ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ |
ͨ˽ȼʵ
۱Ӧ
*
ϴѧѧԺ 570228
ժҪ˾һ壬֮ͨ·Ҳؾ˾֮;Էɺ˾йͨ˽ȼʵ塣δӵıӦ壬Ҳ˽ȫѧй۵˲ͬ
ؼʣ˽ȼ ʵ Ӧ
һ
Ųɣɺ˾ڷʵҪҹǿƽִУͨ˾ʵƺѳΪӽΨһͳ;justiceһ塱˾Ҳ˵˾й֮ͨ·Ҳؾ˾֮;ǻ˾;˾ʽȼá;ȼã⡢ٲáADR˽ȼá˽ȼʵҪֶ֮һ˽ȼãָ϶Ȩֺûе£ͨһغͷ˽ʵȨסͨ˽ȼŸ˵壬˾ǶȻҲ˾ͻǶȶȴų֮Ҫһij̶ֳϾԣ[1]ʵ֡
ȣͨ˾ʵǷεĻҪ˾ȴһ壬ʱ谭ʵ֡߳ͻһԴ塢˾Ϊ䶯֮˭֮塢˾ԹϵĿꡪǷʵ֡ǡƶȵҪֵ˼ϵҪֵһ[2]Сһ˹Ƶ[3]ûϷûȷ[4]֮䣬˾ӦΪֶΣӦΪĿġ[5]һ棬˾ʽԺͳǿɱᵼһʵʧ䡣£˽ȼöʵֱвɺӵͲá
ڶ1960ڸҺȨϵı£緶Χһɡʵ塱(Access to Justice)˶һ˳ȻǷɸĸͷѧչƶԿΪֹһ˶Ҫ۽ʽƶȵIJ桪ӽ˾ͨƶȸĸٽƽȵ÷ԺʵЧ˾ȼ֮Ȩ[6]˾ĸͼʵ˾ϳɱЧʡ20ĩʵ塱[7]ҲΪҷɸĸĿ꣬Ӣʵ塱˾ƶڣʽƶȣΪʵȼÿͨͨԪ;19801990εҼѵѹͶЧʵǿͳġʵ塱խָϣʵ塣[8]ʱƶľȼȴܸЧʵʵʵ֮Ŀ꣬һνġ[9]dzԽƶȣѰ˾ȼã˽ȼþһҪ档
ھ˿˽ȼһӦƺľʽ[10]йһⶼȨ¢ߣҪΪǽֹʵʩȼá[11]˽ȼöԾʵòɺӡ˽ȼڹҺͷԺǰȫ˽ȼýסȼò˽ȼõļзУ˽ȼõȼõݱһḶ́Ҳ˽ȼΪ̬ѧԴṩ˴֤ݡŴᣬͱףȼÿʼ˽ȼΪҪʽҹȼڻ˴˽ȼõءȷ䡷һǹ涨ضȨʵ˽ȼã編2125129ʵۻ̬ۡͬѪΪҪȼֶΣ編196197198200205ϣʱ˽ȼʢУʱȼýռҪλϳӷϡʽϵdzķչһ˽ȼȼá˽ȼռҪλȽȫĹȼõķչʷ[12]ն˶˽ȼýףʢҷչһĹΪ⳥[13]˷䡷䲼ʱ֮ƣ۰䲼ֹձãʵӡŷϵĹϷףϣоϰУԽǶ˲о뷨پڿ٢ʱնʢоݱΪƶȣɭ䡷(Լ1230)ϸ˾ǡΪ㸴ġ[14]˾ӽ˽ȼá
˽ȼòľʵַʽҲ㷺ִᡣҲ۽ֺƽ˽ȼʽʹǿ˽ȼãִĹʹϵ²ڡˡҲΪʢС[15]Ӣ1997-1998һʵ֤оԽش(non-trivial)Ŀ˾ֻ20%ַɳṫڽԺΪҪľȼ;йȱġ[16][17]˽ȼÿνԾĵͷӦ[18]㷺ͬΪϱըӢˣοĻԾӵйҲ˵ձ[19]ˡһֺݳľʽе¾ͨ뷨DzʵġʹʵԼĴۣľͨⷽʽԽʵȻDzıġ[20]ʵϣִֿ˾ͨ˾ʽģ˽ȼõòɺӡο˾Ƶͻ൱ޣΪԺ֮⡣ң˽ȼһЩ¶ȨϻȹȼøֱӡʵЧԡɱ͡Чʸߡղԡ
淢Ľ죬ԽԽͨ˾ʽʵ壬˽ȼòɺӡ˽ȼòֽ㷺ڣδԽоչ߽ιᣬҺͷɽҪ˽˽漴˽ȼáˣ˽ȼþͳڡһֱԶڡбҪԴ˽ȼãԼͨ˽ȼʵ塣
壬Ƿչۡͼǿ¡֮ơ˵ӦãޡڶȰ˹šѧݡΪÿӦõIJֵּᶨõԸ[21]ʿǿƽԣġ[22]ء[23]ɡ[24]ֽҲ弴ƽȡΪͬҸɭΪҸ[25]˹ǿ弴ȫˡ¬¡˹ѷǿ弴ɡӹע壬ΪΪӦҪõΪʩƣһʹ˿ֺ֮¡[26]˹ǿ壬ԭһƽԭDzԭṫƽԭ
Դоѧ˵ڿ̸ԭʵǾ塢ʵԺͳġȲǸ⣬һʵ⡣ԸԣûлҲ()档һʵǷΪָʵ۵ҪܲǸʶáڴ龳£ֱֻɽӽ壬νУκ֧֡۵вһ壬һλծ˻˽̽ȴܡе컪һծծ˳ºǿ1989꿪ʼծڷԺܰΧڣСǧԪռ֣һڱء²Ԥշãծɹͨʵijշѡծͽսռ70%ϣǿծ5%ռ25%¶ҵѡԣӲʵʩծҲһԴΪ岻ãѡ14ծ300ڣûܵҸԤҲδⱨºǿծչһ˾˽ȼûƼһķʽƶȰţһеծݻγһϰߺ淶ûзɵ[27]ƶʱҲУƶȵ[28]ʱֱͨصжϰʵʤƶϡҲγӣҲǶֱеڹ͡
ͨ˽ȼʵֵ壬[29]ԣҪУ(corrective justice)[30]ͱӦ(retributive justice)[31]ءӦͱӦĹдھԶٹ̡Դڸ𡪡һּ˵˽ȼãڴ˻ϷչΪһʶ̬ӦӰжѡڷдӡǡ
Ӧûȷţɴǵ䡷RetributionһΪΪ֮ܵظر[32]ֻк˽Ӧάڽڵϣ[33]˶ΪӦѳΪΪʵʩĶлеһַӦԾڴлɵͱ֮IJΪĿġ[34]йԹųƶӦ[35] ֱԹԵ±¡[36]Ӧ漰ж硰ɱ֮ɱ丸ɱ֣֮ɱ֡[37]Ҳ˳ͷʱӦԣʱҲֳΡΪжı⣬ӦעΥΪĵԣºۺǰܣ۹ܰѺǰͨӦָƶӦΪһȰƵ˵ƣȻ̶ܴϽĻϡʵƶ䱨෴ʵȱȽǣʱӦܱԳʵìܡ[38]ԽӦ[39]ͳӦ۽ɽìܡ[40]ƶӦӦҵֻءӦȸΪ֮ͬһ֣ڱܵжѡҿΪйϵһ[41]
Ӧ֮ģΪҪﱾܣԭʼֱ巴ӦڱӦʵֵıӦ壬Ϊһ֡ԭʼءֱܺ͵¸顣ѧṩ˴˵ӦdzƵҪֶΣͿɡĬٵѧҹעӦṦܣѧǿΥӦʶĿ־ѧͼ̽Ӧƣ[42]ѧűӦѧ[43]Ӧձ鷨κָԭDzֵѧΪͲֵĻΪľжء[44]ӳӦҪڷɱΪԣ硶ȷ䡷涨̬ͬȷıȡţ̷ȨͬƶȣʵڱӦϡ粨˹ָ
ھԻУҪȥҪijЩĸܣijЩĶӦһԼ־кʹʱΪ֧Ȩս־״̬ȨСһҪ߶ؽҪĶʱֵ߸УͲɺͷֳˣϾͻһѡƫЩӵָоȨݻỷ仯ӵȨĸܻһڽΪʲôһֱ20ˣлһֱŸ𡢱ӦУĹ[45]
ΪӦУĸԴڿѧ֮֮͵ΪʿºͿ¹ھȼ(ԽƲõ)Ĺ۵һֻǸۣĵĹ۵߶ȼݡ[46]ӦͬŬ˹ķơһԭʼ顱˹˵ȷʵԭʼģֱģһ[47]ӦԨԴɷΪ⡢ͷɱӦⱨӦصġз[48]˼롢Լۺ[49]屨ӦԿΪɱӦԺڸΪ档[50]
ӦݱΪҰԵıӶɵķΧӦɷΪԸ壬[51]ǿܺ˱Ϊĵĸ壬Ŀƽ⡣ִбӦ֮ӡǣȴƺ⣬編ɲҪʵֱӦ壬Ҫ塢ԤͽΥͬʱӦһֻﱾܵ壬Ϳܲϼԡ[52]ΪӦ˫ԣǷȡԴڵĹ淶Ƿ塣ȴ淶壬νӦһּΣյIJ塣ڻڶƳ籨ӦʱӦȶԡ˭֮Ӧ롰Ƿ塱ʶʡıӦֻǾ͵ıӦ塱[53]
Ӧ壬Ϊ̷ѧҹ㷺עġӦ̷˵˺ڴڱӦ빦۵ĶӦ̷Ĺֵ(ۺͽ)ڿ̷ԤܡҲͼѰм·Ӧ빦һ廯Ԫ̷һҲжֹ۵㣬ǾͱӦ빦ΪʲôӦͳһͳһԼӦͳһԶδɹʶ[54]бӦ̷ݶԣΪͷ֮Ŀģֹ塢ȷȻDzɹġ[55]ΪҲѱӦԼܴϷӦۡ[56]ѫΪκ̷ոݶһֶֶΣԷһ𡣡[57]ʵţ(Ե)ӦıӦ飬ԷУʵġ[58]ػرӦһЩݷñӦ幫ģʽ[59]ѧͼԽӦȷҳϡΪ̷ԸݣҲòϣҳԱӦΪۻ[60]
¡ڳͷѧһͼ֤ӦͬڸӦ̥ԭʼϰֹɶԸҰԵķӵȺ۷չȼ۱ӦDZӦӵȼ۱ӦݻõDZӦ[61]ָӦʵΪɱ̷ıӦ̡[62]ӦȻͬڱӦ̣Ҳڷɱδ֤ţӦ۷ԸҰǸDZӦֻ֤ˣҰǸDZӦ̡[63]ԱӦ⣬Ӧ˼ĹֽѰңǴɲѧߵֻƬӦ֮Уȫ౾ܵﷴӦǻֱɸܵ塣̷ѧֱӦ븴бҪӦ̡Ӧ(Ӧ)Ӧ(Ӧ)غ塣ִҪӦڸ𣬲ֹѣҼܡ
ͱӦַڱܶķǿ۴СǷһ⣬ȣ۹ȥڡֻǶ۴ڡֻҪĿֲ뷴ֲս[64]ͻΪʲô뱨Ӧ˸ٹ̡ʵϣ֤Ӧͬڸʱ֤[65]˵뷨ɵ𣬶Ϊһ̸ǡǡ˱Ӧ븴Ĺʷٷҳơ̷֮븴֮ơ1972꡶ʾ̷涨̲Ӧڸ뱨Ӧ֮ϡЪٳƱӦǡĸֻΪͷͷˣּڽ벩һֱκ۴̷ѧɢķ[66]DZӦһּʽҰӦʵҲ
ȻӦ븴Ҳŵˡѧ͡һֵάȣ(1)ӦԶжԣ˺ǶС(2)ӦڵԶԳͷһһ(3)Ǹ˻ġӦȴӦеܺضϵ(4)ضɫʣʹΪ֣ӦȲ漰ɫʣҲ漰ˣΪ졣ʿ߸ͨϣ(ڳ)߳ʹ֮ԱӦԣĿʹྭ塣(5)һԭ()ǷѰ𣬻ΪжǷʵȡʱ˺ΪĸܡӦҪѭȨʵʩͷġһԭ[67]ģΪϵɸе˺ϣκҰ(ͨԼȨ)ȡġȲܼеĹҲ뱻˺ӦܱǷüʵľ˿ʮֺϷж𡭡˺طĹѪܱɼָָͥƵķߵϵˡ[68]⣬ӦĿġںжֻжƸκιĶķֹܽ㲻ӦҪΪһֲ౾ܵĹʷɲֹ൱̶ֱӦҪȻӦԶԽӽ̷ҲԶܽɹֻܳԡһܵõƵϣķҴΪؼġ[69]
Access to Justice by Self-help
Xin XU
Hainan University,Law School, Haikou 570228
Abstract:Different from the prevalent ideas about access to justice by administration of justice, the article analyzes access to justice by self-help.Furthermore,the author carries through an acdemic restatement on retributive justice comprehensively, a neglected area in the theory of justice,and puts forward some different arguments from other jurists.
Keywordsself-help access to justice justice retributive justice
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* 꿣УϴѧѧԺڡѧʿ[email protected]
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[59] []˹ȣƶȡ̷塷룬йѧ1991棬96ҳ
[60] ܹȨԽӦ빦壺ҳ̷ۡݵʡۡ111998ꡣɻǣӦ빦ΪΪĻܷԽޱҪԽ
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[65] ÷ϵĻһҰԵ壬Խ˵ıԣɱԽӦΪһִԣֻΥ˷ɣִĸʹɲܹٷơֻнϰߵʱſʼڳɵijЩ档ת¡ڳͷѧ12-13ҳúڸĻǸ𡱣־Ŀ϶ΪһµֺΪìܣ̣ഫ,ٺɵ״̬У̷иʽδ壬ֹϢμ[]ڸѧԭӡ1996棬107-108ҳ
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[67] Nozik, R. Philosophical Explanations, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981),pp.366-368.
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