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Ȩȶ


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Ϊ󸱣˭ϣԼĴҡεϣ̩̹˺ײϱɽûҾһҺеĴ쵼˾ڿҴĴʹ󸱡ְDZִֻȺУμҵĵһ׷ȶ´Σ̫ƽʢйμҵ룬Ҫʵ룬ȶһҪ

йʷϵ˼ҶȶΪԼҪо⣬δμҺ˼˾еһġͨһŪȨıĹ͢ؼҲһͼνİ࣬ҿһʵȶĻʼҽ̿顣ijЩμҾܾĶⲿΰΪ̵ľǹ͢Ȩһϧ⡣ ˾ھױ㿪дְ֮ĪĪڷ֣Īν񣿼͸Ҳν֣Ҳν䡢Ҳ1⼸仰Ȼ򵥣ȴǴߵķḻξ飬Լйǧѵоġ

˵ʵһȶǰ⡣ǰôȨо˹Ԫשӱȫעθ֡һ֣ȨȨβȶܳ٣ʧȥ֣ͻʧȥȨξͽᶯңؽ㸲

ܸͨ١һ㣬˵ⲿ

ȻйŴȨ۷ḻʣ˾ĸȷʵ㵽Ȩ۵ľ裬ϸĵĵ岿֡һֶ岢ȨڶּҪͬΤ͵ᣮʵȨѧȨģʽIJֶȶԲͬȨȶԽ塢ñ۶йǧʷк۷Σ룬˵ʱ˼Ϊ˷ЩΣе̽һDZĵĽָۣΣսѾָ һôȨ

Ҫ˽ôȨҪôȨ

йᄈᄈȨʵԭʼкܴںȨһϴʣɡȨ͡ɡȨԭʼһľ2Ϊӡ͡Ӵ˼3ܹŴijûľġȽѡȨηĴǿӣۡ顷ʱ˵йһˡȨ󷨶ȣ޷Ϲ٣ķ֮ɡ4ġȨָĻǶ⣬ֻΪ淶ִߵһҪ壬ȨʱǡȨΪȵã磬͡ƽ⡹5ʱ԰ȨóΪij־ԵԺ£淶ֹƽҾءѧϵġȨ6

ֵԴȤ˽йͳǴԿ׵ļֵᵽСϱǰսսˡĺ塣ڹŴɷĸףҲ7ɫ溬壬һϣΪλ8ڶȨ9ΪȨء

ѡȨ͡ϳһʣˡ1915-1935꣬1936лְ桶ǺûСȨ1956-1959꣬1960꣬޶1977ӡݰġִʵ䡷ȻСȨȨûԴѧϵĿݣҲûнѧͣǶӢġauthorityһʵļ򵥷10

ӢġȨauthorityһʣԴڡauthor(ߡʼߣߵ)ϵĴߣǷɵĴʼߣˣǡķռǡĴߡֽɫˡauthorityһʵĺ壺סͳκڵӢᄈauthorityǡ֡ͬʡgoogleҳϼ롸authorityѰ1.05ڸҳôйأضߵͷʮҳڡ֡ʹʡ

ѧ϶Ȩ¶಻ͬĽǶȡ

򵥵ĶǴʵµĶ塣򵥵ĶҪ㡶Ȩۡһߵ˹ʣDennis H.Wrongµ:ȨʵʾǷ11ȻȨȨĶ嵱ȻԵ¹ѧ˹ΤMax Weber,1864-1920꣩ն壬Ȩ12Ӧýһܱ˵ȺþģߣһеģõӵĻᡣ13ǴӹϵµĶ壺ӡ ѧĪ˹ΤȣMaurice DuvergerȨµĶȨˣȨøȨˣȨȨͬʡ14ȨijЩӢȨǡDZܡͬ15DZ򲻽漰˵漰ҺͿȻĶҪӢάϰٿȫµˣϣȨһָǶִȨ֮ijµ16ȨֻͬȨַȨ֮һ

ȨĶһ嫣ΪһƪģʵĵطֹǵġеĶ嶼Ȩ֮ƣǶԼоһֽ綨ݱҪȨĹϸ¶塣νȨرϵȨΪضȺṩ17ˣƶȡɫ˼ʷ̿Σ˵һηdzٵĻ

ʮһͺڣ¶Թڻ̸̽ͳеһ˼оʼȡ˽չڶһЩ˼ԻͶĻӻٴγֳرŵУʼԤʾЧʼȶԴʱŷ˴δйľ18

λֵעĵطԤʾĶЧʺȶκȨṩĹβƷҲΪĴǿб绤ɡǽսʱijڶңԤʾˣṩˣеЧʺȶʼйʷϵĵλܿɱܱΪôӢۡ

Ȩķ

ȨĶԣĸĶȨķࡣķ໹ΤģȨΪͣϷȨͳȨȨ꾡ķǵ˹ṩģһо͵ȨǿȨյȨϷȨϸȨ͸Ȩ

ôĿе㷱ӡֻҪŪǵķ׼ͼˡΤķ׼Ȩ˸񻯳̶ȡΤĽܣϷȨȫ˸񻯵Ȩ19ͳȨǰ˸񻯵Ȩ20Ȩȫ˸񻯵Ȩ21˹ʵķ׼ǷȨIJͬǿȨĶη壻յȨĶӺϷȨĶ񣻷ӺϸȨĶΣӸȨĶǰ22

ĶȨзı׼ȲͬΤҲͬڵ˹ʡҸȨIJͬԴȨֳͣѪԵȨȨȨȨȨ

ѪԵȨԴѪͳϵһȨӽڹźĺ壺šӡŮӡ硹硹ڼ׹ĺͽбΣᣨ޽ԣڡ˵ġʢ˥˼23ѪԵȨĸȨдգɱǷļһȻDzɿܵıֺ͸䡣

ѪԵȨѭԭ򣺵һǡױԭ򡹣ġһָָ֣䣬ߡ˵ӳߵȨֱҪȻиֶŮ곤һ꣩ҪҷΪұָߣ˵ֲͬʱ򣬱ͬʱ򣻵ڶǡ׹ԭ򡹣ȨֱϵȨϵԶףˣ򵥵˵ȨĶӵȨֶӣֶӴѪԵϲصˡ

ԣѪԵȨȨŬûйϵŬҲɶӱԼ׵ĸףԼֵܡТͨԴһٵ˵ѪԵλݸѡò־ͬʱӰľ˭ĸĸ˭ĸĸ˵ȫǻᣬ֮ǰļȶʵ24

ԱȨٵ˵ë󶫣ǹȨ25۶˵ȨԴڱȱʱԴǹӣʱԴڵӡǣɱõȨһñֻвɱȡҿͳεȨϵıȨйʷϣȨ͵ص۹Ȩ Ҫ˽ȨҪ˽ôǵԡڵԣйֶ壬ʿ¶ԵԵĶǹģΪԾǡ޵ƷʻɹƷʡ26ĵԿԷΪࣺһǵģһġǻۺ½ԼǶǵԣǫԡ27йѧʼ˿ӶԵԵĽ綨ӽڹ壬ѵԳΪ¡νġ¡ȰǵԣҲԡҪʹԳ¡Ҫڰ˸Ŭ֪⡢ġҡιƽ28й˼ʦ򲻻һĵԸǿԣΪǻ۳дαʥǣٱ29֮ΣǶࡣι֮ι֮30صֵԣ֮ΪһԻȣԻԻΪȡ31Ϊȣǫõ˼ԣʴȡڼǫãȻ롣

۹廹壬ȨʵʾƾԼ׿Խ32ƷжضȺлӵ˳ӡͬǣȨȽϽӽӵʥͼѧΤ͵ʵдڵȫܶߣȨνġʥˡΪΣʵӽĵȨžǴ˵еҢ˴ˡ˵ǽ®ӣΣ໥ãǴȡǫ͡

Ȩ츳Ȩ˸񻯵񣬱̫ҮͻĻ˹İҲǷ˸񻯵ġ졹йͳʶУʱΪ˻ȡȨԳơеʱΪʾȨԳơˡǡȨͨΪĻĶӣӣڹŴ̫ͷϵͣϵ۰Ȩڸ˭֪˭ͷͿ33ڻͽţ˼ȨϵģʥΪģȨģ˵˳ΪûȨdzϵ۵ġȨģϵģԿȨģǿϵ۵34

ȨȨȨʵʾǡл񹲺͹ܷܸٵڶ˵ģл񹲺͹һȨ񡹣ȨıʽһȨԴڹѡƱȨͲ͵ȨΪǸʣǸȺ壬ûд˵û䲻жDzھͳƵѡƱDzģӵǾͽӽڵȨ䲻ͷģǿͷģǵڻ᳡ǵսʹܵ˵İӣҲֻDZȨԲǾѡѡDZǰָΪߣȻʩҲܻձҲӽѪԵȨȨ

ȨʵϾDZ㷺Ϊʩ޲أ¹һdz򵥵Ķ壺ʵȷÿһ깫ӵͶƱȨ35ָȨص㣺Ժ͹㷺ԡҪѡƱĿϣ㷺г깫ͶƱȨϡ

Ȩģʽ

ȨʵʡܺԴЩǶоڶȨж졣ϺȨСҪ߶ȨϵǿȣΪȨǿȡȨǿָôأȨϵ˫IJƽȳ̶ȡ

ѧĪ˹ΤѧһشӲƽȽǶȽȨȨΪṹĵһҪDzƽȡƽֲͬıʽ뼯ųԱ֮ĸ˲ƽȣ׼ײ֮᲻ƽȡ36̸ȨʱָЩǰֲƽȹϵȨ־ǿڼԱ߷ӣΪΪȨǺϷġ37

ƽζڵȨߺͷ֮ελϵǰΪȨ0ʱȨϵ˵Ȩǿȵ0ʱϵ˫DZ˴˶ģ໥ƽȵģ˵ɵģӽɹϵģʽ໥ŶԷϵ˼ģʽǵ˵ĸȨģʽǶԳƵİϵܱɲƽȽϵرʩŰŰİϵһȨϵ38ȨʱȨǿȼ󻯣ϵ˫ūۺͱū۵Ĺϵһһӵɱ֮Ȩӽūģʽūū֮ĹϵԼսǰսʤ²֮Ĺϵ

KʾȨAʾȨFʾɣǿгȨʽǿͬȨģʽ߳Ϊģʽ

KA/F
ʽһFA / K
ʽAKF

ӹʽKA / FԵ֪ȨȨȣɳɷȣ

ӱʽһFA / KƵĵġūģʽKʱF0õѧ˵ǡȨģʽ

ӱʽƵ˵ġģʽK0ʱAҲ0ҲԳΪģʽ

ǶȨģʽĴҪиһҪȨϵʽиϸµķȨϵֻʽһ־ǵ϶Τ˵ġ뼯ųԱ֮ĸ˲ƽȡϵڶ빫˻֮Ȩϵط֮Ȩϵ

ʽKȨʱ

һͳжͳμųԱɱȨ߲ӵĶͽϵĵʮһֺͷ

ڶȨȨȨȨĻȨȨȨ ˵طȨطף·Ҫдʾ򱨸档

ͬʱζŵطȨȨȨһdz֮ΪȫȨ塹ԵȨǡȨǾƼӶȨġȨ塹ǡȨǡȨ塹ȲǡȨҲǡȨǡȫȨ塹ķ˹ɴ壬ģʽ塣ȻȫȨʷȨǿ塣 ֻȨطȨڵطȨһһǡͷȫȨ塹һܾĶȫȥ֮󣬺˥Ϊ塣

ֻڶȨطȨ͸ȨҲһֻһDZطԱԽȫ塹һûƸĸֻԺȨ˥ľɶȫȨݱ塣 ȫȨУȫȨȨǿ壬ͷȫȨ֮ȫȨִ֮ӶȫȨ壬ͷȫȨ壬ٵȫȨ壬ԿǶȫȨ˥̺Ȩɥʧ̣̱ضȶɥʧᶯ

һһּKȨ0ʱ

һԴȨ䣬߸Ըˣֻһ˭˵˶ľ߼壻 ڶͬûгأΪΪеӽԼѧԼǰ״̬ΪսĻ˹״̬֪֮Ļ޶˹ԭ״̬Ҳеϣǰֱ壻

ûκ֧طȨйںսǰڵܷʩԼ涼Ҫʵĵطáͬ

ֻҪڶȻʱȫ״̬ûصֱ壻ֻһǹͷ干壻ֻйʽĴ壻һͬʱǹƵ塣 嶼巢չʷϵijЩʽȨȨǿʧɵġЩ嶼ȱȶ˵ȨάȶȨʽйأҲȨǿйء

ġȨȶ

ۺʽȨضȨϵȨҲʵϵȨȨָƶϺͷϹ涨ȨʵȨָЩ涨ʵʩʵȨܴҲСȨһʹȨ˴Ȩλϣʵʧȥ涨ȨһȨ˴Ȩλϣܳ涨ΧʹȨȨˣҲԽȨΪȨʵȨΪȨȨ

һ˵ȨʽȨȨߵʵȨ˿˵һȶԣȡݵȨЧԣһȨȶԣȡȨЧԣҲȡȨ߱Ȩ

ȨЧָȺϿɳ̶ȡȻֻЧȨžάȶĹܡҪάȶЧȨҪоЩ֮ǰȶһ¡ȶDZҪġΪȶѧۡλṩĶdzƣڴ£ȨִߵҪĿľʹƶȱȶζżҪ仯ķҪ仯ķʹƶȱһԵȶƽ״̬򱻳֮Ϊ̵IJƽ״̬39

ȶˮһ̶ȶζŲϵı仯Ϊһɲر״Dzܵġ40DZ仯ܹ󣬲뾭Ⱥ֮ĻϵҲ˵Ҫ򣬲ֻܳңչҮ˵Ķ壬仯ƻͬ͵Ҫ໥ϵ41ȶͬ򣬶ζȶҲζЧʡ

άȶȨ

һȨ
ڶȨ߱Чԣ
Ȩȶԣ
ģȨԱ仯Ӧԣ
壬ȨĿɼ̳ԡ

׼ڵڶоٵȨԿȶǿѪԵȨȨٴȨȨִ֮ȶDZȨΪȨ뱩ȨûȨ߱ǰȨҲ߱ɼ̳ԣһ˵ĵԺ;ľ²ܲȻŴĶӻƽļߣˣȨ뱩Ȩʷϵĸֻڱѡ²ŲȨͳΣҶܶйʷϴ˵еĵȨҢ˴ֻάص۹ıȨûл ʣµȨУȨЧȶĵȻѪԵȨ㸸ס۶ԶЧ游׺Ͷ֮ȨҲDz仯ģȨȶҪȨЧϣֻҪ˼ȨԴϵۻ죬ǾҪϵطϵۻί˼ͳεľʥ˵þͽģΪԵʣҪ˳˵һƶȣϵľǾɡƵijס42Ȩνṹ˭ͳβҪҪ˭ͳΡ޴簢С縣ߣԼ̳еλ ȨȶԲѪԵȨȨǿڵȨͱȨȨЧԴǶȨְλȨ͵ѡԣʵȨ˫Ͽɣܱ֤ȨȨǿȵȶǡʱȨСܱȶЧʣκȨʱȨϣȨ׳ˣȨ䱸ϵʩǾνƶȻȨȲȨ𺦹ɣҲȨСᶯҡ

ǣõԱ仯ӦԣԭĹھѪԵȨ¾ҪˡѪԵȨ˵ճʱһӤװ쾭壬ź˵ƤһɳһСˣҪ˾ͲжʺһͥҲʤһ壬һеѾһҸΪѣҪйͳϵ£޷аգһңѪԵϵάϵ

Ӧ仯˵ǿȨDZȨǵȨȨٴξУеȨṹеͨǾΤĿӦڴͳȨ൱ɶȺԣΪͳͳ´ڡһ˫aʵܴͳԼͳΪbʵϲܴͳԼͳΪ43ϵ˹ͬΤĿģΪͳһ۹רϵȨľѸ٣ɱԵˣܰżȻ¼ϱԸżȻԣΪ۹ԽżȻԽ44

ǣȨӦֻȨԣĸйأԣһڽʶ˥䣬ȨЧԱɥʧ 򵥵ĽǣȨȻȶȨҲȨòھȴȶȨģȨȶġ

塡йʷϵһΣ塢ҵĽ֮

йʷϣҽ棬̫ƽʢҲ´ҡʷʱڵĶرҶҳʱ䳤һǴսʱڣ³Ƶһʱڣһľսʱڣ³Ƶڶʱڣʱ֮ر𶯵뵱ʱȫתйءṹ˵һʱ׼ɵʱڣڶʱǴͳִɵʱڡӦڵһʱڣϵѪԵȨڱڵڶʱڣһͳµȨȻʧЧ йʷչΪͳμŵ塣ǶͼµͳɵѪܣòʵòλзַ͵ԭ򣬽λЧսд;͵ԭ䷨ʵС׹ߣԿͷ۹սնһ׼һλһ˵ӡʱѪԵԭѾλ书ԭʼǻѪͳĸ߹λ磬ѾȨΨһԴˡΪ˻ָ򣬽սңйѧչйʷϵһ˼ۣǰټ㼺˿ǰѧ٣гɾ͵ѧǿΪҡΪķҺΪĵҡ һҵġ֡ѪԵȨ

ϵѪԵȨر񡹡Ǯڡʷ١϶Ϊǡ45ô46档й˵ĸȱһȥͬ񡣹һ㣬˵÷dz֮ϵҲ֮ҲΪ֮񣿿ӽ˵֮ҲԱҲ£ԱҲóΪϣԴҲëҲ47ȻȾҪѪԵԭʥַͬʱвʾμӼߵ𱰹ϵʱ𱰣ֻܰ֡ͳˣ񣬴Ӹ˵ǼزܷһѪԵȨĹ淶ϵ

ڿӼɥʧǷҡʧĸԴԲǣһǿҪԣڶ˼

ҪôǿҲֵġ󴫡ƣ񣬾ң𢣬Ҳ48ǡأߣԶ裬ɣͬ죬ǷҲ49˵ø꾡ȫ֮Ϊ󣬷Խ֮ҲԱ¡֮λҲԱŮӡֵ֮ף֮ҲԴ֮ΪȻȻ̰ܽգڡг£ȻΡ¡á˳֮Ȼɥ㣬䶦ޣʱԾ룬壬ӣڳ·乬ң񼸣Σʳζ֮֮ͬˡӵĽǣΪ֮룡50

˵ѧΧηˡڿӿεĺǡʡʡǿ˼񣬾˵ǡӣԣ𶯡51˵ǾӵԼDZ˷ֹԣ˼ŭָ֮񣺡٫ͥǿҲ벻Ҳ52ֹģҲ³˾˾ܣʱֳʵ^ĶǣΪǵĶǹַȨʽС˱˴֮Ȩ

ǣӵĸ˶³ûнеףڱĹҲܻӭʱΪ˵ıòһЩΪ嶷顣λʧܵԭڣûп˵ԸѪԵȨʽѾʱԭƱͣṦɥʧҵھӵսƼҡ

ǣԿΪѧΪؽȨΪܵȨϵвļֵѧǵĸĽ֮󣬳йͳڷƶȵۻǽȨԭڿǰѪԵԭ굽ƶУġ峣ԭķչ͸Ľ֣Ǿ֮ȨϵԪż֮Ĺϵ֡ҪǣԪױƶӵͳμԱԽȨ볼֮Ȩǹ̶ġɸĵģȨķּƶȣڳ͢Ǿµ͢ȼ֣ڳ͢⣬͵طȨȼ֣ݡصȡЩּԱʳסָƺ͹涨ϸַӡ

ѿѧɿصȨʵȨȨʽȨʵʡȨ۵һȱݡʱʵϵȨĸʵϵȨ־Ȩɴ²㣻޵£ࡣαײѧ˵޷˷ġ




2006-6-24 09:12 PM ---- -1 +1 +2

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ҵı֮֡ڵı̾ıսʤȡܵĽǡˣ̲ϴ򡹡ѪԵȨµĽΪԾΪ׵һͥijԱԼͥԱȻ̣֮ˡ֮ˡ֮˻ԶƫݣǵȻüڲڡ̲ϴ򣬡ڷҿǾʧȥȨĸԭ򡣴һΥܳͷҪ־ԳӵȨһҪϴ

֮֮һǣ֮Ͻ䡣ΪǴͬһȵĺᣬֵܣֶӦͬҲٸꡣҪమҪƸཻ֣᡹ȷʵմ֮طԭնʮԭ֮Ҳҫڰӣӡ

ҴعκͺȫһסءһֱԭĿΪ壬κͺκͺӼյĽȡġرعԼйʷľңڣ⣬ؾܿڣعþͳۺڡսĩڣһᵽعĺ䡣һ£սң˿ǰ˵󣩵ıȨ۹

Ƿ۵ijɹȨ۵ĺĸǷұȨ۵ĺĸDZȨļбνȨ˵ߣ֮ͼ֮ڹٸ֮ڰҲ53ɼȨdzĵġ

ȻϵȨԶҸעʵʺ۵ĿɲԡǴӲ̸״̬ǼΪѭʵʵȨȨơָľʵȨͱʵȨķֶΡǸĶǣߣ֮УżڶˣDZȺҲʷĪԣ54

ȨʵȨҪͳһΪˣˡۡνǡ֮Ҳλ֮Ҳ֮أ֮¡Ҳ55λȨ¡ʵȨҪʱʱ̷̿ӰԼȨ˵ǧ֮ޱаٳ֮ڲ֮࣬ޱǧ֮࣬Լ鳼ެϢ˥ǹ֮֮ҲȺ̫֮֮Ҳ56

ˣ޷䳼䳤ģ̽ϡ57ǡʵ

ôֹȨأһҪѧᡸ龲ó޷ĦͼǾûа취ΪԼıȨIJ㷴Թ۲ǣڰֳԭΣڶҪѧܸˣܸˣݳ£̵ҪȨڱˣ˭ץסǣ˭ʵϵȨҪƽ⣬Ҫרһˣרһˣͻ֯ʹĽű֣βͱԴ֦׳һ磬ͰεˣģҪ᳼ҪʹƮƮëĶĶƮóȨҪԼ볼֮ȨǵͷĽź58

ʼʺ˹ĴȨеĵѧáƽ֮ةࡢ롢ִԶΪ˱ͳΣʼʵ۷Ϊȥء͢ξ˹ԣΪͬӵΪ๥սҲѣΪءʼʵ۴Ϊ˵¹սݣк³ָҲϢգ59

ʼʵΪһͿԽ̩ɽȨĽɽͳģԶǧشȥˡǰѾָȨǿսʤȡȶϿɣһȴ籩ƲɵŲߡ˵ģƮ粻ճ겻ա60ʩ㲢СӦøһ£ʥ¡Լ书ΪDzġ ص۹ڲҺ¶˷ұȨ۵ľԡıֻܸı䶯ҵʽұ

ҵġȡǫȨ

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ҲԱȨֶεļ޾ɱˡеָηκ֮62ʹϰͨɱǣֻҪ㲻ԶɱˣҪͨ˵ɱˣֻҲɱ㡣

Ӹ˵ǷκȨġǿκᶯҵԭ˺ķչ˵ǻ۷չˣͻᶷǣ˵չˣͻᶷݡƸˣͻյȥȥ͵ȥǰ쵼˿Ǹͽ¾׷ʱǴջ󶫵ˡƺĸԭ򣬲ǶԼûиã¸̫á˵ǿ򣬲ԣɫһҷִпһǿ鰸ǿͷţǿŮݡ

ˣ˵ˣҵα֮ôãͲȥ᣻ᴿӵûöûѣĿɫʣû¿ڵζ63Ǿͻ᲻ȡദҲûиôôӣôԣСʹʲ֮ãʹԶ㡣ߣ֮мױ֮ʹ˸֮ʳӣסڹȮ֮ţ64ŽᣬҲ

˼Ҳ֪Ҫ˶ѻõĶ̸סιӦܹܹĹ޵ֻеνʥˣԣ̫ƽ͵ӦʥΪԪ׵ĹҡеͼѧҹͼսƵԵϣǰʱڣ⻼ĴĩڣɥᶯǿǶ˸Ȩ󡣲ͬǣѧҹԵĻʥ˾ǵµĵ䷶

Ӷʥ˾֮ʵһǡȡڶǡ󡹣ǡΪȡҲǫڡ¾ʮΪġǵҹڽһΪġҹˡҵĵ¸졣ڵϾΪߡȷԡιšԵι˵ι֮ι֮ڹԵµġ ҿ󷨱ҪķǼʥҪͷӵܲǰãΪȣܴȰ

ú󷨱ʥ˾ԵĵȨܵİΪٴ֮Ϊڴ棻ʥΪ֮ΪΪȣͬٴڹ麣һҲڹ鸽ʥˡ

ӵĵûܽȨսʱҲҵ˵ӵĵȨûмֵ˵۲ʱˡ¿ʹΣΡͬҩǿ׳壬ܽաһ˹Ԫ׵ͻȻʧȥȨܵᶯһȨȴʹ´ұ´ΡұλҪ

ȨȷһΣս

塢ѧ˵Ѱζɹķѧ˵ijɹʧܣص۹պͻԼĵѧ˵ȴص۹ʧܶɹԭǣѧ˵Ǵµѧ˵ѧ˵µѧ˵ͨͶԺ˵ȡسɡ65

صܶܽܶѵȽǼġ֮ۡأǧ֮ȨаݶͬУӡȻΪңšΪһѶ飬֣ΪЦߣҲ岻ʩ֮Ҳ66ǧŲ֮ۡ

һҪ⣺ԱȡȨԱءȹϣѧʿµͬҪЩ˵Ȩġ֧۾ѧɽ۵ʵ֧۾ݸࡣй̳ʼڱҪس峯

IJDZȡõȨԱȨDzñǡǡ෴ֻñDzóıǹƣñ塣ԱDZ

ǣءԭ򲢲ȫͬسΣȨΣͬʱ峯ֻȨΣûΣΣȨʧЧĽȨΣʵȨɵġ

ظķַΪƣ׷ϳ˾ɵȨʽѪԵȨǣûµȨҲʹñһ

µȨȨйȨĽȨͳһΪ־νӡҲǰѪԵȨijԴʼĴ˵пݡʷǡأ̵ʼǡ񡹵ĻĸһѶ67ܵʼǾ˵ĻĸײСIJ˾˵Ľӡ68صʼҵҲĻĸҲѶҵ69ʼʵѪԵܿɣĺᶼϣʷ֣Τڸ˵С檵˽ӡ

һܲʥҪ׵ĻҵͺѡͳһйʼʷǵԼ壬ֻԼ书ձʯҫԼʵȤȤֻԼɣѰҩ˲ƣϵƭ

ͬԼĹúϸ¡ȣ治ٱΪ˵˽ӣֱӾ֡ʷǡ˵ȣϢ֮飬ʱ׵ڤ̫ӣϡѶ档70Σֽһõӡ֤ΪͤһѺͽҹУնһߡϸҹޣ˵Ķ˰׵֮ӣ֮ɱơʼҲ˵ɽʯ֮䣬޴һһ׼֮˵֮ϿճDZ̨ǣƴӻҵƾҵһ񻰹ΪΪšΪ湫ʱƵۣĽԳ࣬Աʾdz֮ӵľӡ

Ӵ֮ͳ˻ʼҵרԼϵģǵ˻ʵۣǵԴļҲֻ˵߾Ͷ̥ݺ˹ܸԼ֡ ȨĽ蹤ΣϳؿȨΣʹйʷȶǿʢ֮һӺԺǧûзԵȨΣԭû˶ȨɡĶңֺȨΣµġ ߡȨʧЧһ͵̽

˵йѪԵȨǵԲʷʱĻôȨǵ˴ڵļδȾͻȻġĸ׫дġ

йһνʬijԣǾԬһָƵ־磬ûм˳ӵĿг뵱ʵ۵Ĺ

Ӵ˿ʼйĵڶΣΣԡзϳ˵ƶûȨɵĹңһΣǣʼ˼Ѷʹ̽

ijֹáмֲ˱ȨȨȨʽȨĻʽ˹Ȩ˶Ȩ͹ȨйӱȨʯĶȨë󶫵ӰȨǹȨҲڱȨ

Ȩܲ棬һһһ֮ǰȨɱȨתΪȨ֮ǰ໥֮ʹõıDzġʯͳһ֮;֮ͻȨĦë󶫰ѽʯ̨֮൱һʱڣԶûзԷľġͻȨĴṩ˺ԺЧԣΪԷĴṩ˺ϷԡԷıҪԺʱĿԣʹԼȨڲֱȨΪҪͿܡһԩң˭ҲݲöԷ˭Ҳٲ˶ԷźϿڻ𣬳ΪԷṩϷԵġѡƱڻһͣͱȨʽʼı䡣

һ̨庣Ͽ˱ȨͻʼûзȨȨڲȴڵһǹȨлԺ󣬵ڶ쵼˺ͿʼԼĵͼɴӱȨȨĹɡʯȥͽ̨¾ɻӵʷ塣ȣ־̨ɱȨתȨһԼĵ󣬶Ҳ˵ûгɾͣΣžȨʽβָͣϮȨ̳зʽϮѪԵȨȨµȨ̳зʽѪԵУഫϮDzеġǣȨ͵ȨϮƲݣȨݣȨض˸ϵ˸ĶϵϮڵоһԭ

Լٶһ㡣ȨһޣȨҲԼͬ졣Լĵľһʱ䣬ԼĶǵĵ󲢲룬ϮƵҲ롣Ǽ̳ԼȨ̨ͽɥʧеȨҺͶͻ١ʹشһ׷ϳϮƣԼĶӽӰࣻڶŵΪʵΡȨ

ͬʱ½ĵڶ쵼˵СƽΪѰȨʽҲ˼̽ͨøĸȷʵҵһֹȨʽչȨȨĿıֶΡëʱ׼ģеȨĿģë󶫵Ļ˵DzýɽıɫСƽѾýΪģѴٽΪȨĿģĻ˵չӲ71ֻҪĿģDZǹ㷺ϿɵģΪɸĿֶ֮εȨͻЧԺͺϷԡ

ʷ£ƽƸĸʹٽǹ㷺ֵ֧ȨǿԳ֮ΪչȨڰʮĩΪȨ⣬Сƽкѵʶ1992Ϸϵ̸ȷָûиĸ↑ŵijɹġǴңҾʹսĻսΪôġԺǵĹҺȶΪǸ˸ĸ↑ţٽ˾÷չõ˸ơԣӡȨҪά·ƶȡЩߡ72˵˷չĵӲӲӲṩһȨȨȨɹάȶȨȻdzȨʷòɵ͹

ˡȨȡս

ȻչȨȶĸʱڵйӹΰȶҪ֤κһ͵Ȩһϵͳϵͳʦά˹ٷϵͳϵͳĻɣԷֳ֣ڲⲿǰһϵͳͬһеЩϵͳɡǹϵͳ໥õʵĶ壬Щϵͳϵͳڲϵͳ羭áĻṹ˵ĸ֮Ϊ̬Ⱥ͹73

ˣȨϵͳض񣺵һάڲϵͳȶΣ跨Լ档ҵڶɵһǰᣬϵͳȥǵӦϵͳĶңǶҵĸԴңҡ

һȨϵͳ˵Ȩάֺ͸ǾȨϵͳĹؼ֮һȨλԽ̣Խ˳ԽƶȻȨϵͳԽǿάȶĹҲԽǿ

и͵ȨУȨЧڣȨȹ̡˳ѪԵȨȣȨĵλսΪ˭Ҳûа취ѳɳΣ̳йҲǼģڵУȣȡ

ȨҲ׷Ȩ̳ѲЧֹȨᡣ۾֮µξӪҪͨƽķʽ۶ӵȨǼûпܵġйʷϣָֻļΣ֪ƣçۺáȨ£ȨֻܵԣܹռСȨĵԣһֱȨµ󼲣¹רȨרȨйھεˡ

ǣȨȶijһ̶ЧΪ۵ġµȨ̳зеѪԵԭеգ޵Υԭ򣬾ⷢ͢ʱ´ҡ£֮ᷢһΪʵԼ谮ӵĶΪ̫ӣ纺ݷ˵ĶΪͣӱȳӸвŵ£Ƹ񡣼һĶӣǾͲֻǾԼı磬Ҳгı硣֮ijϳ˶֮ܲٸ̾ӵıǼҹ֮̾˲֮̾

ѪԵȨȨȣȨ͵ȨȶͱȽϲǼȽȨ⣬ҲȨļ̳⡣ԴϿѪԵϵеȨͱѡеȨΨһԣսֺͳμ֮Ȩǹ̶ġȨ͵Ȩ˸񻯵Ȩֺͳμ֮ȨDZ䶯ģ֮ȨСȡ໥֮ʹñļԱ仯Ȩĵ½ʹñļ˥ˣȨСӶȡ֮

صⷢȨĸϡڵñIJܼȲŴԼĶӣҲתøԼѧԵȨͱȨѱ֤ȨƷʵȶڱȨıҪԣȨͱȨijе߻ʹЩ͸˲ܱԼ͵öˣԼʱ֣ԼжʱӰࡣһѡĽӰ죬вȨͽǸDZڵսߡµĵڶֲϱǸij̬״̬ԱΪڶָɡ

Ȩ˸ĵȨͱȨΣڡڶָɡãԵ˸һԶԶȥжεԡͺշȨ˫Σ˸Ȩ壬Ȩ˸ͻȻʧȥϷԳ⣻ߣȨޣӦ˸սȲܱ֤ȶҲܱ֤Чʣܱ֤ȷԭ򣬵ȨͱȨȨҢ˴ص۹ûлϣȨûĴʼ˵ ֮ܶѪԵȨȨΪȶģܱ֤ÿȨΰȨ״ҪŴѧҽѧϵһһ̯һٵĶӹŵʵۣһûʵ峯ijЩʵȾҲ֮ҵĿѱоͷйʷϣΰʵ޼ӹʡ۲Ȩͱ

еȨУΨµȨȶҲȨЧʡ˸񻯵ƶȱȶԵĿѡͿɸЧʡǶйǰηչе񱾺Ȩ򣬾䳤ξðս塣 20059ڱ

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[] ˹ʣDennis H. WrongȨۡPower: it's forms, and usesİ棬42ҳ½ڡ֣룬йѧ磬20021£
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[] Ī˹ΤȣMaurice DuvergerѧѧҪءSociologie de la politique: El&eeacute;ments de science politiqueİ棬120ҳ湦룬ij磬1987꣬
[] ˹ΤMax WeberᡷWirtschaft und GesellschaftϾİ238ҳ81ҳԶ룬ӡݣ1997棬
[] ΣGeorge H. Sabineѧ˵ʷ(A history of political theory, fourth edition, Hinsdale Illinois, Dryden press, 1973ϲᣬİ棬270ҳʢ룬ӡݣ1986棬
[޲أRobert A. DahlOn Democracy, 1999 by Yale University Pressİ棬4ҳع⡢룬ӡݣ1999꣬
[] ܸӶ١˵ãGeoffrey Ponton and Peter GillѧۡIntroduction to Politicsİ棬90ҳŶ룬ѧ׳棬20037£
Ӽɡ35ϺӰӡ棬1986棬19947ˢ
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[] ղķ˹ A Ŷ¡ɭأ V ɪ˹ȣJames A. Gould and Vincent V. Thursbyִ˼롷Contemporary political thoughtİ棬252253ҳ룬ӡݣ1985꣬
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11 [] ˹ʣDennis H. WrongȨۡPower: it's forms, and usesİ棬42ҳ½ڡ֣룬йѧ磬20021£
12 ʵĵԭǡHerrschaftӢĺ߽ɡͳΡõԶ˹ΤᡷУHerrschaftͱͳΡ
13 [] ˹ΤMax WeberᡷWirtschaft und GesellschaftϾİ238ҳ81ҳԶ룬ӡݣ1997棬
14 [] Ī˹ΤȣMaurice DuvergerѧѧҪءSociologie de la politique: Elments de science politiqueİ棬120ҳ湦룬ij磬1987꣬
15 [] ˹ʣDennis H. WrongȨۡPower: it's forms, and usesİ棬1ҳ¸ҳ½ڡ֣룬йѧ磬20021£
16 "In politics, authority generally refers to the ability to make laws, independent of the power to enforce them, or the ability to permit something. People obey authority out of respect, while they obey power out of fear. For example, "the congress has the authority to pass laws" vs "the police have the power to arrest law-breakers". Authority need not be consistent or rational, it only needs to be accepted as a source of permission or truth."ԩhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority
17 ˴ҽܹҮˣF. A. HayekĶ壺ǡͬ͵Ҫ໥ϵһһ״̬1973ġɡɡתԡӢ˶ H ˹ŵMichael H. Lessnoffʮ͵ѧҡPolitical Philosophers of the Twentieth Century,1999,İ棬198ҳ룬ӡݳ棬2001꣬
18 ΣGeorge H. Sabineѧ˵ʷ(A history of political theory, fourth edition, Hinsdale Illinois, Dryden press, 1973ϲᣬİ棬270ҳʢ룬ӡݣ1986棬
19 ϷͳεֽͣƵӽеͳΡ᷽棬Ƶͳһζţ3.ʽķ˸񻯵ͳΡμ˹Τᡷİ245ҳԼ250ҳԶ룬ӡݣ1997棬
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21 ΤĽͣȨȫ˸񻯱9ûСϣڡȼƶȡûСְϽ͡ȨޡûСн𡻣ҲûСٺ»ûй̶ġûй£ûгķԭûԷԭΪȡѰҺûԴͳΪȡ˾˾оμ˹ΤᡷϾİ271ҳԶ룬ӡݣ1997棬
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32 ա֮󡷣Ҳ׷Ѱ¡ӢԭǣAfter virtue: A study in moral theoryA.̫Alasdair Macintyre⣬ںʷʫϣġԡһκһ׿Խʹһܲչֵ˫ŵ׿Խμ֮󡷣İ棬154ҳȺ룬йѧ磬1995棬⣬ܹھĵڽϡ
33 μʥԼѶǣϣ8-10£֪Ѷڱϵѡеɫйɨ޵ͷͿͣйЭᷢеİ桶ʥ1998棬Լ264-266ҳ
34 ʥԼ顷13£17ڡйЭᷢеİ桶ʥ1998棬Լ180ҳ
35 ޲أRobert A. DahlOn Democracy, 1999 by Yale University Pressİ棬4ҳع⡢룬ӡݣ1999꣬
36 [] Ī˹ΤȣMaurice DuvergerѧѧҪءSociologie de la politique: Elments de science politiqueİ棬106ҳ湦룬ij磬1987꣬
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