¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ

 Î©Ô¸¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈç½­ºÓÌÏÌÏ£¡
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþ
¡ª¡ªÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄ½âÊÍÐÔ½¨¹¹£ºÒÔÏÜ·¨¹Û¡¢ÐÐÏÜÀúÊ·ºÍÌõÎÄÀàÐÍ»¯Îª»ù´¡
µÔС²¨*
¸ÃÎÄ·¢±íÓÚ¡¶Ç廪·¨Ñ§¡·2007ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ
ÄÚÈÝÌáÒª£º ÎÒ¹úÔÚÀúÊ·ÉÏÐγɵÄÏÜ·¨¹Û£¬¼´ÏÜ·¨×÷ΪÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´óÖÆ¶¨ºÍÐ޸ĵÄÕþÖθĸï¸ÙÁ죬ºÍ´ÓÔ˶¯µ½·¨ÖƵÄÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄתÐÍ£¬¹¹³ÉÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½Ö®½âÊÍÐÔ½¨¹¹µÄǰÌá¡£ÒÔ´ËΪ»ùµã£¬Í¨¹ýÏÜ·¨ÌõÎĵÄÀàÐÍ»¯·ÖÎö£¬±ÊÕßÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ÉÏ£¬ÎÒ¹úÈ·Á¢ÁË´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþģʽ£¬Æä»ù±¾ÌØÕ÷ÊÇ£ºË«¹ìµÄÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓá¢Ò»ÔªµÄ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²é¡¢ÈËÃñ×÷ΪÏÜ·¨µÄ×îÖÕʵʩÕß¡£ÔÚ´Ë·¨ÖÈÐòÏ£¬¹æÕÂÒÔÏµĹ«È¨ÐÐΪ²»ÊÇÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éµÄ¶ÔÏ󣬷¨Âɲ»ÊÜÎ¥ÏܵÄÖÊÒÉ£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºÎÞÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ¡£¸ÃģʽÓÐÆäÀúÊ·Õýµ±ÐÔ¡£µ±È»£¬ËüµÄ¾ßÌåÉè¼Æ»¹ºÜ²»ÍêÉÆ£¬¸Ä¸ïµÄ·½ÏòÊǼÓÇ¿³ÌÐò½¨¹¹¡£
¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉÏ£¬ÏÜ·¨×÷ΪÕþÖθĸï¸ÙÁ죬ÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓã¬Î¥ÏÜÉó²é
 
ÖÆ¶ÈÊÇÔÚÀúÊ·ÖÐÐγɵġ£Ëü±»½¨¹¹ºÍÐÞÕýµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡¢·½ÏòºÍ²½Ö裬ÊÇÒÔÏÖʵµÄÀ§¾³ºÍÖÆÔ¼Îª»ù´¡µÄ¡£Ö»ÓдÓÀúÊ·µÄÊÓ½ÇÀ´ÈÏʶËü£¬²Å¿ÉÄܳÎÇ幨ÓÚËüÊÇʲôµÄÒÉ»ó£¬Àí½âÆäËùÄý¾ÛµÄÇéÓëÖÇ£¬ÌåÈÏÆäÕýµ±ÐÔ¼°È±ÏÝ¡£Ö»ÓÐÈÏÕæ¶Ô´ýÀúÊ·£¬²Å»á±»ÀúÊ·ÈÏÕæ¶Ô´ý¡£¶ÔÖÆ¶ÈµÄÈÏʶºÍÀí½â£¬×îºÃÊÇ´ÓÌØ¶¨½×¶ÎµÄÀúÊ·ÐèÒª¡¢ÖƶȹÛÄîºÍ½á¹¹ÐÔǰÌá³ö·¢¡£
½ü¶þÊ®ÄêÀ´£¬ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½ÆÄÊÜÖÊÒÉ£¬²»ÉÙѧÕßÉõÖÁÖ÷ÕÅÈ«ÅÌÅׯúËü£¬ÒÔÏÜ·¨Ë¾·¨»¯È¡´úÖ®¡£µ«¸Ãģʽ²¢²»Ôø±»ÕæÕýµØÈÏʶºÍÀí½â¡£ÖƶȵĽ¨¹¹²»¿ÉÄÜÍêÈ«ÊÇËæÒâºÍר¶ÏµÄ£¬Ëü×ÜÊÇÓÐÆä£¨»òÐíÊÇ¿ÉÉÌȶµÄ£©Ô­ÒòºÍÀíÓɵġ£¹ØÓÚÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄ½á¹¹ºÍÌØÕ÷£¬Õþ·¨½çÉÐÎÞ¹²Ê¶¡£¸ÃģʽËùÒÀ¾ÝµÄÀíÓÉÊÇ·ñÕýµ±£¿Õþ·¨½ç¶Ô´ËÉÐÎÞÑϸñѧÀíÉϵÄ̽¾¿ºÍ½âÊÍ¡£½üÀ´²»ÉÙѧÕßÖ»Êǰѡ°Æä²»Õýµ±¡±ÊÓ×÷²»ÑÔ¶øÓ÷µÄǰÌᣬ¾¶Ðбà֯˾·¨»¯µÄõ¹åÉ«µÄ»ÃÃΡ£
±¾ÎÄÊÔͼ´ÓÏÜ·¨¹ÛºÍÐÐÏÜÊ·³ö·¢£¬Õ¹Ê¾ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄ½á¹¹£¬²¢½âÊ͸ýṹµÄÀúÊ·Õýµ±ÐÔ¡£Óë˾·¨»¯Ä£Ê½Ïà±È£¬¸Ã½á¹¹ÔÚÂß¼­ÉϺ͵ÀµÂÉÏÒ²ÊÇÕýµ±µÄ£¬µ«Õâ²»ÊDZ¾ÎÄÒªÂÛÖ¤µÄÃüÌ⣨¼ûÏÂÆª£©¡£ÎÒ¹úÔÚÀúÊ·ÉÏÐγɵġ°¸Ä¸ï¸ÙÁìʽÏÜ·¨¹Û¡±ºÍ¡°´ÓÔ˶¯µ½·¨ÖƵÄתÐÍ¡±£¬ÊÇÖÆÏÜÕߣ¨±¾ÎİÑ82¡°ÐÞÏÜ¡±¿´³É¡°ÖÆÏÜ¡±£©½¨¹¹ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄǰÌ᣻ÒÔ´ËΪ»ùµã£¬Í¨¹ýÏÜ·¨ÌõÎĵÄÀàÐÍ»¯·ÖÎö£¬±ÊÕßÈÏΪ£¬ÎÒ¹úÈ·Á¢ÁË¡°´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþ¡±µÄÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½£¬Æä»ù±¾ÒªËØÊÇ£ºË«¹ìÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓá¢Ò»Ôª·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²é¡¢ÈËÃñ×÷Ϊ×îÖÕʵʩÕß¡£ÔÚ´ËģʽÏ£¬¹æÕÂÒÔÏµĹ«È¨ÐÐΪ²»ÊÇÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éµÄ¶ÔÏ󣬷¨Âɲ»ÊÜÎ¥ÏÜÖÊÒÉ£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºÎÞÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ¡£
ÀúÊ·ÐγɵÄÊÂʵÁ¦Á¿£¨°üÀ¨¹ÛÄîºÍÎïÖÊÁ½·½Ã棩£¬»á×è°­¡°ÐÎʽÉϵÄÕþÌ塱£¨ÏÂÎļò³Æ¡°ÐÎʽÕþÌ塱£©µÄÔË×÷£»µ«ÕâÓëÐÎʽÕþÌå×ÔÉíµÄÆ·¸ñÊÇÁ½»ØÊ£¬¿É·Ö¿ªÀ´¿¼²ì¡£¹ØÓÚǰÕßÊÇ·ñÕýµ±µÄÎÊÌ⣬Õþ·¨½ç²¢ÎÞÔ­Ôò·ÖÆç£¬Ò²¾ÍÎÞÐëÔÙ×÷ѧÀí̽¾¿¡£ÐÎʽÕþÌ壬¼´±ãÔÚÌØ¶¨Ê±¿Õ²»Ôø±»ÍêÈ«¹á³¹£¬ËüÈÔÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϹ淶ÏÖʵÕþÖΣ¬±í´ïÌØ¶¨Ãñ×åµÄÕþÖÎ×·Çó£ºÒ²ÐíÆä¿É±»ÏÖʵÀ§¾³¿Ë¼õ£¬µ«Èô¸ÃÀ§¾³Ò»µ©Ïû³ý£¬Ëü¾Í½«·¢»Ó³ä·ÖµÄ¹æ·¶×÷Óá£Òò´Ë£¬ÊÂʵÁ¦Á¿¶ÔÐÎʽÕþÌåµÄ×è°­£¬²¢²»ÄܳÉΪÇáÊÓÐÎʽÕþÌåµÄÀíÓÉ¡£±¾ÎÄÑо¿µÄÊÇÒÔÌØ¶¨ÏÜ·¨Îı¾Îª¾ÝµÄÐÎʽÕþÌå¡£
Ò»¡¢ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½¾ÝÒÔ½¨¹¹µÄǰÌá
ÕâÀï˵µÄǰÌá°üÀ¨Á½·½Ã棺ÆäÒ»ÊDz¿·ÖµØ¾ö¶¨ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄÀúÊ·ÉÏÐγɵÄÏÜ·¨¹Û£»Æä¶þÊDz¿·ÖµØ¾ö¶¨¸ÃģʽµÄÐÐÏÜÊ·¡£
£¨Ò»£©ÏÜ·¨Ö÷Òª×÷ΪÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´óÖÆ¶¨ºÍÐ޸ĵÄÕþÖθĸï¸ÙÁì
1.    ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨Ö÷ÒªÊÇÕþÖθĸï¸ÙÁì¡£
ÏÜ·¨ÊÇʲô£¿Õâ²»ÊÇ´æÔÚΨһÕý½âµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÏÜ·¨±»¹«ÈÏÊÇ¡°¹ØÓÚÕþÖεĸù±¾¹æÔò¡±£¬µ«ÕþÖÎÊÇʲô£¬¹æÔòµÄÐÔÖÊÊÇʲô£¬ËüΪʲô¸ù±¾£¬²»Í¬Ãñ×åÔÚ²»Í¬Ê±´úµÄ»Ø´ð£¬È´ºÜ²»Ïàͬ¡£×ڽ̺;­¼Ã¶¼Ôø±»ÈÏΪÊÇ×î´óµÄÕþÖΡ£¹æÔò¼È¿ÉÄÜÊÇ¡°¿ÉÔÚ·¨ÔºÊÊÓõ퍡±£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊDz»¿ÉÔÚ·¨ÔºÊÊÓõĹØÓÚÕþÖεÄʵÔÚµÀµÂ¡¢ÐûÑÔ¡¢¸ÙÁì¡¢¹ßÀý»òĬÆõ£¨understandings£©£»Ëü¼È¿ÉÄÜÊÇÓÉÕþÖÎÖ÷µ¼Á¦Á¿×Ô¾õ¹æ¶¨µÄ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊÇÌØ¶¨Ãñ×åÔÚÂþ³¤µÄÀúÊ·ÑݱäÖÐ×Ô·¢Éú³ÉµÄ£¬ÊÇÓÉÕþÖÎÖ÷µ¼Á¦Á¿À´¼Ç¼ºÍ·¢Ïֵģ»Ëü¼È¿ÉÄÜÊÇÑϸñ¹æ·¶ÐԵģ¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊÇÃèÊöÐԵ쬻¹¿ÉÄÜÊÇÖ¸µ¼ÐԵġ£ÆäÖ®ËùÒÔ¸ù±¾£¬¼È¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒòΪËüµÄÕþÖÎÄÚÈÝ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒòΪËüÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÖеĵØÎ»¡£[1]ÏÜ·¨ÊÇ¡°¿ÉÔÚ·¨ÔºÖÐÊÊÓõ퍡±£¬Ö»ÊÇÏÜ·¨¹ÛÖ®Ò»£¬²»ÊÇÈ«²¿£¬¸ü²»ÊÇΨһÕýÈ·µÄÏÜ·¨¹Û¡£¡°ÏÜ·¨¡±µÄÒâÒ壬ÊÇÌØ¶¨µÄÕþÖÎÓïÓù²Í¬Ì壬ÔÚÌØ¶¨µÄʱ´ú£¬½áºÏ±¾Ãñ×åµÄÕþÖÎÊ·ºÍÏÖʵҪÇ󣬲ÎÕÕ¹ú¼ÊͨÐеÄÓïÓ÷½Ê½£¬¸³Óè¡°ÏÜ·¨¡±Ò»´ÊµÄ£»Ëü²»ÊÇÍò¹úÒ»ÂÉ¡¢ÓÀºã²»±äµÄ¡£
ÎÒ¹úÕþ·¨½ç¹«ÈÏ£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊǸù±¾·¨£¬µ«Ïà¹ØµÄÖ÷Á÷»°Óï±íÃ÷£¬¡°×÷Ϊ¸ù±¾·¨µÄÏÜ·¨¡±ÊµÖÊÉÏÊÇÕþÖθÙÁì¡£Ò»·½Ã棬ÏÜ·¨ÊÇ·þÎñÓÚ¸ÙÁìµÄ³É¹û¼Í¼¡£ÒòΪÉîÊÜËÕÁª·¨Ñ§Ó°Ï죬ÎÒ¹úÖ÷Á÷ÏÜ·¨Ñ§ËµÈÏΪ£¬ÏÜ·¨Ó¦µ±ËµÒÑÕùÈ¡µ½µÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÊdzÐÈÏÃñÖ÷ÊÂʵµÄ¸ù±¾´ó·¨¡£ÏÜ·¨µÄ²»ÉÙÄÚÈÝÊÇÐðÊöÐԵ쬵«ÀúÊ·ÐðÊö²»Ö»ÊÇÃ廳¹ýÈ¥£¬¶øÊÇÖ¼ÔÚ´ÓÀúÊ·ÖÐÌáÁ¶»ù±¾½áÂÛ£¬ÒÔ×÷ΪδÀ´Ðж¯µÄÖ¸µ¼Ô­Ôò£¬Æä¼Ç¼ÐÔÊÇ·þÎñÓÚ¸ÙÁìÐԵġ£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬ÏÜ·¨Ö÷ÒªÊǸÙÁì¡£ÐÂÖйúÖÆÏÜËäÈ»ÉîÊÜËÕÁª·¨Ñ§Ó°Ï죬µ«Ò²ÓÐÁí±Ùõè¾¶Ö®´¦¡£ËÕÁªÏÜ·¨Ñ§ÌرðÇ¿µ÷¸ÙÁìºÍÏÜ·¨µÄÖØ´ó²î±ð¡£¸ÙÁì˵»¹Ã»Óеġ¢ÒªÕùÈ¡µÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÊǹØÓÚ½«À´³É¾ÍµÄÐûÑÔ£»ÏÜ·¨ËµÏÖÔÚ£¬²»ÄÜÒÔÉÐδʵÏÖµÄÀíÏëΪ»ù´¡¡£[2] µ«ÔÚÎÒ¹ú£¬¸ÙÁìÐÔÔò³ÉÁËÏÜ·¨µÄ´«Í³ÌØÖÊ¡£ÎÞÂÛÔÚ¸ïÃü¸ù¾ÝµØÊ±ÆÚ£¬»¹Êǽ¨¹úºó£¬ÏÜ·¨Ö÷ÒªÊǸÙÁ죬ÄÚÈݶàÊǸïÃüÈÎÎñºÍÕþ²ßµÄÂÞÁС£54ÏÜ·¨ÊǶԹý¶ÉʱÆÚ×Ü·Ïߵĸ´ÖÆ¡£ÈçëÔó¶«Ëù˵£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊÇ¡°Ê©Õþ·½Õ롱£¬[3]ÆäÄ¿µÄÊǸøÈ«¹úÈËÃñÖ¸³öÒ»ÌõÇå³þºÍÕýÈ·µÄµÀ·¡£[4]ÁõÉÙÆæ³ÐÈÏ£¬ÏÜ·¨²»¸ÃÃè»­½«À´×´¿ö£¬µ«ËûÇ¿µ÷£¬Îª·´Ó³ÏÖʵ£¬¾Í±ØÐë·´Ó³ÕýÔÚ·¢ÉúµÄ±ä»¯¼°ÆäÄ¿±ê£¬ËûÒò´ËÇ¿µ÷ÏÜ·¨Ó¦¸ÃÊǸÙÁìÐԵġ£[5] Öܶ÷À´Ò²ÈÏΪ£¬ÏÜ·¨Ó¦µ±Ö¸³ö·¢Õ¹·½Ïò£¬·ñÔò¾ÍÊDz»Òª·Ü¶·Ä¿±ê¡£[6]
ÁíÍ⣬ÏÜ·¨Ö®ËùÒÔÊǸù±¾·¨£¬Ö÷ÒªÒòΪËü¹æ¶¨¹ú¼ÒºÍÉç»áµÄ¸ù±¾ÈÎÎñºÍÖÆ¶È£¨ÕâÊÇ´ÓÄÚÈÝÉÏÀ´ËµµÄ£©£»ÏÜ·¨ÊǸù±¾·¨£¬Ò²Ö»ÊǸù±¾·¨£¬²»ÊÇ¡°¿ÉÓÉ·¨ÔºÊÊÓõ퍡±¡£Ö÷Á÷ÏÜ·¨Ñ§ÈÏΪ£¬ ¡°¸ù±¾·¨¡±Ö®Îª¡°·¨¡±£¬²¢²»ÊÇ˵ËüÊÇÓ¦¸ÃÖ±½ÓÓÉ·¨ÔºÀ´ÊÊÓõĹæÔò£¬¶øÊÇ˵ÏÜ·¨ºÍÆäËû·¨µÄ±¾ÖÊÊÇÏàͬµÄ£¬¶¼ÊÇ·´Ó³Í³Öν׼¶ÒâÖ¾µÄÉϲ㽨Öþ£¬ÆäÄÚÈÝÓÉͳÖν׼¶µÄÎïÖÊÉú»î¾ö¶¨¡£ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÐòÑԸߵ÷Ðû³Æ¡°ÏÜ·¨ÒÔ·¨ÂɵÄÐÎʽ¡­¡­¡±£¬µ«ÕæÕýµÄ·¨ÂÉÈçÐÌ·¨»òÖΰ²¹ÜÀí´¦·£·¨´ÓÀ´²»ÔøÔÚÎı¾ÄÚÐû³Æ¡°ÐÌ·¨»òÖΰ²¹ÜÀí´¦·£·¨ÒÔ·¨ÂɵÄÐÎʽ¡­¡­¡±¡£ÕâÖÖÆæ¹ÖµÄ·´·í£¬ËƺõÖ»ÄܱíÃ÷£º¡°ÒÔ·¨ÂɵÄÐÎʽ¡±µÄÐû³ÆÖ®ÓÐÎÞ£¬ÓëijÎı¾ÊDz»ÊÇ·¨ÂÉ£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκιØÏµ£¬·ñÔò£¬Ëƺõ¾ÍÖ»ÄÜ˵£¬ÐÌ·¨ºÍÖΰ²¹ÜÀí´¦·£·¨²»ÊÇ·¨ÂÉÁË¡£
ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨Ò²µäÐ͵ØÌåÏÖÉÏÊöÌØÕ÷£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÕþÖθÙÁì¡£ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÐòÑÔ˵£º¡°±¾ÏÜ·¨ÒÔ·¨ÂɵÄÐÎʽȷÈÏÁËÖйú¸÷×åÈËÃñ·Ü¶·µÄ³É¹û£¬¹æ¶¨Á˹ú¼ÒµÄ¸ù±¾ÖƶȺ͸ù±¾ÈÎÎñ£¬Êǹú¼ÒµÄ¸ù±¾·¨¡£¡± ³ý¹ØÓÚÕþȨ½á¹¹µÄÔ­ÔòÌõÎÄÍ⣬ÆäËûÌõÎͼ¿É¹éÈë·Ïß¡¢·½ÕëºÍÕþ²ßµÄ·¶³ë£¬ºóÕßÒ²ÊÇÏÜ·¨¸ü¸ù±¾µÄ²¿·Ö¡£ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚ»ù±¾Â·Ïß¡¢¸ù±¾ÈÎÎñ¡¢ÁìÍÁÉñÊ¥¡¢Í³Ò»Õ½Ïß¡¢Ãñ×å¹ØÏµ¡¢Íâ½»Õþ²ß¡¢¸ù±¾Öƶȡ¢¹úÌå¡¢ÕþÌå¡¢Éú²ú¹ØÏµ£¨ËùÓÐÖÆºÍ·ÖÅäÖÆ¶ÈµÈ£©¡¢¾«ÉñÎÄÃ÷¡¢Ò»¹úÁ½ÖƺÍÌØ±ðÐÐÕþÇø¡¢ÉõÖÁÊǹØÓÚ»ù±¾ÈËȨµÈÌõÎÄ£¬¶¼ÊǸ߶ÈÕþÖÎÐÔºÍÕþ²ßÐԵģ¬Éæ¼°¹ú¼ÒÉú»îÖÐ×î¸ù±¾¡¢×îÖØÒªµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÏÜ·¨¾Í´ËÀàÎÊÌâµÄ¾ö¶¨£¬ÊÇÒªÔÚ½«À´Í¨¹ý½¡È«ºÍÍêÉÆ·¨ÖÆÀ´Öð²½ÊµÊ©µÄ¡£
×÷ΪÕþÖθÙÁ죬ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨µÄºËÐÄÀíÄîÊǸĸÈçÏÄÓÂËù˵£º¾­Àú75ÏÜ·¨ºÍ78ÏÜ·¨µÄÇúÕۺ󣬸ïÃüÏÜ·¨×ª±äΪ¸Ä¸ïÏÜ·¨¡£[7]ÕýÈç54ÏÜ·¨ÊǸïÃüÐԵĹý¶ÉÏÜ·¨£¬ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÊǸĸïÏÜ·¨¡£Õâ²»ÊÇ˵£¬ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨Ó¦²»¶Ï±»Ð޸ģ¬Ïà·´£¬ÖÆÏÜÕßÏ£ÍûËü³¤ÆÚÎȶ¨£»[8]¶øÊÇ˵£¬ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÎªÈϿɺÍÍÆ¶¯¸Ä¸ï¶øÖƶ¨£¬ÓÖÓ¦Ëæ×Å¸Ä¸ï¶ø²»¶Ï±»Ð޸쬯äÕýµ±ÐÔ»ù´¡´æÓڼᶨ²»ÒƵĸĸïÖ®ÖУº
ÆäÒ»£¬´ÓÎı¾¿´£¬ÏÜ·¨ÐòÑԹ涨£ºÒª¡°²»¶ÏÍêÉÆÉç»áÖ÷ÒåµÄ¸÷ÏîÖÆ¶È¡±£¬ÕâÊÇÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨µÄ¡°»ù±¾Ô­ÔòºÍ×ܵÄÒªÇó¡±£»[9]ÏÜ·¨µÄºÜ¶à´ë´Ç£¬Èç¡°·¢Õ¹¡±¡¢¡°½¡È«¡±ºÍ¡°½¨É衱µÈ£¬¶¼Ê®×ãµØÕÃÏÔÁ˸ĸïµÄÒâͼ£»ÏÜ·¨µÄºÜ¶àÌõÎÄ£¬ÎÞÂÛÊǹØÓÚÕþÖεϹÊǹØÓÚ¾­¼ÃµÄ£¬¶¼Ö»ÊDZíÃ÷ÁËÔÚ·´Ë¼ÀúÊ·½Ìѵ֮ºó³õ²½½ÓÊܵÄÖ¸µ¼¸Ä¸ïµÄ¸ÅÀ¨ÐÔÔ­Ôò¡£[10]
Æä¶þ£¬´ÓÖÆÏܵı³¾°ºÍÒÀ¾Ý¿´£¬ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨µ®ÉúµÄÄê´ú£¬¡°ÕýÊÇÎÒÃǹú¼Ò´¦ÔÚÀúÊ·ÐÔת±äµÄÖØÒªÊ±ÆÚ¡±¡£[11]ʮһ½ìÈýÖÐÈ«»á£¨1978Ä꣩×÷³ö¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅµÄÖØ´ó¾ö²ß£¬ÒªÇó¡°¶à·½Ãæ¸Ä±äͬÉú²úÁ¦·¢Õ¹²»ÊÊÓ¦µÄÉú²ú¹ØÏµºÍÉϲ㽨Öþ¡±¡£[12] µËСƽ£¨1980Ä꣩×öÁË¡¶µ³ºÍ¹ú¼ÒÁìµ¼ÖÆ¶È¸Ä¸ï¡·µÄ½²»°£¬ÒªÇóÁìµ¼ÖÆ¶È¸Ä¸ï±ØÐë·´Ó³ÔÚÐÂÏÜ·¨Ö®ÖС£[13]ÅíÕæËµ£º¡°Öйú¹²²úµ³È¥Ä꣨1981Ä꣩ÕÙ¿ªµÄʮһ½ìÁùÖÐÈ«»áͨ¹ýµÄ¡¶¹ØÓÚ½¨¹úÒÔÀ´µ³µÄÈô¸ÉÀúÊ·ÎÊÌâµÄ¾öÒé¡·£¨¼ò³Æ¡¶¾öÒé¡·£©ºÍ½ñÄ꣨1982Ä꣩ÕÙ¿ªµÄµÚÊ®¶þ´ÎÈ«¹ú´ú±í´ó»áµÄÎļþ£¬µÃµ½È«¹úÈËÃñµÄÓµ»¤£¬ÎªÏÜ·¨ÐÞ¸ÄÌṩÁËÖØÒªµÄÒÀ¾Ý¡£¡±×÷ΪÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨µÄÖØÒªÒÀ¾ÝµÄ¡¶¾öÒé¡·ºÍÊ®¶þ´óÎļþ·Ö±ðÊǸæ±ð¹ýÈ¥ºÍÃæÏòδÀ´¡¢ÒԸĸïΪºËÐÄÀíÄîµÄ¸ÙÁìÐÔÎļþ¡£[14]ÔÚÕâЩÎļþÖУ¬µ³µÄ»ù±¾Â·Ïߣ¨Ò»¸öÖÐÐÄ¡¢Á½¸ö»ù±¾µã£©Ëä²»Ôø±»Ã÷È·ÕýʽµØ±íÊö£¬µ«ÊµÖÊÉÏÒѱ»Ìá³ö¡£ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÔÚÖÆ¶¨Ö®³õʵÖÊÉÏÒÑÈ·ÈÏÁË»ù±¾Â·Ïß¡£[15]ÕâЩ¶¼¾ö¶¨ÁËÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨Ö÷ÒªÊǸĸï¸ÙÁ죺Ö÷µ¼ÐÔÕþÖÎÁ¦Á¿ÒѼᶨµØ¾öÒâ¸æ±ð¹ýÈ¥£¬µ«¸ÃÈçºÎ³ï»®Î´À´£¬ÕâÒÀÈ»ÊÇδ֪Êý£¬²»µÃ²»ÔÚ¸ÅÀ¨ÐÔµÄÔ­Ôò¿ò¼ÜÄÚ£¬Ãþ×Åʯͷ¹ýºÓ¡£ÕâÖÖÖÆÏÜÁ¢³¡£¬¾ö¶¨ÁËÏÜ·¨ÒªÎªÎ´À´Áôϼ«´ó¿Õ¼ä¡£
ÆäÈý£¬´ÓÏÜ·¨Êµ¼ùµÄ·¢Õ¹À´¿´£¬¶þÊ®ÄêÀ´µÄÐÐÏÜÊ·Ò²ÕýÊǸĸïÊ·¡£82ÏÜ·¨Ò»·½Ãæ¿ªÍØºÍÖ¸µ¼£¨²»Í¬ÓÚ¡°¹æ·¶¡±£©¸Ä¸ï£¬ÁíÒ»·½ÃæÈ·ÈϺ͹®¹Ì¸Ä¸ï£»ÔڰѸĸï³É¹ûÏÜ·¨»¯µÄͬʱ£¬Ò²²»µÃ²»¸Ä¸ï×ÔÉí¡£[16] ÏÜ·¨¡°·´Ó³Ê±´úÒªÇó¡¢Óëʱ¾ã½ø¡±¡£[17]¡°ÏÜ·¨Ö¸µ¼¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅµÄ½øÐУ¬¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å´Ù½øÏÜ·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹¡±¡£[18]¡°¶þÊ®ÄêÀ´£¬ÏÜ·¨ÇÒÐÐÇҸģ¬¿ÉÒÔ˵£¬ÊÇÒ»²¿¸Ä¸ïÏÜ·¨¡£¡± [19] 93ÄêÐÞÏܸüÊÇÃ÷È·µØ°Ñ¡°¼á³Ö¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å¡±×÷ΪÖйúÕþÖÎÁ½´ó»ù±¾µãÖ®Ò»¡£
×ÛÉÏ£¬ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÊÇ¡°¾ßÓиĸ↑·Å¾«ÉñµÄÏÜ·¨£¬ÊÇÖ¸µ¼ÎÒ¹úʵÐиĸ↑·ÅµÄ¸ÙÁ족£¬[20]ÊÇ¡°Íƽø¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅµÄ×ÜÕ³̡£¡±[21]Ëü¼ÈÒÀÍÐÔ­¶¨ÌåÖÆ£¬ÓÖ¸ÄÔìÔ­¶¨ÌåÖÆ¡£ËüµÄÕýµ±ÐÔ£¨»ò˵¸ß¼¶·¨£©ËäÓëÔ­¶¨·¨Í³²»ÎÞ¹ØÏµ£¬µ«È´Ö÷Òªµì»ùÓڸĸﱾÉí¡£³Â¶ËºéÒ²ÔÚÏàͬÒâÒåÉÏ˵£º¹á´©½ü´úÁ¢ÏÜ¡¢ÉøÍ¸ÔÚ1954ÄêÏÜ·¨²¢ÑÓÐøÖÁµ±½ñÁ¢ÏܻµÄ¸ù±¾£¬Êǽø²½µÄÀúÊ·¹ÛºÍ×ÔÇ¿²»Ï¢µÄÆøÖÊ£º½ø²½¾ÍÊÇÏÜ·¨£¬¾ÍÊÇ×î¸ßµÄ·¨£¬½ø²½µÄÄÚº­ºÍÐÎʽ¹ýÈ¥ÊǸïÃü£¬ÏÖÔÚÊǾ­¼Ã·¢Õ¹¡£[22]ÏÄÓÂËù˵µÄ¸Ä¸ïÏÜ·¨ÓëÏÜÕþÏÜ·¨µÄ¶ÔÁ¢£¬Ôڳ¶˺éÕâÀ±íÏÖΪĿµÄͳÖκ͹淶ͳÖΡ¢½ø²½ÏÜ·¨ºÍ¹æ·¶ÏÜ·¨Ö®¼äµÄ¶ÔÁ¢¡£
×÷ΪÏÜ·¨µÄºËÐÄÀíÄîµÄ¸Ä¸ï»ò½ø²½£¬Ô­±¾¾Í°üÀ¨¾­¼ÃºÍÕþÖÎÁ½·½Ãæ¡£µ±Ç°µÄ¹²Ê¶ÊÇ£º¾­¼Ã¸Ä¸ïÓ¦¹Ø×¢Éç»á¹«Æ½£¬ÕþÖθĸïÓ¦³ÖÐøÉ¡£ÒòΪ¸Ä¸ïµÄ·ֻʵÏÖÁËÒ»°ë£¬¸Ä¸ï¸ÙÁìʽÏÜ·¨¹ÛÓ¦¼ÌÐø¼á³Ö¡£ÏÄÓºͳ¶˺éÈÏΪ£¬µ±Ç°µÄÏÜ·¨¹ÛÓ¦´Ó¸Ä¸ï£¨»ò½ø²½£©ÏÜ·¨×ßÏòÏÜÕþ£¨»ò¹æ·¶£©ÏÜ·¨¡£±ÊÕ߶Դ˲»¸Ò¹¶Í¬£¬³ÏÈçÏÄÓÂËù˵£¬ÏÜÕþÏÜ·¨¸üÇ¿µ÷ÊØ³ÉºÍÎȶ¨£¬µ«ÎÊÌâÊÇ£¬µ±Ç°Éв»ÊÇÇ¿µ÷ÊØ³ÉºÍÎȶ¨µÄʱ¿Ì£»Ó¦ÒÔ82ÏÜ·¨µÄ¸Ä¸ïÀíÄîΪָµ¼£¬ÔÚµ÷ÕûÒÔ·¢Õ¹Îªµ¼ÏòµÄ¾­¼Ã¸Ä¸ïµÄͬʱ£¬ÍƽøÒÔÏÜÕþ£¨×ÔÓÉ£©Îªµ¼ÏòµÄÕþÖθĸΨÓе±ÕþÖθĸï´óÖÂÍê³É֮ʱ£¬²ÅÊǸIJÉÏÜÕþ£¨¹æ·¶£©ÏÜ·¨¹Û֮ʱ¡£
×÷Ϊ¸Ä¸ï¸ÙÁìµÄÏÜ·¨£¬ÒòΪÖ÷ÒªÓɸÅÀ¨ÐÔÔ­Ôò¹¹³É£¬ËùÒÔÕûÌåÉÏȱ·¦Ã÷È·¾ßÌåµÄÖ±½Ó¹æ·¶¹¦ÄÜ¡£Õâ¹ÌÈ»ÊÇÒòΪ´óÁ¿ÀúÊ·ÐðÊöȱ·¦´Ë¹¦ÄÜ£¬¸üÒòΪ£¨³ýÁ˹ú¼Ò»ú¹ØµÄ¿ò¼ÜÐÔÌõ¿îÖ®Í⣩´óÁ¿ÌõÎÄȱ·¦Ã÷È·¶ø¾ßÌåµÄÐÐΪģʽ£¬»òÕßÖ»ÊÇÉ趨»ù±¾Ô­Ôò£¬»òÕßÖ»ÊÇÉ趨ÈÎÎñºÍ·½Ïò£»¹ØÓÚ»ù±¾È¨µÄÌõÎÄ£¬´ó¶àҲûÓÐÃ÷È·¾ßÌåµÄÄÚÈÝ£¬¶øÊÇ°ÑÆäÄÚÈݺͱ߽罻¸øÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÒÔ·¨ÂÉÀ´È·¶¨¡£
2£®ÏÜ·¨ÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´óÖÆ¶¨ºÍÐ޸ġ£
Å˶÷£¨Paine£©ÈÏΪ£ºÕþ¸®ÓëÏÜ·¨ÊǸù±¾²»Í¬µÄ£»ÏÜ·¨ÏÈÓÚÕþ¸®£¬Õþ¸®ÊÇÏÜ·¨´´ÔìµÄ£»ÖÆÏܲ»ÊÇÕþ¸®ÐÐΪ£¬¶øÊÇÈËÃñ½¨¹¹Õþ¸®µÄÐÐΪ¡£ÏÜ·¨½ç¶¨ºÍÏÞÖÆÈËÃñÊÚÓèÕþ¸®µÄȨÁ¦£»³¬Ô½ÏÜ·¨¶øÐÐʹȨÁ¦µÄÕþ¸®ÐÐΪÊÇÎÞȨ֮Á¦£¨power without right£©¡£[23]ÒÔ´ËΪ¾Ý£¬±ãÄܸüÇåÎúµØÈÏʶÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨µÄÌØÖÊ¡£Ö®ËùÒÔ°ÑÅ˶÷µÄ¶¨Òåµ±×÷²ÎÕÕ£¬²»ÊÇ˵ËüÊÇΨһÕýÈ·µÄ£¬ÓëÖ®²»·ûÕ߾Ͳ»ÊÇÏÜ·¨£»Ö»ÊÇ˵£¬Å˶÷µÄ¶¨ÒåÊÇ´ú±íÎ÷·½ÏÜÕþÊÀ½çµÄÏÜ·¨¹Û¡£
ÎÒ¹úµÄÏÜ·¨¹ÛºÍÅ˶÷µÄÏÜ·¨¹Û£¬²»½ö²»Í¬¶øÇÒ¶ÔÁ¢¡£ÐÂÖйú¼°Æä×îÖ÷ÒªµÄÕþ¸®»ú¹Ø£¨È«¹úÈ˴󣩣¬ÏÈÓÚÏÜ·¨£¬Ò²¸ßÓÚÏÜ·¨¡£ÕâÀïҪǿµ÷µÄÊÇ£¬¾ßÓÐÁÙʱÏÜ·¨ÐÔÖʵĹ²Í¬¸ÙÁ죬´óÖÂÉÏ·ûºÏÅ˶÷µÄÂß¼­£¬µ«ÐÂÖйúµÚÒ»²¿ÕýʽÏÜ·¨È´²»·ûºÏ¸ÃÂß¼­£¬82ÏÜ·¨ÒàÈç´Ë£º²»ÏñÔÚÃÀ¹ú£¬ÊÇÓÉÈËÃñ£¨Í¨¹ýÌØ¶¨ÖÆÏÜ»ú¹Ø£©À´Öƶ¨ÏÜ·¨£¬ÓÉÏÜ·¨È·¶¨Õþ¸®£¬¶øÊÇÈËÃñ¸ïÃüÖ±½Ó´´ÔìÈË´ó£¬ÔÙÓÉÈË´óÀ´Öƶ¨ºÍÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨¡£[24]ÕâÖÖÏÜ·¨¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´óÏÔÈ»ÎÞÇ¿ÖÆÔ¼ÊøÁ¦£»ÏÜ·¨ºÍ»ù±¾·¨ÂÉ£¬Í¬ÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´óµÄÒâÖ¾£¬ÏÜ·¨¾Í²»±ØÈ»¸ßÓÚ»ù±¾·¨ÂÉ£¬¾¡¹ÜÆä´ë´Ç¿´ËÆÈç´Ë¡£[25]È«¹úÈË´óÔÚÆäÖÆ¶¨µÄÏÜ·¨ÄÚ˵£º¡°Ò»Çйú¼Ò»ú¹Ø¡­¡­¶¼±ØÐë×ñÊØÏÜ·¨¡£¡±¡°Ò»Çз¨ÂÉ¡­¡­¶¼²»µÃͬÏÜ·¨ÏàµÖ´¥¡£¡±´ÓÎÄÒå¿´£¬´Ë´¦Ëù˵µÄ¹ú¼Ò»ú¹Ø£¬ÎÞÒɰüÀ¨È«¹úÈ˴󣬷¨ÂÉÒ²°üÀ¨È«¹úÈË´óÖÆ¶¨µÄ»ù±¾·¨ÂÉ¡£µ«¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´óÀ´Ëµ£¬´Ë´¦Ëù˵µÄ¡°±ØÐë×ñÊØ¡±ºÍ¡°²»ÏàµÖ´¥¡±£¬²»¹ýÊǾöÐĵıí°×£¬·¨ÖÈÐò²»ÔøÎª´Ë¾öÐĵÄʵÏÖÌá¹©Ç¿ÖÆÐÔ±£ÕÏ¡£ÔÚ³£¹æÇ龳ϣ¬È«¹úÈË´ó»áÒÀÕÕÏÜ·¨À´Öƶ¨»ù±¾·¨ÂÉ£¬µ«È«¹úÈË´ó²¢²»ÊDZØÐëÈç´Ë£»¾Í·¨ÖÈÐòÄÚÔڽṹ¶øÑÔ£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊÇʲô£¬ÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó˵ÁËËã¡£ËüÍêÈ«¿ÉÒÔÓûù±¾·¨ÂÉÀ´ÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨£¬Ö»ÒªËüÈ·±£¸Ã·¨ÂÉ»ñÈ¡2/3ÒÔÉ϶àÊý´ú±íµÄͬÒâ¡£ÏÜ·¨²¢²»Ôø¹æ¶¨ÐÞÕý·½Ê½Ö»ÄÜÊÇרÃÅÐÞÕý°¸¡£ÔÚ¹ýÈ¥¶þÊ®¶àÄêÖУ¬ÏÜ·¨ÊÂʵÉÏͨ¹ýÁ½ÖÖ·½Ê½±»Ð޸ģºÒ»ÊÇÖÆ¶¨ÐÞÕý°¸£¬¶þÊDZ»»ù±¾·¨ÂÉÐ޸ġ£
¶ÔÓÚÉÏÊöÃüÌ⣬ÓÐѧÕß[26]ÔøÌá³ö²»Í¬Òâ¼û£¬ÒòΪÕâЩÒâ¼ûºÜµäÐÍ£¬±ÊÕßÔÚ´Ë·´²µÖ®¡£Ê×ÏÈҪǿµ÷µÄÊÇ£¬±ÊÕß²»ÊÇ˵ÏÜ·¨¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´óûÓÐÔ¼ÊøÁ¦£¬¶øÊÇ˵Ëü¶ÔºóÕßÎÞÇ¿ÖÆÔ¼ÊøÁ¦¡£ÆäÒ»£¬¡°ÏÜ·¨ÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´ó×ÔÎÒÉèÏÞµÄ×ÔÎÒ³Ðŵ¡±¡£¸Ã˵·¨ÊÇÓïÒåì¶Ü£¬ÒòΪ×ÔÎÒ³Ðŵ²»ÊdzÐŵ£¬×ÔÎÒÉèÏÞ²»ÊÇÉèÏÞ£¬³Ðŵ±ØÐëÊǶÔËûÕߵijÐŵ£¬ÏÞÖÆÒ²±ØÐëÊÇÀ´×ÔËûÕߣ¬·ñÔò£¬¡°³Ðŵ¡±ºÍ¡°ÏÞÖÆ¡±¾Í²»¿ÉÀí½â¡£ÒÀÕÕ¡°×ÔÎÒÉèÏÞ³Ðŵ˵¡±£¬ÓÐѧÕßÈÏΪ£º³ý·ÇÈ«¹úÈË´óÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨£¬Ëü¾ÍÓ¦×ñÑ­ÏÜ·¨£¬ÕâÊÇ·¨¶¨ÒåÎñ¡£Õâ¸üÊÇÎÞÒâÒåµÄ¶µÈ¦×Ó£¬ÒòΪµ±È«¹úÈË´ó¿ÉÒÀÕÕÆäÒâÖ¾¶øÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨Ê±£¬×ñÊØÏÜ·¨¶ÔËü¾Í¸ù±¾²»ÔÙÊÇ·¨¶¨ÒåÎñ¡£Æä¶þ£¬¡°Õâ²»Ö»ÊÇ×ÔÎÒ³Ðŵ£¬Ò²ÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´ó¶ÔÈËÃñµÄ³Ðŵ¡±¡£±ÊÕß²¢²»·ñÈÏÕâÖÖ½âÊÍÐÔÄâÖÆµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬µ«ÎÊÌâÊÇ£¬¾ÍʵÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòµÄÂß¼­À´¿´£¬Ôڴ˳ÐŵÖУ¬ÈËÃñÊDz»ÔÚ³¡µÄ£º²»ÊÇ˵ÈËÃñ²»¿ÉÒÔÇ¿ÖÆÈ«¹úÈË´óÂÄÐд˳Ðŵ£¬¶øÊÇ˵£¬ÕâÖÖÇ¿ÖÆÂÄÐУ¬²»ÄÜÔÚʵÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÄÚ²¿ÊµÏÖ£¬ËüËÆºõÖ»ÄÜÊǸïÃü¡£ÆäÈý£¬¡°ÐÐÕþ»ú¹Ø±ØÐë×ñÑ­ºÏ·¨³ÉÁ¢µÄÐÐÕþÐÐΪ£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²¿ÉÒԺϷ¨±ä¸üÒѳÉÁ¢µÄÐÐÕþÐÐΪ£¬Õâ±íÃ÷£¬Ä³ÐÐΪ¶Ôij»ú¹ØµÄÇ¿ÖÆÔ¼ÊøÁ¦Óë¸Ã»ú¹Ø¶Ô¸ÃÐÐΪµÄ±ä¸üȨ£¬²¢²»Ã¬¶Ü¡£¡±±ÊÕߵĴð¸´ÊÇ£ºÐÐÕþ»ú¹ØÖ®ËùÒÔ±ØÐëÈç´Ë£¬ÊÇÒòΪ£¬ÐÐÕþÐÐΪÊÇÐÐÕþ»ú¹ØÔÚÓëÏà¶ÔÈ˽»Íù¹µÍ¨ºóÕë¶ÔºóÕß×÷³öµÄ£¬Ïà¶ÔÈË»ùÓÚ´ËÒÑ×÷³öµÄÐÐÕþÐÐΪ£¬ÐγÉÁËijÖÖÕýµ±ºÏ·¨µÄÆÚ´ýÀûÒæ£¬Ò»µ©¸ÃÐÐΪ¶ÔÐÐÕþ»ú¹ØÈ±·¦Ç¿ÖÆÔ¼ÊøÁ¦£¬¾Í»áËðº¦Ïà¶ÔÈËµÄÆÚ´ý¡£Òò´Ë£¬ºÏ·¨ÐÐÕþÐÐΪ¶ÔÐÐÕþÖ÷Ìå×ÔÉíµÄÇ¿ÖÆÔ¼ÊøÁ¦£¬Êǵì»ùÓÚÐÐÕþÐÐΪµÄÖ÷Ìå¼äÐÔ¡£µ«¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´óÀ´Ëµ£¬ËüµÄÐÐΪ£¬´ÓÂß¼­ÖÕ¶ËÉÏ˵£¬ÊÇÈËÃñ×Ô¼ºÎª×Ô¼ºÁ¢·¨£¬ÈËÃñ×Ô¼º±ä¸üÊÊÓÃÓÚ×Ô¼ºµÄÁ¢·¨£¬ÕâÀï²¢²»Éæ¼°ÁíÒ»·½Ö÷ÌåµÄÆÚ´ýÀûÒæ¡£ÕâÖÖÀà±ÈÍÆÀí²»³ÉÁ¢£¬ÒòΪÕâÀï²»´æÔڿɹ©Àà±ÈµÄÂß¼­»ù´¡µÄͬһÐÔ¡£
±¾½Ú¹ØÓÚÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨µÄÌØÕ÷µÄ²ûÊÍ£¬²»º¬Èκαá°ýÇé¸Ð£¬±ÊÕßÖ»ÊÇ˵Ã÷ÆäÌØÕ÷£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ˵Ã÷ÆäȱÏÝ¡£ÕâÐ©ÌØÕ÷¿Í¹ÛÉÏÒ²²¢²»ÊÇȱÏÝ£¬ËüÖ»ÊǺÍÎ÷·½ÏÜÕþÊÀ½çµÄÏÜ·¨¹Û²»Í¬¶øÒÑ£¬ÕâÕýÈ磺Ӣ¹úûÓÐÏÜ·¨£¬²¢·ÇÆäȱÏÝ£¬¶øÖ»ÊÇÆäÌØÕ÷¡£
£¨¶þ£©  ÎÒ¹úÐÐÏÜÊ·£º´ÓÔ˶¯µ½·¨ÖÆ
ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½µÄ½¨¹¹ÉîÖ²ÓÚ49ÄêÖ®ºóµÄÐÐÏÜÊ·£º¼´ÓÉÔ˶¯µ½·¨ÖÆ¡£ÓÐѧÕß°ÑÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ºÍÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éµÈͬ£¬ÈÏΪÎÒ¹úÀúÀ´µÄ£¨°üÀ¨82£©ÏÜ·¨¶¼²»Ôø±»ÊµÊ©£¬ÕâÖÖ˵·¨ÊDz»Êʵ±µÄ¡£·¨µÄʵʩºÍ¶ÔÎ¥·¨µÄÉó²é£¬ËäÈ»½ôÃÜÏà¹Ø£¬µ«È´ÊÇÁ½»ØÊ¡£Ç°Õß°üÀ¨µ«²»µÈÓÚºóÕß¡£ËùνÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©£¬¾ÍÊÇÑϸñÖ´ÐкÍ×ñÊØÏÜ·¨µÄÔ­Ôò¾«Éñ¼°¸÷Ïî¾ßÌ广¶¨¡£[27]·¨µÄÖ´ÐкÍ×ñÊØ£¬¿É·ÖΪÄÚÔÚÊӽǺÍÍâÔÚÊӽǡ£ÄÚÔÚÊӽǵÄ×ñÊØÊÇ·¨µÄʵЧµÄÖ÷Òª»ù´¡£¬Ëü²¢²»ÒÔÎ¥·¨Éó²éÖÆ¶ÈΪǰÌá¡£[28] »¹ÓÐѧÕßÖÊÒÉ˵£¬Ô˶¯ºÍÎä×°¶·Õù£¨Õ½Õù£©ÊÇ·ñÄܳÉΪÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄ·½Ê½£¿µ±È»ÄÜ£¬Ö»²»¹ý£¬Ô˶¯ºÍÕ½ÕùÄÚº¬ÆÆ»µÏÜ·¨µÄÇãÏò£¬Òò´ËËü²»Ó¦³ÉΪ³£¹æ·½Ê½¡£ÔÚÎ÷·½ÏÜÕþ¹ú£¬Ô˶¯ºÍÕ½Õù£¬Ò²¶¼ÔÚÌØ¶¨Àúʷʱ¿Ì³ÉΪʵʩÏÜ·¨µÄÖØÒª·½Ê½£¬ÈçÃÀ¹úÄÚÕ½ºÍ60Äê´úÃñȨÔ˶¯µÈµÈ¡£[29]
49ÄêµÄ¹²Í¬¸ÙÁìºÍ54ÄêµÄÏÜ·¨¶¼ÎÞÉ趨Ã÷È·¾ßÌåµÄÐÐΪ¹æÔò£¬Ò²²»Ôø¹æ¶¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½¡£Ö»ÒªÊÇÑØ×ÅÏÜ·¨Ö¸Ê¾µÄ·½Ïò£¨Â·Ïߣ©À´ÊµÏÖÆäÉ趨µÄÈÎÎñ£¬Ò»ÇÐÐÐΪ¾Í¶¼¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊǺÏÏܵÄÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©¡£¡¶¹²Í¬¸ÙÁì¡·µÄÖÆ¶¨ÕߺÜÖØÊÓËüµÄʵʩ¡£¡¶¸ÙÁì¡·ÐòÑÔÒªÇ󣺡°·²²Î¼ÓÈËÃñÕþÖÎЭÉÌ»áÒéµÄ¸÷µ¥Î»¡¢¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®ºÍÈ«¹úÈËÃñ¾ùÓ¦¹²Í¬×ñÊØ¡£¡± ¡°ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÖÐÑëÈËÃñÕþ¸®¡­¡­Ò»Ö¾öÒ飺½ÓÊÜÖйúÈËÃñÕþÖÎЭÉÌ»áÒ鹲ͬ¸ÙÁìΪ±¾Õþ¸®µÄÊ©Õþ·½Õë¡£¡±[30] 54ÄêÖÆÏÜʱ£¬ÁõÉÙÆæËµ£º¡°Õâ¸ö¹²Í¬¸ÙÁ죬ÖÐÑëÈËÃñÕþ¸®ºÍµØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®¼á¾öµØÖ´ÐÐÁË¡£¡±[31]µ±Ê±µÄѧÕß[32]Ò²ÈÏΪ£º½¨¹úºóÎåÄêÄڵľ޴ó±ä»¯£¬ÊÇ¡°ÕýÈ·µØÖ´ÐÐÁ˹²Í¬¸ÙÁ족µÄ½á¹û¡£ÊÇÔõôִÐеÄÄØ£¿ÉÙÊý¹ØÓÚ»ú¹¹×éÖ¯µÄÌõÎı»ÓйæÔòµØÖ´ÐУ¬µ«ÆäËûÌõÎÄÔòͨ¹ýÎä×°¶·ÕùºÍȺÖÚÔ˶¯À´ÊµÏÖ£¬¾¡¹ÜÆäÖиö±ðÌõÎÄÒ²ÓÃÁ¢·¨À´¸¨ÖúÖ´ÐС£ÕâÖÖ×ö·¨²»ÓëÁÙʱÏÜ·¨£¨¹²Í¬¸ÙÁ죩µÖ´¥£¬ÒòΪºóÕßµÄÖ÷ÒªÌõÎÄÊÇÕþ²ßºÍ¸ÙÁ죺ËäÈ»Ëü×îºÃÊÇͨ¹ý·¨ÖÆÊÖ¶ÎÀ´ÊµÏÖ£¬µ«¶·ÕùºÍÔ˶¯Ò²¿ÉÒÔÊÇ£¨ÉõÖÁ¸üÓÐЧµÄ£©ÊµÏÖÊֶΡ£¡¶ÎåËÄÏÜ·¨¡·µÄÖÆ¶¨ÕßҲǿµ÷Ò»¶¨ÒªÊµÊ©ÏÜ·¨¡£Ã«Ô󶫺ÍÁõÉÙÆæ¶¼Ç¿µ÷£¬ÎåËÄÏÜ·¨ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¡¢Ò²±ØÐëʵÐеģ¬[33] ÖÆÏÜÕß»¹Ç¿µ÷ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©·¨ÖÆ»¯µÄ±ØÒªÐÔ£º ¡°ÏÖÔÚ¸ïÃü±©·çÓêʱÆÚÒѾ­¹ýÈ¥ÁË¡­¡­Òò´Ë¶·ÕùµÄ·½·¨Ò²¾Í±ØÐë¸úןı䣬Í걸µÄ·¨ÖƾÍÊÇÍêÈ«±ØÒªÁË¡­¡­¡±¡£[34]54ÏÜ·¨»¹È·Á¢¡°ÈËÃñÃñÖ÷·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò¡±£¬Ç¿µ÷¡°Ò»Çйú¼Ò»ú¹Ø¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±±ØÐë¡­¡­·þ´ÓÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉ¡£¡±£¨µÚ18Ìõ£©Õâ±íÃ÷£¬ÖÆÏÜÕßÊÔͼ°ÑÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄ·½Ê½´ÓÔ˶¯×ª»¯Îª·¨ÖÆ¡£ÔÚ°ä²¼ºóµÄºÜ¶ÌʱÆÚ£¨54-56Ä꣩ÄÚ£¬54ÏÜ·¨È·Ôø±»½ÏºÃµØÊµÊ©£¬[35] µ«Ö»ÊÇê¼»¨Ò»ÏÖ¡£´Ó56Ä꿪ʼ£¬ÏÜ·¨¾Í±»´ËÆð±Ë·üµÄÔ˶¯ÆÆ»µÁË£¬ºóÀ´ÎĸïÊÂʵÉϰÑÏÜ·¨³¹µ×·ÏÖ¹¡£¸÷½çѧÕß¶Ô´ËÓв»Í¬½âÊÍ£¬»òÕßÊÇÐÎÊÆÅжϴíÎ󣬻òÕßÊǸöÈ˳ç°ÝºÍרȨ¡£µ«Èô´ÓÏÜ·¨·½Ã濼¾¿£¬Ô­ÒòÖ÷ÒªÓÐÈý£º
ÆäÒ»£¬¹Â¶ÀµÄÏÜ·¨²»ÄÜ×÷Ϊ¡°ÓйæÔòµÄÐÐΪ¡±µÄÖ÷ÒªÒÀ¾Ý¡£ÈçǰÎÄËù˵£¬¸ÙÁìʽÏÜ·¨µÄÌõÎÄ£¬´ó¶àÊÇȱ·¦Ö±½Ó¹æ·¶¹¦ÄܵĸÅÀ¨¾ö¶¨¡£ÕâÖÖÏÜ·¨µÄʵʩ£¬²¢²»±ØÈ»Òâζ×ÅÏÜÕþ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜÒâζןïÃü£¬»¹¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÏÜ·¨µÄ×Ôɱ¡£ÏÜÕþ²»½öÖ¸ÏÜ·¨µÄ´æÔÚ£¬Ò²²»½öÖ¸ÏÜ·¨µÄʵʩ£¬¸üÖ¸ÏÜ·¨µÄÓйæÔòµÄʵʩ¡£ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊDz»¿ÉÒ²²»¸ÃÓÉ·¨Ôº»òÐÐÕþ»ú¹ØÀ´Ö±½ÓÊÊÓõģ¬ÒòΪ¾ø´ó¶àÊýÌõÎIJ»Êǿɹ©ºóÕß¾ÝÒÔÉóÅкÍÐÐÕþµÄ¾ßÌåÐÐΪ¹æ·¶£¬ÈúóÕßÒÀ¾ÝÏÜ·¨À´ÐÐÊ£¬¾ÍµÈÓÚÈúóÕßÒÀ¾ÝÐéÎÞÀ´ÐÐÊ£¬¾ÍµÈÓÚ¸³ÓèºóÕßÂþÎޱ߼ʵÄ×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿È¨£¬ÐÐÕþȨ»òÉóÅÐȨ¾ÍÓëÁ¢·¨È¨ºÏ¶øÎªÒ»£¬×ÔÓɺÍÖÈÐò¾Í²»¸´´æÔÚ¡£ÖйúµÄÇé¿öÓëÓ¢ÃÀ·¨Ïµ²»Í¬£¬Çв»¿ÉÇ¿Ðбȸ½£ºÓ¢ÃÀ·¨¹ÙÓÐÔ취Ȩ£¬µ«È´Ã»Óе¼ÖÂÆÕ±éר¶Ï£¬ÊÇÒòΪÄÇÀïÓÐÂþ³¤¡¢¶ÀÁ¢¶øÀÎ¹ÌµÄÆÕͨ·¨´«Í³£¬ÖйúûÓС£¼´Ê¹ÔÚÑϸñÊÊÓ÷¨ÂɵÄÁìÓò£¬Öйú·¨¹Ù»¹ÊÇÔì³ÉÁËÄÑÒÔÊý¼ÆµÄÔ©¼Ù´í°¸£¬¸ü±ð˵ÈÃËüÀ´ÊÊÓÃÄdzéÏó¿Õ¶´µÄÏÜ·¨ÁË¡£ÏÜ·¨µÄ´ó¶àÌõÎıØÐëÏÈÓÉÃñÒâ»ú¹Ø×ª»¯ÎªÃ÷È·¾ßÌåµÄ¹æÔò£¬²ÅÄܳÉΪÏà¹ØÖ÷ÌåµÄÏÜÕþÐÐΪµÄ¸ù¾Ý¡£µ¥´¿ÒԹ¶ÀµÄÏÜ·¨ÎªÐÐΪºÍÆÀ¼Û±ê×¼£¬¾Í¿ÉÄܺÏÏܵص¼Ö¡°Îª´ïÄ¿µÄ²»ÔñÊֶΡ±µÄ»ìÂÒ»òÅ«ÒÛ״̬¡£
Æä¶þ£¬¹Â¶ÀµÄÏÜ·¨È±·¦ÀµÒÔ±£ÕÏÆäʵЧµÄ´Ì¼¤¡£¹æ·¶µÄʵЧÊÇÓëÊØ¹æ¼°Î¥¹æËùÓ¦¸½ËæµÄ´Ì¼¤£¨sanctions£©£¨Ö÷ÒªÊǽ±Éͺͳͷ££©½ôÃÜÏàÁ¬µÄ¡£Ëü¹ÌÈ»ÒÔ¹²Í¬ÌåµÄÈÏͬΪ»ù´¡£¬µ«¾Í·¨ÖÈÐòµÄ½á¹¹¶øÑÔ£¬Îª±£Ö¤Ðж¯ºÏ·¨¶øÌṩµÄ´Ì¼¤¡¢ÓÈÆäÊÇÎ¥¹æËùӦʩ¼ÓµÄ³Í·££¬È´ÊÇÆäʵЧµÄ×îºó±£ÕÏ¡£¸ÙÁìʽÏÜ·¨µÄÌõÎIJ»¹æ¶¨ÏàÓ¦´Ì¼¤£¬¶øÊǰÑËüÃǽ»ÓÉÒ»°ã·¨ÂÉÀ´ÉèÖ᣹¶ÀµÄÏÜ·¨µÄʵЧ£¬Ö»ÊÇ»ùÓÚÈËÃñµÄÏÜ·¨ÒâʶºÍ´ÓÕþÕßµÄÕþÖεÀµÂ£ºÔÚȱ·¦ÏÜÕþ´«Í³µÄ¹ú¶È£¬Ï£Íû¹Â¶ÀµÄÏÜ·¨·¢»ÓʵЧ£¬ÏÔÈ»ÊÇ»ÆÁ»ÃΡ£Ö»ÓÐÔÚÓëÒÔÏÜ·¨Îª»ù´¡µÄÉè¶¨ÖÆ²ÃÖ®¹æ·¶µÄÓлúÁªÏµÖУ¬ÏÜ·¨²ÅÊÇ·¨ÂÉ¡£[36]
  ÆäÈý£¬¸ïÃüÑø³ÉµÄ¡°Ô˶¯ÖΡ±Ï°¹ß¡£¼´±ãÊÇÔÚ54ÏÜ·¨°ä²¼ºóµÄ¶ÌÆÚ£¬»¹ÊÇÖÆ¶¨ÁËһЩ·¨ÂÉ£¬°ÑÏÜ·¨×ª»¯³É¾ßÌåÐÐΪ¹æ·¶£¬µ«ÕâЩ×÷ΪÏÜ·¨¾ßÌ廯µÄ·¨ÂÉ£¬Ò²Ã»ÄܺܺÃ×ñÊØ¡£ÕâÓÐÆäÀúÊ·¸ùÔ´£¬µ±Ê±µÄÖ´ÕþÕßÔÚ¶áÈ¡ÕþȨǰµÄ¹¤×÷£¬ÊÇÔÚÍ»ÆÆ¾É·¨Öƹý³ÌÖпªÕ¹µÄ£»¶áÈ¡ÕþȨºó£¬ÓÖ¿ªÕ¹Á˴ݻپɷ¨Í³µÄÔ˶¯£¬ÆäËûÁìÓòÒ²½ÓÁ¬·¢¶¯¶à´ÎÈ«¹ú·¶Î§ÄÚµÄȺÖÚÔ˶¯£¬»ñµÃÁ˳¬Ô¤ÆÚµÄ³É¼¨¡£¡°ÈºÖÚÔ˶¯ÊÇÒ»Öַ籩ʽµÄ¸ïÃüÔ˶¯£¬ËüÖ÷ÒªÊÇÒÀ¿¿ÈºÖÚµÄÖ±½ÓÐж¯£¬¶ø²»ÒÀ¿¿·¨ÂÉ¡£¡±[37]Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚµ±Ê±µÄÖ´ÕþÕß¼°ÈºÖÚÖ®¼ä£¬Óм«ÉîºñµÄ³ðÊӾɷ¨ÖƵÄÐÄÀí£¬¶ø´ËÐÄÀíÓÖ±ØÈ»ÒýÆðÇáÊÓÒ»Çз¨ÖƵÄÐÄÀí¡£¾ÍÁ¬Ò»¶ÈÖØÊÓ·¨ÖƵÄëÔó¶«£¬Ò²¹«È»ÐûÑ¡°·¨ÂÉÕâ¸ö¶«Î÷ûÓÐÒ²²»ÐУ¬µ«ÎÒÃÇÓÐÎÒÃÇÕâÒ»Ìס£¡± ¡°ÎÒÃÇÕâÒ»Ìס±¾ÍÊÇ¡°Ò»Äê¸ãËĴΡ±µÄ¿ª»á»òÔ˶¯¡£[38]
Îĸï½áÊøºó£¬¿ÉÒÔÓÐÁ½ÖÖÑ¡Ôñ£¬ÆäÒ»ÊÇ·ÅÆúÔ­ÓеĸÙÁìʽÏÜ·¨¹Û£¬²ÉÄɹæÔòʽÏÜ·¨¹Û£»Æä¶þÊÇ·ÅÆúÔ˶¯Ê½µÄʵʩģʽ£¬È·Á¢·¨ÖÆ»¯µÄʵʩģʽ¡£ÖйúÑ¡ÔñÁ˺óÕߣ¬Ç¿µ÷ÃñÖ÷ºÍ·¨ÖƵĽáºÏ¡£·¨ÖÆÖ®ÓÚ¡°ÏÜ·¨µÄÓйæÔòʵʩ¡±µÄ²»¿É»òȱÐÔ£¬Êܵ½Ã÷È·Ç¿µ÷¡£Ò¶½£Ó¢Ëµ£¬Ö»ÓÐÈ·Á¢ÍêÉÆµÄ·¨ÖÆ£¬²ÅÄÜʹÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨µÄÃñÖ÷ȨÀûµÃµ½ÓÐЧ±£ÕÏ¡£[39]ÅíÕæÒ²ÈÏΪ£¬ÒªÊµÊ©ÏÜ·¨£¬¾ÍÒª¼ÓÇ¿·¨ÖÆ¡£Ã»Óз¨ÖÆ£¬ÈËÃñµÄºÏ·¨µÄ×ÔÓɺÍȨÀû¾Í¶¼Ã»Óб£ÕÏ¡£ÕâÊÇÊ®ÄêÄÚÂÒ¸ø³öµÄÍ´¿à½Ìѵ¡£[40]´ÓÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄ½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´ÎĸïºóµÄÖйúÀúÊ·£¬Æä¸ù±¾µÄ¹ÛÄîת±ä¾ÍÊÇ£º¾ø²»¿ÉÄÜÖ»¿¿Ò»²¿ÏÜ·¨ÖÎÌìÏ£¬Í½ÏÜ·¨²»×ãÒÔ×ÔÐУ¬¹Â¶ÀµÄ¸ÙÁìʽÏÜ·¨ÄÚº¬×ÔɱµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ£»ÏÜ·¨µÄÓйæÔòʵʩ£¬±ØÐëÒÔ¾ßÌå·¨ÂÉΪ»ù´¡¡£
¶þ¡¢Ë«¹ìµÄÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓÃÖÆ¶È£ºÒÔÌõÎĵÄÀàÐÍ»¯Îª»ù´¡
ÕýÊÇÔÚ¶ÔÎĸïµÄ·´Ë¼ÖУ¬ÖйúÖÆ¶¨ÁË82ÏÜ·¨¡£ÐÂÖйúÆäËûÏÜ·¨¶¼Ö÷ÒªÊÇÀúÊ·¾­ÑéµÄ×ܽᣬ82ÏÜ·¨ÔòÖ÷ÒªÊǶԽ¨¹úÒÔÀ´¡¢ÓÈÆäÊÇÎĸïÆÚ¼äµÄÐÐÏܽÌѵµÄ×ܽᡣ¾Í´Ë¶øÑÔ£¬Ëü¸ü·ûºÏÏÜÕþµÄ·¢ÉúÂß¼­£¬¼´ÏÜÕþÊǶÔÕþÖοàÄѵİÚÍѺͷÀÖ¹£»Ëü°ÑÓë´ËÏà¹ØµÄ¾ö¶ÏºÍÖÇ»ÛÃú¿ÌÓÚÉñÊ¥Îı¾£¬ÒÔÈ·±£ÏÖÊÀ¶ÔÀúÊ·¿àÄѵļÇÒäºÍ¶ÔδÀ´¿àÄѵĽ䱸¡£
82ÏÜ·¨Ìرð¹ØÐÄʵʩÎÊÌ⣬Ëü¹æ¶¨£ºÒ»ÇÐÖ÷Ìå¶¼±ØÐëÒÔÏÜ·¨Îª¸ù±¾µÄ»î¶¯×¼Ôò£¬¸ºÓÐά»¤ÏÜ·¨×ðÑÏ¡¢±£Ö¤ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄÖ°Ôð£»Ò»Çз¨ÂÉ¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æºÍµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ¶¼²»µÃͬÏÜ·¨ÏàµÖ´¥¡£Ò»Çйú¼Ò»ú¹ØºÍÎä×°Á¦Á¿¡¢¸÷Õþµ³ºÍ¸÷Éç»áÍÅÌå¡¢¸÷ÆóÒµÊÂÒµ×éÖ¯¶¼±ØÐë×ñÊØÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉ¡££¨µÚ5Ìõ£©[41]
ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ÖƶÈÒÔ¹úÌåºÍÕþÌåΪ»ù´¡¡£¡°ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÒ»ÇÐȨÁ¦ÊôÓÚÈËÃñ¡£ÈËÃñÐÐʹ¹ú¼ÒȨÁ¦µÄ»ú¹ØÊÇÈ«¹úÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»áºÍµØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»á¡£¡±£¨µÚ2ÌõµÚ1¿î£©¡°È«¹úÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»áºÍµØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»á¶¼ÓÉÃñÖ÷Ñ¡¾Ù²úÉú£¬¶ÔÈËÃñ¸ºÔð£¬ÊÜÈËÃñ¼à¶½¡£¹ú¼ÒÐÐÕþ»ú¹Ø¡¢ÉóÅлú¹Ø¡¢¼ì²ì»ú¹Ø¶¼ÓÉÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»á²úÉú£¬¶ÔËü¸ºÔð£¬ÊÜËü¼à¶½¡£¡±£¨µÚ3Ìõ£©Õâ±íÃ÷ÏÜ·¨È·Á¢ÁËÊÇÒÔÈËÃñÖ÷Ȩ֮¹úÌ壨Æä¾ßÌåÄÚÈÝÈ¡¾öÓÚ¶ÔÈËÃñµÄ½ç¶¨£©Îª»ù´¡µÄÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»áÖÆÖ®ÕþÌå¡£
ÕâÀïÏÈÀ´³ÎÇåһЩ¸ÅÄÒÔΪºóÎÄÌṩ»ù±¾·ÖÎö¹¤¾ß¡£ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©¾ÍÊÇÏÜ·¨µÄÖ´ÐкÍ×ñÊØ¡£ÒÀÕÕ¿­¶ûÉ­µÄ˵·¨£¬·¨µÄÖ´ÐÐÒ²¼´·¨µÄÊÊÓá£[42] ·¨µÄÊÊÓÃÊÇÒÀ¾Ý¸ß¼¶¹æ·¶´´ÉèµÍ¼¶¹æ·¶»òÒÀ¹æ·¶Ö®ÊÚÈ¨ÊµÊ©ÖÆ²Ã¡£[43] ¹æ·¶°üÀ¨ÆÕ±é¹æ·¶£¨Õë¶Ô²»Ìض¨µÄ¶ÔÏ󡢿ɷ´¸´ÊÊÓã©£¬Ò²°üÀ¨¸ö±ð¹æ·¶£¨Õë¶ÔÌØ¶¨¶ÔÏó¡¢Ö»ÄÜÊÊÓÃÒ»´Î£©¡£[44]ÏÜ·¨µÄÊÊÓÃÓÖ¿É·ÖΪ¼ä½ÓÊÊÓúÍÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ㬼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÊÇÖ¸ÏÜ·¨ÏÈÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹Ø×ª»¯Îª¸ü¾ßÌåµÄ¹æ·¶£¨¸Ãת»¯ÊÇÖ±½ÓÊÊÓã©£¬ÔÙÓÉÏàÓ¦»ú¹ØÍ¨¹ýÊÊÓô˾ßÌ广·¶À´ÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£Î¥ÏÜÉó²é£¬Ò²ÊÇÏÜ·¨µÄÖ±½ÓÊÊÓᣵ«±¾ÎÄ˵µÄÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓ㬲»°üÀ¨Î¥ÏÜÉó²é£¬ÒòÆäÌØÊâµÄÖØÒªÐÔ£¬±ÊÕß°ÑËüµ¥ÁгöÀ´ÂÛÊö¡£ÔÚÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓûòÎ¥ÏÜÉó²é¹ý³ÌÖУ¬Ìض¨Ö÷Ìå¿ÉÄÜÒªÒÀ¾ÝÏÜ·¨À´´´ÉèÖ¼ÔÚ³ÎÇåÆäÌõÎĺÍÊõÓïÖ®º¬ÒåµÄÆÕ±é¹æ·¶£¬¼´ÏÜ·¨½âÊÍ¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÔÚÎÒ¹úµÄһЩ·¨µäÄÚ£¬·¨ÂɺÍÏÜ·¨ÊÇÁ½¸öרÃŵÄʵÔÚ·¨¸ÅÄÔÚͬһ·¨µäÄÚÊDZ»Í¬Ê±ÊÊÓõģ¬Õâ±íÃ÷ÕâÁ½¸ö¸ÅÄîÊDz»Í¬µÄ£¬·¨Âɲ»°üÀ¨ÏÜ·¨¡£
ÏÜ·¨¹ÛËù¾ö¶¨µÄÏÜ·¨ÌõÎĵÄÌØÖʺÍÐÐÏÜÊ·µÄ½Ìѵ£¬¾ö¶¨ÁËÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓúÍÓÉÖ®¶øÀ´µÄÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈµÄÑ¡Ôñ¡£ÔÝÇÒ²»ËµÏÜ·¨¼°Ïà¹Ø·¨¶ÔÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓúÍÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈµÄÖ±½Ó¹æ¶¨£¬ÏÈÀ´¿´£¬»ùÓÚÏÜ·¨µÄ¸ÙÁìÐԺ͸ĸïÐÔ£¬»ùÓÚÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©·¨ÖÆ»¯µÄ±³¾°£¬ÏÜ·¨µÄ¾ßÌåÌõÎÄÓ¦¸ÃÔõÑùÊÊÓã¿Ë«¹ìµÄÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓÃÖÆ¶ÈÊÇ˵£¬ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓðüÀ¨Ö±½ÓÊÊÓúͼä½ÓÊÊÓã¬Ç°ÕßµÄÖ÷ÌåÊÇ×î¸ß´úÒé»ú¹Ø£¬ºóÕßµÄÖ÷ÌåÊÇÆäËû¹«È¨»ú¹Ø¡£²»ÄÜÁýͳ̸ÂÛÏÜ·¨µÄÊÊÓã¬Ö»ÄܾßÌå̸ÂÛijЩÖ÷Ìå¶ÔijÀàÌõÎĵÄÊÊÓá£ÏÜ·¨ÌõÎĵÄÀàÐÍ»¯£¬ÊÇÈÏʶÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ÖƶȵÄǰÌáÖ®Ò»¡£
£¨Ò»£© ¡°ËüµÄ¸÷Ïî¹æ¶¨Ö»ÓÐͨ¹ý¸÷ÖÖ¾ßÌå·¨ÂɼÓÒÔÌåÏÖ²ÅÄܵõ½ÊµÊ©¡±
82ÏÜ·¨È·Á¢ÁË·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò£º¡°·¨ÖÆ[45]ÊÇÓëÈκεì»ùÓÚ¿í·º¡¢í§Òâ»ò×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿µÄ¿ØÖÆÈ¨µÄÕþÌå½ØÈ»Ïà·´µÄ¡±¡£[46]·¨ÖÆ×îÖØÒªµÄ¹æ½ëÊÇ£º×÷ΪÖÎÀíÒÀ¾ÝµÄ·¨±ØÐëÃ÷È·£¬±ØÐëÄÜÇÐʵ¹æ·¶ÕÆÈ¨Õߣ¬½ä¾ø×¨¶ÏÒâÖ¾£¬È·±£È¨Á¦ÓйæÔòµØÔË×÷£¬ÒÔº´ÎÀ×ÔÓÉ£¬È·Á¢ºÍά³Ö¹«È¨µÄÃñÖ÷Æ·¸ñ¡£²»Ã÷È·²»¾ßÌåµÄ·¨£¬×¢¶¨Òª´Ý»Ù·¨ÖÆ¡£
ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨µÄÌõÎÄ¿ÉÒÔ·Ö³ÉÁ½À࣬һÊÇÐÎʽÌõ¿î£¬¼´¹ØÓÚ¹ú¼Ò»ú¹Ø[47]µÄ×éÖ¯¡¢È¨ÔðºÍ³ÌÐòµÄÌõ¿î£¬¹ØÓÚίÍдúÒé»ú¹ØÖƶ¨·¨ÂÉÒÔÈ·¶¨×ÔÓÉȨ֮ÄÚÈݺͷ¶Î§µÄÌõ¿î£»ÐÎʽÌõ¿îÒÔÍâµÄÊÇʵÌåÌõÎÄ¡£
ÐÎʽÌõ¿îÓÖ¿ÉÒÔ·Ö³ÉÁ½·½Ã棬һÊÇÖ±½Ó¹æ¶¨¶ÔÏóµÄ¶¯¾²ÐÎʽ£¨¶¯=È·Á¢ºÍÔË×÷µÄ³ÌÐò£»¾²=×éÖ¯ºÍÖ°Ô𣩵ÄÌõ¿î£¬ÆäÃ÷È·¾ßÌ壬²Ù×÷ÐÔÇ¿£¬Äܹ»¡¢Ò²Ó¦µ±ÓÉÏàÓ¦Ö÷ÌåÆÕ±é»ò¸ö±ðµØÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ㬵«ÆäÖйØÓÚ×éÖ¯ºÍ³ÌÐòµÄÌõ¿î£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÈ·¶¨¿ò¼Ü¡¢Ô­ÔòºÍ¸ö±ðÖØÒªÖÆ¶È£¬ÏàÓ¦Ö÷ÌåÈôµ¥ÊÇÊÊÓÃÕâЩÌõ¿î£¬Ë¿ºÁ²»Äܱ£Ö¤ÆäÐÐΪÊÇÓйæÔòµÄ¶ø·Çí§ÒâµÄ£»»ùÓÚ·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò£¬´úÒé»ú¹Ø[48]ÓбØÒªÍ¨¹ýÁ¢·¨½«ÕâЩÌõ¿îת±ä³ÉÃ÷È·¾ßÌåµÄ¹æ·¶¡£¶þÊÇÊÚȨ´úÒé»ú¹Ø¹æ¶¨¶ÔÏóµÄ¶¯¾²ÐÎʽ£¬Æä´ë´Ç·½Ê½ÊÇ¡°¡­¡­ÓÉ·¨Âɹ涨¡±»ò¡°ÒÀÕÕ·¨ÂÉ¡±£¬Ö»ÄÜÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹ØÖ±½ÓÊÊÓã¬ÒÔΪÏàÓ¦Ö÷Ìå´´ÔìÃ÷È·¾ßÌåµÄÐÐΪ¹æ·¶¡£Õâ°üÀ¨¹ØÓÚ¹ú¼Ò»ú¹ØµÄÌõ¿î£ºÈç³ý¹ú¼ÒÖ÷ϯºÍÖÐÑë¾üίÍ⣬¶ÔÆäËû¹ú¼Ò»ú¹Ø£¬ÏÜ·¨¶¼¹æ¶¨£¬´úÒé»ú¹ØÓÐÖÆ¶¨·¨ÂÉ¡¢Ê¹Æä×éÖ¯ºÍ³ÌÐò¾ßÌ廯µÄÒåÎñ¡£ÆäÖеĵäÐÍÊǹØÓÚ×ÔÓÉ»ù±¾È¨µÄÌõ¿î¡£¹«ÃñµÄ»ù±¾È¨£¬¿ÉÒÔ·Ö³ÉÈýÀ࣬һÊÇ×ÔÓÉȨ£¬¶þÊDzÎÕþȨ£¬ÈýÊǾ­ÉçÎÄȨ¡£×ÔÓÉȨÊÇÖ¸ÃâÓÚ¹«È¨Á¦²»Êʵ±¸ÉÔ¤¡¢ÒÔ×ÔÓɼÛֵΪºËÐĵĻù±¾È¨¡£´ËÀà»ù±¾È¨£¬ÏÈÓÚ¹ú¼Ò¶ø´æÔÚ£¬µ«¹ú¼ÒΪ±£ÕϹ«ÃñƽµÈ¶ø°²È«µØÏíÓÐÖ®£¬¿ÉÒÔÊʵ±ÏÞÖÆ¡£82ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚÕâЩ»ù±¾È¨µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬Æä´ë´Ê·½Ê½ÊÇ£º½ûÖ¹·Ç·¨°þ¶á»òÏÞÖÆÖ®£¬»ò¿ÉÒÔ·¨Âɹ涨°þ¶á»òÏÞÖÆÖ®£¬»ò±ØÐëÂÄÐз¨Âɹ涨µÄÒåÎñ£¨µÚ33Ìõ£©¡£ÕâЩ´ë´ÊÒ»·½Ãæ±íÃ÷£¬ÏÜ·¨²¢Ã»ÓжԻù±¾È¨µÄʵÌåÄÚÈÝÉèÖÿ϶¨ºÍ·ñ¶¨µÄ·¶Î§£¬Ã»ÓÐÈ·¶¨¿É¹©ÐÐÕþºÍ˾·¨»ú¹ØÊÊÓõĿɲÙ×÷µÄ¾ßÌåÒÀ¾Ý£¬¾¡¹ÜÆä¿ÉÄÜ¿´ËÆÈç´Ë£¬ÈçÏÜ·¨µÚ36ÌõºÍµÚ37ÌõµÄǰÁ½¿î£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬¶Ô×ÔÓÉ»ù±¾È¨µÄÏ޶ᣬֻÄÜÓÉ·¨Âɹ涨£¬ÊÇרÊôÓÚ´úÒé»ú¹ØµÄְȨ£¬ÐÐÕþºÍ˾·¨»ú¹ØÖ»ÄÜÒÀÕÕ·¨ÂɸÉÉæÖ®¡££¨¼û¡¶Á¢·¨·¨¡·µÚ8ÌõµÚ4¡¢5¡¢6µÈÏҲ¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÕâЩÌõ¿îÈ·Á¢ÁËÒÀ·¨ÓÃȨºÍ·¨Âɱ£ÁôµÄÔ­Ôò£¬Í¬Ê±¸³ÓèºÍ¿ÎÓè´úÒé»ú¹ØÖƶ¨Ïà¹Ø·¨ÂɵÄȨÔð¡£´úÒé»ú¹ØÓ¦µ±»ùÓÚ±ÈÀýÔ­Ôò£¬²ÎÕÕÆä¶Ô¹úÃñÐÄÐÔ¡¢¹«¹²ÖÈÐò¼°¸£ìíµÄÈÏÖª£¬Ö±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨ÒÔΪÐÐÕþºÍ˾·¨´´ÔìÆÕ±é¹æ·¶¡£
   ʵÌåÌõ¿îÒ²»òÃ÷È·»òÒþº¬µØÒªÇó´úÒé»ú¹ØÖƶ¨·¨ÂÉÀ´¾ßÌ廯¡£Ëü°üÀ¨Á½ÀࣺÆäÒ»£¬¾­ÉçÎÄ»ù±¾È¨ºÍÕþ²ßÌõ¿î¡£Á¢¹ú×ÚÖ¼¾ö¶¨ÁËÏÜ·¨ÌõÎĵÄÐÎ̬¡£Óëֻͨ¹ýÃüÁîºÍÇ¿ÖÆÀ´³Ðµ£·ÀÓùºÍÖΰ²Ö®Ïû¼«Ö°ÄܵĹŵä×ÔÓɹú¼Ò²»Í¬£¬82ÄêÏÜ·¨»¹Èùú¼Òͨ¹ýÖú³É»ò¸ø¸¶Ðж¯£¬ÔÚÕþÉç¾­ÎÄÁìÓòµÄ´æÔںͷ¢Õ¹Éϳе£È«ÃæÖ°ÄÜ¡£¹Åµä×ÔÓÉÏÜ·¨Ö÷ÒªÒÔÑϸñ¹æ·¶À´ÏÞÖÆ¹ú¼ÒµÄÃüÁîºÍÇ¿ÖÆÐÐΪ£¬Éç»áÖ÷ÒåÏÜ·¨È´ÒªÒÔ¸ÙÁìºÍÕþ²ßÀ´È·¶¨¹ú¼ÒδÀ´Ðж¯µÄÔ­ÔòºÍ·½Ïò¡£82ÏÜ·¨±ü³ÐÉç»áÖ÷ÒåµÄÀíÄ¹æ¶¨Öî¶à¾­ÉçÎÄ»ù±¾È¨¡£ÕâЩֻÊÇ¿ÎÓèÄ¿±êÔðÈεÄÌõ¿î£¬ÆäÐÔÖʺÍÏÜ·¨ÀïµÄ¹ú¼ÒÕþ²ßºÜÀàËÆ£¬ÓÐЩÏÜ·¨Ò²°Ñ¾­ÉçÎÄ»ù±¾È¨ºÍÕþ²ß¹æ¶¨ÓÚÒ»Õ¡£82ÏÜ·¨ËƺõÒ²°Ñ¶þÕßµÈͬ£¬ÔÚÕâЩ»ù±¾È¨Ìõ¿îÄÚ£¬½Ô¹æ¶¨ÏàÓ¦Õþ²ß£»ÆäÐòÑÔºÍ×ܸÙÀïµÄÕþ²ßÌõ¿î£¬´ó¶àÒÔÕâЩ»ù±¾È¨ÎªÄ¿µÄ¡£ÅíÕæ¾ÍÈÏΪ£¬¾­ÉçÎÄ»ù±¾È¨µÄʵÏÖ£¬È¡¾öÓÚ¹ú¼ÒÏàÓ¦µÄ»ù±¾Õþ²ß¡£[49]ÕâЩ»ù±¾È¨¼°ÏàÓ¦Õþ²ßÌõ¿îºÍ×ÔÓÉȨÌõ¿îÔÚÂß¼­Éϸù±¾²»Í¬¡£ºóÕßÊÇÈ·Á¢Õþ¸®²»¸ÉÉæµÄÒåÎñ£¬ÆäÊÊÓúÍ×ñÊØÖ÷Ҫȡ¾öÓÚ×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾£»Ç°ÕßÔòÏòÕþ¸®Ìá³öÖ÷¶¯¸ø¸¶µÄÒªÇ󣬯äÊÊÓúÍ×ñÊØ²»½öÈ¡¾öÓÚ×ÔÓÉÒâÖ¾£¬»¹È¡¾öÓÚʵ¼ÊÄÜÁ¦Èç×ÊÔ´ºÍ²Æ¸»µÈÖî¶àÊÂʵÒòËØ¡£³ÏÈçÅíÕæºÍÕÅÓÑÓæËù˵£ºÕâЩ¹æ¶¨£¬´æÔÚÊÇ·ñÄܹ»ÊµÏÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬Êǹú¼ÒÒªÖð²½Å¬Á¦×öµ½ºÍÀ©´óµÄ¸ù±¾¹æ¶¨¡£[50] ¶ÔËù֏ɿµÄÐÐÕþ²¿ÃÅÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕâЩÌõ¿îÎÞÖ±½ÓÇ¿ÖÆÁ¦£¬Ò²²»ÄÜÓÉ·¨ÔºÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ㬵¥´¿ÒÔÆäΪ¾Ý£¬²»ÄܶÔÕþ¸®ÐÐΪ×÷ºÏÏÜÓë·ñµÄÆÀ¼Û£»Õâ²»ÊÇ˵ÕâЩÌõ¿îÎ޹淶ЧÁ¦£¬µ«ÕâЩÌõ¿îÖ»ÄÜ ¡°Å¬Á¦×öµ½¡± £¨ÕÅÓÑÓæ£©¡¢¡°Öð²½À©´ó¡±£¨ÅíÕæ£©¡£ÐÐÕþ²¿ÃŹÌÈ»¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÈ¡´ëÊ©À´´ÙÆäʵÏÖ£¬µ«ÕâÖ»ÊÇÊÂʵÎÊÌ⣻¾ÍÑϸñʵÔÚ·¨µÄÂß¼­À´Ëµ£¬Ëü²¢Ã»ÓбØÐëÕâô×öµÄÒåÎñ¡£ÔÙÕߣ¬ÕâЩ»ù±¾¹ú²ßºÍ¾­ÉçÎÄ»ù±¾È¨µÄƽµÈʵÏÖ£¬ÒªÇó´ó¹æÄ£µÄ²Æ¸»ÔÙ·ÖÅ䣬¹ØÏµÃ¿Î»¹«ÃñµÄ²Æ²úȨ£¬ÒÀ¾ÝÃñÖ÷Ô­Ôò£¬ÆäÀíÓ¦ÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹Ø²Ã¶á£ºÔÚÓ°ÏìÈ«ÃñµÄ¹Ø¼üÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬Èç¹ûÓÉ×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÅоö×îÖÕÈ·¶¨Õþ²ß£¬ÄÇô´Ó×î¸ß·¨ÔºÔÚÌØ¶¨Á½Ôì¼äµÄ¸ö±ðËßËÏÄÚ×÷³öÅоöµÄÄÇÒ»¿ÌÆð£¬ÈËÃñ½«²»ÔÙÊÇ×Ô¼ºµÄͳÖÎÕß¡£ÒªÊ¹Õþ¸®ÔÚÃñÖ÷µÄʵÔÚ·¨Âß¼­ÉÏÊÊÓÃÕâЩÌõ¿î£¬¾Í±ØÐëÊ×ÏÈÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹Ø¸ù¾Ý¹úÃñ¾­¼ÃµÄ·¢Õ¹Çé¿ö£¬ÊÊÓÃÕâЩÏÜ·¨Ìõ¿îÒÔ´´Éè¿ÉΪÐÐÕþºÍ˾·¨Ö±½ÓÊÊÓÃµÄÆÕ±é¹æ·¶£¬Ê¹ÆäÊʵ±µØÊµ¼ùÓÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÖ®ÄÚ¡£°®¶ûÀ¼ÏÜ·¨¾Í¹æ¶¨£¬¹ØÓÚ¸£ÀûȨµÄÌõÎÄÊÇ¡°Éç»áÕþ²ßµÄÖ¸µ¼Ô­Ôò£¬¡­¡­Ö»ÓÐÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØÐëÒªÔÚÖÆ¶¨·¨ÂÉʱÊÊÓÃÕâЩԭÔò£¬¶ø²»Ó¦¸ÃÓÉ·¨ÔºÀ´Ö´ÐС­¡­¡£¡±
Æä¶þ£¬»ù±¾ÖƶȺͲÎÕþȨÌõ¿î¡£ÁíÒ»ÖØÒªµÄÏÜ·¨ÄÚÈÝÊÇ»ù±¾ÖƶÈÌõ¿î,ÈçÈËÃñÖ÷ȨԭÔò¡¢Éç»áÖ÷ÒåÔ­Ôò¡¢·¨ÖÎÔ­ÔòµÈ£¬ºÍ¸³ÓèÕâЩ»ù±¾ÖƶÈÒÔʵÔڵIJÎÕþȨÌõ¿î£¬ÈçÈËÃñÒÀ·¨ÂɲÎÓë¹ú¼ÒºÍÉç»á¹ÜÀíȨ¡¢ÅúÆÀ½¨Òé¿Ø¸æ¼ì¾ÙȨ¡¢Ñ¡¾ÙºÍ±»Ñ¡¾ÙȨ¡¢ÇëÇó¹ú¼ÒÅ⳥ȨµÈ¡£»ù±¾ÖƶÈÊǸ߶ȸÅÀ¨µÄÔ­Ôò£¬¸ö±ð¹æ·¶Ö®ÊµÔÚ·¨Õýµ±ÐÔ²»ÄÜÖ±½ÓÒÀ¾Ý»ù±¾ÖƶÈÀ´ÆÀÅС£Âäʵ»ù±¾ÖƶȵÄ;¾¶Ö®Ò»ÊÇÊÂʵµÄ»ýÀÛºÍÑØÏ®£¬Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖΪ¹ßÀýµÄÐγɣ¬Èç¹²²úµ³µÄÁìµ¼£¬ÔÚÎÒ¹ú¾ÍÊÇÓÉÀúÊ·ºÍµ±ÏµÄÊÂʵȷÁ¢µÄ£»Áíһ;¾¶¾ÍÊǰÑÖÆ¶È×·Çóת»¯Îª·¨ÂÉ¡£²ÎÕþȨ£¬ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¹«È¨Á¦£¬Èκι«È¨Á¦µÄÐÐʹ¶¼±ØÐëÒÀÕÕ·¨ÂÉ£¬·ñÔò£¬ÈËÃñµÄ²ÎÕþȨ¾Í¿ÉÄÜÇáÒ׵ضéÂäΪ±©ÃñÕþÖΣ»ÏÜ·¨»¹¹æ¶¨²ÎÕþȨ±ØÐëÒÀ·¨ÐÐʹ£¬Á¢·¨·¨Ò²¹æ¶¨¶Ô¹«ÃñÕþÖÎȨÀûµÄ°þ¶á±ØÐëÓÉ·¨Âɹ涨¡£Òò´Ë£¬´ÓʵÔÚ·¨Âß¼­¿´£¬»ù±¾ÖƶȺͲÎÕþȨÌõ¿îµÄÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÒ²ÊÇ´úÒé»ú¹ØµÄÖ°Ôð£¬ËüÒªÇó´úÒé»ú¹Ø½«ÆäÄÚÈÝÈ·Á¢ÓÚ·¨ÂÉÖ®ÖУ¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâÆä¿Õ¶´»¯»ò¼«¶Ë»¯¡£
ÒÔÉÏËùÊö£¬´Ó¾ßÌåÄÚÈÝÉϱíÃ÷£¬ÒÀÕÕ·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò£¬²»Ö»ÏÜ·¨Ã÷ʾ»òĬʾίÍдúÒé»ú¹ØÖƶ¨·¨ÂɵÄÌõ¿îÒªÊ×ÏÈÖ±½ÓÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹ØÊÊÓã¬ÒÔ´´Éè¿ÉÓÉÐÐÕþ»ò˾·¨²¿ÃÅÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃµÄÆÕ±é¹æ·¶£¬ÏÜ·¨µÄÆäËûÌõ¿î£¨³ýÖ±½Ó¹æ¶¨¶ÔÏóÖ÷Ì嶯¾²ÐÎʽµÄ¼«¸ö±ðÌõ¿îÍ⣩£¬Ò²ÐèÒª´úÒé»ú¹Ø¾ÍÆäÄÚÈÝ×ö¸ü¾ßÌåµÄ¹æ¶¨ºó£¬²ÅÄÜÖ±½ÓÓÉÐÐÕþ»ò˾·¨²¿ÃÅÓйæÔòµØÊÊÓá£
ÁíÍ⣬ÏÜ·¨µÄ¸Ä¸ïÌØÖÊ£¬Ò²ÒªÇóÏÜ·¨Ìõ¿îÓ¦Ö÷ÒªÏÈÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹ØÖ±½ÓÊÊÓá£ÖÆÏÜÕß»ùÓÚÀúÊ·½Ìѵ£¬³ä·ÖÌåÎòµ½×Ô¼ºµÄÈÏʶÁ¦µÄ¾ÖÏÞÐÔ£¬Òâʶµ½¼È¶¨µÄÖÆ¶È¿ÉÄܲ»ÊÇ×îºÃµÄ£»ÕâÊÇËÙ±äµÄʱ´ú£¬ÕþÖÎ˼άºÍʵ¼ùÒ²ÒªËæ×Åʱ´úµÄ½ø²½ºÍÈÏʶµÄÉ¶øÓèÒÔÐÞÕýºÍÍêÉÆ¡£ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨×î±¾ÖʵĺËÐÄÀíÄîÊǸĸÒò´Ë£¬³ýÁ˲»µÃ²»È·Á¢µÄijЩÍ×ЭÌõ¿îÍ⣬ÏÜ·¨ºÜÉÙ¾ÍʵÌåÎÊÌâ×÷³öÃ÷°×¡¢¾ßÌ塢ȷ¶¨µÄ¹æ·¶£¬¶øÊǰÑÖÆ¶È£¨°üÀ¨ÈËȨ£©¿ªÍغͽø²½µÄÐγɿռäºÍÖ÷¶¯È¨£¬Áô¸øÁË´úÒé»ú¹Ø£¬´Ó¶øÁô¸øÁËÈËÃñ£¬ÈúóÕßËæ×Åʱ´ú±äǨ£¬Í¨¹ý·¨ÂÉÀ´ÊµÊ©ÉõÖÁÊÇÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨£¬Öð²½Ç÷½øÏÜÕþ¡£ÏÜ·¨Ã»ÓÐΪȫ¹úÈË´óÉ趨Èκεĸĸï½ûÇø£¬¼´Ê¹»ù±¾Öƶȣ¬Ò²ÒªÓëʱ¾ã½ø¡£ÕýÊDZ¾×Å´ËÏÜ·¨µÄºËÐÄÀíÄȫ¹úÈË´ó½¥½øµØÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨£¬È·Á¢ÁË×ðÖØºÍ±£ÕÏ˽²Æ²úȨºÍÈËȨµÄÔ­Ôò¡£×î½ü£¬¹ØÓÚ˽²Æ²úȨÈëÏÜÖ®ÐÞÕý°¸ºÍ¡¶ÎïȨ·¨¡·Î¥ÏܵÄÖ¸Ôð£¬ÎÞÒÉÊÇ´íÎóµÄ£¬Ò²Ðí¸ÃÐÞÕý°¸ÊÇÓëÏÜ·¨Ìض¨Ìõ¿îµÄijÖÖ½©»¯Àí½âÏàµÖ´¥µÄ£¬µ«ËüÈ´·ûºÏÏÜ·¨Ö®¸ù±¾ÀíÄî¼´¸Ä¸ï¡£
×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬ÕÅÓÑÓæµÄÒ»·¬»°£¬¿ÉνÖÁÑÔ£º¡°ÏÜ·¨µÄÕâÖÖÐÔÖʾö¶¨ÁËËüµÄ¸÷Ïî¹æ¶¨Ö»ÓÐͨ¹ý¸÷ÖÖ¾ßÌå·¨ÂɼÓÒÔÌåÏÖ²ÅÄܵõ½ÊµÊ©¡£¡­¡­Ö»ÓÐÏÜ·¨¶øÃ»ÓоßÌå·¨ÂÉ£¬ÏÜ·¨µÄ¸÷Ïî¹æ¶¨¾ÍºÜÄѵõ½¹á³¹¡£ËùÒÔ£¬±ØÐë¼ÓÇ¿ÈÕ³£Á¢·¨¹¤×÷¡£¡± [51] ¡°ÏÜ·¨Ö»Äܹ涨ԭÔò£¬¹æ¶¨×î»ù±¾µÄÎÊÌ⣬ÌõÎıȽϳéÏóһЩ£¬²»ÄܾܺßÌ壬Ҫ¹á³¹ÊµÊ©ÏÜ·¨»¹±ØÐëͨ¹ý¸ù¾ÝÏÜ·¨Öƶ¨µÄ·¨ÂÉ¡£¡­¡­¡±[52]ÒÀÕÕÏÜ·¨¶øÁ¢·¨ÊÇÏÜ·¨µÄÊÊÓá£Ã¿ÏîÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪ¶¼ÊÇÔÚÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£·ñÔò£¬Á¢·¨¾Í²»Äܱ»ÈÏΪÊǹú¼ÒµÄÖ°ÄÜÖ®Ò»¡£[53]ÕÅÓÑÓæËµ£ºÏÜ·¨µÄ¸÷Ïî¹æ¶¨Ö»ÓÐͨ¹ý¾ßÌå·¨ÂɲÅÄܵõ½ÊµÊ©£¬¸Ã˵·¨ÓпäÕŵijɷ֣¬µ«Õâ²»ÊÇ¿ÁÔðËûµÄÀíÓÉ£¬ÒòΪÕâÖÖ¿äÕÅÄËÕþÖÎÐÞ´ÇѧʹȻ¡£¸Ã˵·¨È·ÊµÒÔ¼«¶Ë·½Ê½Í¹ÏÖÁ˹ØÓÚÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄÉî¿ÌÕæÀí£ºÏÜ·¨µÄ¾ø´ó¶àÊýÌõ¿î£¬ÒªÒÀÕÕ·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò±»ÊµÊ©£¬¾ÍÖ»ÓÐͨ¹ý¾ßÌå·¨ÂÉ¡£ÖÁÓÚÆäËûÌõ¿î£¬Ëä¿ÉÓÉÏà¹ØÖ÷ÌåÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ㬵«ÕâЩÌõ¿î¶¼ÊǸ߶ÈÕþÖÎÐÔÌõ¿î£¬ÆäÊÊÓÃÖ®Õýµ±ÐÔÎÞÒÉÊôÓÚÕþÖÎÎÊÌ⣬˾·¨»ú¹ØÊÇûÓÐÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨµÄ¡£
£¨¶þ£©ÆäËû¹«È¨»ú¹ØÖ÷ÒªÊǼä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨[54]
1£®¹úÎñÔº
ÆäÒ»£¬ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚ¹úÎñÔººÍÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÖ®¹ØÏµµÄÌõ¿î£¬Ã÷È·¾ßÌ壬²»ÔøÒ²ÎÞÐëÓÉÁ¢·¨À´¾ßÌ廯£¬¹úÎñÔºÓ¦Ö±½ÓÊÊÓÃÕâЩÌõ¿î¡£Æä¶þ£¬ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚÆä×éÖ¯µÄÌõ¿î£¬ÒÑÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´óÔÚÖÆÏÜʱÒÀ¾ÝÏÜ·¨ÓÚ¡¶¹úÎñÔº×éÖ¯·¨¡·ÄÚ×÷¾ßÌ广¶¨£¬¹úÎñÔºÖ»ÄÜÊÊÓá¶¹úÎñÔº×éÖ¯·¨¡·£¬ÕâÊǶÔÏÜ·¨Ïà¹ØÌõ¿îµÄ¼ä½ÓÊÊÓá£ÆäÈý£¬¹ØÓÚ¹úÎñÔºµÄʵÌåְȨµÄÌõ¿î£¬Ðè񻂿±ð¶Ô´ý¡£ÏÜ·¨Í¬ÌõµÚ1Ïî¹æ¶¨£º¹úÎñÔº¡°¸ù¾ÝÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉ£¬¹æ¶¨ÐÐÕþ´ëÊ©£¬Öƶ¨ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ£¬·¢²¼¾ö¶¨ºÍÃüÁî¡£¡±ÆäÖÐËùÁÐÈýÖ־ٴ룬ʵÖÊÉÏÒÑÇ¹úÎñÔºµÄÒ»ÇÐÐÐΪÐÎʽ£¬Ëü±íÃ÷£¬¹úÎñԺְȨµÄÐÐʹ±ØÐëÒªÓÐÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂɵÄÒÀ¾Ý¡£Èç¹ûÒÔ·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò£¨×÷ΪÐÐÕþÖ®ÒÀ¾ÝµÄ¹æÔòÓ¦µ±Ã÷È·¾ßÌ壩×÷Ϊ½âÊ͵Ļù´¡£¬ÄÇô£¬¹ØÓÚ¹úÎñԺְȨµÄÏÜ·¨Ìõ¿îµÄÊ×Òª¹æ·¶¶ÔÏóÆäʵ²»ÊǹúÎñÔº£¬¶øÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á£¬ËüÒªÇóÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÓ¦µ±Îª¹úÎñÔºÐÐÕþÌṩÃ÷È·¾ßÌåµÄ¹æ·¶ÒÀ¾Ý£¨¼´·¨ÂÉ£©£¬ÒªÇóÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áµÄÕâЩÁ¢·¨Ó¦ÒÀ¾ÝÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚ¹úÎñԺְȨµÄÌõ¿î¡£Èç¹ûÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÒÑÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÖÆ¶¨Ïà¹Ø·¨ÂÉ£¬¹úÎñÔº¾ÍÓ¦¸ÃÇÒÖ»ÄÜÊÊÓÃÕâЩ·¨ÂÉÀ´ÐÐÕþ£¬¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£Èç¹ûÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÉÐûÓÐÖÆ¶¨Ïà¹Ø·¨ÂÉ£¬ÄÇô¹úÎñÔºÓ¦ÔÚ²»Î¥·´ÏÜ·¨»ù±¾Ô­ÔòºÍÆäËû·¨ÂÉ£¨Èç¡¶Á¢·¨·¨¡·ºÍÈËȨ·¨£©µÄǰÌáÏ£¬ÒÀÕÕÕþ²ß¡¢Ï°¹ßºÍÏÖʵÐèÒª£¬ÐÐʹÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨µÄְȨ£¨ÈçÖÆ¶¨ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ£©£»Èç¹ûÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á¶Ô¹úÎñÔº×ö³öÊÚȨ¾öÒ飬ºóÕß»¹Ó¦ÒÀ¾Ý¸Ã¾öÒ飻ÕâÆäÖн»²æ×ŹúÎñÔº¶ÔÏÜ·¨µÄÖ±½ÓºÍ¼ä½ÓÊÊÓ᣹úÎñԺְȨµÄÿ¸öÁìÓò£¬ÏÖÔÚ¼¸ºõ¶¼ÒÑÓз¨Âɵ÷Õû¡£Òò´Ë£¬¹úÎñÔº¶ÔÏÜ·¨µÄÖ±½ÓÊÊÓã¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÏÞÓÚ¹úÎñÔººÍÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÖ®¹ØÏµµÄÌõ¿î£»ÔÚÆäËû·½Ã棬³ýÁËÔÚµ±Ç°ÉÐÎÞ·¨Âɵ÷ÕûµÄ¼«¸ö±ðÊÂÏîÉÏ£¬¹úÎñÔº¿ÉÒÔÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨ÒÔÖÆ¶¨ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æÍ⣬¹úÎñԺͨ³£Ó¦Ö±½ÓÊÊÓ÷¨ÂÉÀ´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£
2£®µØ·½ÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á
Æä×éÖ¯ºÍְȨÒÑÓÉÔÚÖÆÏÜʱÐÞÕýµÄ¡¶µØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈË´óºÍÕþ¸®×éÖ¯·¨¡·×ö¾ßÌ广¶¨£¬¹ÊÔÚ´Ë·½ÃæËüÓ¦Ö±½ÓÊÊÓôË×éÖ¯·¨À´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£¹ØÓÚÆäְȨ֮ÐÐʹ£¬¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪÁ½¸ö·½Ãæ¡£µÚÒ»£¬´´Éè¸ö±ð¹æ·¶¡£ÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨£º¡°µØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»áÔÚ±¾ÐÐÕþÇøÓòÄÚ¡­¡­ÒÀÕÕ·¨Âɹ涨µÄȨÏÞ£¬Í¨¹ýºÍ·¢²¼¾öÒé¡­¡­¡£¡±ÒòΪ·²²»·ûºÏ·¨ÂɵÄÐÐΪ£¬½ÔÊdz¬Ô½·¨ÂÉȨÏÞµÄÐÐΪ£¬´Ë´¦µÄ¡°ÒÀÕÕ·¨Âɹ涨µÄȨÏÞ¡±£¬¼´ÒÀÕÕ·¨Âɹ涨£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬µØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈË´ó´´Ôì¸ö±ð¹æ·¶µÄÐÐΪ£¬Ö»ÄÜÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ÷¨ÂÉÀ´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£µÚ¶þ£¬´´ÉèÆÕ±é¹æ·¶£¬Ò²¼´Öƶ¨µØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ£º¸ÃȨÁ¦£¬ÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉÖ»ÊÚÓè½Ï´óÊÐÒÔÉϵĵط½ÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á¡£ÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨·¨¹æ¶¨£¬µØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ¿ÉÒÔ¾ÍÈýÀàÊÂÏî×ö³ö¹æ¶¨£ºÆäÒ»£¬ÎªÖ´Ðз¨ÂÉ¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æµÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ÐèÒª¸ù¾Ý±¾ÐÐÕþÇøÓòµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö×÷¾ßÌ广¶¨µÄÊÂÏÆä¶þ£¬ÊôÓڵط½ÐÔÊÂÎñ¡¢²»ÐèÒªÖÆ¶¨È«¹úͳһµÄ·¨ÂɺÍÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ¡¢µ«ÐèÒªÖÆ¶¨µØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æµÄÊÂÏÆäÈý£¬³ýÈ«¹úÈË´óרÊôÁ¢·¨È¨ÒÔÍ⣬¹ú¼ÒÉÐÎ´ÖÆ¶¨·¨ÂÉ»òÕßÐÐÕþ·¨¹æµÄÆäËûÊÂÏî¡£¹ØÓڵط½ÐÔ·¨¹æ£¬ÏÜ·¨µÄ¹æ¶¨ÊÇ£º¡°²»µÃͬÏÜ·¨¡¢·¨ÂɺÍÐÐÕþ·¨¹æÏàµÖ´¥¡£¡±µÚÒ»ÀàµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æÊÇÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ÷¨ÂɺÍÐÐÕþ·¨¹æÀ´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£»¹ØÓÚµÚ¶þºÍµÚÈýÀàÊÂÏî¶øÖÆ¶¨µØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ£¬ÊÇÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£
3£®¹úÎñÔº¸÷²¿Î¯ºÍµØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®
µØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®Ö®×éÖ¯£¬Ó¦Ö±½ÓÊÊÓÃÆä×éÖ¯·¨À´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£¹úÎñÔº¸÷²¿Î¯Ö®×éÖ¯Ó¦ÊÊÓùúÎñÔºµÄÏà¹Ø¹æ¶¨À´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£¹ØÓÚÆäְȨ֮ÐÐʹ£¬ÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨ÁËÒÀ·¨ÐÐÕþÔ­Ôò£¬Ã÷È·¹æ¶¨£º¡°¸÷²¿¡¢¸÷ίԱ»á¸ù¾Ý·¨Âɺ͹úÎñÔºµÄÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ¡¢¾ö¶¨¡¢ÃüÁÔÚ±¾²¿ÃŵÄȨÏÞÄÚ£¬·¢²¼ÃüÁָʾºÍ¹æÕ¡£¡±¡°Ïؼ¶ÒÔÉϵط½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®ÒÀÕÕ·¨Âɹ涨µÄȨÏÞ¡±£¬¹ÜÀí±¾ÐÐÕþÇøÓòÄÚµÄÐÐÕþ¹¤×÷¡£ÈôijÊÂÏîÉÐÎÞ·¨ÂÉ¿ÉÒÀÑ­£¬»ùÓÚÐÐÕþϵͳµÄÕûÌåÒ»ÖÂÐÔ£¬²¿Î¯ºÍµØ·½Õþ¸®Ó¦°´ÕÕ¼¶±ðÐòÁÐÏò¹úÎñÔº»òµØ·½ÈË´óÇëʾ£¬´ËÎÊÌâ´Ó¶ø¾Í×ÔȻת»¯ÎªµØ·½ÈË´óºÍ¹úÎñÔºµÄ¹æ·¶ÊÊÓúʹ´ÉèÎÊÌâ¡£
4£®ÈËÃñ·¨ÔººÍ¼ì²ìÔº
ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚÆä×éÖ¯¼°Ö°È¨ÐÐʹµÄÌõ¿î£¬ÒѾ­ÓÉÖÆÏÜ֮ʱÐÞÕýµÄ×éÖ¯·¨¾ßÌ廯£¬¸üÓɺóÀ´µÄ·¨¹Ù·¨ºÍ¼ì²ì¹Ù·¨¾ßÌ廯¡£ÁíÍ⣬ÏÜ·¨Ã÷È·¹æ¶¨£¬ÆäÉóÅкͼì²ì¹¤×÷µÄÒÀ¾ÝÖ»ÄÜÊÇ·¨ÂÉ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÈËÃñ·¨ÔººÍ¼ì²ìÔº£¬³ýÆäÖеÄ×î¸ß·¨ÔººÍ¼ì²ìÔºÓëÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÖ®¹ØÏµÓ¦Ö±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨Ìõ¿îÍ⣬ÆäËûÓ¦Ò»ÂÉÖ±½ÓÊÊÓ÷¨ÂÉÓëºÏÏܺϷ¨µÄ·¨¹æÀ´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£[55]ÔÚÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓÃÉÏ£¬Ãñ×å×ÔÖεط½ºÍÖÐÑë¾üίҲ×ñѭǰÎÄչʾµÄÂß¼­£¬×Ȳ»×¸Êö¡£
Èý ¡¢Ò»ÔªµÄ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶È
Î¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ±ØÈ»µØ°üÀ¨ÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨ£¬Òò´Ë£¬±¾ÎIJ»°ÑÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨµ¥ÁÐרÂÛ¡£Î¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈÊÇÖ±½ÓÒÔÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓÃÖÆ¶ÈΪ»ù´¡µÄ£¬82ÏÜ·¨È·Á¢ÁËÒ»ÔªµÄ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶È¡£
ÏÜ·¨¼È¹æ¶¨ÏÜ·¨¼à¶½È¨£¬Óֹ涨¶Ô·¨Ô´µÄÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ£¬ÕâÁ½ÏîְȨ£¬²¢²»ÊÇÏ໥¶ÀÁ¢µÄ£¬ºóÕßÊôÓÚǰÕߣ¬Ç°Õß»¹°üÀ¨¶ÔÄÇЩֱ½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¶ø´´ÉèµÄ¸ö±ð¹æ·¶ÊÇ·ñÎ¥ÏܵÄÉó²éȨ¡£ÏÜ·¨ºÍÏà¹Ø·¨Ö®ËùÒÔ°Ñ·¨Ô´Î¥ÏÜÉó²éȨרÃŹ涨£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÒòΪ£¬·¨Ô´ÊÇÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éµÄÖ÷Òª¶ÔÏó£¬×Ô³ÉÒ»À࣬¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓÃÏàͬµÄÉó²é³ÌÐò¡£±¾ÎÄÒ²Ö÷ÒªÒÔ·¨Ô´Î¥ÏÜÉó²éȨΪ¶ÔÏó¡£
ÏÜ·¨µÚ62ÌõµÚ2Ïî¹æ¶¨£ºÈ«¹úÈË´óÓС°¼à¶½ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©¡±µÄְȨ£»Á¢·¨·¨µÚ88ÌõµÚ1Ïî¹æ¶¨£ºÈ«¹úÈË´óÓÐȨ³·ÏúÆä³£Î¯»áÅú×¼µÄÎ¥±³ÏÜ·¨ºÍ±¾·¨µÚÁùÊ®ÁùÌõµÚ¶þ¿î¹æ¶¨µÄ×ÔÖÎÌõÀýºÍµ¥ÐÐÌõÀý¡£ÒòΪȫ¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÖ»ÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´óµÄ³£Éè»ú¹¹£¬È«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áµÄÏÜ·¨¼à¶½È¨£¬°üÀ¨ÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨ£¬È«¹úÈË´óÏÔȻҲÍêȫӵÓС£ÏÜ·¨µÚ67ÌõµÚ1Ïî¹æ¶¨£ºÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÓÐȨ¡°½âÊÍÏÜ·¨£¬¼à¶½ÏÜ·¨µÄʵʩ¡±£»ÓÐȨ¡°³·Ïú¹úÎñÔºÖÆ¶¨µÄͬÏÜ·¨¡¢·¨ÂÉÏàµÖ´¥µÄÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ¡¢¾ö¶¨ºÍÃüÁ£»ÓÐȨ¡°³·ÏúÊ¡¡¢×ÔÖÎÇø¡¢Ö±Ï½Êйú¼ÒȨÁ¦»ú¹ØÖƶ¨µÄͬÏÜ·¨¡¢·¨ÂɺÍÐÐÕþ·¨¹æÏàµÖ´¥µÄµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æºÍ¾öÒ顱£»ÓÐȨ³·ÏúÊ¡¼¶ÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÅú×¼µÄÎ¥±³ÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨·¨µÚÁùÊ®ÁùÌõµÚ¶þ¿î¹æ¶¨µÄ×ÔÖÎÌõÀýºÍµ¥ÐÐÌõÀý¡£ÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨ÁËÁ½ÖÖÎ¥ÏÜÉó²é³ÌÐò¡£Ò»ÊDZ¸°¸Éó²é£¬Ò»ÊÇÒÀÉêÇëÉó²é¡£ÒÀÉêÇëÉó²éÓÖ¿ÉÒ»·ÖΪ¶þ¡£Ò»ÊÇÒªÇóÉó²éÖÆ£¬¶þÊǽ¨ÒéÉó²éÖÆ¡£ÒªÇóÉó²éÖÆºÍ½¨ÒéÉó²éÖÆµÄ²î±ðÔÚÓÚ£¬¡°ÒªÇó¡±±ØÈ»Æô¶¯Éó²é³ÌÐò£¬¡°½¨Ò顱δ±Ø¾ÍÄÜÆô¶¯Éó²é³ÌÐò£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»á¾­Ñо¿ÈÏΪ±ØÒªÊ±²ÅÆô¶¯¡£³ÌÐòÆô¶¯ºó£¬¾ßÌåÉó²éºÍ¾ö¶¨ÓÖ·ÖÁ½²½×ß¡£µÚÒ»²½ÊÇЭÉ̽¨Òé½×¶Î£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÉרÃÅίԱ»áʵʩ£»µÚ¶þ²½ÊÇÉóÒé¾ö¶¨½×¶Î£¬Ö÷ÒªÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áʵʩ¡£Î¥ÏÜÉó²éµÄ¶ÔÏó£¬Ö»ÊÇ·¨¹æ£¬°üÀ¨ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ¡¢µØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ¡¢×ÔÖÎÌõÀýºÍµ¥ÐÐÌõÀý¡£´Ë¼´Ò»ÔªµÄ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶È£¬´ÓÖ÷ÌåÉÏ˵£¬ËüÊÇÒ»ÔªµÄ£¬Ö»ÏÞÓÚÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á£»´Ó¶ÔÏóÉÏ˵£¬Ö»ÏÞÓÚ·¨¹æ£»´Ó³ÌÐòÉÏ˵£¬ËüÊÇË«¹ìµÄ¡£ºÍͨ³£µÄ½âÊͲ»Í¬£¬±ÊÕßÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨ÌåÖÆÄÚ£¬ÆäÒ»£¬¹æÕÂÒÔÏµĹ«È¨ÐÐΪ£¨°üÀ¨¹æÕÂÔÚÄÚ£©ºÍ·¨ÂÉ£¬²»ÊÇÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éµÄ¶ÔÏ󡣯ä¶þ£¬×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨Ôº²»ÓµÓÐÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨºÍÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨ¡£
£¨Ò»£©¹æÕÂÒÔÏµĹ«È¨ÐÐΪ²»ÊÇÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éµÄ¶ÔÏó
·¨Ô´µÄÊÊÓúʹ´Ô죬¹¹³É½×¶Î·ÖÃ÷ºÍ²ã¼¶¾®È»µÄ·¨ÖÈÐò¡£Ã¿Ò»½×¶Î»ò²ã¼¶µÄ¹æ·¶ÊÊÓõÄÕýµ±ÐÔ£¨Ö¸ÊµÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÄڵĹ淶Õýµ±ÐÔ¶ø·ÇÆäµÀµÂÕýµ±ÐÔ£¬ÏÂͬ£©£¬¶¼Ö±½ÓÒԿ϶¨»ò·ñ¶¨µÄ·½Ê½£¬À´×Ô¸ßÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶£»ÆäÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÆÀÅÐÒ²Ó¦¸ÃÖ±½ÓÒԴ˸ßÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶Îª×¼£¬²»ÄÜõñµÈ¡£ÈôN1µÄÊÊÓô´ÔìN2£¬N2µÄÊÊÓô´ÔìN3£¬´Ó¹æ·¶Âß¼­³ö·¢£¬N2¶ÔN3¾ÍÊǶÀÁ¢×Ô´æµÄÄ¿µÄ±¾Éí£¬¾ø²»¿ÉÎ¥·´N2,·ñÔòN3¾Í´¦ÓÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÖ®Íâ¡£ÔÚN1ÒѾ­´úÒé»ú¹ØÊÊÓöø×ª»¯ÎªN2ºó£¬N2¾Í´¿´âΪ×ÔÉíµÄÄ¿µÄ¶ø´æÔÚ£¬N3£¨ÐÐÕþºÍ˾·¨²¿ÃŵÄÐÐΪ£©±ØÐëÎÞÌõ¼þµØÊÊÓÃËü£¬ÊÊÓÃN2µÄÒåÎñ¾Í³ÉΪN3£¨¼ä½ÓµØ£©ÊÊÓÃN1µÄ×î¼ÑÇÒΨһµÄ;¾¶£¬N3¾Í²»µÃÒÔ¡°N2ÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏN1¡±»òÊÂʵÕþ²ß¿¼Á¿À´ÕÛËðN2£ºÖ»ÓÐÔÚ²»ÊǶ¯éüÒÀÕÕ¡°N2ÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏN1¡±¼°ÆäËûÕþ²ß¿¼Á¿À´ÌôÕ½ºÍÎ¥·´N2¡¢¶øÊÇÖ»·þ´ÓÓÉ´úÒé»ú¹ØÎªÊµÏÖN1¶ø´´ÉèµÄN2ʱ£¬N3²ÅÊÇÕæÕý°²¶¨µØ£¨¼ä½Ó£©ÒÀÕÕN1µÄÔ­Ö¼£¨¼´·¨ÖÆ£©À´ÓйæÔòµØÊµÊ©N1¡£Õâʱ£¬¶ÔN3À´Ëµ£¬N2¾ø²»ÊÇÒòΪÆäÊǶÔN1µÄÊÊÓöø»ñÈ¡Æä×ÔÉí´æÔڵı¾ÖÊ£¬¼´Ê¹¶Ô´úÒé»ú¹ØÀ´Ëµ¿ÉÄÜÈç´Ë¡£¹ÌÈ»£¬N2¿ÉÄܲ»·ûºÏN1£¬µ«ÕâÊÇÁíÍâµÄÎÊÌ⣬²»Ó¦¸ÃÓÉÐÐÕþºÍ˾·¨²¿ÃÅ×ö³öȨÍþ¾ö¶Ï¡£Ö®ËùÒÔ²»ÔÊÐíN3ËßÖîN1À´Ö¤³ÉÆäÕýµ±ÐÔ£¬Ô­ÒòÓÐÈý£ºÆäÒ»£¬Õâ¸øÏà¹Ø»ú¹¹Ìṩ¾Þ´óµÄ×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿¿Õ¼ä£¬ÒòΪN1Ö®ÊÊÓò»ÊÇN3Ö®´´ÔìµÄÖ±½ÓÀíÓÉ£¬N1ºÜ³éÏó£¬N3ºÜ¾ßÌ壬Æä¼äÓкܴó¾àÀ룬N1Ö®ÄÚ²¢ÎÞÆÀÅÐN3Ö®Õýµ±ÐÔµÄÖ±½Ó¸ù¾Ý£»Æä¶þ£¬Õâ»á´òÂҲ㼶ºÍ½×¶Î·ÖÃ÷¾®È»µÄ·¨ÖÈÐò£»ÆäÈý£¬Õâ»á¼Ü¿ÕN2£¬µ¼Ö¹淶ÊÊÓõÄÐéÎÞÖ÷ÒåºÍÎÞÕþ¸®Ö÷Òå¡£
×ñÕÕ´ËÂß¼­£¬ÔÚÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓÃÉÏ£¬Ö»ÓÐÄÇЩ¿ÉÄÜ»áÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃ(Æä·½Ê½°üÀ¨¿Ï¶¨ÐÔµÄÒÀ¾ÝºÍ·ñ¶¨ÐԵIJ»µÖ´¥)ÏÜ·¨µÄÖ÷ÌåËù´´ÔìµÄ¹æ·¶£¬²Å¿É´ÓÎ¥ÏܲãÃæÀ´¿½ÎÊÆäÕýµ±ÐÔ¡£ÔÚʵÔÚ·¨ÊÓÒ°ÄÚ£¬¿É´ÓÎ¥ÏܲãÃæÀ´ÖÊÒɵÄÐÐΪֻÓУº
ÆäÒ»£¬¹úÎñÔº¾ÍÆäºÍÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÖ®¹ØÏµ·½ÃæµÄÐÐΪ£»¹úÎñÔº¾ÍÆäÏܶ¨Ö°È¨ÒÔÄڵġ¢È«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÉÐÎÞÖÆ¶¨Ïà¹Ø·¨ÂɵÄÊÂÏîÖÆ¶¨µÄÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ¡¢Ö¸Ê¾¡¢¾ö¶¨ºÍÃüÁ¹úÎñÔº¾ÍÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÊÚȨÁ¢·¨¾öÒéÉ趨µÄÊÂÏîÖÆ¶¨µÄÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ£»Æä¶þ£¬½Ï´óÊеÄÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á¾ÍµÚ¶þºÍÈýÀàÊÂÏîÖÆ¶¨µÄµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ£¨°üÀ¨×ÔÖÎÌõÀýºÍµ¥ÐÐÌõÀý£©£»ÆäÈý£¬¹ú¼ÒÖ÷ϯÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄÐÐΪ£»ÆäÈý£¬×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨ÔººÍ¼ì²ìÔº¾ÍÆäºÍÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÖ®¹ØÏµ·½ÃæµÄÐÐΪ£»¹ØÓÚÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄÐÐΪ£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇ»ù±¾·¨Âɺͷǻù±¾·¨ÂÉÖ®´´ÔìÐÐΪ£¬´ÓʵÔÚ·¨µÄµÈ¼¶Âß¼­¿´£¬Ò²ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÌá³öÎ¥ÏÜÖÊÒɵģ¬È»¶ø£¬ÏÜ·¨µÄÆäËûÌõ¿îÈ´ÅųýÁËÕâÖÖ¿ÉÄÜ¡£[56]
¾Í·¨ÖÈÐò×ÔÉíµÄÂß¼­¶øÑÔ£¬ÆäËûµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ£¨ÎªÖ´Ðз¨ÂÉ¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æµÄ¹æ¶¨¶ø¸ù¾Ý±¾ÐÐÕþÇøÓòµÄʵ¼ÊÇé¿ö×÷³öµÄ¾ßÌ广¶¨£©¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ£¨ÎªÖ´Ðз¨ÂɵĹ涨¶øÖƶ¨µÄ£©¡¢×î¸ß·¨ÔººÍ¼ì²ìÔº¶Ô·¨ÂɵÄ˾·¨½âÊͼ°Åоö¡¢ÐÐÕþ¹æÕ¡¢ÆäËû¹æ·¶ÐÔÎļþºÍ¾ßÌåÐÐÕþÐÐΪ£¬²»¿ÉÄÜÎ¥ÏÜ¡£Ò²ÐíÆäʵÖÊÉÏ¿ÉÄÜÎ¥ÏÜ£¬µ«´Ó·¨ÖÈÐòµÄÂß¼­ÉÏ˵£¬ÕâЩÐÐΪ£¨ÒÔ¹æÕÂΪÀý£©µÄʵÔÚÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÎÊÌ⣬¶¼Ó¦µ±Ê×ÏÈÒÀÆäÉÏÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶£¨·¨ÂÉ£©À´ÆÀÅУ¬Èç¹ûÆä²»·ûºÏÉÏÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶£¬ÆäʵÔÚÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÎÊÌâ¾ÍÄÜ¡¢Ò²Ó¦¸ÃÔڴ˲ãÃæ½â¾ö£»Èç¹ûÆä·ûºÏÉÏÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶£¬µ«Ïà¹ØÖ÷ÌåÈÔÈÏΪÆäÎ¥ÏÜ£¬¸Ã¹æ·¶µÄÕýµ±ÐÔÎÊÌ⣬¾Íת»¯ÎªÆäÉÏÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶ÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏ¸üÉÏÒ»¼¶¹æ·¶µÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÕâÖÖÂß¼­£¬ÄÜÈ·±£¹æ·¶µÄÊÊÓúʹ´ÉèÐÐΪµÄ·¨ÖÆ»¯£¬ÖÆÔ¼¸Ã¹ý³ÌÄÚµÄ×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿È¨£¬Î¬³Ö¾®È»ÓÐÐòµÄ·¨ÖÈÐò£¬Ê¹Öî¹æ·¶²ã¼¶¸÷˾ÆäÖ°£¬Ôڹ淶×ÔÉíËù´¦µÄ·¨ÖÈÐòµØÎ»ÉϽâ¾öÆäÕýµ±ÐÔÎÊÌ⣬±ÜÃâ²»Êʵ±µÄСÌâ´ó×ö£¬±ÜÃâ½ÁÈëÕþÖη×Õù¡£
£¨¶þ£©·¨Âɲ»ÄÜÊÜÎ¥ÏÜÖÊÒɺÍÈËÃñ×÷ΪÏÜ·¨µÄ×îÖÕʵʩÕß
ÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨£¬È«¹úÈË´ó¿ÉÒÔÐ޸ĺͳ·ÏúÆä³£Î¯»áµÄ²»Êʵ±¾ö¶¨¡£²»ÉÙѧÕßÈÏΪ£¬¸Ã¹æ¶¨È·Á¢ÁËÈ«¹úÈË´ó¶ÔÆä³£Î¯»á·¨ÂɵÄÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ£¬¡°²»Êʵ±¡±°üÀ¨¡°Î¥ÏÜ¡±¡£¸Ã˵·¨ÖµµÃÉÌȶ¡£¸ß¼¶¹æ·¶È·¶¨µÍ¼¶¹æ·¶Ö®´´ÉèµÄ·½Ê½Óжþ£ºÆäÒ»£¬È·¶¨´´ÉèµÍ¼¶¹æ·¶µÄÖ÷ÌåºÍ³ÌÐò£»Æä¶þ£¬È·¶¨µÍ¼¶¹æ·¶µÄÄÚÈÝ¡£µ«ÏÜ·¨È·¶¨ÆÕ±é¹æ·¶Ö®´´ÉèºÍÆÕ±é¹æ·¶È·¶¨¸ö±ð¹æ·¶Ö®´´É裬ÕâÁ½ÕßÔÚÐÎʽºÍÄÚÈÝ·½ÃæÊÇÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄ¡£Èç¿­¶ûÉ­Ëù˵£¬ÒÀ¾ÝÏÜ·¨¶ø´´ÉèµÄÆÕ±é¹æ·¶²»½öÈ·¶¨Æä½«±»ÊÊÓõÄÖ÷ÌåºÍ³ÌÐò£¬Ò²È·¶¨Ë¾·¨ÅоöºÍÐÐÕþÃüÁîµÈ¸ö±ð¹æ·¶µÄÄÚÈÝ£»µ«ÏÜ·¨Í¨³£Ö»È·¶¨Á¢·¨µÄÖ÷ÌåºÍ³ÌÐò£¬¶ø°ÑÖÆ¶¨·¨ÄÚÈݵÄÈ·¶¨È¨Áô¸øÁ¢·¨»ú¹Ø£»Ö»ÊÇÔÚ¼«ÀýÍâµÄÇ龳ϣ¬ÏÜ·¨²Åͨ¹ý½ûֹijЩÄÚÈÝÖ®·½Ê½À´ÏÞ¶¨Î´À´Öƶ¨·¨µÄÄÚÈÝ¡£[57] 82ÏÜ·¨¶ÔÁ¢·¨ÄÚÈݲ¢ÎÞ½ûÖ¹Ìõ¿î¡£ÈôÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áµÄÁ¢·¨ÔÚÖ÷ÌåºÍ³ÌÐò·½Ãæ·ûºÏÏÜ·¨Ìõ¿î£¬È«¹úÈË´ó¾Í²»ÒË´ÓÊÇ·ñÎ¥ÏÜµÄ½Ç¶È¶ÔÆäÁ¢·¨ÄÚÈÝ×÷³öÅжϣ¬¶øÖ»ÄÜ×÷³öÊÇ·ñºÏÀí»òÊʵ±µÄÅжϡ£82ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚÕþ²ßºÍ¾­ÉçÎÄ»ù±¾È¨µÄ¹æ¶¨£¬ËäȻָʾÁ¢·¨µÄ·½Ïò£¬µ«ËüÊÇ·ñÓ¦Óɳ£Î¯»áת»¯Îª·¨ÂÉÒÔ¼°ÔÚºÎÖ̶ֳÈÉÏת»¯£¬¶¼È¡¾öÓÚ¾­¼ÃºÍÉç»áµÄ·¢Õ¹×´¿ö£¬Õâ¸ø³£Î¯»áÁôÏÂÁ˺ܹãÀ«µÄÐγɿռ䣬³£Î¯»áµÄÁ¢·¨¹æ»®Èô²»Ôø¼Æ»®°Ñij·½ÃæµÄÕþ²ßת»¯ÎªÁ¢·¨£¬¶øÈ«¹úÈË´óÈÏΪת»¯Ê±»úÒѾ­³ÉÊ죬ÄÇôȫ¹úÈË´ó¶ÔÓÚÆä³£Î¯»áµÄÕâÖÖÁ¢·¨µ¡¶è£¬Ò²²»ÒË×÷³öÎ¥ÏܵÄÈ϶¨£¬¶ø¸üÒË×÷³ö¡°²»ºÏÀí»ò²»Êʵ±¡±µÄÈ϶¨¡£Õâ´ó¸Å¾ÍÊÇÏÜ·¨ÔÚ¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»á¾ö¶¨Ö®Éó²é±ê×¼Éϲ»Ê¹Óá°Î¥ÏÜ¡±£¨¼´¡°ÓëÏÜ·¨ÏàµÖ´¥¡±£©¶øÊ¹Óá°²»Êʵ±¡±µÄÀíÓÉ¡£
ÕâËÆºõ±íÃ÷£¬ËäȻȫ¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áµÄ·Ç»ù±¾·¨Âɲ»¿ÉÄÜÔÚʵÌåÉÏÎ¥ÏÜ£¬È´¿ÉÄÜÔÚÐÎʽ(Ö÷ÌåºÍ³ÌÐò£©ÉÏÎ¥ÏÜ£¬µ«Èô´Ó½á¹¹É϶ÔÏÜ·¨×öÕûÌåÀí½â£¬±ã¿ÉÖª£¬ÏÜ·¨ÍêÈ«ÅųýÁË·Ç»ù±¾·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏܵĿÉÄÜ¡£ÔÚÀí½âÏÜ·¨Îı¾Ö®Ê±£¬ÆäÒ»£¬²»ÄÜÍûÎÄÉúÒåÂäÈëË×Ì×£¬¶øÓ¦Á˽âÎı¾µÄÉî²ãÄÚº­£¬Ëü¿ÉÄÜÊÇÖÆÏÜÕßÎ´ÔøÃ÷È·±í´ïµÄDZÒâʶ£¬¶ø×÷Ϊ±íÏóµÄÎľä¿ÉÄÜÇ¡ÊDz»µÃÒÑµÄÆ­¾Ö¡£[58]Æä¶þ£¬²»Ó¦¾ÖÏÞÓÚ»ò¾À²øÓÚÏÜ·¨µÄ¸ö±ðÌõ¿î£¬ÒòΪ¸ö±ð±ØÐë·þ´ÓÕûÌ壬Èô¸ö±ðÌõ¿îµÄÒâÒå¿ÉÄܷܺѽâ»òÏ໥²»Ò»Ö£¬¾ÍÓ¦°Ñ¸ö±ðÌõ¿îÖÃÓÚÎı¾µÄÕûÌ幨ÁªÐÔÖ®ÄÚ£¬ÖØ×éÆäÒâÒ壬ÒÔÕûÌåÀ´³ÎÇå»òУÕý²¿·ÖµÄÒâÒ壬»ò½Ò´©±íÏ󱳺óµÄÕæÏà¡£ÆäÈý£¬Ò»ÇнâÊͽá¹û¶¼Ó¦¿¼ÂÇÆäʵ¼Ê¿ÉÐÐÐÔ£¬·ñÔò¾ÍÓ¦¸Ä²ÉÆäËû½âÊÍ¡£[59]
Ê×ÏÈ£¬·¨µäÓôʲ»ÄÜÔÚÈÕ³£º¬ÒåÉÏÀí½â£¬ËüÃDZ»¸³ÓèÁËרÃź¬Òå¡£ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚ·¨Ô´Õýµ±ÐÔµÄÆÀ¼Û£¬ÔÚ¶Ô·¨ÂÉÒÔÏ·¨Ô´Ê¹Óá°Î¥ÏÜ¡±±ê×¼µÄͬʱ£¬ÓÖ¶ÀÁ¢Ê¹Óá°²»Êʵ±¡±±ê×¼£¨ÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨·¨ÔÚÊÚȨ¹úÎñÔºÒÔ¼°Ê¡¼¶Õþ¸®ºÍ¸÷¼¶ÈË´óÒÔÐ޸ļ°³·Ïú±¾ÏµÍ³Ï¼¶µ¥Î»µÄ¹æ·¶µÄȨÁ¦Ê±£¬È«¶¼ÒÔ¡°²»Êʵ±¡±¶ø·Ç¡°Î¥ÏÜ¡±Îª³ß¶È£©£¬Õâ±íÃ÷£¬¡°²»Êʵ±¡±ºÍ¡°Î¥ÏÜ¡±ÊDz»Í¬µÄ¡£Æä´Î£¬ÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨·¨Ö»×Ö²»Ìá·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏܵĿÉÄÜ£¬Õâ¾ö·ÇÎÞÐĵĺöÂÔ£¬ÆäÖÐDZ·ü×Å¡°Æä²»¿ÉÄÜÎ¥ÏÜ¡±µÄ¼Ù¶¨¡£µÚÈý£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊÇÔÚÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áµÄÖ÷µ¼ÏÂÆð²ÝºÍÖÆ¶¨µÄ£¬È«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»á»¹ÓÐȨ½âÊÍÏÜ·¨£¬ÌáÒéÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨£¬ÐÞÏܺÍÖÆÏܵĹý³ÌÒ²ÊÇÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÖ÷³ÖµÄ£¬ÈôËüÒªÖÆ¶¨Ä³Ð©Ã÷ÏÔÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÄ·¨ÂÉ£¬Îª±ÜÃâÎ¥ÏܵÄÖ¸Ôð£¬Ëü±ã¿ÉÒÔÌáÒéÐÞ¸ÄÏÜ·¨£»ÈôËüÒÑÖÆ¶¨µÄ·¨ÂÉÓÐÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÄÏÓÒÉ£¬Ëü¿ÉÒÔ½âÊÍÏÜ·¨¡£µÚËÄ£¬¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬È«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÊdz£Éè»ú¹¹£¬¶øÈ«¹úÈË´óÒ»ÄêÖ»¿ªÒ»´Î»á£¬È«¹úÈË´ó¶ÔÎ¥ÏܵÄһʱµÄ½âÊÍȨ£¬¸ù±¾ÎÞ·¨ÓëÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»á¶ÔÎ¥ÏܵÄȫְ¶ø³£¹æµÄ½âÊÍȨ¿¹ºâ¡£ÕâÑù£¬¾Í¿ÉÒÔÀí½â£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕÅÓÑÓæ»á˵£º¡°ÓÐÈËÌá³öÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÎ¥ÏÜÔõô°ì£¿²»Ó¦¸ÃÓÐÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£¡±[60]ÈôÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áµÄ·Ç»ù±¾·¨ÂÉ£¬ºÍÏÜ·¨µÄͨ³£º¬Ò幫ȻÇÒÃ÷ÏÔµÖ´¥£¬¶øÇÒÈ«¹úÈË´óûÓÐÒÔ²»Êʵ±ÎªÓÉÀ´³·ÏúËü£¬Õâ¾Í±íÃ÷£ºÏÜ·¨±»·Ç»ù±¾·¨Âɸ³ÓèÁËк¬Ò塣ͬÀí£¬È«¹úÈË´óÖÆ¶¨µÄ»ù±¾·¨ÂÉÒ²²»ÄÜÊܵ½Î¥ÏܵÄÖÊÒÉ¡£ÈôÆä»ù±¾·¨ÂɺÍÏÜ·¨µÄͨ³£º¬Ò幫ȻÇÒÃ÷ÏÔµÖ´¥£¬ÄǾͱíÃ÷£¬ÏÜ·¨±»»ù±¾·¨Âɸ³ÓèÁËк¬Ò壻Èô¸Ã»ù±¾·¨ÂÉ»¹»ñµÃÁËÈ«¹úÈË´ó´ú±í2/3¶àÊýµÄͨ¹ý£¬¸Ã»ù±¾·¨ÂɾÍÐÞ¸ÄÁËÏÜ·¨¡£ÎÒ¹úµØ·½Õþ¸®×éÖ¯·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨·¨°ÑµØ·½Á¢·¨È¨ÊÚÓèÊ¡¼¶ÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÒÔϵĽϴóÊм¶µÄÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á£¬Êµ¼ÊÉϾÍÊÇÒÔ»ù±¾·¨ÂÉÐÞ¸ÄÁËÏÜ·¨¡£ÕâÖÖ×ö·¨²¢²»Î¥ÏÜ£¬Ïà·´ÊǺÏÏܵġ£Õâ²»ÊÇ˵£¬¹ØÓÚ·¨ÂÉÊÇ·ñÎ¥ÏܵÄÌÖÂÛûÓÐÒâÒ壬Ҳ²»ÊÇ˵£¬Éç»áÉϵĸ÷ÖÖÖ÷Ìå²»ÄÜÌá³ö·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏܵÄÖÊÒÉ£»¶øÖ»ÊÇ˵£¬ÔÚʵÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòµÄÂß¼­ÄÚ£¬ÕâÖÖÖÊÒÉÊÇûÓÐÒâÒåµÄ¡£
ÏÜ·¨²»½öÓ¦Ö÷ÒªÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÀ´Ö±½ÓÊÊÓ㬶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÓɺóÕ߸³Óèк¬ÒåÉõÖÁÊÇÐ޸쬳ýÁËÉÏÊöÀíÓÉÍ⣬»¹ÒòΪÏÜ·¨ÊÇΪ¸Ä¸ïµÄÄ¿µÄ¶øÉú£¬ÊÇÎªÍÆ½ø¸Ä¸ï¶ø´æ£ºÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨¡°Òª²»¶ÏÍêÉÆÉç»áÖ÷ÒåµÄ¸÷ÏîÖÆ¶È¡±£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊǰÑÕâÖÖȨÁ¦½»¸øÁËÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á£¬ÏÜ·¨Ö»²»¹ýÊÇ¡°Öƶȡ±¶øÒÑ£¬×ÔȻҲÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á²»¶ÏÍêÉÆµÄ¡£´¿´â´Ó·¨ÖÈÐòµÄÂß¼­À´Ëµ£¬ÔÚÖйúÏÜ·¨ÉÏ£¬È«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á²»¿ÉÄÜÎ¥ÏÜ¡£Õâ²¢²»ÊÇ˵£¬È«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áµÄȨÁ¦¾ÍÊÇÎÞÏ޵ģº¾¡¹ÜËüÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòµÄÂß¼­Éϲ»ÊÜÏÞÖÆ£¬µ«ËüÈ´×ÜÔÚÊÂʵÉϺÍÕþÖÎÉÏÊܵ½ºÜ¶àÄÚÔÚºÍÍâÔÚµÄÏÞÖÆ¡£Õâ¾Í½âÊÍÁË£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕÅÓÑÓæ»á˵£º¡°»¹¿É½øÒ»²½ÎÊ£¬È«¹úÈË´óÎ¥ÏÜÔõô°ì£¿ÕâÊǾø²»¿ÉÄܵġ£ÕâÊǶÔÎÒÃǹú¼Ò¸ù±¾ÖƶȵϳÒÉ£¡Èç¹ûÕæµÄ³öÏÖ£¬ÄǾÍÊÇ˵Õû¸ö¹ú¼Ò³ÉÎÊÌâÁË¡£¡±[61] Õâʱ£¬ÒÀÕÕÈËÃñÖ÷ȨԭÔò£¬ÈËÃñ[62]¾Í³ö³¡ÁË¡£
Õâʱ£¬¹ØÓÚÈ«¹úÈË´óÎ¥ÏܵÄÅжϣ¬ÒѲ»ÔÙÊÇʵÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÄÚµÄÅжϣ¨ÒòΪ¡°Õû¸ö¹ú¼Ò³ÉÎÊÌâÁË¡±£©£¬¶øÊÇÈËÃñµÄÕþÖÎÅжϣºÓëÆä˵ËüÊÇ¡°Î¥ÏÜ¡±£¬²»Èç˵ËüÊÇ¡°¶ñÕþ¡±£»»òÕß˵£¬Î¥ÏÜ¿ÉÒÔ·Ö³ÉÁ½À࣬һÊÇÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÄʵÔÚÌõ¿î»òÎ¥·´ºñÏÜ·¨£¨thick constitution£©£¬¶þÊÇÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÄ¸ù±¾¾«Éñ»ò»ù±¾Ô­Ôò»òÎ¥·´±¡ÏÜ·¨¡£[63]ÕâʱµÄÎ¥ÏÜÊǵڶþÖÖ¡£¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´óÊÂʵÉϵĶñÕþµÄ¾È¼Ã£¬¾ÍÖ»ÄÜÒ²Ó¦¸ÃÂäµ½ÈËÃñÉíÉÏ£¬ÓÉÈËÃñÒÀÆä×Ô¼ºÑ¡¶¨µÄ·½Ê½À´Ðж¯£¬ÒòΪ¡°ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÒ»ÇÐȨÁ¦ÊôÓÚÈËÃñ¡±£¬¡°È«¹úÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»á¡­¡­¶ÔÈËÃñ¸ºÔð£¬ÊÜÈËÃñ¼à¶½¡±£¬ ¡°ÕâÊÇÎÒ¹ú¹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶ÈµÄºËÐÄÄÚÈݺ͸ù±¾×¼Ôò¡±£»[64]ÒòΪ¡°ÎÒÃǹú¼ÒµÄȨÁ¦ÊôÓÚÈËÃñ£¬¹ú¼ÒµÄÃüÔËÓɾõÎòÁ˵ÄÈËÃñÀ´ÕÆÎÕ¡±£»[65]ÒòΪ¡°ÈËÃñ£¬Ö»ÓÐÈËÃñ£¬²ÅÊǹú¼ÒºÍÉç»áµÄÖ÷ÈË¡±£»[66] ÒòΪÏÜ·¨ÊÇÈËÃñµÄÒâÖ¾£¬ÆäȨÍþÔ´ÓÚÈËÃñµÄͬÒâºÍÓµ»¤¡£[67]
ÏÜ·¨¹ØÓÚÈ«¹úÈË´óְȨµÄ´ë´Ç£¬Ò²±íÃ÷Ëü¶ÔÈËÃñµÄÖ÷ÌåµØÎ»µÄ×Ô¾õÒâʶ£º75ºÍ78ÄêÏÜ·¨µÄ¶µµ×Ìõ¿îÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´ó¡°ÈÏΪӦµ±ÓÉËüÐÐʹµÄÆäËûְȨ¡±£»ÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨µÄ¶µµ×Ìõ¿îÊÇ¡°Ó¦µ±ÓÉ×î¸ß¹ú¼ÒȨÁ¦»ú¹ØÐÐʹµÄÆäËûְȨ¡±¡£ÕâÁ½¸öÌõ¿îÏÔÈ»ÊDz»Í¬µÄ£¬·ñÔò´ë´ÇµÄÐ޸ľÍÍêÈ«¶àÓàÁË¡£ÒÀÕÕ75ºÍ78ÄêµÄÌõ¿î£¬È«¹úÈË´ó¿ÉÒÔËæÐÄËùÓûµØÐÐʹÎÞÏÞȨÁ¦£¬ÒòΪȨÁ¦µÄ½çÏÞÈ¡¾öÓÚËü×Ô¼ºµÄ¡°ÈÏΪ¡±£»ÒÀÕÕÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨£¬È«¹úÈ˴󾡹ÜÔÚʵÔÚÏÜ·¨ÖÈÐòÄÚÊÇ×î¸ßµÄ£¬µ«ÆäְȨÒÀÈ»ÓÐÆäÕþÖα߽磬´Ë´¦µÄ¡°Ó¦µ±¡±µÄÅжÏÖ÷Ì壬ÏÔÈ»²»ÊÇÈ«¹úÈË´ó×Ô¼º£¬¶øÖ»ÄÜÊÇÈËÃñ¡£[68]ÏÜ·¨ÎÊÌâÔڴ˾Íת»¯Îª´¿´âÕþÖÎÎÊÌ⣬ÈËÃñÏÜÕþ¾ÍÒÔ¼«¶ËµÄ¶ø·Ç³£¹æ£¨Í¨¹ý´úÒéÖÆ³ÌÐò£©µÄÐÎʽÀ´Õ¹Ê¾×ÔÉí£¬ÒòΪ¡°Õû¸ö¹ú¼Ò³ÉÎÊÌâÁË¡£¡±Õâ¼´ÊDZ¾ÎıêÌâ¡°´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþ¡±µÄ¡°ÈËÃñÏÜÕþ¡±µÄËùÖ¸¡£
£¨Èý£©×î¸ß·¨ÔºÎÞÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ
¶Ô±ÊÕßËù˵µÄÒ»ÔªµÄ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈµÄÖÊÒÉ£¬»¹¿ÉÄÜ´ÓÉó²éÖ÷Ìå·½ÃæÌá³ö¡£µ±Ç°£¬µØ·½ÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÎÞÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ£¬ÒѾ­³ÉΪÕþ·¨½çµÄ¹²Ê¶¡£¹ØÓÚ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÄÜ·ñÐÐʹΥÏÜÉó²éȨ£¬È´Ò»Ö±Óв»Í¬µÄÉùÒô¡£Ò»ÅɺÜÇ¿¾¢µÄѧ˵ÈÏΪ£¬ÏÜ·¨²»Ôø±»ÊµÊ©£¬ÊÇËÀµÄ£¬ÆäÕü¾ÈÖ®µÀ¾ÍÊÇÔÊÐí·¨ÔºÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨²Ã¾öÕù¶Ë£¬°üÀ¨Î¥ÏÜÉó²é¡£ÔøÓÐѧÕß½ßÁ¦Çø·Ö¡°Î¥ÏÜÉó²é¡±ºÍ¡°Ë¾·¨Åжϡ±£¬[69]Ò²ÓÐѧÕ߯«°®¡°ÏÜ·¨µÄ˾·¨ÊÊÓá±µÄ˵·¨£¬µ«ÕâЩ¸ÅÄî¶¼ÒªÇó·¨ÔºÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£¬Õâ¾Í±ØÈ»Òâζ×Å£¬·¨Ôº¿ÉÄÜÒÔÏÜ·¨Îª¾ÝÅж¨Ä³·¨ÂÉÎÞЧ£¬´Ó¶øÊÂʵÉϲ»ÊÊÓÃÖ®£¬[70]ÒòΪһµ©µ±ÊÂÁ½Ôì·Ö±ðËßÖîÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉÀ´º´ÎÀ×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷ÕÅ£¨±Ø¶¨»áºÜƵ·±£©£¬·¨Ôº¾Í±ØÐëÔÚÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉÖ®¼ä×÷³öÑ¡Ôñ£¬¼´Ê¹ÆäΪ»Ø±ÜÕþÖÎÔðÄÑ£¬²»Ö±½ÓÅж¨Ä³·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏÜ£¬µ«ËüÒ²±ØÈ»»á¸éÖÃij·¨ÂÉ£¬´Ó¶øÊÂʵÉÏ·ÏÖ¹Ëü£¬Í¨¹ýÆäÅоöÀ´Ôì·¨¡£ÆäÖеÄÒ»ÅÉŬÁ¦´ÓÂß¼­ÉϺ͵ÀµÂÉÏÖ¤³ÉÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ£»ÁíÒ»ÅÉÔòÊÔͼ´ÓÊÂʵ½Ç¶ÈÌá³ö¹æ·¶Ö¤³É£¬ÈÏΪ82ÏÜ·¨¼ä½Ó¸³Óè·¨ÔºÒÔÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄȨÁ¦¡£¹ØÓÚǰһÅÉ£¬±ÊÕß»áÁíÍâרÃÅ·´²µ£¨¼ûÏÂÆª£©£¬ÏÖÔÚÀ´¿´µÚ¶þÅɵĹ۵㡣[71]ÆäÖ÷ÒªÂÛ֤˼·ÓÐÈý¡£
¼×£º·¨ÔºÊÊÓ÷¨ÂÉ£¬¾Í±ØÈ»Òª½âÊÍ·¨ÂÉ£¬½âÊÍ·¨ÂɱØÐë×ñÊØºÏÏÜÔ­Ôò£¬ÒªÃ÷°×ÏÜ·¨µÄº¬Ò壬¾ÍÒª½âÊÍÏÜ·¨£¬·ñÔò¾Í²»·ûºÏ¸Ã²¿ÃÅ·¨µÄÁ¢·¨ÒªÇó»ò¾«Éñ£¬Òò´Ë·¨Ôº¿ÉÒÔÒþº¬µØÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£¬ÓÐÒþº¬µÄÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨ¡£
ÒÒ£ºµ±·¨ÂÉÓëÏÜ·¨³åͻʱ£¬ÏÜ·¨Ò»·½ÃæÒªÇó·¨ÔºÒÔ·¨ÂÉΪ׼Éþ£¬ÓÖÒªÇóÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¡°ÒÔÏÜ·¨Îª¸ù±¾µÄ»î¶¯×¼Ôò£¬²¢ÇÒ¸ºÓÐά»¤ÏÜ·¨×ðÑÏ£¬±£Ö¤ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄÖ°Ô𡣡± ·¨Ôº´¦ÓÚÁ½ÄÑÖ®ÖС£ÐÐÕþËßËÏÈ·Á¢µÄ¹æÕÂÑ¡ÔñȨ£¬Òâζ×Å·¨ÔºÒ²Óз¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñȨ£¬Òâζ×Å·¨ÔºÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÚ·¨ÂɺÍÏÜ·¨¼äÑ¡Ôñ£¬ÔÚ¸ö°¸Öзñ¶¨·¨ÂɵÄЧÁ¦¡£·ñÔò£¬ÒªÇó·¨ÔºÎ¬»¤ÏÜ·¨×ðÑÏ¡¢±£Ö¤ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©£¬¾Í³ÉÁ˿ջ°¡£
±û£º1986Äê×î¸ß·¨ÔºÔøÅú¸´£º¡°¹úÎñÔº¸÷²¿Î¯·¢²¼µÄÃüÁָʾºÍ¹æÕ£¬¸÷ÏØ¡¢ÊÐÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»áͨ¹ýºÍ·¢²¼µÄ¾ö¶¨¡¢¾öÒ飬µØ·½¸÷¼¶ÈËÃñÕþ¸®·¢²¼µÄ¾ö¶¨¡¢ÃüÁîºÍ¹æÕ£¬·²ÓëÏÜ·¨¡¢·¨ÂÉ¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ²»ÏàµÖ´¥µÄ£¬¿ÉÒÔÔڰ참ʱ²ÎÕÕÖ´ÐУ¬µ«²»ÒªÒýÓá£×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨ÔºÌá³öµÄ¹á³¹Ö´Ðи÷ÖÖ·¨ÂɵÄÒâ¼ûÒÔ¼°Åú¸´µÈ£¬Ó¦µ±¹á³¹Ö´ÐУ¬µ«Ò²²»ÒËÖ±½ÓÒýÓᣡ± ×î¸ß·¨Ôº55Äê¹ØÓÚ·¨Ôº²»µÃÒýÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄÅú¸´£¬¿ÉÒÔÓë¸ÃÅú¸´Ëù˵µÄ¡°²»ÒªÒýÓá±×÷ÏàͬÀí½â¡£×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨ÔºµÄ¸ÃÅú¸´£¬¹«¿ªÒ»¸öÃØÃÜ£ºÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓúͽâÊÍÏÜ·¨£¬Ö»²»¹ýÒªÒÔÒþº¬·½Ê½½øÐУ¬²»Òª¹«¿ªÕÅÑï¡£
ǰÎÄÒѱíÃ÷£¬ÒÀÕÕÏÜ·¨£¬·¨Âɲ»¿ÉÄÜÎ¥ÏÜ¡£¼´Ê¹ÔÝʱÅ׿ªÕâÒ»µã£¬ÉÏÊöÈý²ãÂÛÖ¤Ò²ºÜÄѳÉÁ¢¡£
Ê×ÏÈ£¬±ÊÕßÒ²³ÐÈÏ·¨ÔºÍ¨¹ýÊÊÓ÷¨ÂÉÀ´¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£¬µ«¾ÍËùνµÄÏÜ·¨Ë¾·¨»¯¶øÑÔ£¬¼ä½Ó»òÒþº¬ÊÊÓÃÊÇûÓÐÈκÎʵ¼ÊÒâÒåµÄ£¬ÒòΪÕùÒéµÄ¹Ø¼üÊÇ£º·¨ÔºÄÜ·ñÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£¿ÕýÊǸÃÎÊÌ⣬¾ö¶¨ÁËÆäÊÇ·ñÓÐȨ¶Ô·¨Âɺͷ¨¹æ×÷Î¥ÏÜÉó²é¡£
Æä´Î£¬¸ÃÂÛ֤ûÓÐÇø±ð½âÊͺÍÀí½â¡£ÔÚʵÔÚ·¨µÄ»°ÓïϵͳÀ½âÊͺÍÀí½âÊDz»Í¬µÄ£¬µ«²»ÉÙѧÕ߰ѶþÕß»ìͬ£¬¶ÔÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ÖƶÈ×÷³ö²»Êʵ±µÄ˵Ã÷¡£Àí½âÊÇÌØ¶¨Ö÷Ìå¶ÔijÊõÓï»ò¹æ·¶Ö®ËùÖ¸µÄÁì»á£¨perceive£©£¬ËüÊÇÖ÷¹ÛµÄ£¬ÓжàÖÖ¿ÉÄܵ쬲»Ôø¡¢ÎÞÐëÒ²²»±ØÔØÖîÕýʽ³ÉÎĵÄȨÍþ¾ö¶¨£»·¨µÄ½âÊÍÔòÊÇÔÚÊÊÓÃÖ÷Ìå²»ÄÜÀí½âijÊõÓï»ò¹æ·¶Ö®ËùÖ¸£¬»ò¶ÔͬһÊõÓï»ò¹æ·¶µÄÀí½â·¢Éú³åͻʱ£¬ÓÉÓÐȨÖ÷Ìå×ö³öÕýʽ¡¢¿Í¹ÛºÍȨÍþµÄ³ÉÎľö¶¨¡£½âÊÍÖ®·¢Éú£¬»òÕßÔÚÓÚ²»Àí½â£¬»òÕßÔÚÓÚÀí½âµÄ³åÍ»ºÍÕùÒé¡£·¨½âÊÍȨֻÄÜÊÇȨÍþ½âÊÍ¡£ÈκÎÖ÷Ìå¶¼×ÔÈ»ÇÒ±ØÈ»µØÓÐËû¶Ô·¨µÄÀí½â£¬µ«È´²»ÏíÓз¨½âÊÍȨ¡£ÎÒ¹úʵÔÚ·¨»òȨÍþѧ˵¶¼Ã÷È·Çø·Ö½âÊͺÍÀí½â¡£ºÏͬ·¨£¨µÚ41Ìõ£©¹æ¶¨£º¶Ô¸ñʽÌõ¿îµÄÀí½â·¢ÉúÕùÒéµÄ£¬Ó¦µ±°´ÕÕͨ³£Àí½âÓèÒÔ½âÊÍ£»»¹¹æ¶¨£¨µÚ125Ìõ£©£ºµ±Ê·½¶ÔºÏͬÌõ¿îµÄÀí½âÓÐÕùÒéµÄ£¬Ó¦ÔËÓÃÎÄÒ塢ĿµÄ¡¢Ï°¹ßºÍµÀµÂµÈÀ´È·¶¨ÆäÕæÊµÒâ˼¡£ÅíÕæÔøËµ£º¡°È«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÓнâÊÍ·¨ÂɵÄÖ°Ôð£¬Èç¹ûÁ½·½¶Ô·¨ÂɵÄÀí½â·¢ÉúÁË·ÖÆçºÍÕùÖ´£¬³£Î¯»áÒ»½âÊÍ£¬±ØÈ»»á¿Ï¶¨Ò»·½¡¢·ñ¶¨Ò»·½¡£¡± [72]¾ÍʵÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐòÀ´Ëµ£¬Ö»ÓÐ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÃ÷È·µÄ½âÊÍ»òÅú¸´µÈÎÄÊé²Å½Ð½âÊÍ£¬Ã¿¸ö·¨¹Ù£¨¼´Ê¹²»ÊÇÔÚÉóÅй¤×÷ÖУ©¶ÔÏÜ·¨×ÔÈ»ÓÐËûµÄÀí½â£»ÒªÃ÷°×ÏÜ·¨µÄº¬Ò壬²¢²»ÒâζמÍÓ¦¸ÃÓµÓÐÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨ¡£ÆäËù˵µÄºÏÏܽâÊͲ¢²»ÊÇÏÜ·¨½âÊÍ£¬¶øÊÇÒÀÕÕ×Ô¼º¶ÔÏÜ·¨µÄÀí½â¶ø¶Ô·¨ÂÉ×÷³öµÄ¾¡Á¿·ûºÏÏÜ·¨µÄ½âÊÍ¡£
ÔٴΣ¬·¨½âÊÍѧµÄÔ­ÀíÖ®Ò»ÊǽâÊÍÒª·ûºÏÁ¢·¨ÒªÇó»ò¾«Éñ£¬µ«ÕâÖ»Ðè×ñÊØÀúÊ·»òÄ¿µÄ½âÊ͵ÄÔ­Àí¼´¿É£¬ºÎ±Ø¶à´ËÒ»¾ÙµØÏȽâÊÍÏÜ·¨¡¢ÔÙÒÀÕÕ¶ÔÏÜ·¨µÄÕâÖÖ½âÊÍÀ´½âÊÍÁ¢·¨ÄØ£¿
µÚËÄ£¬¹æÕÂÑ¡ÔñȨ²»Òâζ×Å·¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñȨ£¬Ò²²»Òâζ×ÅÔÚÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂɼäµÄÑ¡ÔñȨ¡£ÕâÊǶÔÀà±ÈÍÆÀíµÄ´íÎóÔËÓã¬ÆäËùÍÆ³öµÄºóÒ»ÊÂÎñÓëǰһÊÂÎñµÄÏàËÆÊôÐÔºÍ×÷ΪÆäÀà±È¸ù¾ÝµÄÊôÐÔ£¬Ã»ÓÐÏà¹ØÐÔ£¬Ïà·´£¬Æä×÷ΪÀà±ÈÍÆÀíǰÌáµÄǰһÊÂÎñµÄÊôÐÔ£¬ÔÚºóÒ»ÊÂÎñÖв¢²»´æÔÚ£»²»½öÈç´Ë£¬ºóÒ»ÊÂÎñÔÚÕâЩ¶ÔÓ¦·½ÃæµÄÊôÐÔÓëǰһÊÂÎñÇ¡ºÃÊÇÏà·´µÄ¡£Ö®ËùÒÔ¿ÉÒÔ²ÎÕÕ¹æÕ£¬¿ÉÒÔ²ÎÕÕÕâЩ²»µÖ´¥ÏÜ·¨¡¢·¨ÂÉ¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æµÄÆäËû¹æ·¶£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÒòΪ£¬ÕâЩ¹æ·¶É趨Á˱ȽϾßÌåµÄÐÐΪ·½Ê½£¬¾ßÓкÜÇ¿µÄ¿É²Ù×÷ÐÔ£¬Äܹ»×÷Ϊ·¨¹Ù°ì°¸µÄÓÐЧ²Î¿¼¡£µ«Ö®ËùÒÔÒªÇó²»ÒýÓôËÀà¹æ·¶£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÒòΪ£¬ÕâЩ¹æ·¶Î»½×¹ýµÍ£¬ÔÚÈκιú¼Ò¶¼²»ÔøÑϸñµØ±»³ÐÈÏΪ·¨£¨»òÕßÊdzéÏóÐÐÕþÐÐΪ£¬»òÕßÊǵͼ¶µÄµØ·½È¨Á¦»ú¹ØµÄ¾öÒ飬»òÕßÊÇ˾·¨½âÊÍ£©£¬¶øÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨·¨ÔºÖ»ÄÜÒÀÕÕ·¨ÂÉÀ´ÉóÅУ¨Á¢·¨·¨¾ÍÊÇ»ùÓÚÕâÖÖ¿¼ÂÇ£¬²»°ÑËüÃÇÄÉÈëµ÷Õû·¶Î§£©¡£·ñÔòµÄ»°£¬ÕâЩ»ú¹Ø¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½å´Ë¹æ·¶Öƶ¨È¨¶øËæÒâ¸ÉÔ¤ÉóÅÐȨ£¨ÕâÊÇÁ¢·¨µ±Ê±µÄ¿¼ÂÇ£¬¾¡¹ÜºóÀ´ÓÐËùÐÞÕý£©£»·¨ÂÉÔòÊÇ·¨Ôº±ØÐëÒÀ¾ÝµÄ£¬Èç¹ûÓöµ½·¨ÂɳåÍ»£¬ÔòÒÀÕÕÁ¢·¨·¨¹æ¶¨µÄ³åÍ»¹æÔòÀ´¾ö¶¨ÆäÈ¡ÉᣬÈç´Ë»¹²»ÐУ¬ÄǾÍÉêÇëÈË´ó½âÊÍ£¬·¨ÔºÃ»Óз¨ÂÉÑ¡ÔñȨ¡£ÔÚ´Ë£¬×÷Ϊ²ÎÕÕµ«²»ÒýÓÃÖ®Ô­ÒòµÄ¹æ·¶ÌØÕ÷£¬ÓëÏÜ·¨Ëù¾ßÓеÄÌØÕ÷ÊÇÍêÈ«Ïà·´µÄ,Òò´Ë£¬ÕâÀï²»´æÔÚǰÊöÀà±ÈÍÆÀíµÄ»ù´¡£¬²»ÄÜÍÆÂÛ˵£ºÅú¸´¹«¿ªÁË¡°¿ÉÊÊÓõ«²»¿ÉÕÅÑµÄÃØÃÜ¡£¼´Ê¹Åú¸´ÕæµÄ¹«¿ªÁËÕâ¸öÃØÃÜ£¬ÄÇÖ»²»¹ý˵Ã÷·¨ÔºÊÇÔÚºÚÏä×÷Òµ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÊÊÓöø²»ÕÅÑΪʲôҪ±£ÃÜ£¿ÕâÆñ²»¹«È»Î¥·´ÉóÅй«¿ªÔ­Ôò£¬ÓÖÓÐʲô¿É¼Î°ýµÄÄØ£¿¶ÔÏÜ·¨Ë¾·¨»¯Ëù×·ÇóµÄÄ¿±ê¶øÑÔ£¬ÕâÊÇ¡°ÊÊÓõ«²»ÕÅÑÓÖÓÐʲôÒâÒåÄØ£¿Ëæ×ÅÉç»áʵ¼ùµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨ÔºµÄ̬¶ÈÒ²ÓÐת±ä£¬¡°²»µÃÒýÓᱵĽäÂɼ¸ºõÒѱ»·ÏÖ¹£¬ÖÁÉÙÔÚÐÐÕþÉóÅÐÖÐÈç´Ë£º¡°ÈËÃñ·¨ÔºÉóÀíÐÐÕþ°¸¼þ£¬¿ÉÒÔÔÚÉóÅÐÎÄÊéÖÐÒýÓúϷ¨ÓÐЧµÄ¹æÕ¼°ÆäËû¹æ·¶ÐÔÎļþ¡£¡± Òò´Ë£¬×÷Ϊ¸ÃÂÛÖ¤µÄ»ù´¡µÄÅú¸´²»ºÏºõµ±Ç°ÊÂʵ£¬Ò²¾Í¸ü²»ÄܳÉΪÆä½áÂ۵ĸù¾ÝÁË¡£
µÚÎ壬ÏÜ·¨ÎªÒ»ÇÐ×éÖ¯ºÍ¸öÈË£¨²»ÂÛ¹«Éí·Ý»¹ÊÇ˽Éí·Ý£©È·Á¢ÁË¡°ÒÔÏÜ·¨Îª¸ù±¾µÄ»î¶¯×¼Ôò£¬Î¬»¤ÏÜ·¨×ðÑÏ£¬±£Ö¤ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©¡±µÄÒåÎñ£¬µ«×î¸ß·¨Ôº¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ý¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨À´ÂÄÐдËÒåÎñ¡£¶Ô·¨ÔºÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕâÓëÒªÇó·¨Ôº±ØÐëÒÀ¾Ý·¨ÂÉÀ´ÉóÅУ¬²¢²»¹¹³É¶þÄÑÀ§¾³¡£ËüÍêÈ«²»ÊÇÖ¸£¬·¨Ôº¿ÉÒÔÖ±½Ó½âÊͺÍÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨ÒÔ¸éÖûò·ÏÆú·¨ÂÉ£¬·ñÔò£¬Ã¿¸öÉç»áÍÅÌåºÍ¸öÈ˶¼¿ÉÈç´Ë£¬ÕâÏÔÈ»ÊÇ»ÄÃýµÄ¡£
ÒÀ¾ÝÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨£¬¶Ô·¨ÂÉÊÇ·ñÎ¥ÏܵÄÎÊÌ⣬×î¸ß·¨Ôº¸ù±¾ÎÞÖÃ๵Ä×ÊÄÜ¡£Í¬Ñù£¬¶ÔÐÐÕþ·¨¹æºÍµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÓë·ñ£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºÒ²ÎÞÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ£¬¶øÖ»ÓоʹËÎÊÌâÏòÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»áÌá³öÉó²éÒªÇóµÄȨÁ¦¡£Ö®ËùÒÔÈç´Ë£¬³ýÁËǰÊöµÄÀíÓÉÍ⣬»¹ÒòΪ£¬ÒÀÕÕÏÜ·¨ºÍÁ¢·¨·¨£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºÒà·Ç¸ßÓÚ¹úÎñÔººÍÊ¡¼¶µØ·½ÈË´óµÄ»ú¹Ø¡£ÔÚÆäְȨ·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬×î¸ß·¨Ôº¿ÉÒÀÕչ淶³åÍ»¹æÔòÀ´ÊÊÓø÷·¨Ô´¡£µ«ÔÚÏÜ·¨µÄÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÉÏ£¬×î¸ß·¨Ôº²¢²»¾ßÓÐΪ¹úÎñÔººÍÊ¡¼¶ÈË´ó×ö¾ö¶¨µÄȨÁ¦¡£ºóÕß¿ÉÒÔÔÚÆäְȨ·¶Î§ÄÚÓжÔÏÜ·¨µÄ¶ÀÁ¢Àí½â£¬²¢²»´ÓÊôÓÚ×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÀí½â¡£[73]Èç¹û·¨¹Ù¿ÉÒÔÌæÁ¢·¨»òÐÐÕþ²¿Ãžö¶¨ÄÇЩ¹æ·¶ÊÇÎ¥Ïܵģ¬Õ⽫»áʹ·¨Ôº³ÉΪ¶À²ÃµÄ²¿ÃÅ¡£[74]
ÍËÒ»Íò²½£¬¼´Ê¹ÆäËù˵µÄÅú¸´¸³ÓèÁË·¨ÔºÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨ÒÔʵÖÊÉÏ·ÏÖ¹·¨ÂɵÄȨÁ¦£¬ËüÒ²²»ÄܳÉΪ·¨ÔºÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨµÄ¸ù¾Ý£¬ÒòΪËüÖ»ÊÇ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÖƶ¨µÄµÍÓÚÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂɵĹ淶¡£Ëü²»µÃÓëÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉÏàµÖ´¥£¬µ«ÏÜ·¨È´Ã÷È·¹æ¶¨£¬·¨ÔºÖ»ÄÜÒÀ¾Ý·¨ÂɶÀÁ¢ÉóÅС£
½áÓ´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþµÄ³ÌÐò½¨¹¹
×ÛÉÏËùÊö£¬»ùÓÚÎÒ¹úÀúÊ·ÉÏÐγɵÄÏÜ·¨¹ÛºÍÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©µÄÀúÊ·½Ìѵ£¬ÖÆÏÜÕßÉè¼ÆÁËÖ±½ÓÊÊÓúͼä½ÓÊÊÓõÄË«¹ìÏÜ·¨ÊÊÓÃÖÆ¶È£¬ÒÔ´ËΪ»ù´¡£¬Éè¼ÆÁËÒ»ÔªµÄ·¨¹æÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶È£»´ËÖÆ¶ÈµÄ³£¹æÐÎ̬ÓÉÈËÃñͨ¹ýÖÁÉϵĴúÒé»ú¹ØÀ´È·±£ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©£¬Æä¸ù±¾»ù´¡ÊÇÈËÃñÖ÷ȨԭÔò£¬Æä×îºóËßÇó»ò·Ç³£¹æÐÎ̬ÊÇÈËÃñ×÷Ϊ×îÖÕµÄÏÜ·¨½âÊͺÍʵʩÕߣ¬Ö±½Ó³ö³¡¡£±ÊÕß°Ñ´ËÖÖÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©Ä£Ê½³Æ×÷´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþ,[75]ÔÚ´Ë£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊÇÈËÃñ£¨ÔÚ´úÒé»ú¹ØÄÚ£©Öƶ¨µÄ¡¢°ÑÖ÷Ȩ¸³ÓèÈËÃñµÄ¡¢ÌåÏÖÈËÃñÒâÖ¾µÄ£¬ÊµÊ©ËüºÍÈ·¶¨Æäº¬ÒåµÄ×îÖÕȨÁ¦ÊÇÊôÓÚÈËÃñµÄ£»ÓëÖ®Ïà¶ÔÁ¢µÄÊǹÑÍ·ÏÜÕþ£¨×¨ÖÆ£©£¬Ëü°ÑÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ºÍ½âÊ͵Ä×îÖÕȨÁ¦¸³ÓèËùνµÄ¾«Ó¢»òÖÇÕߵġ£ÔÚÖйú£¬ÏÜ·¨µÄ³£¹æÊµÊ©°üÀ¨Á½¸ö·½Ã棬ÆäÒ»ÊÇÏÜ·¨µÄÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÖÆ¶È£¬¼´Ö÷ÒªÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨´´Éè·¨ÂÉ¡¢¹úÎñÔººÍ½Ï´óÊм¶ÒÔÉϵĵط½È˴󣨰üÀ¨³£Î¯»á£©¼°×ÔÖεط½µÄÈ˴󣨰üÀ¨³£Î¯»á£©ÀýÍâµØÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨´´ÔìÐÐÕþ·¨¹æ¡¢µØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ¡¢×ÔÖμ°µ¥ÐÐÌõÀý£¨±¾ÎÄͨ³Æ·¨¹æ£©£¬²¢ÓÉÈ«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»áÉó²é·¨¹æÊÇ·ñÎ¥Ïܲ¢×÷³ö³·Ïú»ò¾ÀÕýµÄ¾ö¶¨£¬¡¶Á¢·¨·¨¡·ÔÚÈ·±£ÆÕ±é¹æ·¶ºÏÏܺÍÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖ®Æô¶¯·½Ãæ×÷ÁËÓÐÒæ¿ªÍØ£¬ÎªÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÈ·Á¢Á˸ü¿É²Ù×÷µÄ³ÌÐò¡£Æä¶þÊÇÏÜ·¨µÄ¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÖÆ¶È£¬ÆäÖ÷ÒªÄÚÈÝÊÇ£¬ÓÉ·¨¶¨¹«È¨»ú¹ØÊÊÓÃÒÀÕÕÏÜ·¨±»´´ÉèµÄ·¨ÂÉ¡¢ÐÐÕþ·¨¹æºÍµØ·½ÐÔ·¨¹æ£¬¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨¡£Èô²»Åׯú¸Ä¸ï¸ÙÁìʽµÄÏÜ·¨¹Û£¬Èô»¹Òª¼á³ÖÒÔÈËÃñÖ÷ȨΪ»ù´¡µÄ´úÒéÖÆÔ­Ôò£¬¼á³Ö·¨ÖÆÔ­Ôò£¬ÕâÖÖ´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉϵÄÈËÃñÏÜÕþ£¬´ÓÀúÊ·½Ç¶È¶øÑÔ£¬¾ÍÊǺÏÀíµÄ£¬²»½öÈç´Ë£¬ËüÔÚÂß¼­ºÍµÀµÂÉÏÒ²ÓÅÔ½ÓÚÏÜ·¨Ë¾·¨»¯¡££¨¼ûÏÂÆª£©µ±È»£¬ÕâÒ»ÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¾ßÌåÉèÊ©»¹²»ÍêÉÆ£¬ÕâÖ÷ÒªÌåÏÖÔÚÑ¡¾ÙºÍÉóÒéÁ½·½Ãæ¡£µ«ÒòΪ¾ÍÎÒ¹úÏÜ·¨Ê·¶øÑÔ£¬¸ÃÖÆ¶È¿ò¼ÜÊǺÏÀíµÄ£¬ÒòΪËüÔÚÂß¼­ºÍµÀµÂÉÏÒ²ÊÇÕýµ±µÄ£¨¼ûÏÂÆª£©£¬ÒòÎªÍÆµ¹ÏÖÌåÖÆ¶ø²ÉÄÉ˾·¨»¯Ä£Ê½²»½ö²»Õýµ±£¬¶øÇÒ·çÏպͳɱ¾¼«¸ß£¬ËùÒÔ£¬¸ÃÖÆ¶È¿ò¼ÜµÄ¾ßÌåÉèÊ©µÄ²»ÍêÉÆ£¬²»ÊÇÅׯú¸ÃÖÆ¶È£¬ÁíÆð¯ÔîµÄÀíÓÉ£¬¶øÖ»ÊǸĸïËüµÄÀíÓÉ¡£¸Ä¸ïµÄ·½ÏòÔòÊÇÒÀÕÕ×ÔÈ»ÕýÒåÔ­Ôò£¬¼ÓÇ¿´úÒéÖÆµÄ³ÌÐò½¨¹¹¡££¨¼ûÏÂÆª£©
Abstract in English: Our historically developed concept of constitution, that is, constitution as the political platform of reform which can be made and amended by National People¡¯s Congress(NPC) , and the transition of constitutional implementation mode from mass movement to rule of law, constituted the premises of the construction of the existing system of constitutional implementation. With this as the starting point, through the typological analysis of the constitutional articles, I concluded that, as to the constitutional implementation£¬China established the popular constitutionalism mode with the legislative supremacy as its central feature, the basic characteristics of which are as follows: double-track application, NPC monopolized review of sub-laws ¡® constitutionality, the people as the ultimate guarantor. In this positive system, the official actions below the regulations are not the objects of constitutional review, the constitutionality of laws can not be challenged, supreme court is not authorized the power of constitutional review. This basic framework of this system is historically reasonable. The future reform should be its procedural construction.         
Key Words£ºlegislative supremacy, constitution as the political platform of reform, constitutional application, constitutional review
 
 

¡¡
*±±´ó·¨Ñ§Ôº½²Ê¦£¬±±´ó¹«·¨ÖÐÐijÉÔ±£¬[email protected]¡£Ìرð¸ÐлΪ±¾ÎÄ×÷³ö¹±Ï×µÄʦÓÑ£ºÍõºÃÁ¢¡¢Éò¿ù¡¢Ç¿ÊÀ¹¦¡¢ÕÔÏþÁ¦¡¢ºÎº£²¨¡¢Ð»º£¶¨¡¢ÀîºéÀס¢Áõº£²¨¡¢Íõ¹óËɺÍÕÅ׿Ã÷¡£×¾ÎÄÊÇ¡¶´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉÏ£¬»¹ÊÇ˾·¨»¯¡·µÄÉÏÆª£¬ÏÂÆª±È½ÏÏÜ·¨Ë¾·¨»¯ºÍ´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉÏÁ½ÖÖģʽ£¬Îª¡°´úÒé»ú¹ØÖÁÉÏ¡±ÌṩÂß¼­ºÍµÀµÂµÄÖ¤³É£¬·¢±íÓÚ¡¶ÖÐÍⷨѧ¡·2006ÄêµÚ4ÆÚ¡£Ä³Ð©ÃüÌ⣬ÉÏÆªÖ»ÒÔÆ¬ÑÔµã³ö£¬ÂÛÖ¤ÔÚÏÂÆªÕ¹¿ª£¬±¾ÎĶԴËÒÔ¡°£¨¼ûÏÂÆª£©¡±±ê³ö¡£
 
[1] ¹ØÓÚ¸÷ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄÏÜ·¨¹Û£¬¼ûÂó»ùÎÄ£º¡¶ÏÜÕþ¹Å½ñ¡·£¬µÔС²¨Ò룬¹óÖÝÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2004Ä꣬ҳ1-3£¬19-21£»A.V.Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, tenth edition,Macmillan Education Ltd, 1959,pp.1-35£»F.W.Maitland, The Constitutional History of England,Cambridge University Press,1908,pp.526-539;Bolingbroke,¡°A Dissertation Upon Parties¡±,in Bolingbroke, Political Writings,ed.Armitage,Cambridge University Press,1997,p.88.
[2] ¼û˹´óÁÖ£º¡°¹ØÓÚËÕÁªÏÜ·¨²Ý°¸¡±£¨1936.11.25£©£¬ÔØ¡¶Ë¹´óÁÖÑ¡¼¯¡·£¨Ï£©£¬ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1979Ä꣬µÚ390-420Ò³¡£
[3] ¡°ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÖÐÑëÈËÃñÕþ¸®¹«¸æ¡±£¨1949.10.1£©£¬ÔØ¡¶ÈËÃñÈÕ±¨¡·£¨1949Äê10ÔÂ2ÈÕ£©¡£
[4] ëÔó¶«£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨²Ý°¸¡±£¨1954.6.14£©£¬ÔØ¡¶Ã«Ôó¶«Ñ¡¼¯¡·£¨µÚÎå¾í£©£¬ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1977Ä꣬µÚ125-132Ò³¡£
[5] ÁõÉÙÆæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨²Ý°¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±£¨1954.9.15£©£¬ÔØ¡¶ÁõÉÙÆæÑ¡¼¯¡·£¨Ï£©£¬ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1985Ä꣬µÚ130-170Ò³¡£
[6] ¡°Öܶ÷À´Ôڲι۹úÎñÔº¹æÕÂÖÆ¶ÈÕ¹ÀÀ»áʱ¶ÔÎÒ¹ú¸ïÃü·¨Öƽ¨ÉèÎÊÌâµÄÒâ¼û¡±£¨1958Äê9ÔÂ16ÈÕ£©£¬²Î¼ûÕÅÇ츣£¨Ö÷±à£©£º¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ñ§»ù±¾ÀíÂÛ¡·£¨ÉÏ£©£¬Éç»á¿ÆÑ§ÎÄÏ׳ö°æÉ磬1999Ä꣬µÚ172Ò³¡£
[7] ¼ûÏÄÓ£º¡°ÖйúÏÜ·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄ¼¸¸ö»ù±¾ÀíÂÛÎÊÌ⡪¡ª´Ó¡®¸Ä¸ïÏÜ·¨¡¯µ½¡®ÏÜÕþÏÜ·¨¡¯¡±£¬ÔØ¡¶ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆÑ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ¡£
[8] ¼ûÅíÕæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨Ð޸IJݰ¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±£¨1982.12.26£©£¬ÔØ¡¶ÅíÕæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1991Ä꣬µÚ440Ò³¡£
[9] ÍõÊåÎÄ£º¡°Íƽø¸Ä¸ï¿ª·ÅµÄ×ÜÕ³̡±£¬¼û¡¶ÍõÊåÎÄÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬2003Ä꣬µÚ138Ò³¡£
[10]¹ØÓÚÎÒ¹úÏÖÐÐÏÜ·¨ÔÚ¾­¼ÃºÍÕþÖÎÁ½·½ÃæµÄÌõÎĵÄÔ­ÔòÐÔ£¬¼û¡¶ÅíÕæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬µÚ442¡¢448Ò³£»¼û¡¶ÍõÊåÎÄÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬µÚ138Ò³¡£
[11] ÅíÕæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨Ð޸IJݰ¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±¡£
[12] ¡¶Ê®Ò»½ìÈýÖÐÈ«»á¹«±¨¡·£¨1978Äê12ÔÂ22ÈÕ£©¡£
[13] Ðí³çµÂ£º¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨Ê·¡·£¬¸£½¨ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2003Ä꣬µÚ553Ò³¡£
[14] ǰÕßÌá³öÒª¡°Öð²½½¨Éè¸ß¶ÈÃñÖ÷µÄÉç»áÖ÷ÒåÕþÖÎÖÆ¶È¡±£¬¡°ÍêÉÆºÍ·¢Õ¹Éç»áÖ÷ÒåµÄÉú²ú¹ØÏµºÍÉϲ㽨Öþ¡±£¬¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å×Ô´ËÕýʽÆð²½£»Ê®¶þ´óÌá³ö¡°½¨ÉèÓÐÖйúÌØÉ«µÄÉç»áÖ÷Ò塱£¬¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å×Ô´ËÈ«ÃæÕ¹¿ª¡£¼ûÖй²ÖÐÑëÎÄÏ×Ñо¿ÊÒ£º¡¶¹ØÓÚ½¨¹úÒÔÀ´µ³µÄÈô¸ÉÀúÊ·ÎÊÌâµÄ¾öÒ飨עÊͱ¾£©¡·£¬ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1983Ä꣬µÚ65¡¢69Ò³£»Öй²ÖÐÑ뵳ʷÑо¿ÊÒÖø¡¢ºúÉþÖ÷±à£º¡¶Öйú¹²²úµ³µÄÆßÊ®Äê¡·£¬Öй²µ³Ê·³ö°æÉ磬1991Ä꣬µÚ493-521Ò³¡£
[15] ºÎ»ª»Ô£º¡°¸Ä¸ï¿ª·Å¸ÙÁìµÄΰ´óʤÀû¡±£¬¼û¡¶ºÎ»ª»ÔÎ·£¬Î人´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬2006Ä꣬µÚ204Ò³¡£
[16] ¼ûÏÄÓ£º¡°ÖйúÏÜ·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄ¼¸¸ö»ù±¾ÀíÂÛÎÊÌ⡱¡£
[17] ºú½õÌΣº¡°ÔÚ¼ÍÄîÏÜ·¨Ê©ÐжþÊ®ÖÜÄê´ó»áÉϵĽ²»°¡±£¨2002-12-04£©¡£
[18] ¡¶ºÎ»ª»ÔÎ·£¬µÚ204Ò³¡£
[19] ÏÄÓ£º¡°ÖйúÏÜ·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄ¼¸¸ö»ù±¾ÀíÂÛÎÊÌ⡱¡£
[20] ¡¶ºÎ»ª»ÔÎ·£¬µÚ200¡¢218Ò³¡£
[21]¡¶ÍõÊåÎÄÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬µÚ136Ò³¡£
[22] ³Â¶Ëºé£º¡¶ÏÜÖÎÓëÖ÷Ȩ¡·£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬2007Ä꣬µÚ38¡¢41Ò³¡£
[23] ¼ûÂó»ùÎÄ£º¡¶ÏÜÕþ¹Å½ñ¡·£¬µÚ2¡¢7Ò³¡£
[24] ¼û¡¶¶­±ØÎ䷨ѧÎ·£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬2001Ä꣬µÚ101Ò³¡£
[25] Ïê¼û±¾ÎÄÈý¡¤£¨¶þ£©¡£ 
[26] ÕâЩÒâ¼û£¬ÊÇÀîºéÀ×Õë¶Ô±¾ÎÄÌá³öÀ´µÄ¡£
[27] ¼û¡¶ÅíÕæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬µÚ462Ò³¡£
[28] ¹ØÓÚÊØ·¨µÄÄÚÔÚºÍÍâÔÚÊӽǣ¬¼ûHart, The Concept of Law£¬Oxford:Clarendon Press,1961,Ch.5.
[29] ¼ûLarry Kramer: The People themselves,Oxford University Press,2004.
[30] ¡°ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÖÐÑëÈËÃñÕþ¸®¹«¸æ¡±£¨1949.10.1£©£»Áí¼ûëÔó¶«£º¡°ÖйúÈËÃñ´óÍŽáÍòËꡱ£¨1949.9.30£©£¬¡¶Ã«Ôó¶«Ñ¡¼¯¡·£¨µÚÎå¾í£©£¬µÚ8-10Ò³£»¡°ÔÚÈ«¹úÕþЭһ½ì¶þ´Î»áÒéÉϵĿªÄ»´Ê¡±£¨1950.6.14£©£¬ÔØ¡¶ÈËÃñÈÕ±¨¡·£¬1950Äê6ÔÂ15ÈÕ¡£
[31] ÁõÉÙÆæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨²Ý°¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±¡£
[32] ¼ûÀî´ï(±à)£º¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨½²»°¡·£¬ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1956Ä꣬µÚ45Ò³£»Â¥°îÑ壺¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨ÖªÊ¶¡·£¬ÐÂ֪ʶ³ö°æÉ磬1955Ä꣬µÚ35-36Ò³£»ÎâµÂ·åµÈ£º¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨½²»°¡·£¬ºþ±±ÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1954Ä꣬µÚ28Ò³£»Îâ¼Ò÷룺¡¶ÏÜ·¨»ù±¾ÖªÊ¶½²»°¡·£¬ÖйúÇàÄê³ö°æÉ磬1954Ä꣬µÚ89-90Ò³¡£ÕâЩѧÕßÒ²Ã÷È·Ç¿µ÷£¬ÔÚ´ËʱÆÚ£¬Ô˶¯ÊÇʵʩÏÜ·¨µÄÖ÷ÒªÊֶΡ£
[33] ¼ûëÔó¶«£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨²Ý°¸¡±£»ÁõÉÙÆæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨²Ý°¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±¡£
[34] ÁõÉÙÆæ£ºÍ¬ÉÏ¡£
[35]¼ûº«´óÔª£¬¡¶1954ÄêÏÜ·¨ÓëÐÂÖйúÏÜÕþ¡·£¬ºþÄÏÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2004Äê8Ô£¬µÚ466-481Ò³¡£
[36] Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State, Harvard University Press,1949,p.144.
[37] ¡¶¶­±ØÎ䷨ѧÎ·£¬µÚ379Ò³¡£
[38] תÒý×ÔÈ«¹úÈË´ó³£Î¯»á°ì¹«ÌüÑо¿ÊÒ£º¡¶ÈËÃñ´ú±í´ó»áÖÆ¶È½¨ÉèËÄÊ®Äê¡·£¬ÖйúÃñÖ÷·¨ÖƳö°æÉ磬1991Ä꣬µÚ102Ò³¡£
[39] ¡°Ò¶½£Ó¢ÔÚµÚÎå½ìÈ«¹úÈË´óµÚ¶þ´Î»áÒéÉϵĿªÄ»´Ê¡±£¨1979.6.18£©¡£
[40] ¼û¡¶ÅíÕæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬µÚ488Ò³¡£
[41] Áí¼ûÅíÕæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨Ð޸IJݰ¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±¡£
[42] Ö´ÐкÍÊÊÓã¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇÒÀ¾ÝKelsenµÄ½ç˵£¬ÓбðÓÚÎÒ¹ú·¨Àíѧ½Ì¿ÆÊéµÄÓ÷¨¡£
[43] Kelsen, Pure theory of Law,University of California Press,1967,p.235; General Theory of Law and State, pp.132-35.
[44] Kelsen, General Theory of Law and State,p.38.
[45] ±ÊÕß²¢²»ÈÏͬËùνµÄ·¨Öƺͷ¨ÖεÄÇø±ð£¬·¨ÖÆ¿ÉÒÔ°üÈÝ·¨ÖεÄÒªËØ£¬ÎÒ°Ñrule of law¼ÌÐøÒë×÷¡°·¨ÖÆ¡±¡£
[46] Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, p.188.
[47] ÊÂʵÉϵĸöÈË£¬ÈôÔڹ淶Éϱ»¸³Ó蹫ְ£¬¼´¿ÉÔڹ淶ÉÏÊÓ×÷»ú¹Ø£¬Èç¹ú¼ÒÖ÷ϯ¡¢´ú±í¡¢Ñ¡ÃñµÈ¡£
[48] ±¾ÎÄËù˵´úÒé»ú¹Ø£¬ÊÇרָȫ¹úÐÔ´úÒé»ú¹Ø£¬¼´È«¹úÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á¡£µØ·½ÈË´ó¼°Æä³£Î¯»á£¬Ò²ÊÇ´úÒé»ú¹Ø£¬µ«±¾ÎÄËù˵´úÒé»ú¹Ø²»°üÀ¨ËüÃÇ¡£
[49] ¼ûÅíÕæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨Ð޸IJݰ¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±¡£
[50] ͬÉÏ£»Áí¼ûÕÅÓÑÓæ£º¡¶Ñ§Ï°ÐÂÏÜ·¨¡·£¬Ìì½òÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬1983Ä꣬µÚ64Ò³¡£
[51]¡¶ÕÅÓÑÓæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¨ÏÂ¾í£©£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬1997Ä꣬µÚ259Ò³¡£
[52] ͬÉÏ£¬µÚ183Ò³¡£
[53] Pure theory of Law,p.222 £»Áí¼ûGeneral Theory of Law and State,pp.124-125, p.133, p.263.
[54] ¹ØÓÚÕâÒ»µã£¬ÀîºéÀ×˵£º¡°ºóÎÄ˵£¬¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÊÇûÓÐÒâÒåµÄ£¬ÔÚ´Ë×ÅÁ¦Ì¸¼ä½ÓÊÊÓã¬ÊÇ·ñºÏÊÊ£¿¡±ÎҵĴð¸´ÊÇ£ººóÎÄÖ»ÊÇ˵£¬¶ÔÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶È½¨¹¹À´Ëµ£¬¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃûÓÐÒâÒ壬ÒòΪΥÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈÖ»ÄÜÎ§ÈÆ×ÅÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄÐÐΪչ¿ª£¬¼ä½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄÐÐΪµÄÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÈ·±££¬ÒªÃ´ÊôÓÚÎ¥·¨Éó²éµÄ·¶³ë£¬ÒªÃ´¿Éת»¯ÎªÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÄÐÐΪµÄÕýµ±ÐÔµÄÎÊÌâ¡£¡°¼ä½ÓÊÊÓá±£¬²¢²»ÊÇÎҵĶÅ׫£¬¼û³ÌÏæÇ壺¡¶¹ØÓÚÏÜ·¨¼à¶½µÄ¼¸¸öÓÐÕùÒéµÄÎÊÌâ¡·£¬¡¶·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·£¬1992ÄêµÚ4ÆÚ¡£ÁíÍ⣬ºéÀ×»¹ÖÊÒÉ˵£¬·¨Ôº²»ÄÜÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£¬¿ÉÄÜ»á²úÉúºÜÏû¼«µÄʵ¼Êºó¹û£»ÎҵĹ۵ãǡǡÏà·´£¬Ïê¼ûÏÂÆª¡£
[55] Ïê¼û±¾ÎÄÈý¡¤£¨Èý£©¡£
[56] Ïê¼û±¾ÎÄÈý¡¤£¨¶þ£©¡£
[57] Kelsen£¬PureTheory of Law, p.232.
[58] Srauss£¨Natural Right and History, University of Chicago Press,1953£©ºÍCox(Locke on War and Peace,Oxford,1960)ÔÚ½âÊÍÂå¿ËµÄ¡¶Õþ¸®ÂÛ¡·Ê±ÔøÌá³ö´ËÖÖ½âÊÍ·½·¨¡£
[59] Îâ¸ý£º¡¶ÏÜ·¨µÄ½âÊÍÓëÊÊÓá·£¬Ì¨±±ÈýÃñÊé¾Ö£¬2004Äê6ÔµÚ3°æ£¬µÚ549Ò³¡£
[60] ÕÅÓÑÓæ£º¡¶¼ÓÇ¿ÏÜ·¨ÀíÂÛµÄÑо¿¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÏÜ·¨ÂÛÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬1983Ä꣬µÚ14Ò³¡£
[61] ͬÉÏ¡£
[62] ¹ØÓÚÈËÃñµÄÄÚº­ºÍÍâÑÓ£¬¹ØÓÚ¡°ÒÔÈËÃñµÄÃûÒ塱֮ΪÕýµ±ËùÓ¦·ûºÏµÄÌõ¼þ£¬Óë±¾ÎĴ˽ڽôÃÜÏà¹Ø£¬µ«ÕâÊǸü¸´ÔÓµÄÎÊÌ⣬±ÊÕßÔÚ´ËÔݲ»ÏêÂÛ¡£
[63] ¹ØÓÚ×÷ΪÏÜ·¨µÄ¾ßÌåÌõ¿îºÍ×÷ΪÏÜ·¨µÄ»ù±¾Ô­ÔòµÄÇø·Ö£¬¼û£¨µÂ£©¿¨¶û¡¤Ê©Ã×ÌØ£º¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ñ§Ëµ¡·£¬Áõ·æÒ룬ÉϺ£³ö°æ¼¯ÍÅ£¬2005Äꣻ¹ØÓÚºñÏÜ·¨ºÍ±¡ÏÜ·¨µÄÇø·Ö£¬¼ûMark Tushnet,Taking the Constitution Away from the Court, Princeton University Press,1999.
[64] ÅíÕæ£º¡°¹ØÓÚÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÏÜ·¨Ð޸IJݰ¸µÄ±¨¸æ¡±¡£
[65] ͬÉÏ¡£
[66] ͬÉÏ¡£
[67] ͬÉÏ¡£
[68] ¹ØÓÚÕâÒ»µã£¬ÀîºéÀ×Ö¸³ö£º¡°´ÓÐÎʽÀ´¿´£¬ÕâÕý˵Ã÷82ÏÜ·¨ÖØÊÓ¶ÔÈ«¹úÈË´óµÄÏÞÖÆ£¬ÄãµÄÂÛÖ¤Òò´ËÊÇ×ÔÏàì¶ÜµÄ¡£¡±ÎҵĴð¸´ÊÇ£ºÕâ²¢²»Ã¬¶Ü£¬ÒòΪÕâÁ½ÕßÊÇÂß¼­Éϲ»Í¬µÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒ˵ȫ¹úÈË´ó²»ÊÜÏÞÖÆ£¬ÊǾÍʵÔÚ·¨ÖÈÐò¶øÑԵģ»ÎÒ˵ȫ¹úÈË´óÊÜÏÞÖÆ£¬ÊǾ͹²Í¬ÌåµÄÕþÖÎÖÈÐò¶øÑԵġ£ÎҵĴë´ÇÊÇ£ºÎ¥ÏÜÔڴ˳ÉΪ¡°ÕþÖÎÅжϡ±£¬È«¹úÈË´óµÄְȨÔÚ´ËÓС°ÕþÖα߽硣¡±
[69] ¼ûÇ¿ÊÀ¹¦£º¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ë¾·¨»¯µÄã£ÂÛ¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆÑ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ¡£
[70] ǰÎÄÔø±íÃ÷£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©ºÍÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ·Ö¿ªµÄ£¬Ï໥ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¶ÀÁ¢´æÔڵġ£ÀîºéÀ×ÈÏΪ£¬ÕâÖÖ˵·¨Óë´Ë´¦µÄ˵·¨Ïàì¶Ü¡£Æäʵ²»È»¡£ÔÚǰÎÄÖУ¬ÎÒÖ¼ÔÚÇ¿µ÷£¬¼´Ê¹Ã»ÓÐÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶È£¬ÏÜ·¨Ò²¿ÉÄܱ»ÊÊÓûòʵʩ£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊµÊ©²¢²»±ØÈ»ÒÔÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éÖÆ¶ÈΪǰÌá¡£µ«ÈôÓÉ˾·¨»ú¹ØÔÚ¸ö°¸ÉóÅÐÖÐÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨£¬±ØÈ»µ¼Ö·¨Ôº¶ÔÁ¢·¨µÄÎ¥ÏÜÉó²éȨ¡£ÕâǰºóÁ½¸öÃüÌâ²¢²»Ã¬¶Ü¡£
[71] ¼ûÇ¿ÊÀ¹¦£º¡¶Ë­À´½âÊÍÏÜ·¨£¿¡·£¬ÔØ¡¶ÖÐÍⷨѧ¡·2003ÄêµÚ5ÆÚ¡£
[72] ¡¶ÅíÕæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¬µÚ564Ò³¡£
[73]¡¶ÕÅÓÑÓæÎÄÑ¡¡·£¨ÏÂ¾í£©£¬µÚ264-65Ò³¡£
[74] Jefferson1840Äê 9ÔÂ11ÈÕ¸øAbigail AdmasµÄÐÅ£¬¼ûBergh ,Writings of Thomas Jefferson,vol.11,pp.311-13.
[75] ¹ØÓÚÈËÃñÏÜÕþµÄÓ¢ÓïÎÄÏ×£¬²Î¼ûRichard Parker£¬Here£¬the People Rule:A Constitutional Populist Manifesto,Harvard University Press,1994£»Larry Kramer,The People Themselves:Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review£¬Oxford University Press£¬2004£»Mark Tushnet,Taking the Constitution Away from Courts; Jeremy Waldron, Law and Disagreement,Oxford University Press,1999.

¡¡