¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ

 Î©Ô¸¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈç½­ºÓÌÏÌÏ£¡
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

 

Ðìê¿¡¢ÐìêÀ£º·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÎÊÌâÓë¶Ô²ß¡ª¡ªÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄÒ»ÖÖ˼·(¸½ÆÀÉ󱨸æ)


±¾ÎÄϵÌìÔò¾­¼ÃÑо¿Ëù¡¢ÉϺ£·¨ÂÉÓë¾­¼ÃÑо¿Ëù¡°Á¢·¨Óë˾·¨ÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ï¡±ÏîÄ¿×îÖÕ±¨¸æ£¬ÔØÃ©ÓÚéøÖ÷±à£º¡¶¹«Õý͸Ã÷¡ª¡ªÖйúÕþ¸®ÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ï֮·¡·£¬±±¾©£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬2005Äê¡£Ò»¸ö¼ò±¾ÒÔ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ñо¿¡±ÎªÌ⣬·¢±íÓÚ¡¶±È½Ï·¨Ñо¿¡·2005ÄêµÚ1ÆÚ( CSSCI )£¬2Íò×Ö£¬¡¶¸ßµÈѧУÎÄ¿ÆÑ§ÊõÎÄÕª¡·2005ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ×ªÔØ¡£¸ü½øÒ»²½µÄÑо¿£¬²Î¼ûÐìêÀ£º¡¶·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ñо¿¡·£¬Ç廪´óѧ·¨Ñ§ÔºË¶Ê¿Ñ§Î»ÂÛÎÄ£¬2005Äê¡£¸½£ºÌìÔò¾­¼ÃÑо¿ËùƸÈÎר¼ÒµÄ×îÖÕÆÀÉ󱨸æÁ½·Ý£¬¹©ÅúÆÀÐÔÔĶÁÖ®Óá£Áí¿É²ÎÔÄ¡¶±È½Ï·¨Ñо¿¡·¹ØÓÚ¸ÃÎĵıàÕß°´¡£


ÕªÒª£º¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÊÇËßËϳÌÐòµÄÖÐÐÄ£¬µ«ÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖУ¬Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥ºÜ´ó³Ì¶ÈÉÏΪ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±µÄ¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±ËùÌæ´ú¡£±¾ÎÄ»ùÓÚʵ֤µ÷²é£¬ÊÔͼÃèÊö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÏÖ×´£¬½ÒʾÆä³ÉÒò¡¢ÓÅÊÆºÍȱµã£¬²¢´Ó·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ½Ç¶È·´Ë¼ÎÒ¹úÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄ·½Ïò¡£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇÀíÐÔÑ¡ÔñµÄ²úÎÊÇ·¨¹Ù¡¢¹ú¼Ò¡¢µ±ÊÂÈ˲©ÞĵĽá¹û£¬¿ÉÊÓΪ·¨¹ÙÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖС¢Ó¦¶ÔÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶ø¡°·¢Ã÷¡±²¢²»¶Ïʵ¼ùµÄÒ»ÖÖ·ÇÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È°²ÅÅ¡£¾¡¹Ü·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¾ßÓгɱ¾µÍ¡¢Ð§Âʸߡ¢ÊÕÒæ»ù±¾²»±ä¡¢ÓÐÖúÓÚ¾À·×µÄºÍƽ½â¾ö¡¢´Ù½øË¾·¨µÄ¿É½Ó½üÐÔ¡¢ºÏºõÎÒ¹ú˾·¨´«Í³µÈ±È½ÏÓÅÊÆ£¬µ«Ò²´æÔÚһЩÎÊÌ⣬ÀýÈ磺´óÁ¿µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥»áµ¼ÖÂÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÐ黯£»·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚÐí¶àÇéÐÎϳÌÐò±£Õϲ»×㣻»¹¿ÉÄÜ×ÌÉú˾·¨¸¯°Ü¡£×îºó£¬±¾ÎÄÌá³öÁËÈô¸É¶Ô²ßÐԵĸĸィÒ飬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨£º1.¶ÔÇÖ·¸µ±ÊÂÈË»ù±¾³ÌÐò±£ÕÏȨµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓèÒÔ½ûÖ¹£»2.¶Ô·¨ÂÉÓй涨µÄÇéÐνøÒ»²½ÍêÉÆÖÆ¶È£»3.¶ÔÒ»²¿·Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓèÒÔÈϿɣ¬²¢Ìá³ö¡°¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥¡± µÄÁ¢·¨¹¹Ï룻4.¶ÔÒ»²¿·Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥·ÅÈβ»¹Ü¡£±¾ÎÄ»¹×¢ÖØ·½·¨ÂÛµÄ̽Ë÷£¬Ìá³ö¡°Ðж¯ÖеÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡±µÄ·ÖÎö¿ò¼Ü£¬³«µ¼Ò»ÖÖÂõÏò˾·¨Êµ¼ùµÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨Ñ§¡£
¹Ø¼ü´Ê£º·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí ÃñÊÂËßËϵÄDZ¹æÔò

Abstract£ºTrial in court is the center of judicial process. But in practices, formal trial in court is largely substituted by ¡°sub-rule¡± of ¡°informal session¡±. Based on empirical materials, the article tries to describe the situation and reasons of informal session, find out the advantages and disadvantages, and reflect the direction of civil judicial reform in china from the point of informal session. As a result of rational choice , and of gaming by the judge, the state and the parties, informal session can be viewed as an informally institutional arrangement which is ¡°invented¡± and being practiced by judges who reply to the formal trial in court in judicial practices. Although having lots of comparative advantages such as low cost, high efficiency, constant income on the whole, helping peaceful settlement of disputes, facilitating access to justice, and according with judicial traditions in china, the informal session has some problems, for example, a great deal of informal sessions may make formal trial in court void, informal session has defects of not enough procedural safeguards, and thus may result in judicial corruptions. Finally, the article puts forward some reform suggestions as countermeasures, mainly including: (1)Forbidding some kinds of informal sessions which invade the fundamental procedural rights of parties; (2)Consummating the institutions when the law has regulations of some informal sessions; (3)Recognizing and legalizing some informal sessions, and advancing the legislative suggestions of ¡°simple session¡±; (4)Indulging some informal sessions. Furthermore, the author emphasizes the exploration of methodology, brings about an analyzing framework of ¡°civil procedure law in action¡±, and advocates a civil procedural law towards judicial practice.

Key words: informal session trial in court sub-rule of civil litigation

Ò»¡¢ÎÊÌâÓë·½·¨

¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÊÇËßËϳÌÐòµÄÖÐÐÄ£¬[1]Ò²ÊÇÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨×îÖØÒªµÄÖÆ¶È°²ÅÅÖ®Ò»¡£×Ô19ÊÀ¼ÍÅ·ÖÞ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÔ˶¯ÒÔÀ´£¬ÑÔ´ÊÖ÷Òå×÷Ϊ¸Ä¸ïÏÊÃ÷µÄÆìÖÄ£¬ÒÔ¼°ËùÑÜÉú³öÖ±½ÓÖ÷Òå¡¢×ÔÓÉÐÄÖ¤¡¢¼¯ÖÐÖ÷ÒåÈý´óÀíÏ룬[2]¹²Í¬´Ù³ÉÁËÒÔ¹«¿ª¡¢¶Ôϯ¡¢¿ÚÍ·¡¢Ö±½Ó¡¢¼¯ÖеÈÔ­ÔòΪ»ù´¡µÄÏÖ´úÐÍ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÖÐÐĵÄËßËÏģʽ¡£[3]1980Äê´úÄ©ÎÒ¹ú¿ªÊ¼µÄÃñÊÂÉóÅз½Ê½¸Ä¸ï¡ªÇÒ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÖÁ½ñ¡ª½ÔÒÔ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÎªÖØÐÄ¡£ÎÞ¿ÉÖÃÒÉ£¬ÔÚÏÖ´úÃñÊÂËßËϵĻù±¾½á¹¹ÖУ¬¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÕ¼¾ÝÖ÷µ¼µØÎ»¡£¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÓëÃñÊÂËßËϵÄÈ«²¿ÖØ´óÎÊÌâÏà¹Ø£¬Ëüº­¸ÇÁËÔ­¸æÖ÷ÕÅ¡¢±»¸æ´ð±ç¡¢Ö¤¾Ý³öʾ¡¢ÖÊÖ¤¡¢·¨ÂɱçÂÛ¡¢ÊÂʵÈ϶¨¡¢·¨ÂÉÊÊÓá¢Ö±ÖÁµÃ³ö°¸¼þ×îÖÕ½á¹ûµÄÈ«¹ý³Ì¡£ËùÓж¨°¸Ö¤¾Ý½ÔÐè¾­·¨Í¥ÖÊÖ¤£¬[4]¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÊǵ±ÊÂÈËÐÐʹËßËÏȨÀûµÄ¼¯Öн׶Σ¬ÊÇ·¨¹ÙÁ˽ⰸÇéµÄÖ÷Ҫ;¾¶£¬Ò²ÊÇÒÔÅоö·½Ê½½á°¸Î¨Ò»µÄ·¨¶¨Í¾¾¶¡£¿ÉÒÔ˵£¬¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÕýÊÇÃñÊÂËßËϳÌÐòÔË×÷µÄÖÐÐÄ¡£
µ«³õ²½µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈËÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷µÄÖ÷ÒªÇþµÀ²¢²»ÊÇÕýʽµÄ¿ªÍ¥£¬»òÕß˵²»Ö÷ÒªÊÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬ÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖдæÔÚ´óÁ¿¹¦ÄÜÀàËÆÓÚ¿ªÍ¥¶øÎÞ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÖ®ÃûµÄÏÖÏó£¬ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó¿É¸ÅÀ¨Îª¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±¡£[5]±ÈÈ磬×÷Ϊ֤¾ÝÖ®Ò»£¬Ë¾·¨Êµ¼ùÖгýÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»·Ý¹æ·¶µÄ¿ªÍ¥±Ê¼Í⣬»¹¹ã·º´æÔÚÖîÈçѯÎʱʼ¡¢Ñ¶Îʱʼ¡¢ÎÊ»°±Ê¼¡¢Ì¸»°±Ê¼¡¢µ÷²é±Ê¼¡¢Ö¤¾Ý½»»»±Ê¼¡¢ÖÊÖ¤±Ê¼¡¢¶ÔÕʱʼ¡¢µ÷½â±Ê¼µÈÀàËÆÓÚ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíµÄÏÖÏó¡£ÕâЩ±Ê¼ÖÐÓÐÐí¶àÊÇ·¨¹Ù¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓèÒÔ¡°Õýʽ»¯¡±µÄ±íÏÖ¡£¶ø·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈËÖ®¼äΪ¾À·×½â¾ö¶ø½øÐеÄÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷δ±Ø¶¼ÓÐÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØ£¬¹Êͨ¹ý°¸¾íÖ»ÄÜÁ˽â·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÒ»²¿·Ö¡£½ø¶ø£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚ˾·¨¹ý³ÌÖз¢»ÓÁ˼«ÆäÖØÒªµÄ×÷Ó㬶ÔÓÚµ±ÊÂÈËʵÏÖȨÀû¡¢·¨¹Ù»ñÈ¡°¸¼þµÄ³ä·ÖÐÅÏ¢¡¢ÒÔ¼°¾À·×µÄ×îÖÕ½â¾ö¶øÑÔ£¬Æä×÷ÓÃÔÚÐí¶àʱºòÉõÖÁ³¬¹ýÁËÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíµÄ·¨ÂɹæÔò¡ªÊé±¾ÉÏÕýʽµÄÖÆ¶È¡ªÔںܶàÇéÐÎÏÂʵ¼ÊÉϲ¢Î´µÃµ½Ö´ÐУ¬»òÕß˵Ϊ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄϰ¹ß×ö·¨ËùÌæ´ú£¬ÃñÊÂËßËϳÌÐòµÄʵ¼ÊÔË×÷ÔÚÏ൱³Ì¶ÈÉÏ×ñÑ­×Å·¨ÂÉÍâµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±¡£
È»¶ø£¬Ñ§½ç¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹Ø×¢È´¼«ÆäÓÐÏÞ£¬½öÓеÄһЩÂÛÊöֻͣÁôÔÚÎÊÌâ±íÃæ£¬±ÈÈç¶Ô¡°¿»ÉÏ¿ªÍ¥¡±µÄÃèÊö£¬[6]ÉÐδ³öÏÖÓйطÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄרÃÅÑо¿£¬Ò²Ã»ÓдÓ˾·¨¸Ä¸ï½Ç¶ÈÇÐÈë²¢Ö¼ÔÚÌṩÁ¢·¨½¨ÒéµÄ¶Ô²ß½¨¹¹¡£Í¬Ê±£¬ÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖÐÆµ·±Ê¹Ó÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ˾·¨ÈËÔ±£¬ÒÔ¼°³£³£ÖÃÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Çé¾³ÖеÄËßËϵ±ÊÂÈË£¬ÔòÏñ¶Ô´ý¿ÕÆøÒ»Ñù¶Ô´ËÊÓ¶ø²»¼û¡£
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÕâÑùÒ»¸ö¿´ËÆÏ¸Î¢¡¢Æ½µ­¡¢ÉõÖÁ²»³ÉΪÎÊÌâµÄÏÖÏó£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏ´¥¼°ÁËËßËÏÌåÖÆ¡¢½á¹¹ºÍģʽµÄÉî²ãÎÊÌ⣬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÊÓΪÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÒ»¸öDZÔڵĺËÐÄÎÊÌâ¡£Ñо¿·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²»½öÓÐÖØ´óµÄÏÖʵÒâÒ壬Ҳ¾ßÓзḻµÄÀíÂÛ¼ÛÖµºÍ·½·¨ÂÛÒâÒå¡£
Ê×ÏÈ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖÐµÄÆÕ±éÏÖÏ󣬲¢¶Ô¾À·×½â¾ö¾ßÓÐÖØÒª×÷Óá£Ë¾·¨ÀíÂÛµÄÑо¿¾ø²»Ó¦Ãæ¶Ô¹ã·º´æÔÚµÄ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÊÓ¶ø²»¼û£¬¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÏÖ×´¡¢³ÉÒò¡¢ÓÅÊÆ¡¢ÎÊÌâµÈ·ÖÎö£¬ÓÐÖúÓÚÎÒÃÇÁ˽â˾·¨ÔË×÷µÄÏÖʵ¹æÔò¡£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ò²´æÔÚһЩÑÏÖØµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÓÈÆäÊÇ¿ÉÄÜÇÖ·¸µ±ÊÂÈ˵ijÌÐò±£ÕÏȨ£¬¹Ê¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹æ·¶ºÍÒýµ¼ÊÇÁ¢·¨ÕߺÍËßËÏ·¨Ñ§Õß²»¿É»Ø±ÜµÄÈÎÎñ¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥·´Ó³ÁË´«Í³ÃñÊÂÉóÅз½Ê½Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÈÔΪ˾·¨Êµ¼ùËùÑØÏ®£¬·¨¹ÙְȨÒÀȻǿ´ó¡£Ç¿µ÷µ±ÊÂÈËÔÚËßËÏÖÐÕ¼Ö÷µ¼µØÎ»µÄ¶Ô¿¹ÖƸĸ×ÜÌåÉÏЧ¹û²»¼Ñ£¬Á÷ÓÚ¡°ÐÎʽ¡±£¬ÄÑÒÔÂäʵµ½Î»¡£Ê®¶àÄêÀ´µÄ˾·¨¸Ä¸ï½øÕ¹²»Ë³¡ªÉõÖÁ²»ÉÙÈ˱¯¹ÛµØ³ÆÖ®ÎªÊ§°Ü£¬´ÙʹÎÒÃDz»µÃ²»·´Ë¼ÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄ·½ÏòÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏÎÒ¹ú¹úÇé¡£ÏÖÐиĸï˼·ÊÇ£¬ÒÆÖ²Íâ¹ú¡°ÏȽø¡±µÄ˾·¨ÖƶȺÍËßËϹæÔò£¬Ö÷ÒªÊǶԿ¹ÖÆ£¬×¢ÖØÊéÃæÉϵÄÖÆ¶ÈÉè¼Æ£¬×·ÇóÀíÂÛÉϵÄÍ걸Óë×ÔÇ¡£¬¶ø¶ÔÏÖʵµÄÖйúÎÊÌâ¹Ø×¢²»¹»¡£ÔÚÊéÕ«ÖбÕÃÅÔì³µ£¬¶ÔÕæÊµÊÀ½çµÄ¹æÔòÁ˽âÌ«ÉÙ£¬ÎÞ·¨½¨¹¹ÕæÕýÊʺϹúÇéµÄÖÆ¶È»òÕßÒÆÖ²µÄÖÆ¶ÈÒ²³£³£Ë®ÍÁ²»·þ£¬±ãÔÚÒâÁÏÖ®ÖС£»Øµ½ÖйúÎÊÌ⣬»Øµ½Ë¾·¨Êµ¼ù£¬»Øµ½ÏÖʵÊÀ½ç£¬ÕâÊÇÈκÎÑо¿¡ª°üÀ¨¶Ô²ßÑо¿ºÍÀíÂÛÑо¿¡ª²»¿ÉÓâÔ½µÄ±Ø¾­Ö®Í¾¡£½ö½ö´ÓÀíÂÛÉϽ¨¹¹¡°ÃÀºÃµÄ¡±ÖƶÈÊÇÔ¶Ô¶²»¹»µÄ£¬ÎÒÃÇÓ¦µ±ÇÒÖ»ÄÜÕë¶ÔÏÖʵÌá³öÊʵ±µÄ½â¾ö·½°¸¡£Òò´Ë£¬´Ó·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÈëÊÖ̽Ë÷½â¾öʵ¼ùÎÊÌâµÄ¸Ä¸ï½¨Ò飬ÓпÉÄÜΪÎÒ¹úÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÌṩһÖÖȫеķ¢Õ¹·½Ïò¡£
µÚÈý£¬¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÑо¿²¢²»ÏÞÓÚϸ΢¡¢¾Ö²¿ºÍƬ¶Ï£¬¶øÊôÓÚ˾·¨ºÍ·¨ÖÎÀíÂÛ²»Ó¦ºöÂÔµÄÕûÌå¡£¾Í·½·¨ÂÛ¶øÑÔ£¬ÕâÒ»½øÂ·ÌåÏÖÁËÎÒÃǽüÄêÀ´Ëù×·ÇóµÄ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿·¶Ê½µÄתÐÍ£¬¼´Ëùν¡°Ð¡ÐðÊ´óÊÓÒ°¡±µÄ¡°ÎÊÌâÖÐÐÄ¡±µÄ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿·¶Ê½¡£[7]¡°Ððʲ»·ÁϸÖ£¬µ«ÊǽáÂÛÈ´Òª¿´Ô¶¶ø²»¹Ë½ü¡±£¬²¢ÒÔ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÎªÖÐÐÄ¡°½«ºê¹Û¼°·Å¿íÊÓÒ°ÕâÒ»¹ÛÄµ¼Òýµ½·¨Ñ§Ñо¿ÖÐÈ¥¡£Í¨¹ý·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬¿ÉÒÔ˳Æä×ÔÈ»ÇÐÈë˾·¨ÖƶȺÍÃñÊÂËßËϵĻù±¾ÎÊÌ⣬ÖîÈçÊÂʵÈ϶¨¡¢Ë¾·¨¹ý³Ì¡¢ÑÔ´ÊÖ÷ÒåÓëÊéÃæÔ­Ôò¡¢·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷»úÖÆ¡¢ÃñÊÂËßËϳÌÐò±£ÕÏ¡¢ÃñÊÂËßËÏ»ù±¾½á¹¹µÈ¡£½ø¶ø£¬ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó»¹´ÙʹÎÒÃÇ·´Ë¼£ºÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖУ¬³ÌÐòµÄ×÷Óþ¿¾¹ÈçºÎ£»³ÌÐòÕýÒåÓëʵÌåÕýÒåµÄ¹ØÏµ£»³ÌÐòÕýÒåµÄÏÞ¶È£»³ÌÐòÐÎʽÖ÷ÒåµÄ¾ÖÏÞ£»·¨ÂɵÄÐÎʽÀíÐÔÓëʵÖÊÀíÐÔ£»ÒÔ¼°ÎªÊ²Ã´ÊØ·¨£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´Óз¨²»ÒÀµÈÎÊÌâ¡£
¸ÅÑÔÖ®£¬±¾ÎÄÃæ¶ÔÖйúÏÖʵÎÊÌ⣬ÉîÈë˾·¨Êµ¼ù£¬ÊÔͼ´ÓÆÕ±é´æÔÚµ«ÎªÈ˺öÂԵķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏóÈëÊÖ£¬ÔËÓÃ¿í·ºµÄÀíÂÛ¿ò¼Ü½âÊÍʵ֤²ÄÁÏ£¬´Ó¡°ºÓµÄ¶Ô°¶¡±¹Û²ìÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔË×÷¡¢¾ÖÏÞºÍǰ¾°£¬¼ÈÁ¢×ã΢¹ÛÏÖÏóÒ²·ÅÑÛºê¹ÛÊÓÒ°£¬½«·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÄÉÈ뵱ǰÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÖмÓÒÔ¿¼ÂÇ£¬×ÛºÏÔËÓÃÉç»áѧ¡¢¾­¼ÃѧµÈ¿çѧ¿Æ·½·¨ÉîÈë̽ÌÖ¡£±¾ÎĵÄÖ±½ÓÄ¿±ê£¬Ò»ÊÇͨ¹ýʵ֤µ÷²éÃèÊöºÍ·ÖÎö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚÎÒ¹ú˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖеÄ×´¿ö¡¢ÓÅÊÆºÍÎÊÌ⣬×îÖÕÌá³öÕþ²ß½¨Ò飻¶þÊÇ´Ó·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ½Ç¶È¹Ø×¢Ë¾·¨¸Ä¸ïÃæÁÙµÄÀ§¾³¼°×ßÏò£¬Ìá³ö˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄ¶Ô²ß¡£½èÖú¡°Êé±¾Éϵ퍡±ºÍ¡°Ðж¯Öе퍡±µÄÇø·Ö£¬±¾ÎÄÌá³ö¡°Ðж¯ÖеÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡±µÄ·ÖÎö¿ò¼Ü£¬ÒÔ·¢ÏÖ¡¢½âÊͺͷÖÎö×÷ΪÃñÊÂËßËÏ¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬½ø¶ø¸ù¾Ý²»Í¬Çé¿öÕÒ³öÏàÓ¦µÄ½â¾ö°ì·¨¡£±¾ÎÄ»¹ÊÔͼ¸Ä±äµ±Ç°(ËßËÏ)·¨Ñ§½ç¾ÖÏÞÓÚ¸ÅÄѧ¡¢ºê´óÐðÊ¡¢¹æÔòÒÆÖ²¡¢Î÷·½¾­Ñé¡¢¶øºöÂÔ˾·¨Êµ¼ùºÍÖйúÎÊÌâµÄ·¨½âÊÍѧ˼·£¬ÆÚÍûͨ¹ýÕâÒ»¿ÎÌâ³¢ÊÔ¶ÔÀíÂÛ¿ò¼ÜµÄ¼ìÑé¡¢ÆÀÎö¡¢×ܽáºÍ¸Ä½ø£¬Ö¼ÔÚ̽Ë÷Ò»ÖÖ¸ü¾ßÒ»°ãÒâÒåµÄ·¨Ñ§Ñо¿·¶Ê½£¬³«µ¼Ò»ÖÖÂõÏò˾·¨Êµ¼ùµÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨Ñ§¡£
¾ßÌå¶øÑÔ£¬±¾ÎĵÄÑо¿·½·¨Ö÷ÒªÓУº1.·¨Éç»áѧ·½·¨£¬ÔËÓá°Ðж¯Öе퍡±Ö®ÀíÂÛ¿ò¼ÜÒÔ·¢ÏÖÃñÊÂËßËϵġ°Ç±¹æÔò¡±£¬²¢ÊÔͼ¼á³Ö¼ÛÖµÖÐÁ¢£¬[8]¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²»³ÖÓÐÈκμÛÖµÉϵġ°Ç°¼û¡±£¬¼È²»ÒòÆä¡°·ÇÕýʽ¡±¶øÊÓΪ¡°²»Õýµ±¡±£¬Ò²¶Ô¹ý·Ö³çÉС°×ÔÉú×Ô·¢ÖÈÐò¡±µÄ¹ÛÄî±£³Ö¾¯Ì裬Ìá³öºÍÑо¿·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ò²²»µÈÓÚ³«µ¼¿ªÍ¥µÄ·ÇÕýʽºÍ·Ç³ÌÐò»¯¡£±¾ÎÄ×¢ÖØÊµÖ¤µ÷²é£¬´ÓÈ«¹ú·¶Î§Ñ¡È¡Ò»Ð©·¨Ôº£¬½øÐвÎÓë¹Û²ì¡¢¶Ô·¨¹Ù·Ã̸¡¢Îʾíµ÷²éºÍ²éÔݸ¾í¡£[9]µ÷²éµÄÒ»¸ö²ßÂÔÊÇ£¬°Ñ±Ê¼×÷Ϊ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÊéÃæ·´Ó³£¬²¢ÔÚµ÷²éÖе÷Õû·½Ïò£¬¹Ø×¢±Ê¼²»ÄÜ·´Ó³µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏó¡£2.·¨¾­¼Ãѧ·½·¨£¬ÔËÓÃÁ˳ɱ¾¡ªÊÕÒæ·ÖÎö¡¢ÖƶȷÖÎö¡¢ÓÈÆäÊDz©ÞÄÂ۵ķ½·¨¡£3.±È½Ï·½·¨£¬¶ÔÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡¢ÑÔ´ÊÔ­ÔòÓëÊéÃæÔ­Ôò¡¢´«Í³ÓëÏÖ´ú¡¢³ÇÊÐÓëÅ©´å¡¢ÖйúÓëÍâ¹úµÄ˾·¨Êµ¼ùµÈ½øÐÐÉîÈë¶Ô±È¡£4.¹æ·¶·ÖÎö·½·¨£¬·ÖÎöÏÖÐз¨ÂÉÓйØÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹æÔòÒÔ¼°¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÓ°Ï죬×îºóÌá³ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹æ·¶»¯¡¢ÖƶȻ¯µÄ¸Ä¸ï½¨Òé¡£

¶þ¡¢Ê²Ã´ÊÇ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¿

À­¶¡·¨Ñè¸æ½ëÎÒÃÇ£º¡°Èκζ¨Òå¶¼ÊÇΣÏյġ±¡£¶ø¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ½ç¶¨²»½ö¡°Î£ÏÕ¡±ÇÒÓÐÏ൱ÄѶȡ£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏóÊǶÔ˾·¨Êµ¼ùµÄ¸ÅÀ¨£¬Ðë¶ÔËßËϳÌÐòÔË×÷ÓÐÉîÈëÁ˽â²Å¿ÉÄÜ׼ȷ°ÑÎÕ¡£ËüÖ»ÊÇÏà¶ÔÓÚÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÁíÒ»ÖÖÏÖÏóµÄ¼¯ºÏ£¬Ôڱ߽çÉÏÓÐЩģºý£¬ÇÒÒòÊÜÕýʽ·¨ÂɹæÔòµÄÓ°Ïì¶øÐë´Ó¶¯Ì¬ÉϰÑÎÕÆäÄÚº­ºÍÍâÑӵı仯¡£
Ëùν·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬±¾ÎĽ綨ΪÔÚʵÖʺ͹¦ÄÜÉÏÀàËÆ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬ÖÁÉپ߱¸×îµÍÏ޶ȵġ°¹«¿ª¡¢¶Ôϯ¡¢¿ÚÍ·¡¢Ö±½Ó¡±µÈ¿ªÍ¥µÄ»ù±¾Òª¼þ£¬µ«ÓÖ²»ÍêÈ«·ûºÏÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ËùÓ¦¾ß±¸µÄÆäËû³ÌÐòÒª¼þ£¬Ë¾·¨ÈËÔ±ÕÙ¼¯µ±ÊÂÈËË«·½½øÐа¸¼þÉóÀíʱ£¬Î´ÑϸñÒÀÕýʽ·¨ÂɵijÌÐòÒªÇ󣬶øÎÞÒâ»òÓÐÒâÒÔ¸÷ÖÖ·ÇÕýʽµÄ×ö·¨£¬Ìṩԭ¸æÖ÷Õźͱ»¸æ¿¹±çµÄ»ú»á¡¢³öʾ֤¾ÝºÍÖÊÖ¤¡¢×éÖ¯µ±ÊÂÈ˶ÔÊÂʵ»ò·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâ½øÐбçÂÛ¡¢Ñ°Çóµ÷½â»òºÍ½âµÈ£¬Ö¼ÔÚ²éÃ÷ÊÂʵºÍ½â¾ö¾À·×µÄËßËϻ¡£¡°·ÇÕýʽ¡±°üÀ¨µ«²»ÏÞÓÚ£º·ÇÕýʽµÄÉóÅÐ×éÖ¯(ÈçÊé¼ÇÔ±Ö÷³Ö¿ªÍ¥¡¢·¨¹Ù×ÔÉó×Լǡ¢ºÏÒéÍ¥¡°ÐéÖá±)£¬·ÇÕýʽµÄ´«»½·½Ê½(Èç·¨¹ÙÒԵ绰֪ͨÕÙ¼¯µ±ÊÂÈËË«·½½»Á÷ÐÅÏ¢)£¬·ÇÕýʽµÄÍ¥ÉóÔË×÷·½Ê½£¬·ÇÕýʽµÄ³¡¾°µÈ¡£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊôÓÚ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíµÄ·¶³ë£¬²»Í¬ÓÚÆäËû˾·¨ÐÐΪ£¬±ÈÈçÉóǰ׼±¸ÐÐΪ¡£µ«·¨ÔººÍµ±ÊÂÈËÔÚÉóǰ³ÌÐòÖеÄÐÐΪȴ¿ÉÄܱ»ÊÓ×÷·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£±ÈÈ磬ͥǰ֤¾Ý½»»»½ö½öÊǽ»»»Ö¤¾Ý£¬µ«ÈçÉæ¼°¶ÔÊÂʵºÍ·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬·¨¹ÙÌýȡ˫·½³ÂÊöµÄ£¬¿ÉÊÓΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇÓëÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ïà¶Ô¶øÑԵġ£ÕýʽµÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬¸ù¾Ý¡°¹«¿ª¡¢¶Ôϯ¡¢¿ÚÍ·¡¢Ö±½Ó¡±µÈÔ­ÔòµÄÒªÇó£¬Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨ÈçϾßÌåµÄ³ÌÐòÒª¼þ£º[10]1.¿ªÍ¥Ç°ÒÀ·¨¶¨³ÌÐò½øÐÐËʹ2.ÒÀ¹«¿ªÉóÅÐÔ­ÔòÌáǰ¹«¸æ£»3.Ë«·½±ØÐ뵽ͥ£¬·¨¹ÙÔ­ÔòÉϲ»µÃ¾Í°¸¼þÊÂʵ»ò·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâÓëµ¥·½µ±ÊÂÈ˽»Á÷£»4.ÆÕͨ³ÌÐò°¸¼þ¿ªÍ¥Ê±ºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉԱȫ²¿µ½Í¥Ö÷³ÖÉóÀí£¬²»ÄܽöÓɳа취¹ÙÒ»ÈËÖ÷³Ö¿ªÍ¥£»5.Êé¼ÇÔ±×÷ÕýʽµÄÍ¥Éó±Ê¼£¬·¨¹ÙÓëÊé¼ÇÔ±¸÷˾ÆäÖ°£¬·¨¹Ù²»µÃ×ÔÉó×Լǣ¬Êé¼ÇÔ±²»µÃÖ÷³Ö¿ªÍ¥£»6.ÒÀ·¨¶¨µÄ˳Ðò½øÐÐÉóÀí£»7.ÔÚ·¨ÔºµÄÉóÅÐÍ¥½øÐÐÉóÀí£»8.·¨¹ÙÉí×ÅÖÆ·þ»ò·¨ÅÛ£¬Ðû²¼¿ªÍ¥¡¢Î¬³Ö·¨Í¥¼ÍÂÉ¡¢ÐÝÍ¥¡¢ÐûÅС¢±ÕͥʱʹÓ÷¨é³µÈ¡£ÌÈÈôʵ¼ùÖеġ°¿ªÍ¥¡±ÓëÉÏÊö³ÌÐò±£Õϱê×¼»òÍâÔÚÐÎʽ²»Ò»Ö£¬ÍùÍù¿ÉÊÓΪ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±¡£
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖй㷺´æÔÚ£¬ÐÎʽ¶àÑù¡£°´Æä±íÏÖÐÎʽ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¿É·ÖΪÓÐÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØºÍÎÞÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£Ç°Õß±ÈÈçѯÎÊ¡¢Ñ¶ÎÊ¡¢ÎÊ»°¡¢Ì¸»°¡¢µ÷²é¡¢ÖÊÖ¤¡¢¶ÔÕÊ¡¢µ÷½â±Ê¼µÄÒ»²¿·Ö£»[11]ºóÕßÔÚ°¸¾íÖÐûÓÐÊéÃæ¼Ç¼¡£µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬Ò»Ð©ÇéÐÎÏ·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈËΪ¾À·×½â¾öµÄÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷²»±ØÒª(Èç²»³É¹¦µÄµ÷½â£¬¿É²»ÖÆ×÷±Ê¼)¡¢²»·½±ã(Èç·¨¹Ùͨ¹ýµç»°ÓëË«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˵Ä̸»°)»ò²»¿ÉÄܲÉÈ¡ÊéÃæÐÎʽ¡£´ó¶àÊý±»µ÷²éµÄ·¨¹Ù³ÐÈÏ£¬ÔÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ê±¶Ôµ±ÊÂÈË¡°×ö¹¤×÷¡±µÄ»°´ó¶àûÓмÇÈë±Ê¼¡£
ÒÀÆä¹¦ÄÜ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¿É·ÖΪ£º(1)ÊÂʵ²éÃ÷µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬Ö¼ÔÚ²éÃ÷°¸¼þµÄʵÌåÊÂʵºÍ³ÌÐòÊÂʵ£»(2)·¨ÂɱçÂ۵ķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬Ö¼ÔÚÌṩ˫·½µ±ÊÂÈ˾ͷ¨ÂÉÎÊÌâ±çÂ۵Ļú»á£»(3)¾À·×½â¾öµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬Ö¼ÔÚѰÇó¾À·×µÄºÍƽ½â¾ö£»(4)»ìºÏµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£
¸ù¾Ý·¨ÂÉÊÇ·ñ¹æ¶¨£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¿É·ÖΪÓз¨Âɹ涨µÄºÍÎÞ·¨Âɹ涨µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£Ç°ÕßÖ¸·¨ÂɶԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±íÏÖÐÎʽÓÐһЩ¹æ¶¨£¬È翪ͥ±Ê¼¡¢Ñ¯Îʱʼ¡¢µ÷½â±Ê¼¡¢Ö¤¾Ý½»»»µÈ£¬¶øÖ®ËùÒÔ°ÑÆäÖв¿·ÖÇéÐÎÊÓ×÷·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬ÊÇÒòΪÔÚ³ÌÐòÔË×÷Éϲ»·ûºÏÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄÒªÇ󡣡°Óз¨Âɹ涨¡±²¢²»ÊÇÖ¸·¨ÂɶԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥±¾ÉíÓй涨£¬¶øÊÇÔÚ·¨¹ÙµÄ¾ßÌå²Ù×÷ÖУ¬²¢Î´ÒÀ·¨¶¨³ÌÐòÔË×÷£¬¶øÒ컯Ϊ±¾ÎÄËù³ÆµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£¿É¼û£¬ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈÓÐʱҲÒÔ·ÇÕýʽµÄ·½Ê½ÔË×÷¡£ÀýÈ磬һ·ÝÕýʽµÄ¿ªÍ¥±Ê¼ÖбêÃ÷ΪºÏÒéÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏÖ»ÊÇÓÉÒ»Ãû³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙºÍÊé¼ÇÔ±ÉóÀí¡£ºóÕßÖ¸·¨ÂɶԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÐÎʽûÓÐÏàÓ¦¹æ¶¨£¬Èçµç»°ÖÊÖ¤±Ê¼¡¢×ù̸±Ê¼¡¢Ì¸»°±Ê¼µÈ£¬ÕâЩ´ó¶àÊÇ·¨¹Ù»ùÓÚ¾­Ñé¡¢´«Í³¡¢¹ßÐÔ¡¢ÖªÊ¶¡¢»·¾³µÈÒòËØ¶ø²ÉÈ¡µÄϰ¹ßÐÔ¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±¡£

Èý¡¢·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÏÖ×´

ͨ¹ý¶Ô½­Î÷¡¢¹ã¶«¡¢º£ÄÏ¡¢¸ÊËà¡¢ºÓ±±¡¢É½¶«¡¢ºþ±±¡¢¹óÖݵȵػù²ã·¨ÔººÍÖм¶·¨ÔºµÄʵ֤µ÷²é£¬ÎÒÃÇ·¢ÏÖ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖС¢ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ»ù²ã·¨ÔºµÄ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖÐÏ൱ÆÕ±é¡£
¾Í½­Î÷ij»ù²ã·¨Ôº(ϳÆA·¨Ôº)¶øÑÔ£¬¾­¶Ô°¸¾í³éÑùµ÷²é£¬·¢ÏÖ2002Äê°¸¼þÖгöÏÖ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±ÈÀýΪ58.8%£¬2001ÄêΪ75%£¬ 2000ÄêΪ83.7%¡£¼û±íÒ»¡£

±íÒ»£ºA·¨Ôº2000-2002Äê°¸¾íÖзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ»ù±¾Çé¿ö(µ¥Î»£º¼þ)

Äê¶È
°¸¼þÊýÁ¿


ÓзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥
¹²¼Æ

2002Äê

51
¼òÒ׳ÌÐò17
Åоö½á°¸4
2

30

·ÇÅоö½á°¸13
10

ÆÕͨ³ÌÐò34
Åоö½á°¸22
8

·ÇÅоö½á°¸12
10

2001Äê

52
¼òÒ׳ÌÐò12
Åоö½á°¸3
0

39

·ÇÅоö½á°¸9
9

ÆÕͨ³ÌÐò40
Åоö½á°¸18
10

·ÇÅоö½á°¸22
20

2000Äê

49
¼òÒ׳ÌÐò23
Åоö½á°¸0

41

·ÇÅоö½á°¸23
22

ÆÕͨ³ÌÐò26
Åоö½á°¸16
12

·ÇÅоö½á°¸10
7


¶ÔA·¨ÔºµÄµ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ö÷Òª±íÏÖÔÚÒÔÏ·½Ã棺1.·¨¹ÙÔÚÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ç°ºó¾Í°¸¼þÊÂʵºÍ¾À·×´¦Àí¶ÔË«·½µ±ÊÂÈËËù×÷µÄѯÎʱʼ¡¢µ÷²é±Ê¼»òÎÞÊéÃæ¼Ç¼µÄ½»Á÷£»2.·¨¹Ù¾Í°¸¼þÊÂʵºÍ¾À·×´¦Àí¶ÔË«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˵ĴúÀíÈË¡¢½üÇ×Êô(È縸ĸ¡¢ÅäżµÈÀàËÆµ±ÊÂÈË·¨¶¨´úÀíÈ˵ÄÇéÐÎ)Ëù×÷µÄѯÎʱʼ¡¢µ÷²é±Ê¼»òÎÞÊéÃæ¼Ç¼µÄ½»Á÷£»3.¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÔÚ·ÇÕýʽ³¡ºÏ½øÐУ¬ÈçÔÚÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈË´¦¿ªÍ¥(ÔÚ´åί»áËùÔÚµØÉóÀí´åÃñΪ±»¸æµÄ°¸¼þ)£¬»òÔÚ·¨Ôº°ì¹«ÊÒ¡¢»áÒéÊÒ¡¢ÐÝÏ¢ÊÒÕÙ¿ª¡°Ô²×À»áÒ顱[12]£»4.ÔÚÆÕͨ³ÌÐò°¸¼þÖУ¬¿ªÍ¥Ê±ºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉԱδȫ²¿µ½³¡£¬Ö»ÓÐÒ»Ãû·¨¹ÙºÍÊé¼ÇÔ±£»»ò³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù×ÔÉó×Լǣ»»òºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉÔ±¿ªÊ¼µ½³¡µ«¿ªÍ¥²»¾Ãºó±ãÀ뿪£»»òÆäËûºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉÔ±¡°Ê²»¹Ø¼º¡±£¬¿´ÆäËû°¸¼þµÄ°¸¾í¡¢´òî§Ë¯»ò×öÆäËûÊÂÇ飻[13]ºÏÒéÍ¥ºÏ¶ø²»Ò飬ֻÓга취¹Ù¶Ô°¸¼þÖªÇ飬ÆäËûºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉÔ±²»²ÎÓë°¸¼þÉóÀí£¬Æä¹¦ÄÜÖ»ÏÞÓÚ´ÕÈËÊý£»5.¿ªÍ¥Ê±Óɳа취¹Ù»òÊé¼ÇÔ±×ÔÉó×Լǣ»6.µ÷½â¼°µ÷½â±ÊÂ¼ÖÆ×÷¾ùÓɳа취¹ÙÒ»È˲Ù×÷£»7.¶Ôµ±ÊÂÈËÌá³öµÄÖ¤¾Ýͨ¹ýµç»°½øÐС°ÖÊÖ¤¡±£»8.·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈ˼°ÆäËùÔÚµ¥Î»/»ù²ã×éÖ¯µÄÁìµ¼»òȺÖÚÔÚ¿ªÍ¥Ç°ºó½øÐС°×ù̸¡±£¬Éæ¼°ÊÂʵ²éÃ÷£¬Õ÷ѯ¾À·×´¦ÀíÒâ¼ûµÈ£¬Ðγɡ°×ù̸±Ê¼¡±£»9.·¨¹ÙÕÙ¼¯Ë«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˽øÐС°Ãæ¶ÔÃæ¡±»ò¡°±³¿¿±³¡±Ê½[14]µÄ¡°Ëµ·þ½ÌÓý¡±£¬´Ùʹµ±ÊÂÈ˺ͽ⡢³·Ëߣ¬²¢Ðγɷ¨¹Ù³äµ±¡°Ö¤Ã÷ÈË¡±µÄ¡°ºÍ½âЭÒ顱¡¢[15]³·Ë߱ʼµÈ¡£
µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬²»Í¬µØÇø¡¢²»Í¬·¨Ôº¡¢²»Í¬Ê±ÆÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±íÏÖÓÐËù²»Í¬£¬µ«¿É·¢ÏÖһЩÏà¶Ô¹²Í¨Ö®´¦£º
(Ò»)Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÊýÁ¿
ËùÓа¸¼þͨ³£ÖÁÉÙÓÐÒ»´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥(ÍùÍùÒ²Ö»ÊÇÒ»´Î)£¬×î¶à´ï4´Î£»·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ´ÎÊýÒ»°ã¶¼¶àÓÚÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬ÆäÖÐA·¨ÔºÒ»¸ö°¸¼þ´ï12´Î¡£ÔںܶàÇéÐÎÏ£¬Í¬Ò»°¸¼þÖÐÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÊýÁ¿´æÔÚÃ÷ÏԵķ´±È¹ØÏµ£¬Ç°ÕßÊýÁ¿Ô½¶à£¬ºóÕßÊýÁ¿¾ÍÔ½ÉÙ£¬·´Ö®ÒàÈ»¡£¿ÉÄܵĽâÊÍÊÇ£¬°¸¼þÉóÀí¹¤×÷µÄ×ÜÁ¿¿ÉÊÓΪһ¶¨£¬¶ÔijÖÖ¿ªÍ¥·½Ê½µÄ¶à´ÎʹÓûáÒÖÖÆ¶ÔÁíÒ»ÖÖ¿ªÍ¥·½Ê½µÄÐèÇó¡£Ò²ÓÐÀýÍ⣬Óеݸ¼þÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥´ÎÊý¶¼ÉÙ£¬ÓеĴÎÊý¶¼¶à¡£ÕâÖ÷ÒªÊÇÒòΪ¸ö°¸µÄ·±¼òÄÑÒײ»Í¬¡£¼òÒ׳ÌÐò°¸¼þÖзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶àÓÚÆÕͨ³ÌÐò°¸¼þ¡£ÔÚÉæ¼°»éÒö¡¢¸§ÑøµÈÈËÉí¹ØÏµËßËÏÖУ¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ã÷ÏÔ±ÈÆäËûÀàÐ͵ÄËßËϸü¶à¡£ÓÐÉÙÊý°¸¼þµÄÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ö»ÄܹÃÇÒËãÖ®£¬ÒòΪ°¸¾íÖС°¿ªÍ¥±Ê¼¡±ËäÈ»ÔÚÐÎʽÉÏÏ൱¹æ·¶£¬µ«»¹ÊÇ»ò¶à»òÉÙ¶³öÁË¡°×ö×÷¡±µÄºÛ¼£¡£[16]ÆäÔ­Òò¿ÉÄÜÊÇ˾·¨ÈËÔ±ÕûÀí°¸¾íʱ׷Çó¡°ÊéÃæÕý¹æ»¯¡±Ê±³öÏֵġ°è¦´Ã¡±¡£
(¶þ)·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏóµÄϽµ
µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬·¨Ôº°¸¼þ¾í×ÚÔ½À´Ô½¡°Õû½à¡±£¬°¸¾íÖз´Ó³µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓÐϽµµÄ¼£Ïó¡£ÕâÊÇ·ñ±íÃ÷£¬Ëæ×Å˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄÍÆ½øºÍ·¨¹ÙËØÖʵÄÌá¸ß£¬·¨ÔºµÄ³ÌÐòÔË×÷Ô½À´Ô½¹æ·¶¡¢Ô½À´Ô½·ûºÏÖÆ¶¨·¨ÄØ£¿ÔÚÎÒÃÇ¿´À´£¬Ö÷ÒªÔ­Òò£¬Ò»ÊǽüÄêÀ´·¨ÔºÏµÍ³µÄ˾·¨¸Ä¸ï´ó¶àÒÔ˾·¨³ÌÐòÔË×÷¸ü¹æ·¶ÎªÄ¿±ê£¬Ô½À´Ô½Ç¿µ÷³ÌÐò¹«Õý£»¶þÊÇ·¨ÔºÄÚ²¿µÄ°¸¼þÖÊÁ¿¼ì²é(Ö÷ÒªÌåÏÖΪ ¡°°¸¾í¡±ÖÊÁ¿¼ì²é)ÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ¡°¹æ·¶¡±Á˾í×Ú£¬ÓÐȱÏݵĵط½ÍùÍùÔÚʺó×÷Щ¡°ÐÞ²¹¡±¡£·Ã̸·¢ÏÖ£º·¨¹Ù²»»áÔÙ¶Ô¡°³ÌÐò¹«Õý¡±àÍÖ®ÒԱǣ¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇÔÚ¾­¼Ã·¢´ïµØÇø£¬»¹ÊÇÔÚÆ«Ô¶Ïç´å£»µ«³ÌÐò¹«ÕýÒ²Ðí¸ü¶àֻͣÁôÔÚ·¨¹ÙµÄ¡°¹ÛÄ²ãÃæÉÏ£¬ÉõÖÁÓÐÒ»µãÏñÊǿںţ¬ÒòΪ¾ø´ó²¿·Ö·¨¹Ù¸ü×¢ÖØÊµÌ幫Õý¡£×¢Ò⣬ÕâÖÖϽµÇ÷ÊÆÖ»ÊǾÍÓÐÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶øÑÔ£¬ÎÞÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¾¿¾¹ÈçºÎ»¹Óдý¹Û²ì¡£º£ÄÏ¡¢¸ÊËàµÈ¾­¼Ã²»·¢´ïµØÇø·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÇé¿öÏà±ÈÏÈǰ²¢ÎÞÌ«´ó¸Ä±ä¡£
(Èý)°¸¼þ¸ºµ£Óë·¨¹Ù¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÑ¡Ôñ
·¨¹ÙµÄ°¸¼þ¸ºµ£ÓëÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹ØÏµ£¬Òò²»Í¬µØÇø¡¢²»Í¬·¨Ôº¡¢²»Í¬µÄ°¸¼þ¸ºµ£ÒÔ¼°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥±¾ÉíµÄ¸´ÔÓÐÔ¡¢¶àÑùÐÔ¶ø²»Í¬¡£ÔÚ°¸¼þ¸ºµ£½Ï´óµÄµØÇø£¬Ê¹Óá°ºÏÒéÖÆµÄ¶ÀÈλ¯¡±ÐÎʽµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ã÷ÏÔ¸ü¶à¡£±ÈÈ磬¹ã¶«Ä³»ù²ã·¨Í¥2001ÄêÊÜÀí¸÷Àà°¸¼þ1123×Ú£¬µ«ÉóÅÐÈËÔ±Ö»ÓÐ3ÈË£¬80%ÒÔÉϰ¸¼þÊÊÓüòÒ׳ÌÐò£¬¶øÊÊÓÃÆÕͨ³ÌÐòµÄ°¸¼þ£¬ºÏÒéͥͨ³£Ö»ÊǹÒÃû£¬²»¹ýÊÇÈý¸öÈË×øÔÚ·¨Í¥¼¸·ÖÖÓ£¬·Ç³Ð°ìÈ˾͵ÃÈ¥°ì×Ô¼ºµÄ°¸×Ó¡£´ËÍ⣬ÓÉÓÚ°¸¼þ¸ºµ£ÖØ£¬¼ÓÉÏÉóÏÞµÄѹÁ¦£¬·¨¹ÙÃǸüÏ£Íû¾¡¿ìÖÕ½áËù³Ð°ìµÄ°¸¼þ£¬¸üÏ£Íû³ÌÐò¸»ÓÚµ¯ÐÔ£¬³ÌÐò½øÐиü¼Ó½ô´Õ£¬¹Ê¶ø³öÏÖ²»ÉÙÔÚËÍ´ïºóÁ¢¼´¿ªÍ¥¡¢Ö¤¾Ý½»»»Ê±Ë³±ãµ÷½âµÈ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏó¡£¶ø°¸¼þ¸ºµ£½ÏСµÄµØÇø£¬È纣ÄÏ¡¢¹óÖÝijÖм¶·¨Ôº£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥¸ü¶àµØÕæÕý²Î¼Ó°¸¼þµÄÉóÀí¡£²»¹ý£¬ÕâЩ·¨ÔºÓйص÷½â·½ÃæµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓÖÏà¶Ô¸ü¶àһЩ£¬ÕâÊÇÒòΪ·¨¹ÙÃÇÓгäÔ£µÄʱ¼ä£¬¸üÔ¸Òâ»ý¼«ÓëË«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˽Ӵ¥£¬¸ü¿ÉÄÜΪµ÷½â¶ø²»ÑáÆä·³µØ·´¸´¡°×ö¹¤×÷¡±¡£
ÈçǰËùÊö£¬°¸¼þ¸ºµ£ÖصĵØÇøÓÐÓëÖ®ÏàÓ¦µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥±íÏÖÐÎ̬£¬°¸¼þ¸ºµ£ÇáµÄ·¨ÔºÒ²ÓÐÏàÓ¦µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥±íÏÖÐÎ̬£¬½ö´ÓÕâÒ»µã¿¼ÂÇ£¬ºÜÄÑ¿´³ö°¸¼þ¸ºµ£Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊýÁ¿µÄ¹ØÏµ¡£µ«ÔÚÎʾíµ÷²éÖУ¬µ±Îʼ°¡°Èç¹û°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ñ¹Á¦Ôö´óʱ£¬Äú»á¸ü¶à»¹ÊǸüÉÙµØÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¿¡±£¬´ó¶àÊý·¨¹Ù(76.7%)»Ø´ð¡°²»Ò»¶¨£¬Òª¸ù¾Ý°¸¼þµÄ¾ßÌåÇé¿ö¡±£¬¶ø»Ø´ð¡°¸ü¶à¡±µÄ(15%)±È¡°¸üÉÙ¡±µÄ(8.3%)Òª¶àÒ»±¶£»¾ÍµØÇø²îÒì¶øÑÔ£¬³ýÒ»¸öÖв¿µÄÑù±¾Í⣬¸÷µØÇøÖ®¼äµÄ²îÒì²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔ¡££¨¼û±í¶þ £ºÎʾíµ÷²éÐÅÏ¢»ã×Ü±í£©Õâ´óÖÂ˵Ã÷°¸¼þ¸ºµ£Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÊýÁ¿ÓÐ΢ÈõµÄÕýÏà¹ØÐÔ£¬µ«Ò²°µÊ¾×۸¼þµÄ¾ßÌåÇé¿ö¶Ô·¨¹ÙÊÇ·ñÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÓ°Ïì¸ü´ó¡£ÔÚÎʼ°·¨¹ÙÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔ­Òòʱ£¬67.2%µÄ·¨¹Ù»Ø´ð¡°ÓÐЩ°¸¼þÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥´¦ÀíЧ¹û¸üºÃ¡±£»Ñ¡Ôñ¡°±ÈÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸ü·½±ãÁé»î£¬¸üÓÐЧÂÊ¡±µÄÕ¼47.8%¡£µ±Îʼ°¡°¹ØÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥(»òÕßÕýʽµÄËßËϳÌÐò¹æÔò)£¬Äú×îÏë˵µÄÒ»¾ä»°ÊÇʲô¡±[17]ʱ£¬Ðí¶à·¨¹Ù»Ø´ð£º¾ßÌåÎÊÌâ¾ßÌå·ÖÎö£»¸ù¾Ýʵ¼ÊÇé¿öÑ¡ÔñÊÇ·ñ²ÉÓã»ÊµÊÂÇóÊÇ£»²»ÄÜÒ»µ¶ÇеÈÀàËÆ»°Óï¡£¿É¼û£¬¡°¾ßÌåÇé¿ö¾ßÌå·ÖÎö¡±ÕâÒ»³äÂú±çÖ¤·¨Öǻ۵ġ¢ÊµÓÃÖ÷ÒåµÄ¡°Ë¾·¨Ö¸µ¼·½Õ롱ÉîÉîÔú¸ùÓÚ·¨¹ÙµÄ¹ÛÄîÖ®ÖС£
·Ã̸»¹·¢ÏÖÒ»¸öÓÐȤµÄÏÖÏ󣺵±°¸¼þ¸ºµ£¼ÓÖØÊ±£¬ÄÇЩƽ³£½Ï¶àÔËÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ·¨¹Ù»á¸üƵ·±µØÔËÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£»¶øÄÇЩƽ³£½ÏÉÙʹÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ·¨¹ÙÔò»á¸üÉÙʹÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£Ò»¸ö¿ÉÄܵÄÔ­ÒòÊÇ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²»½ö½öÊÇÒ»ÖÖ³ÌÐòÔË×÷µÄ¼¼Êõ£¬¸üÊÇ·¨¹Ù¸öÐÔ»¯µÄ°ì°¸Ï°¹ß£¬ËäÈ»ºÜ¶à·¨¹Ù²¢²»³ÐÈÏÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¡°Ï°¹ß¡±¡£
(ËÄ)·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶Ô¾À·×ºÍƽ½â¾öµÄ´Ù½ø
µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔËÓö԰¸¼þÒÔµ÷½â¡¢ºÍ½â¡¢³·ËßµÈºÍÆ½·½Ê½½á°¸£¬ÓÐÃ÷ÏԵĴٽø×÷Óá£ÀýÈ磬2001Äê¡¢2002ÄêA·¨Ôº·ÇÅоö½á°¸[18]µÄ°¸¼þÖУ¬ÓзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±ÈÀý·Ö±ðΪ93.5%ºÍ80%£¬¶øÅоö°¸¼þÖÐÕâÒ»±ÈÀý·Ö±ðΪ47.6%ºÍ38.5%¡££¨¼û±íÒ»£©Ç°Ò»±ÈÀýÃ÷ÏÔ¸ßÓÚºóÕß¡£Îʾíµ÷²éҲ֤ʵ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔËÓÃÓÐÀûÓÚ°¸¼þµÄµ÷½â»ò³·Ëß¡£µ±Îʼ°¡°ÒÀ¾ÝÄúµÄ¾­Ñ飬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ·ñ¸üÈÝÒ״ٳɵ÷½â»ò³·Ëß¡±Ê±£¬»Ø´ð¡°ÊÇ¡±µÄ´ï74.4%£¬ÆäÖÐA·¨ÔºµÄ±ÈÀý¸ü¸ß´ï95%¡£¾¿ÆäÔ­Òò£¬ÎÒÃÇÈÏΪ£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÇ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐòÔË×÷Éϵġ°·ÇÕýʽ¡±Îª¾À·×½â¾öÓªÔìÁËÒ»ÖÖÏà¶ÔÇáËɵķÕΧ£¬¶øÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸üÏñÊÇÒ»³¡¾º¼¼ÉõÖÁÕ½Õù¡£
²»Í¬ÀàÐ͵ķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¹¦Äܸ÷ÓвàÖØ£¬ÓеÄÊÇΪÌá¸ß°ì°¸Ð§ÂÊ£¬ÓеÄÊÇΪÍ×ÉÆ£¨ÓÈÆäÊÇºÍÆ½£©½â¾ö¾À·×£¬Á½ÕßÖ®¼äÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ³åÍ»¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥±¾Éí¾ßÓеÄÁé»îÐÔ£¬¶àÖÖ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¼¼ÊõµÄ×ÛºÏÔËÓÃ[19]ÓпÉÄÜ»¯½â³åÍ»£¬¶øÔÚ×ÜÌåÉϼȱ£Ö¤°ì°¸Ð§ÂÊ£¬ÓÖÄܹ»Í×ÉÆ½â¾ö¾À·×¡£
(Îå)ÂÉʦ¶Ô·¨¹ÙÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÓ°Ïì
ÂÉʦ¶Ô·¨¹ÙÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÓ°ÏìÊÇ¶à·½ÃæµÄ¡£¶Ô¡°ÂÉʦµÄ²ÎÓëÊÇ·ñ»áµ¼Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¼õÉÙ¡±ÕâÒ»ÎÊÌ⣬»Ø´ð¡°ÊÇ¡±¡¢¡°·ñ¡±¡¢¡°ÆäËû£¬ÈçºÏ×÷µÄÂÉʦ¿Éµ¼Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔö¼Ó£¬¶Ô¿¹µÄÂÉʦµ¼Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¼õÉÙ¡±µÄ£¬·Ö±ðΪ30%¡¢44.4%ºÍ25.6%¡£Ò»°ãµÄÀí½âÊÇ£¬Èç¹ûÂÉʦ½éÈëËßËÏ£¬·¨¹Ù»áÒòΪһ·½»òË«·½µ±ÊÂÈËÔö¼ÓÁ˲©ÞĵÄÁ¦Á¿£¬¸ø¶Ô·½µ±ÊÂÈË»ò·¨¹ÙÔì³É¡°Ñ¹Á¦¡±£¬¶ø¸Ä±ä°ì°¸²ßÂÔ£¬¸üÉÙµØÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£µ«ÓÉÓÚÂÉʦÓë·¨¹ÙÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµÎ¢Ã·¨¹ÙÒ²¿ÉÄÜ»á×÷³öÏà·´Ñ¡Ôñ£¬Ôö¼Ó·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄʹÓá£Èç¹ûÂÉʦÊÇ¡°Ä°ÉúÈË¡±£¬·¨¹ÙʹÓõijÌÐòÏà¶Ô»á¸üÕýʽЩ£¬Èç¹ûËûÃÇÊÇ¡°ÀÏÏàʶ¡±£¬ÔòÍùÍù»á¸üÁé»îЩ¡£ÔÚÒ»¸öÊìÈËÉç»áÖУ¬¡°ÊìϤ¡±µÄÂÉʦ²ÎÓëËßËÏ¿ÉÄܵ¼Ö·¨¹Ù¸ü¶àµØÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£»¶ø·¨¹ÙÔÚÃæ¶Ô¡°²»ÊìϤ¡±µÄÂÉʦʱ£¬ÐÐΪһ°ã»á±È½ÏÉóÉ÷£¬Ñ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔÏà¶Ô¸üС¡£Õâ±íÃ÷ÁË·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔË×÷ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÌØ¶¨·¶Î§ÄÚ·¨ÂÉÈ˵ġ°µØ·½ÐÔ֪ʶ¡±£¬ÇÒËæ»·¾³µÄ±ä»¯¶ø±ä¶¯¡£Èç¹ûÂÉʦÀ´×Ô¡°Íⲿ¡±£¬·¨¹Ù´ó¶à»áÑ¡Ôñ¡°¹²Í¨µÄ·¨ÂÉÓïÑÔ¡±£¬Ô­ÒòÒ»ÊÇ¡°ÍⲿÈË¡±¿ÉÄܲ»Á˽⡰ÄÚ²¿¹æÔò¡±£¬¶þÊÇ¡°Ä°ÉúÈË¡±¿ÉÄÜ»áÊÔͼץס·¨¹Ù½øÐзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¡°°Ñ±ú¡±£¬ÕâÑù·¨¹Ù¾ÍÄþÔ¸¶àºÄ·ÑһЩʱ¼ä¶ø¡°×ß¡±ÕýʽµÄ¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐò¡£Ñ¡Ôñ¡°·ñ¡±µÄ±ÈÀýΪ44.4%£¬Ïà¶Ô¸ü¸ß£¬ËµÃ÷·¨¹ÙÑ¡ÔñµÄ¿ªÍ¥Ñùʽ²»»áÌ«ÊÜÂÉʦµÄÓ°Ï죬Ҳ°µÊ¾×ÅÔÚÎÒ¹úÂÉʦ¶Ô·¨¹ÙµÄÓ°Ïì×ÜÌåÉÏÈÔ²»¹»ÓÐЧ¡£
(Áù)·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Óë·¨Ôº¼¶±ðµÄ¹ØÏµ
±ÊÕ߲μӵÄÒ»Ïîʵ֤µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬Öм¶·¨ÔºÒ»ÉóÃñʰ¸¼þ³öÏÖ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±ÈÂÊԼΪ1/3¡£[20]±¾¿ÎÌâµÄµ÷²é±íÃ÷£º»ù²ã·¨Ôº½ÏÖм¶·¨ÔºµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸üƵ·±£»Ïç´å·¨Í¥µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Í¨³£±È³ÇÊеķ¨Ôº¸üÆÕ±é¡£¿ÉµÃ³öÈçÏÂÍÆÂÛ£ºÒ»ÊÇ·¨ÔºµÄ¼¶±ðÔ½¸ß£¬³ÌÐòÔ½Õýʽ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ô½ÉÙ£»¶þÊÇ·¨Ôº½â¾öµÄ¾À·×Ô½ÉÙ£¬·¨ÔºÔ½ÓпÉÄܼáÊØÕýʽµÄ³ÌÐò¡£Ò»°ã˵À´£¬Ô½µ½ÖƶÈÉÏ²ã£¬ÖÆ¶ÈµÄÔË×÷¾ÍÔ½·ûºÏÖÆ¶È½¨¹¹Õߵı¾Ò⣬ËûÃÇÁíÍâ´´ÔìÒ»Ì×Ìæ´úÐÔ²Ù×÷³ÌÐòµÄ¼¤Àø¸üС¡£Ò»¸ö¼«¶ËµÄÀý×ÓÊÇ£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ·¨¹Ùͨ³£²»»áÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÔ¤Ëã¾­·Ñ³ä×㣬°ì°¸ÎÞÐ迼Âdzɱ¾£¬°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ò²²»ÊÇÌ«¶à¡£[21]
(Æß)·¨¹ÙºÍ·¨Ôº¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ̬¶È
·¨¹Ù¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ̬¶È±È½ÏêÓÃÁ¡£ÕâÒ»µãÒòÎÒÃǶԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ½ç¶¨¡¢Ïò·¨¹ÙµÄ½âÊÍ[22]ÒÔ¼°·¨¹ÙµÄÀí½â¾ßÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÄ£ºýÐÔ¶øÓÐËùÓ°Ïì¡£[23]µ«ÕâÖÖÓ°ÏìÔÚ×ÜÌåÉϲ»»áË𺦱¾ÎĵķÖÎö¡£Ò»·½Ã棬´ó¶àÊý·¨¹Ù³ÐÈϵķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Òª±Èʵ¼Ê½øÐеķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸üÉÙ¡£µ±Îʼ°¡°¾ÍĿǰ¶øÑÔ£¬ÄúÔÚÉóÀí°¸¼þʱ£¬Ñ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥·½Ê½µÄÇé¿ö¶à²»¶à¡±Ê±£¬¾ø´ó¶àÊý·¨¹Ù»Ø´ð¡°½ÏÉÙ¡±(27.2%)ºÍ¡°Öеȡ±(58.3%)¡£¾¡¹ÜÆäËûÖ¤¾Ý°üÀ¨¶Ô·¨¹ÙµÄ·Ã̸½Ô±íÃ÷ÁËÏà·´µÄÇéÐΣ¬°¸¾íÖз´Ó³µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±ÈÀýÒ²½Ï¸ß¡£ÕâÒ»ÓÐȤµÄì¶Ü°µÊ¾×Å£¬´ó²¿·Ö·¨¹Ù¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓÐЩÕÚÕÚÑÚÑÚ£¬ÖÁÉÙ¶ÔÕâÖÖ¡°Ìá·¨¡±ÓÐЩ¼É»ä»ò¾¯Ì裬¾¡¹ÜÎÒÃÇ·´¸´Ç¿µ÷¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥³Ö¼ÛÖµÖÐÁ¢µÄ̬¶È¡£¿ÉÒÔÍÆ¶¨£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ·¨ÔºÄÚ²¿ÔËÐеÄÒ»Ìס°ÐÐÒµ¹æÔò¡±£¬Í¨³£Ö»ÓС°È¦ÄÚÈË¡±²ÅÊìϤ£¬ËûÃǶÔÍâÒ»°ã½«ÕâÖÖ¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±Òþ²ØÓÚÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È֮ϣ¬Ò²Òò´ËÔÚµ÷²éÖУ¬Ðí¶à·¨¹Ù¶ÔÎÞÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ò»¸Å·ñÈÏ¡£
ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬¶àÊý·¨¹ÙÓÖÈÏΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶Ô¾À·×½â¾ö¾ßÓлý¼«×÷Óᣵ±Îʼ°¡°¹ØÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥(»òÕßÕýʽµÄËßËϳÌÐò¹æÔò)£¬Äú×îÏë˵µÄÒ»¾ä»°ÊÇʲô¡±£¬´ó²¿·ÖÈ˳ֿ϶¨Ì¬¶È£¬ÀýÈ磺¡°²»±Ø¹ý·Ö¾ÐÄàÓÚÐÎʽ£¬·¨ÔºÖ÷ҪĿ±êÊÇÏ¢·×Ö¹Õù¡±£»¡°¿ÉÒÔÔÚʵ¼ùÖмÓÒÔÍÆ¹ãÓ¦Óá±£»¡°ÓÐÖúÓÚÌá¸ß°ì°¸Ð§ÂÊ¡±£»¡°ÊÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÓÐÒæ²¹³ä¡±µÈ¡£[24]Îʾíµ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬74.4%µÄ·¨¹ÙÈÏΪ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÄÜ´Ù½øµ÷½â»ò³·Ëß¡£83.9%µÄ·¨¹ÙÈÏΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²»»áÓ°Ïì˾·¨¹«Õý¡£42.2%µÄ·¨¹Ù³ÐÈÏ£¬ÏÖÐС¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·¹æ¶¨µÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí³ÌÐòÌ«½©»¯£¬²»½ö²»ÀûÓÚËßËÏЧÂʵÄÌá¸ß£¬¶Ô³ÌÐò¹«ÕýҲûÓÐʲôʵ¼ÊЧ¹û£¬A·¨ÔºµÄ±ÈÀý¸ü¸ß´ï75%¡£[25]55%µÄ·¨¹ÙÈÏΪ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔËÓÃÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ·´Ó³·¨¹ÙµÄ¡°°ì°¸ÒÕÊõ¡±¡£ÔÚ²»ÉÙ·¨¹Ù¿´À´£¬ÑϸñÒÀ·¨¶¨³ÌÐò°ì°¸²¢Ã»ÓÐʲô¡°¸ßÃ÷¡±£¬Òª°ÑÒ»¸ö°¸¼þ°ìµÃÔ­¸æ¡¢±»¸æ¶¼ÐÄ·þ¿Ú·þ£¬¡°°Úƽ¡±¾À·×£¬²ÅÕæÕýÐèÒª¡°ÉóÅеÄÒÕÊõ¡±¡£[26]ÀýÈçһλ·¨¹ÙÔÚÎʾíÉÏдµÀ£º¡°·¨ÂÉÊÇÒ»ÃÅÒÕÊõ£¬°ì°¸Ò²ÊÇÒ»ÃÅÒÕÊõ¡±¡£ÕýÈç»ôķ˹Ëù˵£º·¨ÂɵÄÉúÃüÔÚÓÚ¾­Ñ飬¶ø²»ÔÚÂß¼­¡£¡°ÉóÅÐÔÚÍ¥ÄÚ£¬¹¦·òÔÚÍ¥Í⡱ÕâÑùµÄÌᷨ¿û²»ÏÊ£¬ÕâÒâζ×Å·¨¹ÙÒª°ìºÃ°¸£¬³ý·¨Í¥ÉóÅÐÍ⻹ӦÔÚ·¨Í¥Íâ¶àϹ¦·ò£¬µ±È»°üÀ¨¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±µÄ×ö·¨¡£
·¨¹Ù¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ̬¶ÈÓ빤×÷¾­ÑéÓйأ¬¶øÓëѧÀú±³¾°¹ØÁª¸üÉÙ¡£Ò»°ã˵À´£¬¹¤×÷ʱ¼ä³¤µÄ·¨¹Ù¸üÇãÏòÓÚ³ÐÈÏ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ»ý¼«×÷Óã»¶ø¹¤×÷ʱ¼äÔ½¶Ì£¬¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÏû¼«ÐÔÔ½Ãô¸Ð¡£ÓÉÓÚ½üÄêÀ´·¨Ôº½øÈ˱ê׼ƫÏòÓÚѧÀú£¬¹Ê¹¤×÷ʱ¼ä¶ÌÓë¸ßѧÀúÍùÍù¸øÈËÒ»ÖÖÖØºÏµÄÓ¡Ïó¡£µ«1990Äê´úÖÐǰÆÚ½øÈë·¨ÔºµÄ±¾¿ÆÒÔÉÏѧÀúµÄ·¨¹Ù£¬¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ̬¶ÈÓëÆäËû±³¾°µÄ·¨¹Ù²¢ÎÞ¶þÖ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¸ßѧÀúµÄ·¨¹Ùδ±ØÇáÊÓ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬µ±È»Ò²Î´±Ø¸üÖØÊÓ¡£Êʵ±µÄ½âÊÍÊÇ£¬·¨¹ÙµÄ¹¤×÷ʱ¼äÔ½³¤£¬¾­ÑéÔ½·á¸»£¬¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÔË×÷¾ÍÔ½ÓÎÈÐÓÐÓࣻ¶ø¹¤×÷¾­ÑéÉٵ퍹ÙÒòÊÜ¡°Õýͳ¡±·¨Ñ§½ÌÓýµÄ¡°Óà¶¾¡±ÉÐδ¡°ËàÇ塱£¬¸ü¶àµØÈÏΪ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÓ¦¡°µÖÖÆ¡±µÄ¡°²»µ±ÐÐΪ¡±(ÕâÖÖ¹ÛÄîÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖг£±»¾­Ñé·á¸»µÄ·¨¹ÙÊÓΪһÖÖ¡°ÊéÉúÒâÆø¡±)¡£Ëæ×Ű참¾­ÑéµÄÔö¼Ó£¬ËûÃÇÖеÄһЩÈË¿ÉÄܻᷢ¾õÑϸñÒÀ·¨¶¨³ÌÐò²Ù×÷³É±¾¸ß¡¢·Ñʱ¼ä¡¢²»±ãÀû¡¢ÓÈÆäÊÇûÓбØÒª£¬ÓÚÊǶԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ̬¶È±ã¿ÉÄÜÖð½¥×ª»¯¡£
×¢Ò⣬ÓÉÓÚ·¨¹Ù°ìºÃ°¸¼þ²¢²»´æÔÚÃ÷ÏÔµÄÖ±½ÓÀûÒæ£¬µ±Ç°·¨¹ÙÉýǨµÄ»úÖÆÖ÷ÒªÔ´ÓÚÕþÖÎÐÔ°²ÅÅ£¬¹Ê·¨¹Ù°ì¡°ºÃ¡±°¸¼þµÄ¼¤ÀøÒòËØ²»×ã¡£Ãæ¶Ô˾·¨¸Ä¸ïËùÒªÇóµÄ¡°¹æ·¶»¯ºÍÕýʽ»¯¡±£¬¶àÊý·¨¹ÙÕýºÃ¡°Ë³¸ËÅÀ¡±£¬ÔÚÇ¿µ÷¶Ô¿¹ÖƵı³¾°Ï·¨¹ÙÔ½À´Ô½ÉÙµ÷²éÖ¤¾Ý¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öÃ÷ÏÔÀýÖ¤£¬ÉõÖÁÓÐʱ·¨¹ÙÓ¦µ±ÒÀ¾Ýµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÉêÇëµ÷²éȡ֤ʱҲ»áѰÕÒ¸÷ÖÖÀíÓÉÍÆÍÑ£¬Ö½ÃæÉϵķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥´æÔÚήËõ¼£ÏóÒ²ÊÇÒ»¸öÖ¤¾Ý¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬·¨ÔºÍƶ¯µÄ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÒ»¸öDZÔÚµÄÄ¿±êÊÇ·¨Ôº/·¨¹ÙµÄ¡°Ð¶Ô𡱣¬¶ø°ÑÔðÈÎ×ªÒÆµ½µ±ÊÂÈËÉíÉÏ£¬[27]³ÌÐòÑ¡ÔñȨҲ²¿·ÖµØ»ùÓÚ´ËÖÖÔµÓÉ¡£[28]
¾Í·¨Ôº¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ̬¶È¶øÑÔ£¬ËäÈ»ÓÐʱ»á¡°ÈýÁîÎåÉꡱǿµ÷ÑϸñÒÀ·¨¡¢×¢ÖسÌÐòºÍ±£Õϵ±ÊÂÈËËßËÏȨÀû£¬µ«ÔÚ°¸¼þѹÁ¦¡¢ÉóÏÞÔ¼Êø¡¢°ì°¸Ï°¹ßµÈÖî¶àÒòËØÓ°ÏìÏ£¬Êµ¼ÊÉ϶ԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ·ÅÈÎ×ÔÁ÷µÄ¡£ËùÓб»µ÷²é·¨Ôº»ù±¾ÉÏûÓаѷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÓΪһ¸ö¡°ÎÊÌ⡱¡£
(°Ë)ºÏÒéÖÆµÄ¶ÀÈλ¯Ç÷ÊÆ
ºÏÒéÍ¥µÄÐ黯ÊÇÎÒ¹úÃñÊÂÉóÅÐÖÐµÄÆÕ±éÏÖÏó£¬ÎÒÃǵĵ÷²éÒàÈç´Ë±íÃ÷¡£ÎÞÂÛ¼òÒ׳ÌÐò»¹ÊÇÆÕͨ³ÌÐò°¸¼þ£¬»ù±¾É϶¼Óɳа취¹Ù°ìÀí£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔÚ»ù²ã·¨Ôº¡£ÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖд󲿷ְ¸¼þÒ»°ãÏÈ¡°×ß¡±[29]¼òÒ׳ÌÐò£¬Èô°¸¼þÌ«¸´ÔÓ»òÉóÏÞ¿ìµ½ÆÚʱÔò¡°×ª¡±ÎªÆÕͨ³ÌÐò¡£¼´±ãºÏÒéÍ¥ÉóÀí°¸¼þ£¬´ó¶àÒ²Ö»ÊÇ×ßÐÎʽ£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥Ö»ÊÇÓÉÍ¥³¤»ò³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÕÙ¼¯£¬ÍùÍùÖ»ÔÚµÚÒ»´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ê±¡°Â¶Ã桱£¬¶øÆä×îÖØÒªµÄÖÆ¶ÈÒªÇ󡪹²Í¬ÉóÀí¡¢ºÏÒé°¸¼þ¡ªÍùÍùûÓеõ½Êµ¼ÊÖ´ÐУ¬ºÜ¶àÇé¿öϺÏÒéÍ¥¸ù±¾¾ÍûÓкÏÒé¹ý¡£µ÷²éµÄ°¸¾í±íÃ÷£¬ºÏÒé±Ê¼»ù±¾ÉÏÓɳа취¹ÙÖÆ×÷£¬°¸¼þ´¦ÀíÒâ¼ûÓɳа취¹ÙÌá³ö£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥ÆäËû³ÉÔ±»ù±¾É϶¼ÊÇ¡°Í¬Ò⡱£¬ºÏÒé±Ê¼ÉõÖÁ»¹ÓÐһЩÊÇÔڽ᰸ºó°¸¾íÕûÀíʱÓÉÊé¼ÇÔ±»ò³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÖÆ×÷¡¢ÔÙÕÒºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉԱǩÃûµÄ¡£
ºÏÒéÖÆµÄ¶ÀÈλ¯Ç÷ÊÆ£¬Ö÷ÒªÔ­ÒòÓжþ£ºÒ»ÊÇ·¨ÔºÊµÐа¸¼þµÄ¸öÈ˸ºÔðÖÆ¼´¡°¸öÈ˳аìÖÆ¡±£¬ÓÐһλרÃŵġ°³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù¡±»ò¡°Ö÷ÉóÈË¡±ÓÉʼÖÁÖÕ¸ºÔ𰸼þµÄÁ¢°¸¡¢Ëʹȷ¶¨¿ªÍ¥Ê±¼ä¡¢¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí¡¢Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ö®ÍâµÄµ÷²é¡¢Ñ¯ÎÊ»òµ÷½â¡¢°¸¼þ×îÖÕÒâ¼ûµÄÌá³ö¡¢°¸¼þÉóÀí±¨¸æµÄ׫д¡¢ÅоöÊé²ÝÄâ¡¢ÖÆ×÷¡¢ÐûÅС¢ËÍ´ï¡¢´í°¸µÄÔðÈγе£µÈ¡£¶þÊÇÏֽ׶δó¶àÊý»ù²ãºÍÖм¶·¨ÔºµÄ·¨¹ÙÓÐËùνµÄ°¸¼þÊýÁ¿ÈÎÎñ(ÉõÖÁÓеϹÓÐËßËÏ·ÑÊÕÈëÈÎÎñ)¡£°¸¼þµÄÉóÀíÊýÁ¿ÊǹéÊôÓڳа취¹ÙµÄ£¬ºÏÒéͥÿһ³ÉÔ±¶¼ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÈÎÎñ£¬¹ÊºÏÒéÍ¥ÆäËû³ÉÔ±¡¢ÉõÖÁÉóÅг¤[30]¶¼Ã»ÓÐÀíÓÉÒòΪÆäËû·¨¹Ù³Ð°ìµÄ°¸¼þ¶ø¸¶³ö¸ü¶àʱ¼äºÍ¾«Á¦¡£³ýÉóÅг¤ÏóÕ÷ÐÔµØÐû²¼¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíµÄÓйØÊÂÏîÍ⣬ÆäËû³ÌÐòÔË×÷¾ùÓɳа취¹ÙÖ÷³Ö¡£ºÏÒéÍ¥×é³ÉÈËÔ±Ò²ÊÇÏà¶Ô¹Ì¶¨µÄ£¬²¢¿ÉÄÜÐγÉÒ»ÖÖĬʾµÄ»¥»ÝºÏ×÷¹ØÏµ£¬±ÈÈ磬Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ê±ºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉÔ±µÄ³öϯ»á¿¼ÂÇ¡°ËûÈ˵ıíÏÖ¡±£»³ýÉóÅг¤Í⣬·Ç³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÒ»°ã²»»á¶Ô°¸¼þÌá³öÓë³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù²»Í¬µÄ´¦ÀíÒâ¼û£¬ÒòΪ°¸¼þÓɳа취¹Ù¸öÈ˸ºÔð£¬Èô¡°¸ÉÔ¤¡±³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙµÄ¡°ÉóÅÐȨ¡±£¬½ñºó×Ô¼º°ì°¸¾Í¿ÉÄÜÊÜ¡°¸ÉÔ¤¡±¡£¶ÔËûÈ˳аìµÄ°¸¼þ¹ý·Ö»ý¼«µØ²ÎÓëÉóÀíºÍºÏÒ飬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÄܱ»ÊÓΪһÖÖ¡°Ô½¹ìÐÐΪ¡±£¬ÒòΪËü°µÊ¾×Ÿ÷¨¹Ù¿ÉÄܶ԰¸¼þÓµÓС°²»Õýµ±µÄÀûÒæ¡±¡£¿É¼û£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥ÔË×÷µÄ¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±ÏÔÈ»²»Í¬ÓÚÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄÒªÇó¡£

±í¶þ £ºÎʾíµ÷²éÐÅÏ¢»ã×ܱí



A
B
C
×ܼÆ


ÎʾíÊýÁ¿
20
79
81
180

ÎÊÌâ
Ñ¡Ïî
ÈËÊý
°Ù·Ö±È
ÈËÊý
°Ù·Ö±È
ÈËÊý
°Ù·Ö±È
ÈËÊý
°Ù·Ö±È

1.¾ÍĿǰ¶øÑÔ£¬ÄúÔÚÉóÀí°¸¼þʱ£¬Ñ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥·½Ê½µÄÇé¿ö¶à²»¶à£¿
A½Ï¶à
0

7
8.9%
12
14.8%
19
10.6%

B½ÏÉÙ
5
25%
31
39.2%
13
16.1%
49
27.2%

CÖеÈ
15
75%
37
46.8%
53
65.4%
105
58.3%

DÆäËû
0

4
5.1%
3
3.7%
7
3.9%

2.ÄúΪʲô»á½øÐзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¿(¿É¶àÑ¡)
A±ÈÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸ü·½±ãÁé»î£¬¸üÓÐЧÂÊ
12
60%
36
45.6%
38
46.9%
86
47.8%

BÓÐЩ°¸¼þÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥´¦ÀíЧ¹û¸üºÃ
13
65%
54
68.4%
45
55.6%
121
67.2%

CÓÐʱºòÊÇÒ»ÖÖÖ°ÒµµÄϰ¹ß
0

0

4
4.9%
4
2.2%

DÆäËû
2
10%
14
17.7%
11
13.6%
27
15%

3.ÄúÈÏΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ·ñ»áÓ°Ïì˾¹«Õý£¿
AÊÇ


4
20%
10
12.7%
13
16.1%
27
15%

B·ñ
16
80%
69
87.3%
66*
81.5%
151
83.9%

4ÒÀ¾ÝÄúµÄ¾­Ñ飬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ·ñ¸üÈÝÒ״ٳɵ÷½â»ò³·Ëߣ¿
AÊÇ


19
95%
57
72.2%
58
71.6%
134
74.4%

B·ñ
1
5%
22
27.8%
22*
27.2%
45
25%

5.µ±°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ñ¹Á¦´óʱ£¬Äú»á¸ü¶à»¹ÊǸüÉÙµØÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¿
A¸ü¶à
5
25%
13
16.5%
9
11.1%
27
15%

B¸üÉÙ
1
5%
9
11.4%
5
6.2%
15
8.3%

C²»Ò»¶¨£¬¸ù¾Ý°¸¼þ¾ßÌåÇé¿ö
14
70%
57
72.1%
67
82.7%
138
76.7%

6.ÂÉʦµÄ²ÎÓëÊÇ·ñ»áµ¼Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ª¼õÉÙ£¿
AÊÇ
9
45%
22
27.8%
23
28.4%
54
30%

B·ñ
6
30%
31
39.2%
43
53.1%
80
44.4%

CÆäËû
5
25%
26
33%
15
18.5%
46
25.6%

7.Äú½øÐзÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ê±£¬ÓÐЩ»°£¬ÀýÈçÄú¶Ôµ±ÊÂÈË¡°×ö¹¤×÷¡±Ê±ËµµÄ»°£¬ÊÇ·ñÓÐÎ´ÔØÈë±Ê¼µÄÇéÐΣ¿
AÊÇ


17
85%
40
50.6%
55
67.9%
112
62.2%

B·ñ


3
15%
32
40.5%
21
25.9%
56
31.1%

CÆäËû
0

7
8.9%
5
6.2%
12
6.7%

8. ÄúÊÇ·ñÈÏΪ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄʹÓÃÓë²Ù×÷¼¼Êõ£¬Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÄÜ·´Ó³Ò»Ãû·¨¹ÙµÄ¡°°ì°¸ÒÕÊõ¡±£¿
AÊÇ


14
70%
40
50.6%
45
55.6%
99
55%

B·ñ


4
20%
32
40.5%
31
38.3%
67
37.2%

CÆäËû
2
10%
7
8.9%
3*
3.7%
12
6.7%

9ÄúÊÇ·ñÈÏΪ£¬Ä¿Ç°ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¹æ¶¨µÄÕýʽͥÉó³ÌÐòÌ«½©»¯£¬²»½ö²»ÀûÓÚËßËÏЧÂʵÄÌá¸ß£¬¶Ô³ÌÐò¹«ÕýҲûÓÐʲôʵ¼ÊЧ¹û£¿
AÊÇ


15
75%
28
35.4%
33
40.7%
76
42.2%

B·ñ


5
25%
37
46.9%
48
59.3%
90
50%

CÆäËû


0

14
17.7%
0

14
7.8%


×¢£º1. AΪ½­Î÷ij»ù²ã·¨Ôº£¬BΪ¹ã¶«Ä³»ù²ã·¨Ôº£¬CΪÆäËû·¨Ôº(°üÀ¨º£ÄÏ¡¢¸ÊËà¡¢ºÓ±±µÈ6¸ö·¨Ôº)¡£

2. *±íʾ±»µ÷²éÕßδѡÔñ»òÌîдÆäËûÑ¡ÏîµÄÇéÐΣ¬¹Ê°Ù·Ö±È×ÜÖµÓÐδ´ï100%µÄÇéÐΡ£


ËÄ¡¢ÎªÊ²Ã´·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¿


ÔÚÕýʽµÄËßËÏÖÆ¶È¡ªÓÈÆäÊÇÉóǰ׼±¸¡¢¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíºÍÖ¤¾Ý¹æÔò¡ªÈÕÒæÍ걸µÄ½ñÌ죬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÎªÊ²Ã´ÈÔÈç´Ë¹ã·º´æÔÚ£¿
ÎÒÃÇÈÏΪ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ·¨¹Ù(·¨Ôº)¡¢¹ú¼Ò¡¢µ±ÊÂÈËÈý·½²©ÞĵĽá¹û£¬Èý·½Î§Èư¸¼þÉóÀíµÄ»¥¶¯£¬¿ÉÔËÓþ­¼ÃѧÓÈÆäÊDz©ÞÄÂÛ×ö³öÇ¡µ±½âÊÍ¡£ÔÚ¾­¼Ãѧ¿´À´£¬·¨¹Ù(·¨Ôº)¡¢¹ú¼Ò¡¢µ±ÊÂÈ˽Ô×·ÇóÀûÒæ×î´ó»¯£¬ÔÚ¸ø¶¨Ô¼ÊøÌõ¼þÏÂ×î´ó»¯×Ô¼ºµÄÆ«ºÃ£¬¸öÈËÐÐΪ(²¢Òò´Ë¼¯ÌåÐж¯)½«¶ÔδÀ´¿ÉÔ¤²âµÄ³É±¾¡ªÊÕÒæ±ä»¯×ö³ö·´Ó¦£¬¸öÈËÊÇÆäÐÐΪµÄ×î¼Ñ·¨¹Ù¡£²©ÞÄÂÛ¼á³ÖÀíÐÔÑ¡ÔñµÄ¾ùºâ·ÖÎö˼·£¬ÔËÓÃÀíÐÔÐж¯ÕßÄ£ÐÍ£¬É趨²©ÞÄÕßÏ£Íû×î´ó»¯Æä¸öÈËÖ§¸¶¡£²©ÞĽá¹ûÓÉËùÓÐÈ˵ÄÐж¯¹²Í¬¾ö¶¨£¬¼ÈȻÿ¸öÈ˶¼ÊÇÀíÐԵ쬻áÔËÓÃËûËùÓеÄ֪ʶºÍÐÅÏ¢×·ÇóЧÓÃ×î´ó»¯£¬ÔòËûÑ¡ÔñÐж¯Ê±¾ÍÐ뿼ÂDZðÈËͬÑùÊÇÀíÐԵġ£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÜÖî¶àÒòËØµÄÓ°ÏìºÍÖÆÔ¼£¬°üÀ¨ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È£¬·¨ÔººÍ·¨¹ÙµÄ³É±¾¡¢ÊÕÒæ£¬Ë¾·¨´«Í³ºÍÎÄ»¯£¬µ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÎÄ»¯ËØÖÊ¡¢¾­¼Ã×´¿ö¡¢¸öÐÔÌØÕ÷¡¢Éç»á½á¹¹£¬¹ú¼ÒµÄ̬¶È£¬µØ·½ÐÔ֪ʶµÈ¡£
¾Í·¨¹ÙÓë¹ú¼ÒµÄ²©ÞĶøÑÔ£¬Ò»·½Ã棬·¨¹ÙΪӭºÏÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È£¬Í¨³£ÖÁÉÙÐëÓÐÒ»´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬»òÓÐÒ»·ÝÕý¹æµÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí±Ê¼¡£¶øÕâ²¢·ÇÔ´ÓÚ¶Ô³ÌÐòµÄ×ðÖØºÍ¶Ô³ÌÐò×÷ÓõÄÈϿɣ¬¶øÊǼøÓÚÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µÄÇ¿ÖÆÐÔÒªÇó£»Èç¹ûδÄÜÂú×ãÕâÒ»ÒªÇ󣬰¸¼þ¿ÉÄܻᱻÊÓΪ¡°ÑÏÖØÎ¥·´³ÌÐò¡±¡£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬·¨¹ÙÓÖ¹æ±Ü³ÌÐò¹ýÓÚ·±ËöµÄÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬»ò±ÜÃâ¶à´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬¶øÒÔ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥À´Ìæ´ú¡£ÕâÖ÷ÒªÊÇ»ùÓڳɱ¾ÓëÊÕÒæµÄ±È½Ï£¬ÒòΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓëÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÊÕÒæ»ù±¾Ïàͬ£¬µ«³É±¾¸üµÍ¡£²¢ÇÒ¾ÍÏÖÐÐÖÆ¶È¶øÑÔ£¬·¨¹ÙÔÚÏ൱³Ì¶ÈÉÏ»¹¾ßÓÐ̽Ç󰸼þ¿Í¹ÛÕæÊµµÄÒåÎñ£¬Ò»´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚ´ó¶àÊýÇé¿öÏÂÎÞ·¨»ñµÃ²ÃÅÐËùÐèµÄ³ä·ÖÐÅÏ¢£¬·´¸´¶à´Î¿ªÍ¥³ÉΪ°¸¼þ½â¾öÖ®±ØÐ裬ÊÂʵÉϽ׶ÎÐÔ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÕýÊÇÎÒ¹ú(ÒÔ¼°´ó½·¨)ÃñÊÂËßËÏģʽµÄÖØÒªÌØµã¡£[31]¶ø¶Ô¹ú¼ÒÀ´Ëµ£¬Ë¾·¨²ÃÅеÄÔË×÷ÐèÒª³É±¾£¬¡°²»ÊÇËùÓеÄ˾·¨Åоö¶¼ÄܲúÉúÕýÒ壬µ«ÊÇÿһ¸ö˾·¨Åоö¶¼»áÏûºÄ×ÊÔ´¡£¡±[32]¹ú¼ÒÐèÖ§³öµÄ˾·¨³É±¾°üÀ¨½¨Á¢²¢Î¬³ÖÒ»Ì׳£Éè˾·¨»ú¹¹¡¢ÒÔ¼°Ë¾·¨ÈËÔ±°ì°¸Ö§³öµÄÈ«²¿·ÑÓã¬Èç·¨ÔºÉèÊ©Óëά»¤·ÑÓᢷ¨¹Ù¼°¸¨ÖúÈËÔ±¹¤×ʸ£Àû¡¢·¨¹Ù°ì°¸ºÄ·ÑµÄÈË¡¢²Æ¡¢ÎïÁ¦¡£Ë¾·¨³É±¾Ö÷ÒªÓɵط½²ÆÕþ³Ðµ££¬¶øÎÒ¹ú¾­¼Ã·¢Õ¹Ï൱²»Æ½ºâ£¬Ðí¶àµØÇø·¨Ôº¾­·ÑÑÏÖØ²»×㣬[33]ÓÐЩ·¨ÔººÍµ±ÊÂÈËÖ®¼ä»¹´æÔÚÎ§ÈÆ×ÊÔ´»ñÈ¡µÄ»¥¶¯»úÖÆ¡£[34]·¨¹ÙÑ¡Ôñ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Êµ¼ÊÉÏΪ¹ú¼Ò½ÚÔ¼Á˳ɱ¾£¬Òò´ËÖ»Òª²»¹ý·ÖÇÖ·¸µ±ÊÂÈ˵ijÌÐò±£ÕÏȨ»ò³öÏÖ˾·¨¸¯°Ü£¬¹ú¼Ò¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÕâÖÖ¡°Îª¹ú·ÖÓǽâÄÑ¡±µÄÐж¯Í¨³£»áÓèÒÔĬÈÏ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥»¹ÓÐÖúÓÚ(¸üºÃµØ)ʵÏÖ¹ú¼Ò¸³Óè·¨ÔºµÄÊ×ҪĿ±ê¡ª½â¾ö¾À·×£¬ÃÖ²¹ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈÔÚ¾À·×½â¾ö·½ÃæµÄ¾ÖÏÞ¡£´ËÍ⣬¾¡¹ÜÕýʽµÄ˾·¨ÖƶÈͨ³£·´¶Ô¡°·ÇÕýʽ¡±µÄ˾·¨ÔË×÷£¬µ«¹ú¼Ò´«Ã½ºÍÉç»áÓßÂ۵ĵ¼ÏòÈ´ÀúÀ´ÍƳ硰ÉîÈëȺÖÚ¡¢µ÷²éÑо¿¡±µÄ¹¤×÷·½Ê½¡£[35]ÕâЩ¹²Í¬´Ù³ÉÁ˹ú¼ÒêÓÃÁ¡¢Ä¬ÈÏÉõÖÁ¹ÄÀøµÄ̬¶È¡£¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·Óйء°¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí¡±µÄ±í´ïÓëʵ¼ùÔڴ˱ãÏÔÈ»³öÏÖÁ˲»Ò»Ö£ºÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈÒªÇóÑϸñ°´¹æÔò¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí£»µ«ÊµÖÊÉÏÖ»ÐèÒ»´ÎÕýʽµÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬±ã¿É±íÃ÷¹ú¼ÒÒÑÇÐʵ±£Õϵ±ÊÂÈË»ù±¾µÄËßËÏȨÀû£»¹Ê¡°¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí¡±µÄʵ¼ù±ãÑÝ»¯Îª¡°Ò»´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥+Èô¸É´Î·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±¡£
·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈËÖ®¼äµÄ²©ÞÄ£¬Ò²ÓÕ·¢ÁË·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ³öÏÖ¡£Ò»·½Ã棬Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶Ô·¨ÔººÍ·¨¹Ù¶øÑԳɱ¾½Ï¸ß£¬¶ø·¨¹Ù²¢²»±Ø¶¨ÒªÒÀÀµÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²ÅÄÜ»ñµÃ×ã¹»µÄÐÅÏ¢ºÍ½â¾ö¾À·×£¬¹Ê¶ÔÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²»»áÌ«»ý¼«¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬¶àÊý·¨¹Ù¶Ô³ÌÐò³ÖÒ»ÖÖÇáÊÓ̬¶È£¬ÈÏΪ³ÌÐò·¨²»ÖØÒª£¬Ðí¶à³ÌÐòÌ«Âé·³£¬¿ÉÒÔÈÆµÀ¶øÐС£ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬µ±ÊÂÈ˶ԳÌÐò±£ÕϵÄÐèÇóÒ²²¢²»ÊdzÌÐòÖÐÐÄÂÛÕß¿´À´µÃÄÇôǿÁÒ£¬Óë³ÌÐò±£ÕÏÏà±È£¬µ±ÊÂÈ˸üÐèÒª¡¢Ò²¸ü¿´ÖØÊµÌ幫Õý¡£ÎÒ¹ú¡°ÖØÊµÌå¡¢Çá³ÌÐò¡±µÄËßËÏÎÄ»¯¸ùÉîµÙ¹Ì£¬ÃÀ¹úÐÁÆÕɭıɱǰÆÞ°¸±»ÎÞ×↑ÊÍÒýÆðÖйúÈ˵ķ´¸Ð¿ÉÄÜÔ¶ÉõÓÚÃÀ¹úÈË£¬ÉòÑôºÚÉç»áÀÏ´óÁõÓ¿¶þÉ󱻸ÄÅÐËÀ»ºµ¼Ö¡°Ãñ·ß¡±£¬[36]ÃñÖÚ×î²»ÄܽÓÊܵĻòÐí¾ÍÊdzÌÐò¹«Õý¶øÊµÌå²»¹«Õý¡£ÔÚ¶àÊýµ±ÊÂÈËÑÛÖУ¬ÕýʽµÄ³ÌÐò±£Õ϶ÔÊʵ±½â¾ö¾À·×²¢Ã»ÓÐÌ«´óÓô¦(ʵ¼ÊÉϲ»ÉÙ·¨¹ÙÒ²ÕâôÈÏΪ)£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÄܼӾç»ò¼¤»¯Ë«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˵Äì¶Ü£¬¶ÔÍ×µ±½â¾ö¾À·×²úÉúÓ°Ï죬²¢ÇÒ¾­³£ÎÞ·¨ÊµÖÊÐÔ¡¢¸ù±¾ÐԵػ¯½âì¶Ü¡£´ËÍ⣬ÕýʽµÄ³ÌÐò»¹¿ÉÄÜÔö¼Óµ±ÊÂÈ˵ijɱ¾ºÍËÏÀÛ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ·¨¹ÙºÍµ±ÊÂÈËË«·½ºÏÁ¦µÄ×÷ÓÃÏ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¼¸ºõ³ÉΪ˫·½µÄ¹²Ê¶¡ª¡°Ä¬Ê¾µÄ¹²Ä±¡±£¬[37]¶ÔÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹æ±Ü¾ÍÕâÑù²úÉúÁË¡£[38]
¿É¼û£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇÀíÐÔÑ¡ÔñµÄ²úÎï¡£Ëü¿ÉÊÓΪ·¨¹ÙÔÚ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖС¢Ó¦¶ÔÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶ø¡°·¢Ã÷¡±²¢²»¶Ïʵ¼ùµÄÒ»ÖÖ·ÇÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È°²ÅÅ£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²µÃµ½Á˵±ÊÂÈ˺͹ú¼ÒµÄĬÈÏ»ò¡°ËËÓÁ¡±¡£ÏÔÈ»£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇ˾·¨È¨Á¦Ò»ÖÖ¾«Ï¸¡¢ÇÉÃʵÓõÄÔË×÷¼¼Êõ£¬½ø¶ø£¬Ëü»¹ÊÇÔ¨Ô´ÓÚ˾·¨´«Í³¡¢Ö²¸ùÓÚÖйú¹úÇé[39]µÄÒ»ÖÖ˾·¨ÎÄ»¯¡£ÕâÖÖ¶ÔÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¹æ±Ü£¬Æä¼¤ÀøÒòËØÖ÷ÒªÀ´×Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ëù¾ßÓеıȽÏÓÅÊÆ¡£°üÀ¨£º
(Ò»)³É±¾µÍ
·¨¹ÙÑ¡Ôñ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíģʽµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒª¿¼ÂÇÀ´×Գɱ¾ÎÊÌâ¡£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¿ÉÒÔ½µµÍ·¨ÔººÍ·¨¹ÙµÄ˾·¨³É±¾£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÈËÁ¦ºÍʱ¼ä³É±¾£¬µ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄËßËϳɱ¾Í¨³£Ò²»á½µµÍ¡£µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬·¨¹Ù´¦Àí°¸¼þʱÍùÍùÓÐÁ½·½ÃæµÄ¿¼ÂÇ£ºÒ»Êǰ¸¼þÈçºÎ²ÅÄÜ˳Àû½â¾ö£»[40]¶þÊÇ·¨¹ÙÔõÑù²ÅÄÜʵÏֳɱ¾ºÍ·çÏÕ£¨Èç¸ÄÅкͷ¢»ØÖØÉó£©×îС¡£µ«ÕâÁ½µãÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏÓëÕýʽµÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí³ÌÐòÏà³åÍ»¡£Èç¹ûҪʹ°¸¼þ´¦Àí¸ü˳Àû£¬²¢ºÄ·Ñ¸üÉٳɱ¾£¬Ôò·¨¹Ù¾Í²»Ì«¿ÉÄܹÌÊØ³ÌÐò·±Ëö¡¢³É±¾¸ß°ºµÄÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬¶ø»áʹÓòÙ×÷¸ü·½±ã¹¦ÄܸüʵÓõķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£
(¶þ)ЧÂʸß
Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥ºÄ·ÑµÄʱ¼ä¸ü¶à£¬ÓÐʱÉõÖÁÍÏí³Èß³¤£»¶øÓÉÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¼òµ¥¡¢±ã½Ý¡¢Áé»î£¬·¨¹Ù¿É½ÚÊ¡ºÜ¶àʱ¼äºÍ¾«Á¦£¬¾Í´Ë¶øÑÔ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ð§Âʸü¸ß¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÔÚÐí¶à·¨¹Ù¿´À´£¬¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·¹æ¶¨µÄ³ÌÐòÌ«·±Ëö£¬³ÌÐò³ÉΪÁË·¨¹ÙµÄÊø¸¿£¬ËäÈ»ÕâЩ³ÌÐòÄܱ£ÕϳÌÐò¹«Õý£¬µ«Î´±ØÄÜÈ·±£ÊµÌ幫Õý£¬Ò²Óë¾À·×µÄ˳Àû½â¾ö¹ØÏµ²»´ó¡£¼ÓÉϲ»ÉÙ·¨Ôº°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ñ¹Á¦²»¶ÏÉÏÉý£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥×÷ΪÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÌæ´úÔ½À´Ô½ÊÜ»¶Ó­¡£
(Èý)ÊÕÒæ»ù±¾²»±ä
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ëù»ñÈ¡°¸¼þµÄÐÅÏ¢£¬ÍùÍù²»±ÈÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ëù»ñÈ¡µÄÐÅÏ¢¸üÉÙ£¬¼´ÊÕÒæ²»Ð¡ÓÚÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬°¸¼þµÄʵÌåÉóÀí»ù±¾²»ÊÜÓ°Ïì¡£²¢ÇÒ£¬ÔÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Öз¨¹Ù»ñÈ¡¸ü¶à¡¢¸üÕæÊµµÄ°¸¼þÐÅÏ¢µÄ»ú»áÉõÖÁ¿ÉÄܸü´ó¡£ÓÉÓÚÓÐÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ò»°ã²»Î¥·¨£¬¶øÎÞÊéÃæ¼ÇÔØµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓÖÎÞ·¨ÎªÈËËùÖª£¬¹Ê¶Ô·¨¹ÙÀ´Ëµ»ù±¾ÉÏÒ²²»´æÔÚ¶îÍâµÄ´íÎó³É±¾¡£´ËÍ⣬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ò²²»»áËðº¦Ë¾·¨È¨Íþ¡£ÎÒ¹ú×Ô¹ÅÒÔÀ´¾ÍÓС°ÉîÈëȺÖÚ£¬µ÷²éÑо¿¡±µÄ˾·¨´«Í³£¬Ìù½üÃñÖÚ¡¢¡°Ã÷²ìÇïºÁ¡±µÄ¾À·×½â¾öÕßÀúÀ´±»ÃñÖÚÊÓΪ¡°ÇàÌ족£¬Ïà·´¡°¸ß¸ßÔÚÉÏ¡±µÄ²ÃÅÐÕß³£³£±»¿´³ÉÓйÙÁÅÖ÷ÒåÇãÏò¡£
(ËÄ)ÓÐÖúÓÚ¾À·×µÄºÍƽ½â¾ö
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ïà¶Ô¸üÈÝÒ×ÐγÉÇáËÉ¡¢·Ç¶Ô¿¹µÄ¾À·×½â¾ö·ÕΧ£¬ÓÐÖúÓÚµ±ÊÂÈ˽øÐÐÆ½µÈЭÉÌ£¬´Ù½ø¾À·×µÄºÍƽ½â¾ö¡£¶øÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸ü¿ÉÄÜ¡°·Å´ó¡±µ±ÊÂÈËÖ®¼äµÄ¶ÔÁ¢ºÍì¶Ü£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÎÒ¹ú³ÌÐò¸Ä¸ïµÄ¶Ô¿¹ÖÆ·½ÏòʹµÃ·¨Í¥¿´ÆðÀ´¸üÏñÊÇÕ½³¡£¬µ±ÊÂÈËÔËÓø÷ÖÖËßËÏÎäÆ÷½øÐв«»÷£¬²»ÀûÓÚ¾À·×µÄ³¹µ×¡¢ºÍƽ½â¾ö¡£
(Îå)´Ù½øË¾·¨µÄ¿É½Ó½üÐÔ
·¨ÔºÔÚÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ê±ÓÐÒ»ÕûÌ×ÒÇʽ»¯µÄ³¡¾°ºÍ³ÌÐò£º×¯Ñϵķ¨Í¥£¬¸ßÐüµÄ¹ú»Õ£¬¸ß¸ßÔÚÉϵÄÉóÅÐ̨£¬ÑÏËàµÄ·¨¹Ù£¬ºìÓëºÚµÄÖ÷É«µ÷£¬ÏóÕ÷·¨È¨µÄ·¨é³£¬ÓɾÓÖжø×øµÄÉóÅг¤ÕýʽÐû¸æ°¸ÓÉ¡¢ÉóÅÐÈËÔ±Ãûµ¥¡¢µ±ÊÂÈËËßËÏȨÀûºÍÒåÎñ(¶ø²»¹Ëµ±ÊÂÈËÊÂÏÈÒÑͨ¹ýÕýʽ;¾­ÖªµÀÕâЩÐÅÏ¢£¬ÒòΪËÍ´ïʱ·¨Ôº¾Í½«ÕâЩÐÅÏ¢Ìṩ¸øµ±ÊÂÈË)¡£ÕâЩÕýÊǺØÎÀ·½½ÌÊÚËù³ÆµÄ¡°ÕýÒåµÄÐÐÍ·¡±»ò¡°ÔËËÍÕýÒåµÄ·½Ê½¡±¡£µ«³õ²½µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬µ±ÊÂÈ˶ԿÌÒâÖÆÔìµÄÕâÌס°ÕýÒåµÄÐÐÍ·¡±²¢²»Ì«ÈϿɣ¬[41]¶àÊýµ±ÊÂÈ˶ԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥³Ö»¶Ó­Ì¬¶È¡£ÕâÊÇÒòΪ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏ´øÀ´Á˸ü¼ÓƽÃñ»¯µÄ·¨¹ÙºÍ˾·¨£¬´Ù½øÁËÃñÖÚ¡°½Ó½ü˾·¨¡±(access to justice)¡£¶ø³ÌÐò·±Ëö¡¢ÒÇʽ»¯µÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬ËäÈ»ÔÚ³ÌÐòÉÏÏԵøü¹«Õý£¬µ«Ò²ÔÚÖÆÔìÒ»ÖÖ×è¸ôÃñÖÚ½øÈ뷨ͥµÄ¡°Ãż÷¡±¡£¾Í´Ë¶øÑÔ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÌåÏÖÁËÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µÄ¡°Á½±ã¡±Ô­Ôò£ºÒ»·½Ãæ±ãÀûµ±ÊÂÈËËßËÏ£¬ÓÐÖúÓÚÀ­½ü·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈËÖ®¼äµÄ¾àÀ룬´Ù½øÃñÖÚ½Ó½ü˾·¨£»ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬¸ü±ãÀû·¨¹Ù¿ØÖƳÌÐò½ø³ÌºÍ½â¾ö¾À·×¡£
(Áù)ºÏºõÎÒ¹úµÄ˾·¨´«Í³
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏ󣬾ÍÎÒ¹ú½ü´úÃñÊÂËßËÏʵ¼ù¶øÑÔ£¬ÖÁÉÙ¿É×·ËÝÖÁÂíÎýÎåʽÉóÅз½Ê½¡£[42]ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖµäÐ͵ķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬µ±½ñµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ò»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉÏ¿ÉνÂíÎýÎåʽÉóÅз½Ê½µÄÑÓÐø¡£½øÒ»²½×·ËÝ£¬ÎÒ¹ú¹Å´úµÄ˾·¨ÉóÅÐÀúÀ´±ãÓС°Î¢·þ˽·Ã¡±µÄ´«Í³£¬¼ÓÉÏ¡°ÖØÊµÌå¡¢Çá³ÌÐò¡±µÄ¹ÛÄîÊ¢ÐУ¬Òò´ËûÓÐÑϸñ³ÌÐò¹æÔòÔ¼ÊøÏµÄÐÐÕþ¹ÙÔ±ËùÖ÷³ÖµÄ˾·¨²ÃÅÐÍùÍù»á±íÏÖΪ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¡±¡£¾¡¹ÜÆäÔ¨Ô´¾ÃÔ¶£¬µ«¡°·ÇÕýʽ¡±ÊÇÓë¡°Õýʽ¡±Ïà¶Ô¶øÑԵģ¬¹Ê¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±ÊôÓÚ½ü´úµÄ·¶³ë£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÔڸĸ↑·ÅºóÎÒ¹ú·¨Öν¨ÉèÖð²½·¢Õ¹¡¢ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈÈÕÒæÍ걸¡¢¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí¹æÔòÔ½À´Ô½Ï꾡ʱ£¬ÓëÖ®Ïà¶ÔµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏóÒ²ÈÕÒæÍ»³ö£¬×îÖÕ½øÈëÁËÎÒÃǵÄÊÓÒ°¡£Ë¾·¨²ÃÅм¼ÊõºÍÎÄ»¯´«Í³µÄ¡°¹ßÐÔ¡±ÑÓÐøÍùÍùÊÇDZÔںͲ»Öª²»¾õµÄ£¬ÆäÁ¦Á¿Èç´Ë¾Þ´ó£¬ÕýËùν´«Í³Ôì¾Íϰ¹ß£¬Ï°¹ß³ÉΪ×ÔÈ»¡£ÀúÊ·´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐÔ¶È¥£¬½ñÌìµÄ˾·¨²ÃÅв»¿É±ÜÃâÑØÏ®×žÉÈյĴ«Í³¡£ÕâÖÖ´«Í³»ò¾­ÑéºÜÄÑÔÚÒ»¸ö½Ï¶ÌʱÆÚÄÚ·¢Éú¸ù±¾±ä»¯£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÆÕ±é´æÔÚµÄÏÖ×´·ûºÏÀúÊ·µÄÂß¼­¡£¶ø¾­¼ÃѧÖС°Â·¾¶ÒÀÀµ¡±µÄ¸ÅÄîÒ²ÓÐÖúÓÚ¶ÔÕâÒ»ÏÖÏóµÄ½âÊÍ¡£

Îå¡¢·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÎÊÌâ

·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¾¡¹Ü¾ßÓÐÉÏÊö±È½ÏÓÅÊÆ£¬µ«Ò²´æÔÚһЩÃ÷ÏÔ»òÑÏÖØµÄÎÊÌ⣬±ÈÈ磺
µÚÒ»£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚÐí¶àÇéÐÎϳÌÐò±£Õϲ»×ã¡£µ±ÊÂÈËÔڸе½¡°±ãÀû¡±µÄͬʱ£¬Ò²¿ÉÄÜ»á¾õµÃ¡°²»¹«Õý¡±¡¢¡°²»Ç¡µ±¡±£¬ÉõÖÁÓпÉÄÜÓ°Ïì°¸¼þµÄÕýÈ·´¦Àí¡£ÀýÈ磬µç»°ÖÊÖ¤£¬Ò»·½µ±ÊÂÈËÓë·¨¹ÙÔÚ³¡£¬¶ø½öͨ¹ýµç»°ÓëÁíÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈËÁªÏµ£¬²»½öÄÑÒÔ±£ÕÏÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷µÄ׼ȷÐÔ£¬Ò²²»ÄÜËãÊÇÕæÕýµÄ¡°¶Ôϯ¡±£»³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÒ»ÈË×ÔÉó×ԼǻòÊé¼ÇÔ±Ö÷³Ö¿ªÍ¥£¬ÇÖ·¸Á˵±ÊÂÈ˽ÓÊÜ¡°·¨¶¨µÄ·¨¹Ù¡±ÉóÀíµÄȨÀû£»Ðí¶à·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Öз¨¹ÙÍùÍù»á½ÓÊܵ½¡°µ¥·½ÐÅÏ¢¡±£¬´Ó¶ø¿ÉÄܵ¼ÖÂÏÈÈëΪÖ÷¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬´óÁ¿µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥»áµ¼ÖÂÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÐ黯£¬Ê¹Ö®³ÉΪһÖÖÐÎʽºÍ¹ý³¡¡£Ô­ÒòÖ®Ò»ÊÇ·¨¹Ùͨ¹ý·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥»ñÈ¡Á˲ÃÅеÄ×ã¹»ÐÅÏ¢£¬´Ó¶ø½µµÍÁ˶ÔÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄÐèÇ󣬲¢ÓпÉÄÜʹ·¨¹ÙÐγɲ»ÈÏÕæ¶Ô´ýÕýʽ³ÌÐòµÄϰ¹ß¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¹ã·º´æÔÚÓÐÖúÓÚ½âÊÍÎÒ¹úÍ¥Éó·½Ê½¸Ä¸ïΪʲô×ÜÊÇÁ÷ÓÚÐÎʽ£¬ÉõÖÁÊÇ¡°ÉÏÓÐÕþ²ß£¬ÏÂÓжԲߡ±µÄÒ»¸ö½Å×¢¡£ÀýÈ磬×÷ΪͥÉóÖÐÐļ«¶Ë±íÏֵġ°Ò»²½µ½Í¥¡±µÄ¸Ä¸ï£¬ºÜ¿ì±ãÐû¸æÊ§°Ü£¬Ö÷ÒªÔ­ÒòÒ»ÊǺöÊÓÁËÉóǰ׼±¸³ÌÐò£¬¶þÊÇûÓп´µ½¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÖ®Í⻹ÓдóÁ¿·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏóµÄ´æÔÚ¡£
µÚÈý£¬¿ªÍ¥µÄ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¡±»¹¿ÉÄÜ×ÌÉú˾·¨¸¯°Ü¡£ÒòΪ·¨¹ÙÓëÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÐÅÏ¢½»Á÷¶ÔÁíÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈ˶øÑÔ͸Ã÷¶È²»¹»£¬·¨¹Ù¸üÓпÉÄܽøÐаµÏä²Ù×÷£¬ÀûÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄÐÅÏ¢ÓÅÊÆºÍȨÁ¦ÓëË«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˽øÐÐÐÅÏ¢²»¶Ô³ÆµÄ²©ÞÄ£¬Îª¡°Ñ°×⡱´´Ôì±ãÀû¡£
µÚËÄ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¾¡¹ÜΪ·¨¹ÙÌṩÁ˱ãÀû£¬µ«³ÌÐò±£ÕϵÄǷȱ²»ÀûÓÚ·¨¹Ù±£³ÖÖÐÁ¢ÐÎÏó£¬ÉõÖÁÒ²¿ÉÄÜʹ·¨¹ÙÃæ¶ÔÒ»ÖÖ±»ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶È×·¾¿µÄDZÔÚΣÏÕ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¼´±ã³ÌÐòÔË×÷·ÇÕýʽ£¬·¨¹ÙÒ²±ØÐë×öµ½°¸¾íµÄ¡°Õýʽ»¯¡±¡£´ó¶àÊý·¨ÔºµÄ°¸¾íÏ൱Õû½àºÍ¹æ·¶£¬µ«¾Ý±»µ÷²éµÄ·¨¹ÙËù˵£¬ÕâÖ÷ÒªÊÇʺó¡°ÕûÀí¡±µÄ½á¹û¡£·¨¹Ù¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄêÓÃÁ̬¶ÈҲ˵Ã÷ÁËÕâÒ»µã¡£

Áù¡¢·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¶Ô²ß

»ùÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÏÖ×´¡¢ÎÊÌâ¡¢ÓÅÊÆ¡¢Ë¾·¨ÔË×÷¹ßÐԵȿ¼ÂÇ£¬±¾ÎÄÄâÌá³öһЩ¸Ä¸ï˼·¡£ÕâЩ½¨Òé¿ÉÒÔÊÓΪÃñÊÂ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄÁíÒ»ÖÖ˼·¡£ÖƶÈÉè¼ÆµÄÄ¿±êÖ÷ÒªÓжþ£ºÒ»ÊÇÈ·±£×îµÍÏ޶ȵijÌÐò±£ÕÏ£¬ÊµÏÖ˾·¨¹«Õý£»¶þÊÇÅׯú¹ý·ÖµÄ³ÌÐòÐÎʽÖ÷Ò壬[43]¼ò»¯³ÌÐò£¬½µµÍËßËϳɱ¾(°üÀ¨Ë¾·¨³É±¾ºÍµ±ÊÂÈ˵ijɱ¾)£¬Ìá¸ßËßËÏЧÂÊ¡£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ±íÏÖ¶àÑù£¬Ðè¾ßÌåÇé¿ö¾ßÌå·ÖÎö£¬¸ù¾Ý²»Í¬ÇéÐÎÌá³ö²»Í¬¶Ô²ß£ºµÚÒ»£¬¶ÔÇÖ·¸µ±ÊÂÈË»ù±¾³ÌÐò±£ÕÏȨµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓèÒÔ½ûÖ¹£¬ÒÔÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥»òÆäËûÕýʽµÄ³ÌÐòÀ´È¡´ú£»µÚ¶þ£¬¶Ô·¨ÂÉÓй涨µÄÇéÐΣ¬½áºÏ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÎÊÌ⣬½øÒ»²½ÍêÉÆÖÆ¶È£»µÚÈý£¬ÈÏ¿ÉÌØ¶¨ÇéÐÎϵķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬µ«Í¨¹ý·¨ÂÉÓèÒÔÒýµ¼£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÉè¼ÆÒ»ÖÖÂú×ã»ù±¾³ÌÐò±£ÕϵļòÒ׿ªÍ¥Öƶȣ»µÚËÄ£¬»¹ÓÐһЩ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥²»¿ÉÄÜÒ²²»±ØÒªÍêÈ«ÄÉÈë·¨ÂÉ¿ò¼Ü£¬¿É·ÅÈβ»¹Ü¡£
(Ò»)Ó¦½ûÖ¹µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥
ÓÐЩ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Î´ÄÜÂú×ã»ù±¾³ÌÐò±£ÕÏ¡ª¹«¿ª¡¢¶Ôϯ¡¢¿ÚÍ·¡¢Ö±½ÓµÈÔ­Ôò¡ªµÄÒªÇ󣬻òÕßËäÈ»Âú×ãÕâÒ»µ×ÏßÒªÇ󣬵«´æÔÚÆäËûÇÖº¦µ±ÊÂÈËËßËÏȨÀûµÄÇéÐζøÓ°Ïì³ÌÐò¹«Õý£¬Ó¦Óè½ûÖ¹¡£ÀýÈ磺
1.µ¥¶À²Ù×÷µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬Èç·¨¹Ù¿ªÍ¥Ê±×ÔÉó×Լǣ¬»òÕß½ö½öÓÉÊé¼ÇÔ±Ö÷³ÖÍ¥ÉóµÈ£¬ÒòΪǷȱ×î»ù±¾µÄÄÚ²¿¼à¶½£¬»òÕß°¸¼þÉóÀíÕß²»ÊôÓÚ¡°·¨¶¨µÄ·¨¹Ù¡±£¬¶øÓ¦½ûÖ¹¡£
2.ËùÓж¨°¸Ö¤¾Ý½ÔÐè¾­·¨Í¥ÖÊÖ¤£¬ÒÔÖÊ֤ΪÄÚÈݶøÃ»ÓÐÑϸñÂú×ã¡°¿ÚÍ·¡¢¶Ôϯ¡¢Ö±½Ó¡±Ô­ÔòµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬Ó¦Óè½ûÖ¹£¬±ÈÈçÉÏÎÄÌá¼°µÄ¡°µç»°ÖÊÖ¤¡±µÈ¡£
3.³¡ºÏ¼«¶Ë²»Êʵ±µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£¿ªÍ¥µÄ³¡ºÏÔ­ÔòÉÏÓ¦ÔÚ·¨Ôº£¬ÌØÊâÇéÐÎÏÂÒ²¿ÉÒÔÔÚÖÐÁ¢µÄ³¡Ëù½øÐУ¬¶ø²»Ó¦ÔÚijЩ²»Êʵ±µÄ³¡ºÏ£¬Èç¾ÆµêºÍ±ö¹ÝµÈ£¬[44]ÒòΪÕâÑù¿ÉÄÜË𺦷¨¹ÙµÄ¹«ÕýºÍÖÐÁ¢¡£²¢ÇÒ£¬·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈ˵Ľ»Á÷¡ª°üÀ¨ÊÂʵ²éÃ÷¡¢·¨ÂɱçÂÛ¡¢·¨Ôºµ÷½â¡ªÍ¨³£²»Ó¦ÔÚÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈ˵ij¡Ëù½øÐУ¬ÕâÑù¿ÉÄÜ»áÒýÆð²»±ØÒªµÄ²ÂÒÉ£¬»ò¿ÉÄÜÒò¡°Ö÷³¡¡±ºÍ¡°¿Í³¡¡±µÄ²»Í¬¶øÓÐËðÓÚµ±ÊÂÈËÆ½µÈºÍ¶ÔµÈÔ­Ôò£¬µ«ÌØÊâÇéÐÎÏÂÒ²¿ÉÔÚÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈË´¦½øÐС£
4.·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈ˼°Æäµ¥Î»¡¢»ù²ã×éÖ¯ÓйØÈËÊ¿ÔÚ¿ªÍ¥Ç°ºó½øÐеġ°×ù̸¡±µÈ£¬ÒòÎªÉæ¼°°¸ÍâÈ˶ÔÊÂʵ²éÃ÷ºÍ¾À·×½â¾öµÄÒâ¼û£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÒ컯ΪһÖÖ¡°ÈºÖÚÉóÅС±£¬Ó¦Óè½ûÖ¹¡£
5.·ÇÖ±½Ó¶Ôϯ³¡ºÏÏ·¨¹ÙÓëµ±ÊÂÈ˾Ͱ¸¼þʵÌåÇé¿öµÄ½»Á÷£¬¿ÉÄܻᵼÖ·¨¹ÙÏÈÈëΪÖ÷£¬Ô­ÔòÉÏÓ¦Óè½ûÖ¹£»[45]µ«³ÌÐòÊÂÏî³ýÍ⣬Èç°¸¼þ¿ªÍ¥ÈÕÆÚµÄÈ·¶¨¡¢µ±ÊÂÈ˵Ä×·¼Ó¡¢¾Ù֤ʱÏÞµÄÑÓ³¤¡¢²Æ²ú±£È«µÄÈ·¶¨µÈ¡£ÌØÊâÇéÐÎÏ·¨¹ÙÓëÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈ˾Ͱ¸¼þʵÌåÇé¿ö½øÐн»Á÷£¬Ó¦ÓÉÊé¼ÇÔ±½«ÓйØÇé¿ö×÷ÊéÃæ±Ê¼£¬²¢¸æÖª¶Ô·½µ±ÊÂÈË£¬È·±£ÆäÓз¢±íÒâ¼ûµÄ»ú»á£¬±£ÕÏʺóµÄ¡°¶Ôϯ¡±¡£
(¶þ)½øÒ»²½ÍêÉÆÖÆ¶È
·¨ÂÉËäÓй涨£¬µ«¿ÉÒÔ´Ó·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ½Ç¶È½øÒ»²½ÍêÉÆÖÆ¶È¡£±ÈÈ磬ѯÎʵ±ÊÂÈËÔڽ϶àÇéÐÎÏ¿ɹéÊôÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£½áºÏ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥½Ç¶È¿ÉÄܳöÏÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬Ӧ¸üÏêϸ¹æ¶¨Ñ¯ÎÊ·¶Î§¡¢²Ù×÷³ÌÐò¡¢·¨Âɺó¹ûµÈ¡£°üÀ¨£º1.ÔÚÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ö®Íâ·¨¹Ù¿É¸ù¾Ý°¸ÇéѯÎʵ±ÊÂÈË£¬µ«Ñ¯ÎÊʱԭÔòÉÏÓ¦±£Ö¤¡°¶Ôϯ¡±£¬ÀýÈç¶Ô·½µ±ÊÂÈË»ò´úÀíÈËÔÚ³¡£»2.¶Ôµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄѯÎÊÓ¦ÖÆ×÷ѯÎʱʼ£¬Ëû·½µ±ÊÂÈ˿ɲéÔݸ¾í£»3.¶Ôµ±ÊÂÈËѯÎÊÔ­ÔòÉÏÓ¦ÔÚÖÐÁ¢µÄ³¡Ëù(Èç·¨Ôº°ì¹«ÊÒ)½øÐУ»4.ѯÎʵ±ÊÂÈËÓÉ·¨¹Ù½øÐУ¬Êé¼ÇÔ±µ£ÈμǼ£¬·¨¹Ù²»µÃ×ÔÎÊ×Լǣ»5.ÑÏÖØÎ¥·´·¨¶¨³ÌÐò½«µ¼ÖÂѯÎÊÎÞЧ¡£
Ðí¶àÇéÐÎϵķ¨Ôºµ÷½â¿É¹éÊôÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬±ÈÈçÔÚµ÷½â¹ý³ÌÖУ¬µ±ÊÂÈË»¹¾ÍÊÂʵºÍ·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÁ˱çÂÛ¡£´Ó·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥½Ç¶È¶øÑÔ£¬·¨Ôºµ÷½âÖÆ¶ÈÍêÉÆµÄ¶Ô²ß°üÀ¨£º1.µ÷½âÔ­ÔòÉÏÓ¦ÓжþÈËÔÚ³¡£¬·¨¹Ù¸ºÔðµ÷½â£¬Êé¼ÇÔ±µ£ÈμǼ£¬·¨¹Ù¿É¾ö¶¨µ÷½â²ßÂÔµÄÑ¡Ôñ£¬¿ÉÒÔ¡°Ãæ¶ÔÃæ¡±Ò²¿ÉÒÔ¡°±³¿¿±³¡±£»2.µ÷½âÔ­ÔòÉÏÓ¦½øÐÐÊéÃæ¼Ç¼£¬µ«µ÷½â²»³É¹¦µÄ£¬¿É²»ÖÆ×÷±Ê¼£»3.µ÷½âÔ­ÔòÉÏÔÚ·¨Ôº¡¢Ò²¿ÉÔÚÆäËûÖÐÁ¢³¡ºÏ½øÐУ¬Ò»°ã²»Ó¦ÔÚÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈË´¦½øÐУ»3.´«»½µ±ÊÂÈ˿ɲÉÈ¡¼òÒ×·½Ê½£¬Èç¿ÚÐÅ¡¢µç»°¡¢´«Õæ¡¢µç×ÓÓʼþµÈ£¬[46]¿É²»ËʹﴫƱ£¬µ«ÐèÔÚµ÷½â±Ê¼ÉÏ×¢Ã÷¡£
Ö¤¾Ý½»»»ÓÐÃ÷È·µÄ·¨Âɶ¨Î»£¬ÊôÉóǰ׼±¸ÐÐΪ¡£·¨ÔºÓ¦Ñϸñ°´Ö¤¾Ý½»»»¹æÔò²Ù×÷£¬±ÜÃâÆä±äÐÎΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£Ö¤¾Ý½»»»¿ÉÒÔÓÉ·¨¹Ù¡¢Êé¼ÇÔ±»ò·¨ÔºÆäËû¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±[47]Ö÷³Ö£¬µ«ÔÚÖ¤¾Ý½»»»Ê±Ó¦±ÜÃâµ±ÊÂÈËË«·½¾ÍÊÂʵ¡¢Ö¤¾Ý¡¢ÉõÖÁ·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÕùÂÛ£»·ñÔòÓ¦½«ÓйØÕùÂÛµÄÄÚÈݼǼÔÚ°¸£¬ÒòΪÕâÖÖÇéÐÎÊôÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£
(Èý)Ìæ´ú·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÖÆ¶ÈÉè¼Æ¡¢ÓÈÆäÊǼòÒ׿ªÍ¥
Ï൱²¿·ÖµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¿ÉÄÉÈë·¨ÂɹìµÀÓèÒÔÕýµ±»¯¡£´ÓÉóǰ׼±¸³ÌÐòÀ´¿´£¬¿É¹¹ÔìһЩÀàËÆÓڵ¹ú¡¢ÈÕ±¾µÈ¹úÃñÊÂËßËÏÖеġ°³ÌÐòЭÒéÆÚÈÕ¡±¡¢¡°×¼±¸ÆÚÈÕ¡±¡¢¡°ºÍ½âÆÚÈÕ¡±ÒÔ¼°ÃÀ¹úµÄ¡°Éóǰ»áÒ顱µÈÖÆ¶È¡£´Ó¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí±¾ÉíÀ´¿´£¬ÔÚ±£Õϵ±ÊÂÈË»ù±¾ËßËÏȨÀûµÄǰÌáÏ£¬¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐò¾ßÓмòÒ×»¯µÄ¿ÉÄÜ£¬¿ÉÉè¼ÆÒ»ÖÖÂú×ã»ù±¾³ÌÐò±£ÕϵļòÒ׿ªÍ¥Öƶȡ£¿ªÍ¥Ö»ÐèÂú×㹫¿ª¡¢Æ½µÈ¡¢¶Ôϯ¡¢¿ÚÍ·¡¢Ö±½ÓµÈÔ­Ôò£¬±ã¿É²ÉÈ¡¸÷ÖÖ¼òµ¥Ò×ÐеÄÐÎʽ¡£¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥£¬»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇ×ۺϿªÍ¥ÉóÀíÓë¼òÒ׳ÌÐòÁ½ÕßÌØÕ÷µÄµ¯ÐÔ×éºÏ¡£ÔÚÆÕͨ³ÌÐòµÄ°¸¼þÖУ¬ÒÀ¾Ý·¨Âɹ涨¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí²»µÃ²ÉÈ¡¼òÒ×ÐÎʽ£¬µ«ÕâЩ°¸¼þÖÐÒ²´æÔÚ¼ò»¯¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí³ÌÐòµÄÐèÇó¡£¶þÉ󰸼þÈ«²¿ÊµÐкÏÒéÉóÀí£¬µ«²»ÉÙÇé¿öÏÂÒ²²¢·Ç²»¿ÉÒÔ¼ò»¯¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐò¡£ÔÚ¼òÒ׳ÌÐòÏ£¬¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí±È½Ï¼ò±ã£»µ«¼´±ãÈç´Ë£¬·¨¹ÙÈÔ¿ÉÄÜÏ£Íû¸ü¼Ó¼ò±ã¡£ÕâЩ¹²Í¬´Ù³ÉÁ˼ò»¯¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐòµÄÒªÇó¡£¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥ÓëʵÎñÖгöÏֵġ°ÆÕͨ³ÌÐò¼òÒ×Éó¡±µÄ×ö·¨ÀàËÆ£¬µ«²»¾¡Ïàͬ¡£
1.¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥µÄʱ¼ä°²ÅűãÀû¡£Ö»ÒªÕ÷µÃË«·½µ±ÊÂÈËͬÒ⣬·¨¹Ù¿É¾¡Ôç°²ÅÅ£¬±ÈÈçÔÚ±»¸æ´ð±çÆÚÂúºóÔñÈÕ¿ªÍ¥£¬²»±ØµÈ¾Ù֤ʱÏÞÍê³Éºó30ÈÕ»ò60ÈÕÖ®ºó¡£¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥Ò²Î´±ØÒÀ¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·µÚ122Ìõ¹æ¶¨¡°ÔÚ¿ªÍ¥ÈýÈÕǰ֪ͨµ±ÊÂÈËºÍÆäËûËßËϲÎÓëÈË¡±£¬ÉõÖÁ¿É¸ù¾Ýµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÒâ˼¾ö¶¨ÊÇ·ñ¡°¹«¸æµ±ÊÂÈËÐÕÃû¡¢°¸ÓɺͿªÍ¥µÄʱ¼ä¡¢µØµã¡±¡£
2.Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ô­ÔòÉÏÔÚ·¨ÔºµÄÉóÅÐÍ¥½øÐУ¬µ«Óеķ¨ÔºÃ»ÓÐÕý¹æÉóÅÐÍ¥¡¢»òÉóÅÐÍ¥²»¹»ÓᢻòΪ±ãÀûÔ­Òò£¬·¨¹Ù¿ÉÒÔÔڰ칫ÊÒ¡¢»áÒéÊÒ»ò·¨ÔºµÄÆäËûµØµãÖ÷³Ö¿ªÍ¥¡£ÌØÊâÇéÐÎÏ£¬¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥»¹¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»·½µ±ÊÂÈËËùÔڵػòÆäËûµØµã¿ªÍ¥£¬ÉõÖÁÔÚÆ«Ô¶µØÇøµÄ·¨Í¥Ò²¿ÉÒÔ¡°¿»ÉÏ¿ªÍ¥¡±¡¢¡°Ìï±ß¿ªÍ¥¡±¡£Ëæ×ÅÏÖ´ú¿Æ¼¼µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÔËÓÃÊÓÆµ¼¼Êõ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÒ²¿ÉÄÜÔÚ²»¾ÃµÄ½«À´³öÏÖ¡£
3.¾Í¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥¶øÑÔ£¬´«»½µ±ÊÂÈ˵½Í¥¿É²ÉÈ¡¼òÒ×·½Ê½£¬Èç¿ÚÐÅ¡¢µç»°¡¢´«Õæ¡¢µç×ÓÓʼþµÈ£¬ÎÞÐèÑϸñµÄ´«Æ±Í¨Öª£¬·¨¹ÙÒ²¿É²ÉÈ¡µ±Í¥Í¨ÖªµÄ·½Ê½ÔØÈë±Ê¼£»¶øÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶Ô´«»½µÄÒªÇóÑϸñ£¬ÐëËʹﴫƱ¡£Ö¤È˵Ĵ«»½Óëµ±ÊÂÈËÏàͬ¡£
4.ºÏÒéÍ¥¡°ÐéÖá±ÊÇÎÒ¹ú˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖÐµÄÆÕ±éÏÖÏ󣬰¸¼þÖ÷ÒªÓɳа취¹Ù¸ºÔðÉóÀí¡£ÓëÆäÃûÒåÉϺÏÒ顢ʵÖÊÉ϶ÀÈÎÕâÑùÃûʵ²»·û£¬²»ÈçÀ©´ó¼òÒ׳ÌÐòµÄÊÊÓûòÖ±½Ó²ÉÈ¡¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥µÄ×ö·¨£¬[48]ÕâÒ²ÓÐÖúÓÚÕæÕý¸´Ôӵݸ¼þÓɺÏÒéÍ¥ÕæÕý½øÐкÏÒé¡£Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÒªÇóºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉԱȫÌå²Î¼Ó£¬µ«ÔÚµÚÒ»´ÎÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Í⣬¿É¿¼ÂÇÒ»ÖÖÁÙʱµÄ¶ÀÈÎÉóÀí¡£µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬¹ã¶«¡¢º£Äϼ¸¸ö·¨ÔºµÄ·¨¹ÙÔøÔÚÕ÷µÃË«·½µ±ÊÂÈËͬÒâºó£¬½«ºÏÒéÍ¥¿ªÍ¥¸ÄΪ³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÒ»ÈË¿ªÍ¥¡£µ÷½âÒ²¿ÉÒÔÖ»Óɳа취¹ÙÖ÷³Ö£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥ÆäËû³ÉÔ±²»²Î¼Ó¡£µ«¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥Ê±£¬ÖÁÉÙÐè¶þÈËÔÚ³¡£¬Í¥ÉóÓɳа취¹ÙÖ÷³Ö£¬Êé¼ÇÔ±¼Ç¼£¬³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù²»µÃ×ÔÉó×Լǣ¬ÒÔ±£ÕÏ×îµÍÏ޶ȵijÌÐò¹«Õý¡£
5.³ý·ûºÏȱϯÉóÅеÄÌõ¼þÍ⣬²»µÃÔÚµ±ÊÂÈËÒ»·½Î´µ½Í¥Ê±¿ªÍ¥£¬ÒÔ±£Õϵ±ÊÂÈË¡°¶Ôϯ¡±ÉóÅУ¬¶ø²»Ë𺦵±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÌýÉóȨ¡£
6.¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥µÄ¾ßÌå³ÌÐò¿ÉÒÔ¼ò»¯¡£±ÈÈ磬¿É²»Ñϸñ×ñÊØ¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·µÚ123ÌõÓйؿªÍ¥Ç°Êé¼ÇÔ±Ó¦²éÃ÷µ±ÊÂÈËºÍÆäËûËßËϲÎÓëÈËÊÇ·ñµ½Í¥¡¢Ðû²¼·¨Í¥¼ÍÂɵĹ涨£¬¿ÉÒÔ²»¸æÖªµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄËßËÏȨÀûºÍÒåÎñ(ÍÆ¶¨µ±ÊÂÈËÒÑÖª)£¬¿ªÍ¥²»±ØÑϸñ°´ÕÕ¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·µÚ124¡¢127Ìõ¹æ¶¨µÄ·¨Í¥µ÷²é¡¢·¨Í¥±çÂÛµÄ˳Ðò½øÐУ¬·¨Í¥µ÷²éºÍ·¨Í¥±çÂÛÁ½´ó½×¶ÎÒ಻±Ø×ñÊØ£¬·¨¹Ùδ±Ø×Å·¨¹Ù·þ£¬Î¬³ÖÍ¥Éó¼ÍÂÉδ±ØÊ¹Ó÷¨é³µÈ¡£
7.¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÊÓÃÓÚ»ù²ã·¨ÔºÊÊÓÃÆÕͨ³ÌÐòµÄ°¸¼þ¡£»ù²ã·¨ÔºµÄ°¸¼þ²»½ö´æÔÚÆÕͨ³ÌÐòÓë¼òÒ׳ÌÐòµÄ¡°·±¼ò·ÖÁ÷¡±£¬»¹¿ÉÒÔµÚ¶þ´Î·ÖÁ÷£¬¼´¶ÔÆÕͨ³ÌÐò°¸¼þµÄ¿ªÍ¥¿É¸ù¾ÝÇé¿ö·Ö±ð²ÉÈ¡¡°Õýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±ºÍ¡°¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥¡±·½Ê½£¬¶øÇҿɸü¶àµØÊ¹ÓúóÕß¡£°¸¼þÊÇ·ñ¸´ÔÓ£¬ÆäʵÊÇÓɳа취¹ÙÖð²½·¢Ïֵģ»Ò»µ©ÈÏΪ°¸Ç鸴ÔÓ£¬³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù¿ÉÖØÐÂÒýÈëºÏÒéÍ¥£¬¼´¼òÒ׿ªÍ¥¿ÉËæÊ±ÏòÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥×ª»¯¡£´ËÍ⣬¶þÉó·¨ÔºÔÚÌØ¶¨ÇéÐÎÏÂÒ²¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓüòÒ׿ªÍ¥£¬±ÈÈçÕ÷µÃµ±ÊÂÈËͬÒâ¡¢¼òµ¥µÄ°¸¼þ¡¢Ò»ÉóÊÊÓüòÒ׳ÌÐòµÄ°¸¼þµÈ¡£
(ËÄ)¿ÉÒÔ·ÅÈεķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥
·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÔÚ²»ÉÙÇéÐÎÏÂÓë·¨¹Ù¸öÈ˵ľ­Ñ顢֪ʶ¡¢¹ÛÄϰ¹ßµÈÏà¹Ø£¬¶ø²»Í¬µØÇø¡¢²»Í¬·¨Ôº¡¢²»Í¬Ê±ÆÚµÄ·¨¹ÙÔÚ´¦Àí¿ªÍ¥Ê±µÄ·ÇÕýʽÐÔÒ²±Ë´Ë¸÷Ò죬Òò´Ë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ×ö·¨ÓÐʱÏ൱ÓÚÒ»Öֵط½ÐÔ¡¢Ï°¹ßÐÔ¡¢¸öÌåÐÔ×÷·¨[49]¡£¶ÔÕâЩ×ö·¨µÄ¹æ·¶¼È·Ç³£À§ÄÑ£¬Ò²Î´±ØÐèÒª£¬Ö»ÒªÕâÖÖ×ö·¨²»Ë𺦵±ÊÂÈË»ù±¾µÄ³ÌÐò±£ÕÏȨ¡£²¢ÇÒ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÓëÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ»¥¶¯¹ØÏµÏ൱Ã÷ÏÔ£¬¹ÊÆä³£³£ÊDZ䶯µÄ£¬»áËæ×ÅÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¸Ä¸ï¶ø²»¶Ï×ÔÐе÷Õû¡£·¨¹ÙËØÖʵÄÌá¸ß¡¢ÖªÊ¶Ë®Æ½µÄ¸Ä½ø¡¢·¨ÂÉÖ°Òµ»¯µÄ·¢Õ¹ÏÔÈ»»áµ¼Ö·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥±íÏÖÐÎ̬µÄ±ä»¯¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ò»Ð©·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏ󲻿ÉÄÜÒ²²»±ØÒªÍêÈ«ÄÉÈë·¨ÂÉ¿ò¼Ü£¬¹ú¼Ò¿ÉÒÔ·ÅÈΡ£
´ÓÃñÊÂËßËϵĻù±¾½á¹¹À´¿´£¬Î§ÈÆ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¶Ô²ßµ±È»Éæ¼°µ½ËßËÏģʽµÄתÐÍ¡£·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Æµ·±µÄÒ»¸öÔ­Òò£¬ÊÇÎÒ¹úÑØÏ®Á˴󽷨ϵ½×¶ÎÐÔÉóÀíģʽµÄ´«Í³¡£ÕâÖÖÉóÀíģʽÒԵ¹ú¡¢ÈÕ±¾ÎªµäÐÍ¡£ÔÚÈÕ±¾£¬°¸¼þµÄ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí¼´¡°¿ÚÍ·±çÂÛÆÚÈÕ¡±¿ÉÒÔÓÉÈô¸É¸ö²»Í¬µÄÆÚÈÕ×é³É£¬Êµ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÖ¸ÔÚÒ»¸ö°¸¼þµÄÉóÀí¹ý³ÌÖпÉÒÔÓжà´Î¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬¶øÇÒ£¬Ç°ºóÁ½´Î¿ªÍ¥Ê±¼ä¿ÉÄÜ»á¼ä¸ôÒ»Ô»òÊýÔ¡£ÎÞÂÛ¾­¹ý¶àÉٴοªÍ¥ÉóÀí£¬´ÓµÚÒ»´Î¿ÚÍ·±çÂÛÆÚÈÕµ½×îºóÒ»´Î¿ÚÍ·±çÂÛÆÚÈÕ½áÊø±»ÊÓΪһ¸öÍêÕûµÄ¿ÚÍ·±çÂÛ¹ý³Ì£¬¼´Ëùν¡°¿ÚÍ·±çÂÛÒ»ÌåÐÔ¡±Ô­Ôò¡£µ«ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ÈÕ±¾Ë¾·¨¸Ä¸ïÒ²ÇãÏòÓÚ½Ó½üÓ¢ÃÀ·¨µÄÁ¬ÐøÐÔ¼¯ÖÐÉóÀíģʽ¡£±ÈÈ磬ÈÕ±¾1996Äêͨ¹ý¡¢1998Äê1ÔÂʵʩµÄС¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·£¬°ÑËßËϹý³ÌÃ÷È·»®·ÖΪÕùµãÕûÀí?ÉóÀí?Ö¤Ã÷¶ÔÏóµÄÐγÉ(º¬Ö¤¾ÝÉêÇëµÄÍê³É)£¬ÒÔ¼°¼¯ÖÐÁ¬ÐøµÄÖ¤Ã÷»î¶¯?Ö¤¾ÝÉó²éÁ½´ó½×¶Î¡£[50]¶Ô¿¹ÖÆÊÇÎÒ¹ú˾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒª·½Ïò¡£Ëæ×ÅÃñÊÂËßËÏÖ¤¾Ý¹æÔò¡¢¼òÒ׳ÌÐòµÈÏà¹Ø¸Ä¸ï´ëÊ©Öð²½ÂäʵÒÔ¼°Ë¾·¨¸Ä¸ïµÄÍÆ½ø£¬ÎÒ¹úµÄËßËÏģʽºÍ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÐÎʽ£¬½«´Ó½×¶ÎÐÔ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíÈÕÒæÏòÁ¬ÐøÐÔ¼¯ÖпªÍ¥ÉóÀí¿¿½ü¡£ÔÚÕâÒ»¹ý³ÌÖУ¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥½«¿ÉÄÜÖð²½ÎªÕýʽµÄ³ÌÐò(ÈçÉóǰ׼±¸³ÌÐò£¬Í¥Ç°µ÷½â³ÌÐòµÈ)ËùÎüÊÕ¡£
µ«ÂõÏò¶Ô¿¹ÖƵĸĸ﷽Ïò²»ÊÇ¡°Õ¾ÔÚÎ÷·½Ïò¶«¿´¡±£¬¶ø±ØÐëÕ¾ÔÚÖйúµÄÍÁµØÉϽâ¾öÖйúÎÊÌ⡣ʮ¶àÄêÀ´ÒÔ¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíΪÖÐÐĵÄ˾·¨¸Ä¸ï²½ÈëÁËÎóÇø¡£Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇ´ÓËüµÄÏà¶ÔÃæ¡ª·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡ªÀ´Ë¼¿¼ºÍ¸Ä¸ï£¬ÔòÓпÉÄÜ¡°Áø°µ»¨Ã÷¡±£¬ÖÁÉÙ¿ÉÌṩһÖÖеĸĸï˼·¡£ÃñÊÂËßËϵÄÖÆ¶È±í´ïÓë˾·¨Êµ¼ùµÄ²»Ò»ÖÂÒªÇóÎÒÃÇÇÐʵ¹Ø×¢Ë¾·¨Êµ¼ù£¬°üÀ¨³ÇÊкÍÏç´å¡¢¾­¼Ã·¢´ïºÍÂäºóµØÇø¡¢Éϼ¶·¨ÔººÍ»ù²ã·¨ÔºÓÈÆäÊÇ·¨Í¥µÄʵ¼ù²Ù×÷£¬[51]ÇãÌý·¨¹ÙÃǵÄÐÄÉù£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ¡°×ßÂí¹Û»¨¡±£¬¾ö²»Ó¦Ã¤Ä¿ÒÆÖ²Î÷·½¾­ÑéºÍÏȽø¹æÔò¡£Ö»ÓÐÕæÕýÁ˽âÖйú˾·¨¾¿¾¹ÊÇÈçºÎÔË×÷µÄ(Õâ±¾Éí¾ÍÊǹ±Ï×)£¬²Å¿ÉÄÜ×ö³öÓй±Ï×µÄÑо¿£¬²¢ÎªÁ¢·¨ÌṩÓмÛÖµµÄ¶Ô²ß¡£

* ±¾ÎÄΪ±±¾©ÌìÔò¾­¼ÃÑо¿Ëù¡¢ÉϺ£·¨ÂÉÓë¾­¼ÃÑо¿Ëù¡°Õþ¸®ÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ïÑо¿ÏîÄ¿¡ªÁ¢·¨ºÍ˾·¨ÌåÖÆ¸Ä¸ï¡±µÄÑо¿³É¹û¡£

** Ðìê¿£¬·¨Ñ§²©Ê¿£¬Î÷ÄÏÕþ·¨´óÑ§ÌØÆ¸½ÌÊÚ£¬Ë¾·¨Ñо¿ÖÐÐÄÖ÷ÈΣ»ÐìêÀ£¬Ñàɽ´óѧÎÄ·¨Ñ§Ôº½²Ê¦¡£

[1] ÓйØÐÌÊÂËßËÏÖпªÍ¥ÉóÀí×÷ÓõÄÇ¿µ÷ºÍÑо¿£¬Èç¼ûÁú×ÚÖÇ£º¡¶ÐÌÊÂÍ¥ÉóÖÆ¶ÈÑо¿¡·£¬ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç2001Äê°æ¡£
[2] ²Î¼û[Òâ]Īŵ?¿¨ÅåÀ³µÙ£º¡¶µ±ÊÂÈË»ù±¾³ÌÐò±£ÕÏȨÓëδÀ´µÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ¡·£¬Ðìê¿Ò룬·¨Âɳö°æÉç2000Äê°æ£¬µÚ116-117Ò³¡£
[3] 1877Äê¡¶µÂ¹úÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢ÒÔ¼°¸ü¼Ó¸ïеÄ1895Äê¡¶°ÂµØÀûÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¿ÉνÕâÒ»Ô˶¯µÄÀï³Ì±®¡£ºóÀ´Ðí¶à¹ú¼ÒµÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨½ÔÒÔ´ËΪÀ¶±¾£¬Èç1911Äê¡¶ÐÙÑÀÀûÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢1915Ä꡶ŲÍþÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢1916Äê¡¶µ¤ÂóÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢1929Äê¡¶ÄÏ˹À­·òÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢1933Äê¡¶²¨À¼ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢1942Äê¡¶ÈðµäÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢1947Äê¡¶ÈðÊ¿Áª°îÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨µä¡·¡¢ÒÔ¼°ÎÒ¹ų́ÍåµØÇø¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·ºÍ1991Äê¡¶ÖлªÈËÃñ¹²ºÍ¹úÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¡·¡£ËùÓÐÕâЩ·¨µä½ÔÈ·Á¢¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí×÷ΪËßËϳÌÐòµÄÖÐÐÄ¡£
[4] ¸Ã¹æÔòµÄ×îбíÊö£¬¼û¡¶×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¹ØÓÚÃñÊÂËßËÏÖ¤¾ÝµÄÈô¸É¹æ¶¨¡·µÚ47Ìõ£º¡°Ö¤¾ÝÓ¦µ±ÔÚ·¨Í¥Éϳöʾ£¬Óɵ±ÊÂÈËÖÊÖ¤¡£Î´¾­ÖÊÖ¤µÄÖ¤¾Ý£¬²»ÄÜ×÷ΪÈ϶¨°¸¼þÊÂʵµÄÒÀ¾Ý¡£µ±ÊÂÈËÔÚÖ¤¾Ý½»»»¹ý³ÌÖÐÈϿɲ¢¼Ç¼ÔÚ¾íµÄÖ¤¾Ý£¬¾­ÉóÅÐÈËÔ±ÔÚÍ¥ÉóÖÐ˵Ã÷ºó£¬¿ÉÒÔ×÷ΪÈ϶¨°¸¼þÊÂʵµÄÒÀ¾Ý¡£¡±
[5] ÍõÑÇС¢Ðì꿵ȣº¡°¹ØÓÚÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòÔË×÷×´¿öµÄµ÷²é±¨¸æ¡±£¬±È½ÏÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¹ú¼ÊÑÐÌÖ»áÖ÷±¨¸æ£¬±±¾©£¬2002Äê8Ô£»ÍõÑÇУº¡°Êµ¼ùÖеÄÃñÊÂÉóÅСªËĸöÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòµÄÔË×÷¡±£¬¡¶ÏÖ´ú·¨Ñ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ5¡¢6ÆÚ¡£
[6] ²Î¼ûËÕÁ¦£º¡¶ËÍ·¨ÏÂÏç¡·£¬ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç2000Äê°æ£»Ç¿ÊÀ¹¦£º¡°¡®·¨ÂÉ¡¯ÊÇÈçºÎʵ¼ùµÄ¡ªÒ»ÆðÏç´åÃñʵ÷½â°¸µÄ·ÖÎö¡±£»ÕÔÏþÁ¦£º¡°¹ØÏµ£­Ê¼þ¡¢Ðж¯²ßÂԺͷ¨ÂɵÄÐðÊ¡±£¬ÔØÍõÃúÃú¡¢[Ó¢]Íõ˹¸£Ö÷±à£º¡¶ÏçÍÁÉç»áµÄÖÈÐò¡¢¹«ÕýÓëȨÍþ¡·£¬ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç1997Äê°æ£¬µÚ488-541Ò³¡£
[7] Ðìê¿£º¡°ÂÛ˽Á¦¾È¼Ã¡±£¬Ç廪´óѧ·¨Ñ§²©Ê¿Ñ§Î»ÂÛÎÄ£¬2003ÄꣻÐìê¿£º¡°¹ú¼ÒµÄ̬¶È£ºÃñ¼äÊÕÕ®ºÍ˽Á¦¾È¼ÃµÄ±í´ïÓëʵ¼ù¡±£¬¡¶ÖÐÍⷨѧ¡·£¬2004ÄêµÚ1ÆÚ¡£
[8] µ±È»£¬ÕýÈçĬ¶ÙËù˵£¬¡°ÔÚÌÖÂÛ¡®¼ÛÖµÎÞÉæµÄÉç»áѧ¡¯Ê±£¬°Ñ¿ÆÑ§»òÕß¿´×÷ÊÇÍêÈ«Óë¼ÛÖµÎ޹ص쬻òÕß¿´×÷ÍêÈ«ÊܼÛÖµµÄ¾ö¶¨£¬¶¼ÊÇ´íÎóµÄ¡£¡±[ÃÀ]ÂÞ²®ÌØ?Ĭ¶Ù£º¡¶Éç»áÑо¿ÓëÉç»áÕþ²ß¡·£¬ÁÖ¾ÛÈεÈÒ룬±±¾©£¬ÈýÁªÊéµê£¬2001Äê°æ£¬µÚ76Ò³¡£
[9] ±¾ÎĵÄʵ֤µ÷²é·½·¨ÊÇÏÈǰһÏîÑо¿µÄ¼ÌÐø¡£·½·¨Â۵ĸÅÊö£¬²Î¼û¸ÃÏîÑо¿µÄ³õ²½³É¹û£ºÍõÑÇС¢Ðì꿵ȣº¡°¹ØÓÚÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòÔË×÷×´¿öµÄµ÷²é±¨¸æ¡±£¬±È½ÏÃñÊÂËßËÏ·¨¹ú¼ÊÑÐÌÖ»áÖ÷±¨¸æ£¬±±¾©£¬2002Äê8Ô¡£
[10] Áú×ÚÖǽ«Í¥Éó¸ÅÀ¨ÎªÖ÷Ìå¡¢¿ÍÌ塢ʱ¿Õ¡¢·½Ê½ËÄ´óÒªËØ£¬²Î¼ûÁú×ÚÖÇ£º¡¶ÐÌÊÂÍ¥ÉóÖÆ¶ÈÑо¿¡·£¬ÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç2001Äê°æ£¬µÚÒ»Õ£»ÍõÑÇн«¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀíµÄÌõ¼þ¸ÅÀ¨ÎªÁùµã£¬²Î¼ûÍõÑÇУº¡°Êµ¼ùÖеÄÃñÊÂÉóÅСªËĸöÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòµÄÔË×÷¡±£¬¡¶ÏÖ´ú·¨Ñ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ5¡¢6ÆÚ¡£
[11] Èç¹û֪ͨ˫·½µ±ÊÂÈËÀ´·¨Ôº¿ªÍ¥È´Ö»ÓÐÒ»·½µ½³¡£¬½á¹û×öÁË¡°µ÷²é±Ê¼¡±»ò¡°Ñ¯Îʱʼ¡±£»»¹Óе±ÊÂÈËÒ»·½ÒòÊÂÕÒµ½·¨ÔºÒªÇó·´Ó³Çé¿ö£¬ÔÚ¾í×ÚÀïÁôÏ¡°Ì¸»°±Ê¼¡±µÈÇéÐΣ¬Èç¹û´ËºóÇÐʵ×öµ½Ê¹ÕâЩ²ÄÁÏÓë²»ÔÚ³¡µÄµ±ÊÂÈ˼ûÃæ£¬²¢È·±£ËûÃÇÓлú»á¶ÔÕâЩÄÚÈÝ·¢±íÒâ¼ûµÄ£¬¿ÉÊÓΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£·¨¹Ù½ö֪ͨһ·½µ±ÊÂÈ˵½³¡¶øÁôϵÄѯÎÊ¡¢Ñ¶ÎÊ¡¢ÎÊ»°¡¢Ì¸»°¡¢µ÷²é¡¢ÖÊÖ¤µÈ±Ê¼£¬²»ÄÜÊÓΪ¿ªÍ¥¡£²Î¼ûÍõÑÇУº¡°Êµ¼ùÖеÄÃñÊÂÉóÅСªËĸöÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòµÄÔË×÷¡±£¬¡¶ÏÖ´ú·¨Ñ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ5¡¢6ÆÚ¡£µ«ÉÏÊöÇéÐÎÍùÍù²»ÈÝÒ׷ֱ硣
[12] ÀýÈ磬µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬Ä³·¨Ôº´óÌüÖÐÓÐÁ½¸ö´óÀíʯԲ×À£¬Ã¿¸öÔ²×ÀÓÐ4¸öʯµÊ£¬±¾À´ÊÇÌṩ¸øµ±ÊÂÈËÐÝÏ¢µÄ³¡Ëù¡£µ«ÓÐʱ·¨¹Ù»áÔÚÕâЩµØ·½¿ªÍ¥£¬ËûÃdzƴËÀ࿪ͥΪ¡°Ô²×À»áÒ顱¡£
[13] ´ËÖÖÇé¾³ÐÎʽÉÏ·ûºÏÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄÒªÇ󣬵«ÊµÖÊÉÏÓ뷨ͥµÄׯÑÏ¡¢Óë·¨ÂɶԿªÍ¥ÉóÀíµÄÒªÇóÏà¾àÉõÔ¶£¬¿É¹éΪ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£±ÊÕß2000ÄêÔÚ±±¾©ÊÐijÖм¶ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº³öÍ¥ËßËÏʱ¾ÍÔâÓö¹ý·¨¹Ù´òî§Ë¯¡¢´Óδ¹ØÐĹý°¸¼þÉóÀíµÄÇéÐΡ£
[14] ·¨¹ÙÕÙ¼¯Ë«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˽øÐе÷½âʱ£¬Ê×ÏÈÓëÔ­¸æ¹µÍ¨£¬²¢¾¡¿ÉÄܵØÑ¹µÍÔ­¸æµÄ¡°Òª¼Û¡±£¬ËæºóÓë±»¸æ¹µÍ¨£¬¾¡¿ÉÄÜÌá¸ß±»¸æµÄ¡°³ö¼Û¡±£¬Èç´Ë·´¸´¡£Ô­¸æÓë±»¸æ²»Çå³þ¶Ô·½µÄ¡°µ×Ïß¡±£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇËùνµÄ¡°±³¿¿±³¡±¡£ËäȻ˫·½µ±ÊÂÈË¡°¶Ôϯ¡±£¬µ«ÊôÓÚÒ»ÖÖ²»ÍêÈ«¶Ôϯ¡£
[15] ÀýÈ磬µ÷²é·¢ÏÖ£¬A·¨ÔºÓм¸¸ö°¸¾íÖдæÔÚÒ»ÖÖÓɵ±ÊÂÈË»ò³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÊéд¡¢µ±ÊÂÈËË«·½Ç©×Ö¡¢·¨¹Ù×÷Ϊ֤Ã÷ÈËÇ©×ֵġ°ºÍ½âЭÒéÊ顱¡£Ò»°ãÌ×·ÊÇ£º¡°¾­·¨¹Ù·´¸´×ö¹¤×÷£¬Ë«·½µ±ÊÂÈË×ÔÔ¸´ï³ÉÈçÏÂЭÒé¡­ ¡­£¬±¾Ð­ÒéһʽÈý·Ý£¬Ë«·½µ±ÊÂÈ˸÷Ö´Ò»·Ý£¬°¸¾í´æµµÒ»·Ý¡£¡±·¨¹ÙÒ²¿É¸ù¾ÝЭÒéÖÆ×÷µ÷½âÊ飬µ«ÓÐʱЭÒéÄÚÈݲ»ÊʺÏÖÆ×÷µ÷½âÊ飬±ÈÈ磬ÔÚÒ»¸ö°¸¼þÖб»¸æ¡°±£Ö¤½ñºóÍ´¸Äǰ·Ç¡±¡£´ËÀà°¸¼þÒ»°ãÒÔµ÷½â»ò³·Ë߽᰸¡£
[16] ±ÈÈ磬Ôڹ㶫ij·¨ÔºÒ»·Ý¿ªÍ¥ÉóÀí±Ê¼ÖÐÎÒÃÇ·¢ÏÖ£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥³ÉÔ±ºÍÊé¼ÇÔ±µÄÇ©Ãû±Ê¼£Ïàͬ¡£
[17] ÕâÒ»ÌáÎÊδÄÉÈë±í¶þ¡°Îʾíµ÷²éÐÅÏ¢»ã×Ü±í¡±ÖС£
[18] ·ÇÅоö·½Ê½½á°¸Ö÷Òª°üÀ¨µ÷½âºÍ³·Ëߣ¬´ËÍ⻹ÓÐÉÙÊý°¸¼þ²ÉÈ¡ÒÆËÍ¡¢ËßËÏÖÕ½áµÈÐÎʽ¡£
[19] Õâ¾ÍÊÇÏÂÎÄËùνµÄ¡°ÉóÅеÄÒÕÊõ¡±¡£¸÷ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¼¼Êõ¿ÉÒÔͬʱÔÚÒ»¸ö³¡ºÏÔËÓã¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔÔÚÒ»¸ö³¡ºÏÏÂÁ¬ÐøÊ¹Ó㬴Ëʱ¿ÉÈÏΪÊÇ¡°¶à´Î¡±·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬Ò²¿ÉÈÏΪÊÇ¡°Ò»´Î¡±ÐµķÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬¶øÊý×Ö±¾ÉíÒѾ­²»ÖØÒªÁË¡£
[20] ²Î¼ûÍõÑÇУº¡°Êµ¼ùÖеÄÃñÊÂÉóÅСªËĸöÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòµÄÔË×÷¡±£¬¡¶ÏÖ´ú·¨Ñ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ5¡¢6ÆÚ¡£
[21] ¶ø´ó¶àÊý»ù²ã·¨Ôº°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Éٺ;­·Ñ³ä×ãµÄÇé¿ö²»¿ÉÄÜͬʱ¾ß±¸£¬ÕâÒ²Êǵ÷²éÖз¢ÏÖµÄÒ»¸öÆÕ±éÏÖÏ󣬴ó¶àÊý¾­¼ÃÂäºóµØÇøµÄ»ù²ã·¨ÔºÊµ¼ÊÉÏÐèͨ¹ýËßËÏ·Ñ·µ»¹À´Î¬³ÖÔË×÷£¬¶øÔÚ¾­¼Ã·¢´ïµØÇøµÄ·¨Ôº£¬Ëä¾­·Ñ³ä×㵫°¸¼þµÄÊýÁ¿Ñ¹Á¦´ó£¬ÈçB·¨Ôº¡£
[22] Ïò·¨¹Ù½âÊÍʲôÊÇ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±£¬Êǵ÷²éÓöµ½µÄÒ»¸ö¼¼ÊõÐÔÄÑÌ⣬ÎÒÃǵÄÖ÷Òª²ßÂÔÊǾÙÀý˵Ã÷¡£
[23] ¸ÊËàһλ·¨¹Ù¾ÍÔÚÎʾíÉÏдµÀ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÄÚº­²»Ç壬ÎÞ·¨ÂÉÒÀ¾Ý¡£
[24] 180·ÝÎʾíÖÐÓÐ15λ·¨¹Ù³ÖÏû¼«Ì¬¶È£¬ËûÃÇÖ¸³ö£º¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥´øÀ´ÑÏÖØµÄºó¹û¡± £»¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¹ý¶É£¬Ö»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ×ôÁÏ¡±£»¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄºÏ·¨ÐÔÓдýÉÌȶ¡±£»¡°Ó¦¸Ã½ûÖ¹¡±£»¡°¾¡Á¿ÉÙʹÓ㬲¢ÏÞÖÆ·¶Î§¡±µÈ¡£
[25] һЩ·¨¹ÙÔÚÎʾíÉÏдµÀ£º¡°¿ªÍ¥ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽ¡±£»¡°ÐÎʽ²¢²»±ØÈ»ÌåÏÖ¹«Õý¡±£»¡°³ÌÐò¹«Õý¹ÌÈ»ÖØÒª£¬µ«Õë¶Ô»ù²ã·¨ÖÆÒâʶ²îµÄʵ¼Ê£¬ÔËÓ÷ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ó¦Àû´óÓڱס±µÈ¡£
[26] Ëùν¡°ÉóÅеÄÒÕÊõ¡±£¬±¾ÎijּÛÖµÖÐÁ¢µÄ̬¶È£¬²»ÈÏΪËü¾ÍÖµµÃÌᳫ£¬Ò²²»Ö÷ÕÅËüÓ¦Êܵ½ÅúÅС£
[27] ÏÖÔÚÓÐÒ»ÖÖÇãÏòÊÇ£¬Ö»Òª°¸¼þÐÎʽÉÏ¡°ÒÀ·¨¡±²ÃÅУ¬ÄÄÅÂÊÇÐé¼Ù¡°ÒÀ·¨¡±(±ÈÈ磬µ±È¨ÕßÉù³Æ¡°¹«Ê¹«°ì¡±£¬¶øÊµ¼ÊÉÏÖ»ÊÇÔÚ¡°ÕûÈË¡±)£¬·¨¹ÙÒ²¾öÎÞÔðÈΡ£ÕâЩÌá³öÁË·¨Öλ¯½ø³ÌÖеÄÒ»ÏîÖØ´ó¿ÎÌ⣺ÈçºÎ±ÜÃâ¹ý·ÖµØÒÀÀµ·¨ÂÉ£¬ÈçºÎ²»ÏÝÓÚÌõÎÄ/¹æÔòÖÐÐÄÖ÷Ò壬¶øÊ¹Ö´·¨ÕßÔÚ¹æÔòÓë²ÃÁ¿Ö®¼ä±£³Öƽºâ£¬¾¡¿ÉÄܱÜÃâ³öÏÖ¸÷ÖÖ¡°·¨ÖεĴú¼Û¡±¡£
[28] ¼ÈȻ˫·½ºÏÒâÑ¡ÔñÊÊÓüòÒ׳ÌÐò£¬¾Í²»»áÔÙÌá³ö³ÌÐò±£Õϲ»×ãµÄÎÊÌ⣻¼ÈÈ»µ±ÊÂÈ˺ÏÒâÑ¡¶¨·¨¹Ù£¬ÕýÈç̨Íå2003Äê6ÔÂ5ÈÕ°ä²¼µÄ¡¶ÃñÊÂËßËϺÏÒâÑ¡¶¨·¨¹ÙÉóÅÐÔÝÐÐÌõÀý¡·Èç´Ë¹æ¶¨£¬Ôò±íÃ÷Æä·ÅÆúÉÏËßÀûÒæ¡£µ±ÊÂÈËÓ¦¶Ô×ÔÒѵÄÑ¡Ôñ×ÔÐиºÔð¡£
[29] ÔÚµ÷²éÖÐÎÒÃÇ×¢Òâµ½£¬·¨¹ÙÔÚ̸¼°°¸¼þµÄÉóÀí³ÌÐòʱ£¬´ó¶à˵¡°×ß¡±¼òÒ׳ÌÐò»òÆÕͨ³ÌÐò¡£´ÓÕâЩ´ë´Ê¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖ£¬³ÌÐòÖ»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÐÎʽ»òÕß¹ý³¡£¬½ö½öÊÇ¡°×ßÒ»×ß¡±¶øÒÑ¡£¾Ý´ËÍÆ¶Ï£¬¾¡¹Ü·¨ÔºÏµÍ³Àú¾­ÁËÊ®ÓàÄêµÄ˾·¨¸Ä¸ï£¬³ÌÐò·¨µÄµØÎ»ÔÚ·¨¹ÙµÄÐÄÄ¿ÖÐʵ¼ÊÉϲ¢Ã»Óеõ½ÕæÕýµÄÌá¸ß£¬¡°ÖØÊµÌå¡¢Çá³ÌÐò¡±µÄ¹ÛÄûÓÐʵÖÊÐԸı䡣
[30] °¸¼þ³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù»¹¿ÉÄÜÓëºÏÒéÍ¥ÉóÅг¤²»Ò»Ö£¬ÉóÅг¤²»Ò»¶¨¾ÍÊdzа취¹Ù¡£
[31] ¼û±¾ÎÄ×îºóÓйØÉóÀíģʽµÄ±È½Ï·¨·ÖÎö¡£
[32] ·½Á÷·¼£º¡°ÃñÊÂËßËÏÊÕ·Ñ¿¼¡±£¬¡¶ÖйúÉç»á¿ÆÑ§¡·£¬1999µÚ3ÆÚ¡£
[33] ÈçÔÚ¹óÖݵ÷²éʱ£¬·¢ÏÖÄ³ÏØ·¨ÔºÅоöÊéÖ½ÕÅÊÇÒ»ÖÖ×µÄ°×Ö½¡£ºóÁ˽⣬¸Ã·¨Ôº¾­·Ñ¼«Æä½ôÕÅ£¬2001ÄêÏòÏØ²ÆÕþÉêÇë2ÍòÔª¹ºÂòÖ½ÕÅ£¬Ôº³¤ºÍÉϼ¶·¨ÔºÁìµ¼ÕÒÏØÁìµ¼Èý´Î£¬ÈÔδ½â¾ö¡£
[34] Èç¼ûÍõÑÇУº¡¶Éç»á±ä¸ïÖеÄÃñÊÂËßËÏ¡·£¬Öйú·¨ÖƳö°æÉç2001Äê°æ£¬µÚ167-196Ò³¡£
[35] ÕâÊÇÖйú¹²²úµ³µÄÓÅÁ¼´«Í³ºÍÒ»¹á×÷·ç¡£
[36] ÁõÓ¿¶þÉó¸ÄÅÐËùÒýÆðµÄÕùÂÛ£¬Èç¼ûÍõÁÕ¡¢Ðì꿵ȣº¡°×¨¼ÒÒâ¼ûÊ飬°µ¼ýÄÑ·À£¿¡±£¬¡¶·½Ô²¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ10ÆÚ¡£2003Äê12ÔÂÁõÓ¿¾­×î¸ß·¨ÔºÌáÉó±»Åд¦ËÀÐÌÁ¢¼´Ö´ÐУ¬ÈË³ÆÆäΪ¡°ÓßÂÛ¡±Ëùɱ£¬Èç¼û¹ùº£Á¬£º¡°²»ÉõÖªÇéÕß¿´ÌáÉóÁõÓ¿¡±£¬http://www.lawsalon.net/main/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=215£¬2004Äê2ÔÂ20ÈÕ·ÃÎÊ¡£
[37] µ±ÊÂÈËÔÚ¿ªÍ¥µÄÐÎʽÉÏͨ³£Ã»ÓÐÑ¡ÔñȨ£¬Ëùν¡°Ë«·½ºÏÁ¦¡±£¬ÒâÖ¸·¨¹ÙÖ÷¶¯²ÉÈ¡·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥£¬µ±ÊÂÈ˽ÓÊÜ»òĬÈÏ¡£Èç¹ûµ±ÊÂÈ˱íʾ·´¶Ô£¬Ò»Î»ÀíÐԵ퍹Ùͨ³£¾Í²»»á²ÉÈ¡·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡£µ÷²é±íÃ÷£¬Ðí¶à·¨¹ÙÔÚ²ÉÈ¡·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Ê±»áÕ÷Çóµ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÒâ¼û£¬Ò²Óе±ÊÂÈËÖ÷¶¯ÒªÇ󷨹١°¼òµ¥Ð©¡±¡£¡¶×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¹ØÓÚÊÊÓüòÒ׳ÌÐòÉóÀíÃñʰ¸¼þµÄÈô¸É¹æ¶¨¡·(·¨ÊÍ[2003]15ºÅ) ÃôÈñµØ×¢Òâµ½¡°Ó¦¸ÃÂú×ãµ±ÊÂÈ˵ijÌÐòÐèÇó¡±ÕâÒ»µã£¬È·Èϵ±ÊÂÈËÔÚ³ÌÐòÑ¡ÔñÉÏÓµÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄÖ÷¶¯È¨¡£
[38] µ±È»£¬ÕâÒ»µã²¢²»¾ø¶Ô£º²¢·ÇËùÓе±ÊÂÈ˶¼Ô¸Ò⣻ÓÐʱ²¢·ÇË«·½¶¼Ô¸Ò⣻Ҳ²¢·Çµ±ÊÂÈËʼÖÕ¶ÔÈκÎÐÎʽµÄ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¶¼³Ö»¶Ó­»òĬÈÏ̬¶È¡£
[39] ²»ÉÙ·¨¹ÙÔÚµ÷²éÎʾíÉÏдµÀ£¬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡°·ûºÏÖйú¹úÇ顱¡¢¡°ÊµÊÂÇóÊÇ¡±¡£
[40] ´Ë´¦¡°Ë³Àû¡±µÄº¬Ò壬±ÈÈç°¸¼þ½á¹ûʵÏÖʵÌ幫ƽ£¬´¦ÀíÆðÀ´²»Ì«Âé·³£¬¾¡¿ÉÄܴٳɺͽâ»òµ÷½â£¬Ê¹Ë«·½Ã¬¶Ü×îС»¯£¬ÔÚµ±ÊÂÈË¿´À´·¨¹ÙÊǹ«ÕýµÄµÈ¡£
[41] ÀýÈ磬2002ÄêÏÄÅÔÌýºþ±±Ä³ÖÐÔº¿ªÍ¥Ê±¼ûµ½£ºÈýλ·¨¹ÙÔÚÐû²¼¿ªÍ¥Ç°´©ÉÏ·¨ÅÛ£¬¿ªÍ¥ÖÐʱ¶øÓÃËßËÏÎļþµ±¡°ÉÈ×Ó¡±Ò¡£¬¿ªÍêÍ¥¼´¿Ìµ±Í¥ÍÑÏ·¨ÅÛ£¬´ÓÉóÅÐÍ¥³öÈ¥ÓÖÓ÷¨ÅÛµ²Óê¡­¡­ÕâЩÁîÎÒÃǼ°µ±ÊÂÈ˶ԡ°ÕýÒåµÄÐÐÍ·¡±±¶¸ÐÐÄËá¡£·¨é³Ò²Îª²»ÉÙµ±ÊÂÈ˵±³É¡°¾ÉÉç»áÑÃÃŵľªÌÃľ¡±¡£
[42] ¹ØÓÚÂíÎýÎåʽÉóÅз½Ê½£¬Èç¼ûÕÅÏ£ÆÂ£º¡¶ÂíÎýÎåÉóÅз½Ê½¡·£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉç1983Äê°æ¡£ÂíÎýÎåʽÉóÅз½Ê½¿É¸ÅÀ¨Îª¡°¾ÍµØ°ì°¸£¬ÒÀ¿¿ÈºÖÚ£¬µ÷²éÑо¿£¬µ÷½âΪÖ÷¡±Ê®Áù×Ö·½Õë¡£
[43] ¹ØÓÚ³ÌÐòÐÎʽÖ÷ÒåµÄʵ֤Ñо¿¼°ÆäÅúÅУ¬Èç¼ûSimeon Djankov etal, ¡°Courts¡±,Quarterly Journal of Economics (May 2003), http://rru.worldbank.org/documents/lexpaper_aug_22.pdf£¬2003Äê2ÔÂ10ÈÕ·ÃÎÊ¡£
[44] ʵ֤µ÷²é·¢ÏÖÒ»¸öÀýÍ⣺ºÓ±±Ä³·¨ÔºÉóÀíÒ»×Ú¼¯ÍÅËßËϰ¸¼þʱ£¬·¨¹ÙÖ±½Óµ½Ô­¸æËùסµÄ±ö¹ÝÏÖ³¡µ÷½â¡£
[45] ¡°ÖÁÉÙ¾ÍÖм¶ÒÔÉϵķ¨Ôº¶øÑÔ£¬½ûÖ¹·¨¹Ùµ¥·½½Ó´¥µ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÔ­ÔòÓ¦¸ÃµÃµ½¸üΪÑϸñµÄ×ñÊØ¡£¡±²Î¼ûÍõÑÇУº¡°Êµ¼ùÖеÄÃñÊÂÉóÅСªËĸöÖм¶·¨ÔºÃñÊÂÒ»Éó³ÌÐòµÄÔË×÷¡±£¬¡¶ÏÖ´ú·¨Ñ§¡·£¬2003ÄêµÚ5¡¢6ÆÚ¡£
[46] ¡¶×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¹ØÓÚÊÊÓüòÒ׳ÌÐòÉóÀíÃñʰ¸¼þµÄÈô¸É¹æ¶¨¡·µÚÁùÌõ£º¡°Ô­¸æÆðËߺó£¬ÈËÃñ·¨Ôº¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÈ¡ÉÓ¿ÚÐÅ¡¢µç»°¡¢´«Õæ¡¢µç×ÓÓʼþµÈ¼ò±ã·½Ê½ËæÊ±´«»½Ë«·½µ±ÊÂÈË¡¢Ö¤ÈË¡£¡±
[47] ÀýÈçÔڹ㶫ij·¨Ôº£¬Ö¤¾Ý½»»»ÔÚ·¨Ôº´«´ïÊÒ½øÐУ¬·¨ÔºÎªÃ¿¸ö·¨¹ÙÅ䱸һ¸öÖ¤¾ÝÏ䣬ԭ¸æºÍ±»¸æ¾­ÓÉ´«´ïÊÒ¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±½»»»Ö¤¾Ý£¬ÎÞÐèÉóÅÐÈËÔ±Ö÷³Ö£¬Ò²²»Éæ¼°·¨Ôº¶ÔÖ¤¾ÝµÄÉó²é£¬ÉõÖÁË«·½µ±ÊÂÈËÒ²²»±ØÍ¬Ê±µ½³¡¡£
[48] ÔÚÀíÂÛÉÏÒ²ÓÐÈËÌá³öÆÕͨ³ÌÐòÓëºÏÒéÖÆ¿É·Ö¿ªµÄ¼ò»¯½¨Òé¡£²Î¼û¸µÓôÁÖ£¬¡°·±¼ò·ÖÁ÷Óë³ÌÐò±£ÕÏ¡±£¬¡¶·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¡·2003ÄêµÚ1ÆÚ¡£
[49] ±ÈÈ磬·¨¹ÙÔÚ¸æÖªµ±ÊÂÈËËßËÏȨÀûºÍÒåÎñʱ¾Í¿ÉÄܲÉÈ¡¼«²»ÏàͬµÄ·½·¨£¬ÔÚÏçÍÁÖйú¶ÔÅ©ÃñµÄ¸æÖª¾Í¼¸ºõÎÞ·¨²ÉÈ¡ÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄÓïÑÔ£¬¡°ÄãÓÐȨ±çÂÛ¡±Òò´Ë±»¼¼ÇÉÐԵؽâÊÍΪ¡°ÄãÓÐȨ³³¼Ü£¬µ«²»ÐíÂîÈË¡±¡£
[50] ²Î¼ûÍõÑÇУº¡¶¶Ô¿¹ÓëÅж¨£ºÈÕ±¾ÃñÊÂËßËϵĻù±¾½á¹¹¡·£¬Ç廪´óѧ³ö°æÉç2002Äê°æ£¬µÚ125£­126¡¢146£­148Ò³¡£
[51] ÀíÏëµÄÖÆ¶ÈÉè¼ÆÓ¦µ±¿¼ÂDz»Í¬µØÇø¡¢²»Í¬¼¶±ð·¨ÔºµÄ²î±ð£¬ÓÈÆä¶ÔÓÚÖйúÕâÑùÒ»¸öÕþÖΡ¢¾­¼Ã¡¢ÎÄ»¯·¢Õ¹²»Æ½ºâµÄ´ó¹ú¡£µ«ÕâÈ´ÊÇÒ»¸öÎÒ¹úËùÓÐÁ¢·¨¹²Í¬ÃæÁٵ﫯äÀ§Äѵļ¼ÊõÐÔÎÊÌ⣬±¾ÎÄÔݲ»Éæ¼°¡£


ÌìÔò¾­¼ÃÑо¿ËùƸÈÎר¼ÒµÄ×îÖÕÆÀÉ󱨸æ


I£©´Ó¹ÛÄîÊÀ½çתÏòÏÖʵÊÀ½ç


ÎÒ¹ú·¨ÂÉÑо¿µÄÒ»¸ö´«Í³¾ÍÊÇ×ÅÖØÓÚÖÆ¶È¡¢ÀíÄî¡¢Ô­ÔòµÈ¹ÛÄîµÄ±È½ÏÑо¿£¬¶ø¶ÔÓÚÏÖʵÉç»áÖÐÕæÊµ·¢ÉúµÄ˾·¨ÏÖÏó£¬ÎÞ¶¯ÓÚÖÔ¡£ÕâÖÖÎÒ³ÆÖ®Îª¹ÛÄîÊÀ½çµÄÑо¿µÄ´óÖÂģʽÊÇ£ºÒ»µ©ÏÖʵ³öÏÖÎÊÌ⣬Ê×ÏÈѰÇóÎ÷·½µÄÏֳɴ𰸣¬½«Î÷·½¨D¨Dż¶øÒ²°üÀ¨¶«·½¨D¨DµÄÖÆ¶È½øÐбȽϣ¬È»ºóÑ¡ÔñÈÏΪ±È½ÏÇкÏÎÒ¹úʵ¼ùµÄ·½°¸£¬²¢ÒÔ´ËÀ´Ö¸µ¼ÎÒ¹úµÄÁ¢·¨ºÍ˾·¨Êµ¼ù¡£Ñ§½çËùÌṩµÄÕâЩ½â¾ö·½°¸£¬ÍùÍù±»ÊµÎñ½ç³ÆÎª¡°±ÕÃÅÔì³µ¡±¡£±È½ÏµäÐ͵ÄÀýÖ¤ÊÇÃñÊÂËßËϵÄÖ¤¾ÝÁ¢·¨¡£Ñ§½çËùÁ¦ÍƵÄеÄÖ¤¾Ý¹æÔò±»·¨¹ÙºÍÂÉʦÈÏΪ¡°²»ºÃʹ¡±¡£³öÏÖÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÔ­Ôò¼´ÊÇѧ½ç¶ÔÓÚÏÖʵÊÀ½çȱ·¦Ó¦ÓеÄÁ˽⡢ͬÇéºÍ°ÑÎÕ¡£±¾¿ÎÌâµÄ×÷ÕßÃÇÊ×ÏÈ´Ó¹ÛÄîÖб£³ÖÖÐÁ¢×Ë̬£¬ÅųýÏÈǰ֮¼û£¬ÒÔ¾¡¿ÉÄܿ͹ۡ¢ÖÐÁ¢µÄÁ¢³¡Ñо¿µ÷²é¡¢ÑжÁ˾·¨Êµ¼ùÖеÄDZ¹æÔò¨D¨D¼´Êµ¼ÊÔËÐÐ×ŵġ¢²»ÎªÀíÂÛËùÈÏͬÉõÖÁΪÀíÂÛËùÖ¸Ôð×ŵÄÕæÊµ¹æÔò¡£
Ñо¿ÕßÃÇͨ¹ýϸÖµĵ÷ÑУ¬ÕÆÎÕÁË´óÁ¿»îÉúÉúµÄµÚÒ»ÊÖ×ÊÁÏ£¬´Ó¶ø¶Ô˾·¨µÄÏÖ×´ÓÐÒ»¸öÕæÊµ¡¢×¼È·µÄ°ÑÎÕ¡£Ö»ÓÐÕæÊµµØÈÏΪÊÀ½ç£¬²ÅÄÜÕæÊµµØÀí½âÊÀ½ç²¢½â¾öÈËÊÀ¼äµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚÒ»µãÉÏ£¬Ñо¿ÕßÃǵŤ×÷³É¼¨ÊÇ×¿ÖøµÄ¡£Ñо¿±¨¸æ²»½öÓÐןö°¸µ÷²é£¬¶øÇÒÓÐ×Å´óÁ¿µÄͳ¼ÆÊý¾Ý¡£´ÓµãºÍÃæÁ½¸ö·½Ã棬Éú¶¯ÐÎÏóµØÏòÎÒÃÇչʾÁ˵±´úÖйú˾·¨¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±ÕâһDZ¹æÔòµÄʵÔËÐÐ×´¿ö¡£ÆäÂÛ¾ÝÊdzä·ÖµÄ£¬·ÖÎöÊÇ͸³¹µÄ£¬ÊÇÈÃÈËÐÄ·þµÄ¡£Ñо¿ÕßÃÇÈÏ´ó¼Ò¿´µ½Á˾ÖÍâÈËͨ³£¿´²»Í¸µÄ¶«Î÷¡£Èç×÷ÕßÕýÈ·µØÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬·¨ÔºÍƶ¯µÄ˾·¨¸Ä¸ïÒ»¸öDZÔÚµÄÄ¿±êÊÇ·¨¹ÙµÄ¡°Ð¶Ô𡱣¬°ÑÔðÈÎ×ªÒÆµ½µ±ÊÂÈËÉíÉÏ¡£¡±ÕâÒ»ÂÛ¶ÏËäÈ»¾ªÐ͝ÆÇ£¬µ«¾ÝÎÒËùÖª£¬ÊÇÕæÊµµÄ¡£ÎÒ×÷ÂÉʦµÄ¾­ÑéÒ²Ö¤Ã÷£¬ÕâÊÇÕæÊµµÄ¡£ÔÙÈ磬ÎÄÕÂÖ¸³ö£º¡°³ýÉóÅг¤Í⣬·Ç³Ð°ì·¨¹ÙÒ»°ã²»»á¶Ô°¸¼þÌá³öÓë³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù²»Í¬µÄ´¦ÀíÒâ¼û£¬ÒòΪ°¸¼þÓɳа취¹Ù¸öÈ˸ºÔð£¬Èô¡®¸ÉÔ¤¡¯³Ð°ì·¨¹Ù¡®ÉóÅÐȨ¡¯£¬½ñºó×Ô¼º°ì°¸¾Í¿ÉÄÜÊÜ¡®¸ÉÔ¤¡¯¡£¶ÔËûÈ˳аìµÄ°¸¼þ¹ý·Ö»ý¼«µØ²ÎÓëÉóÀíºÍºÏÒ飬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÄܱ»ÊÓΪһÖÖ¡®³¬¹ìÐÐΪ¡¯£¬ÒòΪËü°µÊ¾×Ÿ÷¨¹Ù¿ÉÄܶ԰¸¼þÓµÓС®²»Õýµ±µÄÀûÒæ¡¯¡£¿É¼û£¬ºÏÒéÍ¥ÔË×÷µÄ¡®Ç±¹æÔò¡¯ÏÔÈ»²»Í¬ÓÚÕýÊ½ÖÆ¶ÈµÄÒªÇ󡣡±¡£ÕâÒ»·ÖÎö£¬½ÒʾÁË·¨ÔºÄÚ²¿¶Ô˾·¨È¨½øÐÐÒ»ÖÖÀàËÆÓÚ¡°°¸¼þ·Ö°ü¡±¾­ÓªµÄºÏ×÷ģʽ¡£ÕâÑùÒ»³Ð°ü¾­Óª£¬ËäÈ»¿ÉÒÔ´øÀ´Ôð¡¢È¨µÄÃ÷È·£¬Í¬Ê±£¬Ò²´øÀ´ÁËÀûÒæµÄ·Ö°ü¡£
ÎÄÕÂËäÈ»½ÒʾÁË˾·¨Ç±¹æÔòµÄΣÏÕÒ»Ãæ£¬Í¬Ê±£¬½ÒʾÁËÕâÖÖDZ¹æÔò´æÔڵĺÏÀíÐÔÒ»Ãæ¡£ÀýÈ磬·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥³É±¾µÍ£¬ÓÐЧÂÊ£¬¿ÉÒÔά»¤µ±ÊÂÈËÖ®¼äºÍƽ¹ØÏµ¡£Ò»¸ö¹æÔò----ÎÞÂÛÊÇÃ÷¹æÔò£¬»¹ÊÇDZ¹æÔò----Ö»Òª´æÓУ¬¾ÍÓÐÆä´æÔÚµÄÏÖʵÀíÓÉ¡£ÎÄÕÂÇåÎúµØÏòÈËÃÇÔÙÒ»´Î֤ʵÁËÕâÒ»µã¡£
ÓÉÓÚÎÄÕÂÀ´×ÔÓÚ˾·¨ÕæÊµµÄÉú»î£¬²»½ö¶ÁÆðÀ´¿ÉÐÅ£¬¶øÇÒÒ²ÓÐȤ¡£ÆÀÂÛÕßÈÏΪ£¬ÕâÊÇһƪ½üÄêÀ´ÎÒ¹ú·¨Ñ§Ñо¿ÖÐÄÑÒÔ¶à¼ûµÄºÃÂÛÎÄ¡£
ÎÄÕ¿ÉÄÜ´æÔÚµÄÒź¶ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÃ÷¹æÔòÓëDZ¹æÔòÖ®¼äµÄ»¥¶¯¹ØÏµÉÏ·¢¾ò²»×ã¡£ºöÃ÷ºö°µÖ®¼ä£¬µ½µ×ÓÐ×ÅʲôÑùµÄÐþ»ú£¿¶þÕßÈçºÎÏà¿ËÏàÉú²¢·¢Éúת»»£¿Èç¹ûÎÄÕÂÔÚÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÉÏÄܹ»¸üÉîµØÍÚÏÂÈ¥£¬µ±»áʹ¶ÁÕ߸е½¸üÓÐÆô·¢ºÍÐËζ¡£



II£©ÖйúоÉËßËÏģʽ¼Ð·ìÖеġ°¿ªÍ¥¡±Ê½Ñù
¡ª¡ª¹ØÓÚ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±ÏîÄ¿ÖÕÆÚ±¨¸æµÄÆÀÉóÒâ¼û


ÕâÊÇÒ»·ÝÔúʵ¡¢Îñʵ¡¢´¥¾õÃôÈñ¡¢ÓнϺÃÀíÂÛ´¢±¸µÄʵ֤Ñо¿±¨¸æ¡£ÔÚÎÊÌâÒâʶ¡¢Ñо¿·½·¨¡¢»ù±¾ÀíÄî»ò˼·µÈ·½Ã棬¶¼ÓÐÏ൱µÄ¹±Ïס£ÒÔϽ«Ò»Ò»ÆÀÊö£¬²¢¶ÔÏà¹Ø·½Ãæ´æÔڵIJ»×ãÌá³ö¸öÈËÒâ¼û¡£²»¹ýÑо¿ÕßÔÚÕâ·ÝÏîÄ¿ÖÕÆÚ±¨¸æÖÐÒѳä·ÖÖØÊÓºÍÐéÐÄÎüÄÉÁËÆÀÒéÈË¶ÔÆäÖÐÆÚ±¨¸æÌá³öµÄ¸÷ÏîÒâ¼û£¬²¢³É¹¦µØ½øÐÐÁ˽ÃÕý¡¢²¹³ä»ò/ºÍÍêÉÆ£¬Òò¶øÕâ´ÎµÄÒâ¼ûÒѽüºõ´µÃ«Çó´ÃÁË¡£
Ò»¡¢ÎÊÌâÒâʶ
1£®¡°ÖйúÎÊÌ⡱Òâʶ
´ó¶àÊý·¨Ñ§Ñо¿¶¼»á½«×Ô¼ºµÄÑо¿¹éÓÚ¶ÔÖйúÎÊÌâµÄÑо¿£¬È»¶ø£¬ÕâÏîÑо¿·Ç³£¿É¹óÖ®´¦ÔÚÓÚ£¬Ñо¿Õß¡°ÕæÐĵء°¹Ø×¢²¢ÇÐʵµØÑо¿ÖйúÎÊÌâ¡£Ñо¿ÖйúÎÊÌ⣬Òâζ×ŰÑÎÊÌâ·ÅÔÚÖйúµÄ¾ßÌåÓᄈȥ¹Û²ì¡¢·ÖÎö£¬Ñ°ÕÒÆäÐγÉÔ­Òò»ò±³¾°£¬Í¬Ê±ÔÚѰÇó½â¾ö;¾¶Ê±Ò²Òª¿¼ÂǺÍÀûÓÃÖйúÏÖÓеľßÌå±³¾°ºÍÌõ¼þ£¬Ìá³ö½¨ÉèÐԵġ¢¿ÉÐеĸÄÁ¼´ëÊ©£¬Ò༴¡°¹Ø×¢ºÍ³ÐÈÏÖйúµÄÏÖʵ£¬µ«¾ø²»Ç¨¾ÍÏÖʵ¡±¡£ ±ÈÈ磬×÷ÕßÔÚ¿¼²ì¡¢·ÖÎöºÍ½¨Òé¸Ä¸ï·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÎÊÌâʱ£¬ÔÚ¾²Ì¬ÉϹØ×¢µ½ÖйúµØÇø²îÒìÌØ±ðÊdzÇÏç²îÒì¾Þ´óµÄ±³¾°£»ÔÚ¶¯Ì¬ÉϹØ×¢µ½ÖйúÉç»á´¦ÓÚ´Ó´«Í³ÏòÏÖ´ú¼±ËÙתÐÍʱÆÚµÄÏÖʵ¡£¶ÔÓÚµØÇø²îÒìºÍ·¨Ôº¼¶±ð²îÒìµÄÒâʶ£¬Ê¹Ñо¿Õß°ÚÍÑÁ˷Ǵ˼´±Ë¡¢·Ç×ó¼´Óҵĵ¥Ò»Ë¼Î¬Ä£Ê½£¬ÌåÏÖÁ˳ÌÐò¶àÔª¡¢·±¼ò·ÖÁ÷¡¢Ö°ÄÜ·Ö²ãµÄÏÖ´ú³ÌÐò½¨¹¹Ë¼Â·¡£ ¶ÔÓÚÖйúÉç»áתÐÍʱÆÚµÄÒâʶ£¬Ê¹Ñо¿ÕßûÓÐÂäÈëÕâÑùµÄñ½¾Ê£ºÒªÃ´¿ÌÖÛÇó½£µØÒÔÏÖ´úÎ÷·½¹ú¼Ò±ê×¼µÄÍ¥Éóģʽ£¨ÌرðÊÇÒÔÃÀ¹úģʽΪÑù±¾£©Í³Ò»Éè¼ÆÖйúÍ¥ÉóÖÆ¶È£¬ÒªÃ´½«ºóÏÖ´úÎ÷·½¹ú¼Ò¶ÔÓÚ˾·¨×¨Òµ»¯µÄ·´Ë¼ºÍÏòËßËϷdzÌʽ»¯µÄ·½Ïòµ÷ÕûÄ¿±ê×÷Ϊ³«µ¼»ò·ÅÈγÌÐò¼òÒ×»¯¡¢¾À·×½â¾ö·ÇËßËÏ»¯µÄÕýµ±ÐÔ¸ù¾Ý¡£
ÔÚÆÀÒéÕß¿´À´£¬ÔÚ´«Í³ÓëÏÖ´úÖ®¼ä£¬Ñо¿ÕßËÆºõ¸üÆ«ÖØÓÚ¶ÔÏÖʵ¡ª¡ªÒ༴ÓÉÓÚ´«Í³¶øÐγɵÄÏÖ×´¡ª¡ªµÄ×ðÖØ£¬¶ø°´ÕÕÏÖ´ú³ÌÐòµÄÄ¿±êÑ­Ðò½¥½øµÄ½¨¹¹ÂÔÏÔ²»×㣻ͬʱ×÷ÕßÔÚ¸ÄÔì¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±³ÌÐòʱ£¬²¢Ã»Óгä·ÖÁªÏµÆä¿¼²ìÖÐÏÔʾµÄ³ÇÏç²îÒìºÍ²»Í¬¼¶±ð·¨ÔºÔÚÖÆ¶ÈÔË×÷·½ÃæµÄ²îÒì½øÐÐ×ÛºÏÉè¼Æ¡£ÕâÁ½¸ö·½ÃæµÄ²»×ãÔÚÒ»¶¨³Ì¶ÈÉϼõËðÁËÆäÖйúÎÊÌâÒâʶµÄ¼ÛÖµ¡£
2£®¡°ÕæÊµÎÊÌ⡱Òâʶ
¶àÊýÑо¿Õß¶ÔÓÚ·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈÖÐʼÖÕºöÂÔÉõÖÁÃ÷È·Åų⡢ÏÖʵ·¨ÂÉÉú»îÖÐÈ´ÒÑΪ¹ßÀý(custom/routin/institution)µÄÎÊÌâ¶¼²»Ð¼ÓÚ¹Ø×¢£¬Å¼¶ûµÄºôºÅÒ²ÊÇÒÔÍÆÐÐÎı¾µÄÖÆ¶ÈΪĿ±ê£¬ÅúÆÀºÍÖ¸Ôð·¨ÂÉÔË×÷Õß²»¡°×ñÊØ¡±·¨ÂÉ£¬¶ø¼«ÉÙÓÐÈËÕæÕýÉîÈ뿼²ì´óÁ¿ÎÊÌâÖ®ËùÒÔ´ó·¶Î§µØ¡¢·´¸´µØ¡¢¶àÄê´æÔÚµÄÔ­Òò£¬ÉõÖÁʼÖÕ±£³ÖÒÔ¹Û²ìÔË×÷ÖеÄÖÆ¶ÈÀ´ÕÛÉä¡¢·´Ë¼ºÍµ÷ÕûÎı¾ÖƶȵÄ̬¶È¡£¸ÃÏîÄ¿Ñо¿Õß»ùÓÚ×ÔÉíʵÎñ±³¾°µÄÓÅÊÆ£¬×¼È·¶øÃôÈñµØ°ÑÎÕÁËÒ»¸ö˾¿Õ¼û¹ßµÄ¡¢ÎªÕýʽͥÉóÖÆ¶È£¨ÎÞÂÛÊÇÖйúÏÖÐеÄÖÆ¶È»¹ÊÇÀíÂÛÉèÏëÖеÄδÀ´Öƶȣ©ËùÒÅÍü¡¢È´Ã¿Ìì¶¼ÔÚ¼«¶ÈÓ°Ïì»ò/ºÍÇÖÊ´×ÅÕýʽͥÉóÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±ÎÊÌ⣬°ÑÄ¿¹â´Ó¹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶ÈͶÏòÉç»áÖÆ¶È¡¢´ÓÎı¾µÄÖÆ¶ÈͶÏòÏÖʵµÄÖÆ¶È¡£ÕâÑùµÄÒâʶÍêÈ«°ÚÍÑÁ˱ÕÃÅÔì³µÑо¿¡°¼ÙÎÊÌ⡱µÄ·çÏÕ£¬¶ø°Ñ×¢ÒâÁ¦Ê¼ÖÕͶÈëÓÚÑо¿ÕæÊµµÄÎÊÌâ¡£²¢ÇÒÒÔÕâÑùµÄÎÊÌâΪ´°¿Ú£¬Í¨¹ý·ÖÎöÆäÔ­Òò£¬Í¸ÊÓÎı¾ÖƶȵÄȱÏÝÒÔ¼°¹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶ÈÓëÉç»áÐèÇóÖ®¼äµÄ²î¾à¡£²»¹ý×÷Õ߸ü¶àµØ¹Ø×¢Á˹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶ÈÓëÉç»áÖÆ¶ÈÖ®¼äµÄ²¢´æÓ뻥²¹¹ØÏµ£¬¶øÁ¢×ãÓÚ·´Ë¼ºÍ¸ÄÁ¼Ôì³ÉÕâÒ»ÏÖÏóµÄÏÖÐйú¼ÒÖÆ¶È£¨Îı¾µÄÖÆ¶È£©ÏԵò»×ã£¬ÌØ±ðÊǵ±×÷Õß½«ÕâÒ»Á¢³¡ÇÄÇĵØÂñÈëÁ˶ԷÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥³ÉÒòµÄÎÄ»¯½âÊÍÖ®ÖÐʱ£¬Ã»Óгä·ÖÇ¿µ÷ÎÒ¹ú´«Í³ºÍÏÖÐеÄÉóǰ׼±¸³ÌÐòºÍÕýʽ£¨·¨¶¨£©¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐòËù´æÔÚµÄÖÖÖֱ׶˶ÔÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÕâÖÖ¹ßÀýµÄÐγÉËù²úÉúÍ»³öÓ°Ï졣Ȼ¶ø£¬ÕýÈç¶«Î÷·½·¨Éç»áѧ¼Ò´Ó²»Í¬½Ç¶È·ñ¶¨ÁË¡°¶«·½È˰®ºÃºÍƽÒò¶øÑáËÏ¡¢Î÷·½ÈËѰÇóȨÀûÒò¶ø½¡ËÏ¡±ÕâÑùµÄÅжÏÒ»Ñù£¬ ÎÒÃǾø²»ÄܺöÂÔ·¨ÂÉÎÄ»¯Óë·¨ÂÉÖÆ¶ÈÖ®¼äµÄ»¥¶¯¹ØÏµÒÔ¼°ÏȽø¶ø½¡È«µÄËßËÏÖÆ¶È¶ÔËßËÏÎÄ»¯µÄÒýµ¼£¬·ñÔòÎÒÃÇÔÚÇ¿µ÷×ðÖØ´«Í³»òÏÖʵµÄͬʱ¿ÉÄܲ»Öª¾õµØ·ÅÆúÁ˸ÄÔ촫ͳºÍÏÖʵÖÐÍç¼²µÄŬÁ¦¡£
¶þ¡¢Ñо¿·½·¨
ÖµµÃÔÞÉ͵ÄÊDZ¾ÎÄÉîÈë˾·¨Êµ¼ù»ñµÃʵ֤²ÄÁϵÄÉç»áѧÑо¿·½·¨¡£ÓÉÓÚ»ñµÃʵ֤×ÊÁÏÒªÇóÑо¿ÕßͶÈëºÜ´ó¾«Á¦ºÍÎïÁ¦£¬Ó¦ÓúͷÖÎö×ÊÁϺÍÐÅÏ¢ÔòÒªÇóÑо¿Õß¾ßÓÐÏ൱µÄÀíÂÛ´¢±¸ºÍ·½·¨£¬ËùÒÔÐí¶àÑо¿ÕßÓÐÐÄÎÞÁ¦»òÖªÄѶøÍË¡£ÓÈÆäÊÇʵ֤Ñо¿ÐèÒª½èÖúÍâÁ¦£¨ÖÁÉÙÊDZ»Ñо¿¶ÔÏ󣩵İïÖú£¬Òò¶øÔÚÖйúÕâÖÖÐÅÏ¢·âËøµÄÑо¿»·¾³ÖУ¬ÊµÖ¤Ñо¿³£³£ÒÔ¾Þ´óͶÈë¶ø»ñµÃ²»ÍêÕûµÄÐÅÏ¢¡£ÎÒÃdz£³£¼ûµ½µÄ¹ÚÒÔ¡°ÊµÖ¤Ñо¿¡±µÄ³É¹û¶¼ÊǼ١°ÊµÖ¤¡±Ö®Ãû£¬ÐС°Òܶϡ±Ö®Êµ£¬Ö»²»¹ýÊÇÓÃÖ§ÀëÆÆËéµÄ×ÊÁϺͶÏÕÂÈ¡ÒåµÄÐÅϢΪ×Ô¼ºÔ¤¶¨µÄÀíÂÛÔ¤ÆÚÌṩһµãʵÀýÖ§³Ö¶øÒÑ£¬ÕâÖÖÑо¿½áÂÛ³£³£±È±ÕÃÅÔì³µ¸ü´øÓÐÆÛÆ­ÐÔ£¬Òò¶ø¸ü¾ßÓÐÆ¬ÃæÐÔ¡¢Ö÷¹ÛÐÔºÍΣº¦ÐÔ¡£
Õâ·Ýʵ֤Ñо¿±¨¸æÔںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉϿ˷þÁËÉÏÊöÎÊÌâ¡£Ñо¿Õßͨ¹ýÎÊ¾í¡¢·Ã̸¡¢²éÔľí×ڵȶàÖÖ·½Ê½£¬¾¡¿ÉÄÜÒÔ²»Í¬·½Ê½ºÍ½Ç¶È»ñµÃÐÅÏ¢£¬´Ó¶ø×î´óÏ޶ȵؿ˷þÔÚÐÅÏ¢ÊýÁ¿¡¢×¼È·¶È¡¢¿ÉÐÅÐԵȷ½Ãæ¿ÉÄÜ´æÔÚµÄÄÚÔÚȱÏÝ£¬Á¦Ê¹Æä¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÏÖÏóµÄÃèÊö½Ó½üÓÚ½ÏΪ¹ã·ºµÄÏÖʵ±¾Éí¡£±ÈÈçÊÇÐÅÏ¢µÄ»ñÈ¡£¬ÔÚµØÓòÉÏÕչ˵½¶«²¿ºÍÎ÷²¿¡¢Äϲ¿ºÍ±±²¿¡¢³ÇÊкÍÏç´å£¬ÔÚËßËÏÖ÷ÌåÉϸ²¸Çµ½²»Í¬¼¶±ðµÄ·¨ÔººÍ²»Í¬±³¾°µÄ·¨¹Ù¡¢Ç××ÔËßËϵ±ÊÂÈËÓë´úÀíÂÉʦ¶ÔÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÖƶÈËù²úÉúµÄ²»Í¬Ó°Ïì¡£
²»¹ý±¾ÎIJ¢Ã»Óн»´ýÆä½øÐе÷²éµÄ³éÑù·½·¨¡¢ÀíÓÉ»ò¸ù¾Ý£¬±ÈÈçΪʲôÔÚÈ«¹ú·¨ÔºÖÐҪѡȡÕ⼸¸ö·¨Ôº£¿ÔÚËùѡȡµÄ·¨ÔºÖÐÊÇ·ñËùÓз¨¹Ù¶¼²ÎÓëÁËÎʾíºÍ·Ã̸£¿Èç´ËµÈµÈ¡£Í¬Ê±£¬¶ÔÓÚ²»Í¬ÐÅÏ¢µÄ·ÖÎö¡¢×ܽáºÍ¹éÄÉÒ²ÉÔÉÔÓÐЩÖ÷¹Û¡£±ÈÈçÔÚ·ÖÎö°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÂʵĹØÏµÊ±£¬×÷Õß½«Î»ÓÚ·¢´ïµØÇøÍ¬Ê±°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ò²½Ï¶àµÄ¹ã¶«Ä³»ù²ã·¨ÔºÓëλÓÚ²»·¢´ïµØÇøÍ¬Ê±°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ò²½ÏÉٵĹóÖݵØÇøµÄ·¨ÔºÍ¬Ò»Äê°¸¼þÊýÁ¿ºÍ·¨¹ÙÊýÁ¿Ïà¶ÔÕÕ£¬²¢¸¨Ö®ÒÔ¶Ô·¨¹ÙµÄ·Ã̸£¬µÃ³ö½áÂÛÈÏΪ£¬°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Ô½¶àµÄµØÇøÊÊÓöÀÈÎÖÆºÍ¼òÒ׳ÌÐòµÄ±ÈÂÊÔ½¸ß¡£ÕâÀï͵»»ÁË·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Óë¶ÀÈÎÖÆ¼òÒ׳ÌÐòµÄ¸ÅÄî¡£ÔÚ¶ÔÖÐÆÚ±¨¸æµÄÆÀÒéÖУ¬ÎÒÒѼâÈñµØÖ¸³ö£¬×÷Õß¶ÔÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Î´¼Ó½ç¶¨£¬¸ÅÄî·Ç³£Ä£ºý£¬ÖÕÆÚ±¨¸æ»ù±¾ÉϳÎÇåÁË·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ¸ÅÄîºÍ·¶Î§£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚδÄÜÓëÎÒ¹ú¸ÅÄîºÍ¹¦ÄÜÄ£ºýµÄ·¨¶¨µÄ¶ÀÈÎÖÆ¼òÒ׳ÌÐò¡¢¶ÀÈλ¯µÄÆÕͨ³ÌÐò£¨¶ÔÆÕͨ³ÌÐòµÄ¹ßÀýÐÔ±äͨ£©¡¢·¨¶¨µÄÉóǰ׼±¸³ÌÐò¡¢·¨¶¨µÄÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥³ÌÐòµÄ·ÇÕýʽÐÔ¡¢Ë¾·¨¸Ä¸ï³öÏÖµÄÖ¤¾Ý½»»»³ÌÐòºÍ³ÌÐòÐÎʽ»¯ÇãÏòµÈµÈ£¬ÁªÏµÔÚÒ»Æð½øÐжÔÕÕ·ÖÎö£¬Òò¶ø±¨¸æÔÚÌÖÂÛ×Ô¼ºÎÊÌâʱ³£³£»áÆ«Àë×Ô¼º¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥µÄ½ç¶¨¡£
Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬ÔÚ·ÖÎöµØÇø²îÒìÓë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÂʵĹØÏµÊ±£¬×÷ÕߵĽáÂÛÊÇ£¬·¢´ïµØÇøºÍ³ÇÊеØÇø·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÂʱȲ»·¢´ïµØÇøºÍÅ©´åµØÇøÒª¸ß£¬ÄÇô£¬×ÛºÏÉÏÃæ°¸¼þÊýÁ¿¶ÔÓÚ·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÂʵÄÓ°Ï죬°¸¼þ½Ï¶àµ«Î»ÓÚ·¢´ïµØÇøºÍ³ÇÊеØÇøµÄ¹ã¶«Ä³»ù²ã·¨Ôº£¬Æä·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥Âʾ¿¾¹±È°¸¼þ½ÏÉٵIJ»·¢´ïµÄ¹óÖݵØÇøµÄ·¨Ôº¸ß£¬»¹Êǵͣ¿Èç¹û×ÜÊý½Ï¸ß»ò½ÏµÍ£¬ÄÇô×÷ÕßÈçºÎÅжÏÕâÊܰ¸¼þÊýÁ¿µÄÓ°Ï죬»¹ÊÇÊÜ·¢´ï³Ì¶ÈµÄÓ°Ï죿¿É¼û£¬±¾±¨¸æµÄ×÷ÕßÓë¾ø´ó¶àÊý±ê°ñ×Ô¼ºÁ¢³¡¡°ÖÐÁ¢¡±µÄ·¨Éç»áѧÕßÒ»Ñù£¬ÆäʵÔÚ¾ßÌåÔË×÷Öв»Öª²»¾õµØÂ¶³öÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷¹ÛÁ¢³¡ºÍÀíÂÛ¼Ù¶¨µÄ¡°Î²°Í¡±¡£µ¹ÊÇÍõÑÇÐÂÏÈÉúÔÚʵ֤Ñо¿ÖбȽÏÉÙ±ê°ñ×Ô¼ºµÄÖÐÁ¢ºÍÎÞǰ¼û£¬¹«¿ª½«×Ô¼ºµÄÀíÂÛ¿ò¼Ü¡¢ÀíÂÛÔ¤ÆÚ¡¢Ñо¿·½·¨¼°ÆäȱÏÝ̹°×µØ·ÅÔÚÿ´Îµ÷²é±¨¸æµÄÇ°Ãæ£¬·´¶øÊ¹¶ÁÕßÔÚÃ÷È·×÷ÕßµÄÁ¢³¡µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬¸üÈÝÒ×±æÎöÆä×ÊÁϵĿɿ¿ÐÔ¡£ ÁíÍâ¾ÍÉÏÊö¾ßÌåÎÊÌâ¶øÑÔ£¬Ò²Ðí×÷Õß½«Í¬Ò»·¨Ôº¼¸ÄêÖ®¼ä°¸¼þÊýÁ¿Óë·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÂʶԱȹØÏµµÄ±ä»¯¼ÓÒÔͳ¼ÆºÍ·ÖÎö£¬µÃ³öÉÏÊö½áÂÛÒ²Ðí¸üΪ¿É¿¿¡£
Èý¡¢¶Ô²ßµÄ»ù±¾Ë¼Â·
¶ÔÓÚ×÷ÕßÌá³öµÄ¶Ô²ß£¬ÆÀÒéÈË»ù±¾ÔÞͬÆäÁ¢³¡¡ª¡ª¾¯Ìè³çÉС°×ÔÉú×Ô·¢ÖÈÐò¡±µÄ¹ÛÄî¡£×÷ÕßÔÚ¶Ô·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥ÕâÒ»¡°Ç±¹æÔò¡±½øÐÐÔ­ÔòÐÔÈÏͬµÄǰÌáÏ£¬Ìá³öÁ˼¸Ïî¾ßÌåµÄ¸ÄÁ¼´ëÊ©£¬ÌرðÊǽ«·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¸ÄÔìΪ¡°¼òÒ×Í¥¡±µÄ˼·£¬ÖµµÃÈÏÕæ¿¼ÂÇ¡£²»¹ý£¬Èç¹û°´ÕÕÆÀÒéÈËËùÖ÷ÕŵĽ«¶ÀÈÎÖÆÓë¼òÒ׳ÌÐò·Ö¿ª¡¢ÊµÐжÀÈÎÖÆÆÕͨ³ÌÐòÓëºÏÒéÖÆÆÕͨ³ÌÐò²¢´æµÄÖÆ¶ÈÖ®ºó£¬Õâһ˼·µÄ¼ÛÖµ¿ÉÄÜÊܵ½¼õËð¡£ µ«ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬¼´Ê¹ÔÚ¶ÀÈÎÖÆÆÕͨ³ÌÐòÖУ¬ÔÚÎÒ¹úÏÖÐеÄÉóǰ׼±¸³ÌÐòÖУ¬»òÕß°´Õմ󽷨ϵ½×¶ÎÐÔÉóÀíµÄģʽ£¬½â¾öÖîÈçÖ¤¾Ý½»»»ÃûÒåϵĽøÐÐÖ¤¾ÝÈ·ÈÏ£¨Èç×ÔÈÏ»ò/ºÍ¶ÔÖ¤¾ÝÕæÊµÐÔµÄÈϿɣ©µÄ·¨ÂÉЧ¹û/Á¦µÄÎÊÌ⣬¿ÉÄÜÈÔÈ»ÐèÒª½èÖúÓÚ¡°·ÇÕýʽ¿ªÍ¥¡±µÄ·¨Âɽ綨¡£