˼뱾ͼֳɷ֣徫ΪȻִұвֻǼϣʱƶȿڵĸΣ֮Ρ1933һѾʾ̬ȵת䡣֮ԭʵʹԡڴ֮ǰŸ˵ΪεĿģ˸չĻʱȴеľƽ塣ϵĽ˼ľʷۡ׼Լǽ׼ѹȵĹߵһ£˼ΪȻȴֻҪԣȻԡΪ˼ϵìʵıڻ쵼߿¶ġִָϡһ飬ָеļ⣬η˿¶Ļҹ۵ıʼͨữʵ־ƽȵšʾ˿¶֯˼ıʡڿֵġж֮ԡָ˼ϵתΪǰȴʧ֮ΪοѧᳫߣȴԴѧɫʡڽŨİͼ岻ʾĪ˹Oswald Mosleyķ˹ͬ飬ķ˹塱Liberal FascismθҲʹԻ󲻽⡣ΪֱӢ֪ʶе˼롣[66]



ġۣѧۺϡ



ͨϵĿֿԵ֪ȨڡζԪۡ˼оʮͶʮѧı䶯еĹϵȻԼɼڸĹҹۣȨڸŷδ֮𿵵¡ڸֵ˵ĹҹֱۣӰķۡΤ赡صйȨļԼѧȻָζԪìܵһ棬Ƕȡȫų̬ȣǻȡеĺɷ֣ͬʱҲʶͳһԪ۵ȱ㣬Ӷڡۺϡߵʷ໥ϵĻ֮ϣһչˡһԪۡĿԡ֡һԪۡͼͶԪһԪ۵ìܣںۣpolitical theoryοѧpolitical scienceΪһķ˼ᱳı󡰼ֵжϡʵ߼ǣжϺΪһ塱the coalescence of judgments of value with judgments of fact or of logical implication[67]νΪѧɣbehavioral political scienceΪѧɵķͬҲǿѧӦΪʵηνͳɡ[68]ʵ̬졣ǻԽ俴ѧʷϳԽοѧ֮һͳ--ѧʷϵġ·ֱ˹ٲʵ϶Ϊʷ塱Ĵͳвѿ뿨?ķڡʶ̬авνѧѧѧ֮ͬ[69]

Ȩڼ꣨1920-1926ǡѧ۵ĺ⼰ʹз˼ʶĹؼʱڡζԪ۱е۽֮һΪоȻ᲻ܵʱ˼ѬȾΪһ䶯ʱڵļ֤ˣȨѧоķۿҲγɡǣⲢζźеĵ;˵ƣֶԡʦԾӣŪνʮӶʮνйɫѵνѧȨ۵ζԪоǾƾᴩȫܵķжϡԵԹƽݵ׷侲º͵̬ԼԸָ˼ǡЩԸ洦պо֮Сر ۺϡоպļСӢ硶й˼ʷйRural ChinaImperial Control in the Nineteenth Centuryй硷A Modern China and a New World: KangYu-weiReformer and Utopian, 1858-1927ԡɡ롰塱IJ[70]ж֡ͨϵĶ֣ԼƳйִѧʷһûѾõѧͳʱʧйѧûҵͬʱҲٵõһЩοʾͼ





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[1] йءؽζԪ۵ۿɲģvigaid ɣEisenbergReconstructing Political PluralismState University of New York1995ζԪ弰ĹϵɲAdam£UlamPhilosophical Foundations of English Socialism1951⣬ζԪ۵· ۵ɲPaul HirstFrom Statism to PluralismUniversity College London Press1997p.2

[2] John GGunnellThe Descent of Political TheoryThe University of Chicago Press,1993pp.105-

[3] ͬϣpp.112-3.

[4] G.H.SabinePluralism Point of View American Political Science Review vol.171923p.50

[5] ͬϣpp.47-9

[6] ζԪȨĹϵΤᵽġ Political Pluralists.628һ˸صĹ۵㣺not for the purpose of breaking up sovereigntybut for the purpose of creating a real sovereignty.ԭļM.P.FollettThe New StateThe Pennsylvania State University,1998p.284ڸصɲĴ顰Introduction by Kevin MattsonReading Follett֡

[7]꡷žţ192271շУҳ31

[8] ԿڣHobhouseĹҹۡѧ֡һһڣѧ־磬19219£

һ¶Ĺۡѧһڶţѧ19232¡

[9] Ȩۡļ廪ѧ1989档

[10] Westel WWilloughby Political PluralistsThe Chinese Social and Political Science ReviewVol.أNo.Peking1926

[11] ϸ׾ҹοѧ֮ض뷢չйѧʤ湫˾ӡ19471³棻ͬϣйοѧ֮ʷķչ˼̨ۡл1965档

[12] John GGunnellThe Descent of Political TheoryThe University of Chicago Press,1993p.292Լvigaid ɣEisenbergReconstructing Political PluralismState University of New York,1995p.199IJοоб顣

[13] ȨȨѧ¼̨ѧ1972档

[14] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOIntroductionPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927

[15] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927pp.912

[16] Ibid.p.13

[17] Ibid.p.23

[18] Ibid.p.28.

[19] Ibid.,p.36.

[20] Ibid.,p.40

[21] Ibid.,pp.43-5.

[22] Ibid.,pp.50-2.

[23] Ibid.,pp.48-9.

[24] Ibid.,pp.60-6.

[25] Ibid.,pp.70-7.

[26] Ibid.,pp.77-82.

[27] Ibid.,pp.85-9

[28] Ibid.,pp.91-8.

[29] Ibid.,pp.100-2.

[30] Ibid.,pp.102-6

[31] Ibid.,pp.106-8.

[32] Ibid.,pp.109-11.

[33] Ibid.,pp.115-6.

[34] Ibid.,pp.119-25.

[35] Ibid.,pp.126-7.

[36] Ibid.,pp.128-30.

[37] Ibid.,pp.132-6.

[38] Ibid.,pp.137-45.

[39] ¬룺Լۡӡ1980棬ҳ39

[40] ͬϣҳ35

[41] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927,pp.146-9

[42] Ibid.,pp.149-58.

[43] Ibid.,pp.160-8.

[44] Ibid.,pp.169-74.

[45] Ibid.,pp.175-82.

[46] Ibid.,pp.182-94.

[47] Ibid.,pp.194.

[48] Ibid.,pp.205-8

[49] ѧ룺ѧʷӡ2001棬?ʮƪ??ڡ桱߽ڡۡ֡ΪԵ鹹ͼ˽Ŀбͳһ͵룬ذһвһԱ˲еͳһһǶ࣬Լıԡ뱾ҳ641-2Ψ岻ʹǰһΪһԭһв𡢶ͱ仯粻硣뱾ҳ644ɴ˿ԿΪԡԴڡ顱ǿͳһ롰족ɷĹ۵㡣⣬йѧethicsѧpoliticsڹϵļɲFrank ThillyIntroduction to EthicsNew York Charles Scribners Sons1905pp.,167ΪʦѧŶȨDZĬá

[50] KUNG CHUAN HSIAOPolitical PluralismA Study in Contemporary Political TheoryNew York:Harcourt,Brace and Company,INC,1927,p.209.

[51] Ibid.,pp.210-4.

[52] Ibid.,pp.214-23.

[53] Ibid.,pp.223-7.

[54] Ibid.,pp.228-32.

[55] Ibid.,pp.232-9.

[56] Ibid.,pp.239-46.

[57] Ibid.,pp.247.

[58] Ibid.,pp.249-57.

[59] ڡѧ ķ²ΪǽܹԽԽؿֻĹ۵۵޵ģЩ۵ҲǾжԵ־IJԣѧŵһпܳΪһſѧǰṹʹһοѧΪܣοѧһĿѧһŹĿѧѧΪһĿѧͿԴﵽʵֵľء?ķ룺ʶ̬аij2001棬ҳ169

[60] ʱ¸־London TimesLiterary SupplementDecember1,1927The New RepublicMarch28,1928 The Chinese Social and Political Science ReviewApril,1928The Journal of PhilosophyJuly,1928The Nation August8,1928American Political Science ReviewAugust,1928

[61] HJLaski The New RepublicMarch28,1928pp.197-8

[62] ǰ߼Hsin-hai ChangThe Chinese Social and Political Science ReviewApril,1928pp.334-7Ellen Deborah Ellis, American Political Science ReviewAugust,1928pp.776-8߼Lewis Rockow, The NationAugust 8,1928p.142

[63] Ȩ˹˼֮԰hȨȫ֮ţҵ˾1983棬ҳ4-14

[64] ͬϣҳ14-20

[65] Ȩʿ˹ε䷶ء?θ1930527ա

[66] Ȩ԰hȨȫ֮ţҵ˾1983棬ҳ365-376.

[67] йѧоֿ̽ɲJulius R.WeinbergOn Sabines Philosophy of ValueFredericḳWillValuesObjectivityand DemocracyEssays in Political TheoryPresented to GeorgeȣSabineEdited by MiltonңKonvitz and ArthurţMurphyCornell University Press1948DavidEastonThe Political SystemAlfredKnopfNEW YROK1967pp.24954John GGunnellThe Descent of Political TheoryThe University of Chicago Press 1993pp.10671289˹٣DEaston䡶ϵһнִ۵˥ʷĵˡΪд֮һȻ˹Ҳἰ?ķ֣ûкܺõ֡ʷ塱historism롰ʷۡhistoricismĺ壬ij̶ֳϵϮ˿?նK.R.Popperڡʷ۵ƶthe Poverty of HistoricismһжԡʷۡУۿˡʷ塱ν塱IJ棬νŹ޵ķʸоĻɲ What Is a Political TheoryJournal of Politicsɣ1939p.15.йġ塱social relativismνķD.Humeĺ A History of Political TheoryNew YorkHenry Holt and Company1937һ顰PrefaceThe Logic of Sentimentpp.604-6֡

[68] ѧʷϵġͳɡthe Third TraditionRaymond Seidelman with the assistance of Edward JHarphamDisenchanted RealistsPolitical Science and the American Crisis,1884-1984State University of New York Press1985

[69] йؿ?ķѧСۺϡĿ?ķ룺ʶ̬аij2001棬ҳ171-174

[70] Ȩԡɡ塱׾ġִйġ塱ءйͳۣĴѧ磬2002ꡣ