ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ
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ͨ˽ȼʵ

۱Ӧ

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ϴѧѧԺ 570228

ժҪ˾һ壬֮ͨ·Ҳؾ˾֮;Էɺ˾йͨ˽ȼʵ塣δӵıӦ壬Ҳ˽ȫѧй۵˲ͬ

ؼʣ˽ȼ ʵ Ӧ

һ
Ųɣɺ˾ڷʵҪҹǿƽִУͨ˾ʵƺѳΪӽΨһͳ;justiceһ塱˾Ҳ˵˾й֮ͨ·Ҳؾ˾֮;ǻ˾;˾ʽȼá;ȼã⡢ٲáADR˽ȼá˽ȼʵҪֶ֮һ˽ȼãָ϶Ȩֺûе׽£ͨһغͷ򣬶˽ʵȨסͨ˽ȼŸ˵壬˾ǶȻҲ˾ͻǶȶȴų֮Ҫһij̶ֳϾԣ[1]ʵ֡

ȣͨ˾ʵǷεĻҪ󣬵˾ȴһ壬ʱ谭ʵ֡߳ͻһԴ塢˾Ϊ䶯֮˭֮塢˾ԹϵĿꡪǷʵ֡ǡƶȵҪֵ˼ϵҪֵһ[2]Сһ͸˹Ƶ޳[3]ûϷûȷ׼[4]֮䣬˾ӦΪֶΣӦΪĿġ[5]һ棬˾ʽԺͳǿɱᵼһʵʧ䡣£˽ȼöʵֱвɺӵͲá

ڶ1960ڸҺȨϵı£緶Χһɡʵ塱(Access to Justice)˶һ˳ȻǷɸĸͷѧչƶԿΪֹһ˶Ҫ۽ʽƶȵIJ桪ӽ˾ͨƶȸĸٽƽȵ÷ԺʵЧ˾ȼ֮Ȩ[6]˾ĸͼʵ˾ϳɱЧʡ20ĩʵ塱[7]ҲΪҷɸĸĿ꣬Ӣʵ塱˾ƶڣʽƶȣΪʵȼÿͨͨԪ;19801990εҼѵѹͶЧʵǿͳġʵ塱խָϣʵ塣[8]ʱƶľȼȴܸЧʵʵʵ֮Ŀ꣬һνġ[9]dzԽƶȣѰ˾ȼã˽ȼþһҪ档

ھ˿˽ȼһ󡢲Ӧƺľ׽ʽ[10]йһⶼȨ¢ߣҪΪǽֹʵʩȼá[11]˽ȼöԾ׽ʵòɺӡ˽ȼڹҺͷԺǰȫ˽ȼýסȼò˽ȼõļзУ˽ȼõȼõݱһḶ́߼໥Ҳ˽ȼΪ̬ѧԴṩ˴֤ݡŴᣬͱףȼÿʼ˽ȼΪ׽Ҫʽҹȼڻ˴˽ȼõءȷ䡷һǹ涨ضȨʵ˽ȼã編2125129ʵۻ̬ۡͬѪ׸ΪҪȼֶΣ編196197198200205ϣʱ˽ȼʢУʱȼýռҪλϳӷϡʽϵdzķչһ˽ȼȼá˽ȼռҪλȽȫĹȼõķչʷ[12]ն˶˽ȼýףʢҷչһĹ򣬺Ϊ⳥[13]˷䡷䲼ʱ֮ƣ۰䲼󵩷ֹձãʵӡŷϵĹϷףϣоϰУԽǶ˲о뷨پڿ٢ʱնʢоݱΪƶȣɭ䡷(Լ1230)ϸ˾򡣾ǡΪ㸴ġ[14]˾ӽ˽ȼá

˽ȼòľ׽ʵַʽҲ㷺ִᡣҲ۽ֺƽ˽ȼʽʹǿ˽ȼãִĹʹϵ²ڡˡҲΪʢС[15]Ӣ1997-1998һʵ֤оԽش(non-trivial)Ŀ˾ֻ20%ַɳ򣬾ṫڽԺΪҪľȼ;йȱġ[16][17]˽ȼÿνԾ׵ĵͷӦ[18]㷺ͬΪϱըӢˣοĻԾӵйҲ˵ձ[19]ˡһֺݳ޵ľ׽ʽе¾׶ͨ뷨DzʵġʹʵԼĴۣľͨⷽʽԽʵȻDzıġ[20]ʵϣִ󲿷ֿ˾ͨ˾ʽģ˽ȼõòɺӡο˾Ƶͻ൱ޣΪԺ֮⡣ң˽ȼһЩ¶ȨϻȹȼøֱӡʵЧԡɱ͡Чʸߡղ͸ԡ

淢Ľ죬ԽԽͨ˾ʽʵ壬˽ȼòɺӡ˽ȼòֽ㷺ڣδԽо෢չ߽׶ιᣬҺͷɽ׽Ҫ˽˽漴˽ȼáˣ˽ȼþͳڡһֱԶڡбҪԴ˽ȼãԼͨ˽ȼʵ塣


壬Ƿչۡͼǿ¡֮ơ˵ӦãޡڶȰ˹šѧݡΪÿӦõIJֵּᶨõԸ[21]ʿǿƽԣġ[22]ء[23]ɡ[24]ֽҲ弴ƽȡΪͬҸɭΪҸ[25]˹ǿ弴ȫˡ¬󡢿¡˹ѷǿ弴ɡӹע壬ΪΪӦҪõΪʩƣһʹ˿ֺ֮¡[26]޶˹ǿ壬ԭһƽԭ򣬶Dzԭṫƽԭ

Դоѧ˵ڿ̸ԭʵǾ塢ʵԺͳġȲǸ⣬һʵ⡣ԸԣûлҲ޷()档һʵǷΪָʵ۵ҪܲǸʶáڴ龳£ֱֻɽӽ壬νУκ֧֡۵вһ壬һλծ˻˽̽ȴܡе컪һծծ˳ºǿ1989꿪ʼծڷԺܰΧڣСǧԪռ󲿷֣һڱء²Ԥշã׷ծɹͨʵ׷ijշѡծͽսռ70%ϣǿծ5%޷׷ռ25%¶ҵѡԣӲʵʩծҲһԴΪ岻ãѡ14ծ300ڣûܵҸԤҲδⱨºǿծչһ˾˽ȼûƼһķʽƶȰţһеծݻγһϰߺ͹淶ûзɵ[27]ƶʱҲУƶȵ[28]ʱֱͨصжϰʵʤƶϡҲ໥γӣҲǶֱеڹ͡


ͨ˽ȼʵֵ壬[29]ԣҪУ(corrective justice)[30]ͱӦ(retributive justice)[31]ءӦͱӦĹдھԶٹ̡Դڸ𡪡һּ˵˽ȼãڴ˻ϷչΪһʶ̬ӦӰжѡ񣬲ڷдӡǡ

Ӧûȷ׼ţɴǵ䡷RetributionһΪΪ֮ܵظر򲹳[32]ֻк˽Ӧάڽڵϣ[33]˶ΪӦѳΪΪʵʩĶлеһַӦԾڴлɵͱ֮IJΪĿġ[34]йԹųƶӦ[35] ֱԹԵ±¡[36]Ӧ漰ж硰ɱ֮ɱ丸ɱ֣֮ɱ֡[37]Ҳ˳ͷʱӦԣʱҲֳΡΪжı⣬ӦעΥΪĵԣºۺǰܣ۹ܰѺǰͨӦָƶӦΪһȰƵ˵ƣȻ̶ܴϽĻϡʵƶ񲻵䱨෴ʵȱȽǣʱӦܱԳʵìܡ[38]ԽӦ[39]ͳӦ۽ɽìܡ[40]ƶӦӦҵֻءӦȸΪ֮ͬһ֣ڱܵжѡ񣬶ҿΪйϵһ[41]

Ӧ֮ģΪҪﱾܣԭʼֱ͸巴ӦڱӦʵֵıӦ壬Ϊһ֡ԭʼءֱܺ͵¸顣ѧṩ˴˵Ӧ͸dzƵҪֶΣͿɡĬٵѧҹעӦṦܣѧǿΥӦʶĿ־ѧͼ̽Ӧƣ[42]ѧűӦѧ[43]Ӧձ鷨κ򱴸ָԭDzֵѧΪͲֵĻΪľжء[44]ӳӦҪڷɱΪԣ硶ȷ䡷涨̬ͬȷıȡţ̷ȨͬƶȣʵڱӦϡ粨˹ָ

ھԻУҪȥҪijЩĸܣijЩĶӦһԼ־кʹʱ׼Ϊ֧Ȩս־״̬ȨСһҪ߶ؽҪĶʱֵ߸УͲɺͷֳˣϾͻһѡƫЩӵָоȨݻỷ仯ӵȨĸܻһڽΪʲôһֱ20ˣлһֱŸ𡢱ӦУĹ[45]

ΪӦУĸԴڿѧ֮֮͵ΪʿºͿ¹ھȼ(ԽƲõ)Ĺ۵һֻǸۣĵĹ۵߶ȼݡ[46]ӦͬŬ˹ķơһԭʼ顱˹˵ȷʵԭʼģֱģһ[47]ӦԨԴɷΪ⡢ͷɱӦⱨӦصġз[48]˼롢Լۺ[49]屨ӦԿΪɱӦԺڸΪ档[50]

ӦݱΪҰԵıӶɵķΧӦɷΪԸ壬[51]ǿܺ˱Ϊĵĸ壬Ŀƽ⡣ִбӦ֮ӡǣȴƺ⣬編ɲҪʵֱӦ壬Ҫ塢ԤͽΥͬʱӦһֻﱾܵ壬Ϳܲϼԡ[52]ΪӦ˫ԣǷȡԴڵĹ淶Ƿ塣ȴ淶壬νӦһּΣյIJ塣ڻڶ׷Ƴ籨ӦʱӦȶԡ˭֮Ӧ롰Ƿ塱ʶʡ׷ıӦֻǾ͵ıӦ塱[53]

Ӧ壬Ϊ̷ѧҹ㷺עġӦ̷˵˺ڴڱӦ빦۵ĶӦ׷̷Ĺֵ(ۺͽ)ڿ׷̷ԤܡҲͼѰм·Ӧ빦һ廯Ԫ̷һҲжֹ۵㣬ǾͱӦ빦ΪʲôӦͳһͳһԼӦͳһԶδɹʶ[54]бӦ̷ݶԣΪͷ֮Ŀģֹ塢ȷȻDzɹġ[55]ΪҲ԰ѱӦԼܴϷӦۡ[56]ѫΪκ̷ոݶһֶֶΣԷһ𡣡[57]ʵţ(Ե)ӦıӦ飬ԷУʵġ[58]ػرӦһЩݷñӦ幫ģʽ[59]ѧͼԽӦ͹ȷҳϡΪ̷ԸݣҲòϣҳԱӦΪۻ[60]

¡ڳͷѧһͼ֤ӦͬڸӦ̥ԭʼϰ׵ֹɶԸҰԵķ񶨣ӵȺ۷չȼ۱ӦDZӦӵȼ۱ӦݻõDZӦ[61]ָӦʵΪɱ̷ıӦ̡[62]ӦȻͬڱӦ̣Ҳڷɱδ֤ţӦ۷ԸҰǸDZӦֻ֤ˣҰǸDZӦ̡[63]ԱӦ⣬Ӧ˼ĹֽѰңǴɲѧߵֻƬӦ֮Уȫ౾ܵﷴӦǻֱɸܵ塣̷ѧֱӦ븴бҪӦ̡Ӧ(Ӧ)Ӧ(Ӧ)غ塣ִҪӦڸ𣬲ֹѣҼ޿ܡ

ͱӦַڱܶķǿ͹۴СǷһ⣬ȣ۹ȥڡֻǶ͹۴ڡֻҪĿֲ뷴ֲս[64]ͻΪʲô뱨Ӧ˸ٹ̡ʵϣ֤Ӧͬڸʱ֤[65]˵뷨ɵ𣬶߻Ϊһ̸ǡǡ˱Ӧ븴Ĺʷٷҳơ̷֮븴֮ơ1972꡶ʾ̷涨̲Ӧڸ뱨Ӧ֮ϡЪٳƱӦǡĸ׼򣬻ֻΪͷͷˣּڽ벩һֱκ۴̷ѧɢķ򡣡[66]DZӦһּʽҰӦʵҲ޼

ȻӦ븴Ҳŵˡѧ͡һֵάȣ(1)ӦԶжԣ˺΢𺦣ǶС(2)ӦڵԶԳͷһ޶һ޶(3)Ǹ˻ġӦȴӦеܺضϵ(4)𺭸ضɫʣʹΪ֣ӦȲ漰ɫʣҲ漰ˣΪ졣ʿ󸴳߸ͨϣ(ڳ)߳ʹ֮ԱӦԣĿʹྭ塣(5)һԭ򡭡()ǷѰ󸴳𣬻ΪжǷʵȡʱ˺ΪĸܡӦҪѭȨʵʩͷġһԭ򡣡[67]ģΪϵɸе˺ϣκҰ(ͨԼȨ)ȡġȲܼеĹ޶Ҳ뱻˺ӦܱǷüʵľ߻˿ʮֺϷж𡭡˺طĹѪ׸ܱɼͥ񣬲ָָƵķߵϵˡ[68]⣬𻹲ӦĿġںжֻж޷ƸκιĶ׵ķֹܽ㲻ӦҪΪһֲ౾ܵĹʷɲֹ൱̶ֱӦҪ󡣵ȻӦԶԽӽ̷ҲԶܽɹֻܳԡһܵõƵϣķҴΪؼġ[69]

Access to Justice by Self-help
Xin XU

Hainan University,Law School, Haikou 570228

Abstract:Different from the prevalent ideas about access to justice by administration of justice, the article analyzes access to justice by self-help.Furthermore,the author carries through an acdemic restatement on retributive justice comprehensively, a neglected area in the theory of justice,and puts forward some different arguments from other jurists.

Keywordsself-help access to justice justice retributive justice

 

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* 꿣УϴѧѧԺڡѧʿ[email protected]

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[2] []޶˹ۡλ룬йѧ1988棬1ҳ

[3] []ǺĬѧѧ䷽룬ij1987棬238ҳɭ˵һֽȷһȻġ򣬵ȴDzģȷһȴDz׽˵ġ˵ìܡʵϣֻǶһʹʵί˵һ˵ʶܽӽ롣[]˹ɭҵһۡ룬йٿȫ1996棬13ҳ

[4] [Ӣ]ܿˡ[]κ򱴸ƶȷۡҶǫ룬йѧ1994棬267ҳ

[5] 뵽˾壬ߡ˼ʵȨɹϵʵݵķֶΣֻϳй߻ֶεĸֵֻͨļֵ

[6] μ[]Īŵٵ˻Ȩδϡ룬ɳ2000꣬һ֣ٱࣺӽ塷룬ɳ2000ꡣڳʵ塱棬ٿνһλ׷˳Ա1971ʷɿѧЭ(UNESCO)ᣬĴᱨ;ۼڳҪķ桪˽ӽ˾ȼ֮Ȩ

[7] Access to JusticeӢ˾ĸᄈУָϵƽȡϳЧʡӡͳɱǷԺԴáϵȷԡٽԺؽףٽṫڶ˾Ľӽӽ˾μӽ˾ڱ(19956)http://www.open.gov.uk/lcd/civil/interhd.htmӽ˾ʽ(19967)http://www.law.warwick.ac.uk/woolf/report

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[9] ٺͼ˹һ˶ΪһΪƶṩԮͷѯڶɢ汣ٽϡϼʹһܽףǹ㷺ĸ﷨ƶȣСϳADRȡMauro Cappelletti & Bryant Garth eds.,Access to Justice: A World Survey,vol. 1,(Milan: Dott. A. Guiffre Editore, 1978)

[10] ˽ȼΪһձʷʧϱΪֹͽͻҪֶΡһһ಻ͻıֶͻĺ䲻˽˱ɱ¾ʽijͻƽϢǰijͻ񷢰ࣺƸĸƶȡй񹫰ѧ1991棬3ҳɵҪ֮һ˽ȼã˼ͻĽ򻯺ͳ򻯵;УҲǡʤȥɱѧ뿪šйѧ20001ڣ17ҳ

[11] [˹]ʻ棺̷̷Сλµ룬йѧ2002棬Ե1ҳ

[12] ܖԭۡӡ1994棬926ҳ

[13] μɣն顷ɳ1987棬76-77ҳ

[14] [Ӣ]ģۡ(һ)Ľ룬ӡ1980棬95ҳ

[15] []ˣѧҰе˾ǻ룬ɳ2002棬82ҳȻʵԶֹΡ

[16] μHazel Genn,Paths to Justice:What People Do and Think About Going to Law,(Oxford:Hart Publishing,1999)ţѧʽڽӢ˾ίУӢʿ4000ͥԿ˾̬ȣ桶֮·鱨档оδ۽ƶ޷ӽ֮ϰӸǺʱѰɰ

[17] ִײֶͨν磬Marc Galanter,Reading the Landscape of Disputes,UCLA Law Review,vol. 31 (1983),pp. 4-71.˵оɲȡжʱھв֪ͨʦ֪ͨʦȡʽжĿҲС1000Ԫϵ°ֻ1/10˻ʦϵʦֻԼ1/2İߣߺ90%ϵİͥͽ⣬ʴ°ֻв1%ͥμˣѧҰе˾5ҳ21ҳע41-45֤ס

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[20] []С˾ٲáһ˽Сֽ룬س¸ࣺȽϷ19991ѧ83-88ҳ˵ִһܷϵҪ»ڿԺ;ɵֹƷڴԶԣִмͨǰġ˹˹ʽľƷ

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[22] ͬÿһ˵ҸйصϣƽضԴֶԴΨһ׼ǿߵԺߵԭһ˵ǡһͬʡģۡ(һ)84-85ҳ

[23] ϰϣ屻Ϊάؽƽ⣬ҪĸԳʽΪͬͬԴȻҪ֮ϡͬͬԴ[Ӣ]أɵĸԵ룬йٿȫ1997棬158ҳ

[24] μ[]ɣѧؼ룬1987棬104ҳ

[25] μɭҵһۡ6ҳ

[26] [Ӣ]ӣۡ(²)룬ӡ1980棬517ҳ

[27] μ꿣˽ȼá廪ѧʿѧλģ2003꣬ڶ¡

[28] μ˹ɣ֤ݷľ÷꿡룬йƳ2001棬61-626571ҳ

[29] ͼΪ͹壻ʿ·Ϊձ(У)ǷΪȻʵڵ壻˹Ϊͷ壻¬ΪձȻ塢Լ򷨶壻޶˹Ϊʵ塢ʽͳ壬ΪġƵĺͲƵij塣

[30] corrective justiceһΪdiorthotikos⡰ֱʿ¡뱾ѧ롰Ĺţɴǵ䡷ͲǺĬѧѧ䷽롰ƽ塱˹ɡѧ⡷롰У塱¡ȨԴһС塱塱ᷨӦǿԲ˺º󲹾ȣУء[]˹ɣѧ⡷룬йѧ2002棬ʮһ¡

[31] Elizabeth H. Wolgast,Intolerable Wrong and Punishment,Philosophy,vol. 60(1985),p. 161;Michael S. Moore,The Moral Worth of Retribution,in Ferdinand Shoeman ed. Responsibility,Character,the Emotions:New Essays in Moral Psychology, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1987),p.179 ;C.L. Ten, Crime,Guilt,and Punishment:A Philosophical Introduction, (Oxford: Clarendon Press & New York: Oxford University Press, 1987),ch. 3;John Mackie,Morality and Retributive Emotions,in John Mackie & Penelope Mackie eds. Persons and Values:Selected Papers,vol. 2(Oxford: Clarendon Press,1985),pp.206-219.

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[33] ԭ(ۻۣѪѪ)ϵѪܵĿڿµ

[34] μ[]ġ롤˹أ¹̷̿顷룬ɳ2000棬24-25ҳ

[35] Ʊж񱨣Dzʱδ

[36] ʡ

[37] ӡ¡

[38] 磬ԶӦ˵ӦΪֱͺ󱨣ƶҵس̶һһӦΪʲôƵꡢа죿ʵ֮ˣӦֻزѣÿʱƶҵ˹ѰӣһԵ죬ȻͻֳȻӦǷʵڣⲢһÿѧ֤α⣬һ⣬ͬϵǷһ

[39] ӦǷ̵һ壬ҵֻأδʧۣΪй񣬱ظбӦ

[40] 򣺡֮ʷӦѧ20013ºš

[41] ꅣйĻС֮塷Ĵѧ1987档

[42] F. Heider,The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations,(New York: Wiley,1958); Neil Vidmar, Retribution and Revenge,pp. 31-63.

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[44] ܿˡκ򱴸ƶȷۡ254ҳ

[45] μ˹ɣѧ⡷413-415ҳ

[46] ͬע413ҳ

[47] ˹ɣѧ룬йѧ2002棬472ҳ

[48] 硶顤ӡأ巣ա

[49] 簲ķΪҪһ()Ҫͨ޵ĿѶҪÿѣ༴̷൱ҪΥضɵõָ()ѧ˵ͨΪġӦۣΪǰᣬ븶һݡסһݴۣԡɡ[]޵¡룬йٿȫ1993棬222ҳ

[50] μ塢ƽ۱Ӧ̡֮Ͼѧ199911ڣ45-50ҳ

[51] Ը˵ڣδӦϲʩ̣緸Ӧϲʩ̡ڣһʵʩ˷ӦȷԷʩ̣緸أӦ϶ʩ̡¡ڳͷѧɳ2000棬74ҳ

[52] ΪӦ岻ǻԡ һԵĸ顭̷ķչʷһֺĹ̷ƶ˽˱ʷˣDzԵؽǿ̷ΪԵı̷[]˶˹ɵԭ򡪡һ淶ķԵ룬йٿȫ1996꣬339ҳΪӦ塢˽ȼûϿΪѡֻЩжܲϼԡ

[53] ¡ڳͷѧ73-74ҳ̸۵DZӦ̵ľޡ

[54] Ѷ͹Ү١ءˡϣȾʹ˸ţ¡ڱӦ빦֮䡪̷һۡĽ⹹о20006ڣ27-36ҳ

[55] άֿࣺţɴǵ䡷772ҳ

[56] []ѧ뺣룬1987棬200ҳ

[57] [Ӣ]أͷΡµ룬ij1989棬2ҳ

[58] ۡɳ1996棬262ҳ

[59] []˹ȣƶȡ̷塷룬й񹫰ѧ1991棬96ҳ

[60] ܹȨԽӦ빦壺ҳ̷ۡݵ׷ʡۡ111998ꡣɻǣӦ빦ΪΪĻܷԽޱҪԽ

[61] ¡ڳͷѧһ¡һɣȺ()ۡȼ۱ӦۡõۡҳЩ´뾿̶̷ܸԡע¿ķ굶ԭޱҪʵ塣õΪ˵õõõı뱨Ӧ֣Ⱥۡȼ۱ӦۡõۼȻΪӦ۵һ֣أ

[62] 뿴䶨壺Ӧǹ̷ԷбһַȨĸ𶯻ijֲ֮Եǣ븴𲻵ͨԼֱų⡣ͬ飬14ҳ

[63] ѱӦ޶Ϊ̷ѧϵıӦܽ綨ֻ޷壬ӦͱӦȻӦҲ޷̷ڡ

[64] ֲ조911¼ʲҪչһȫսϧһд۽б

[65] ÷ϵĻһҰԵ壬Խ˵ıԣɱԽӦΪһִԣֻΥ˷ɣִĸʹɲܹٷơֻнϰߵʱſʼڳɵijЩ档ת¡ڳͷѧ12-13ҳúڸĻǸ𡱣־Ŀ϶ΪһµֺΪìܣ޽̣ഫ,޷ٺ޷ɵ״̬У̷иʽδ壬ֹϢμ[]ڸѧԭӡ1996棬107-108ҳ

[66] ת¡ڳͷѧ11-14ҳ

[67] Nozik, R. Philosophical Explanations, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981),pp.366-368.

[68] ¡ڳͷѧ13-14ҳ

[69] []ɵ¡񣺡̵ıӦ¡ࣺȽ̷1й2001棬271ҳ