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** Herbert Wechsler£¬¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇ´óѧ˹ͨÏÜ·¨Ñ§½ÌÊÚ£¬1928Äê´ÓŦԼÊÐÁ¢Ñ§Ôº»ñµÃÎÄѧʿ(A.B.)£¬1931ÄêÔÚ¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇ´óѧ»ñµÃ·¨Ñ§Ê¿(LL.B.)
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1 ²Î¼ûR.H. Coase, The Problem of Social Cost: The Citations, 71 Chicago-Kent Law Review 809£»²¨Ë¹ÄÉ(Richard A. Posner)£º¡°³¬Ô½·¨ÂɵĵÀ·¡±£¬¡¶ÄϾ©´óѧ·¨ÂÉÆÀÂÛ¡·2000ÄêÇï¼¾ºÅ£¬µÚ20-23Ò³¡£
[1] Jackson, The Supreme Court in the American System of Government (1955).
[2] Government Under Law (Sutherland ed. 1956).
[3] Hand, The Bill of Rights (1958).
[4] Id. at 27, 29, 14, 15, 29.
[5] ºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨µÚÁùÌõµÚ¶þ¿î¡£
[6] Hand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 28.
[7] ¼û1 Farrand, The Records of the Federal Convention 104-105, 119, 124-125 (1911)£»×ܽáÓÚHart & Wechsler, The Federal Courts and the Federal System 17 (1953).
[8] ÀýÈç¼û°Ä´óÀûÑǵÄÁ¢³¡£¬Bailey, The Federal Jurisdiction of State Courts, 2 Res Judicatae 109 (1940); Wheare, Federal government 68-72 (2d ed. 1951)¡£¶ÔÓÚÎÒÃÇϼ¶Áª°î·¨ÔºµÄÁª°îÎÊÌâ¹ÜϽȨµÄ»ºÂýÁ¢·¨½ø³Ì£¬¼ûHart & Wechsler, op. cit. supra note 7, at 727-733, 1019-21, 1107-08, 1140-50.
[9] Act of Sept. 24, 1789, ch. 20, ¡ì25, 1 Stat. 85.
[10] Õâ¸öÎÒÈÏΪººµÂ·¨¹ÙÒ²²»»á·ñÈÏ£¬¾¡¹Ü¶Ô´ËµÄ³ÐÈÏÖ»ÊdzöÏÖÓÚËû¶Ô½Ü¸¥Ñ·Á¢³¡µÄÃèÊö¡£¼ûHand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 5.
[11] Id. at 19.
[12] Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137, 180 (1803).
[13] ¼ûHart & Wechsler, op. cit. supra note 7, at 14-16; Hart, Book Review, Professor Crosskey and Judicial Review, 67 Harvard Law Review 1456 (1954).
[14] Hand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 15.
[15] ¼ûFreund, On Understanding the Supreme Court 64-65 (1949); Freund, Mr. Justice Brandeis: A Centennial Memoir, 70 Harvard Law Review 769, 787-788 (1957)¡£²¢²Î¼ûBickel, The Unpublished Opinions of Mr. Justice Brandeis 1-20 (1957).
[16] 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) at 154.
[17] Èç¹û»¹¼ÇµÃµÄ»°£¬½Ü¸¥Ñ·Ö®ËùÒÔ·´¶Ô°ä·¢Õë¶Ô¹úÎñÇäµÄÇ¿ÖÆÁÊÇ»ùÓÚÏÜ·¨ÓйØË¾·¨È¨ºÍÐÐÕþȨ·ÖÀëµÄÂ۵㡣¼û1 Warren, The Supreme Court in the United States History 232 (1937); Kendall v. United States, 37 U.S. (12 Pet.) 524, 610 (1838); Lee, The Origins of Judicial Control of Federal executive Action, 36 Georgia Law Journal 287 (1948).
[18] ÀýÈç¼ûDevelopments in the Law ¨C Remedies Against the United States and Its Officials, 70 Harvard Law Review 827 (1957).
[19] µ¼ÖÂÕâÖֳɳ¤µÄ¾ö¶¨²¢²»×ÜÊÇÖ±½ÓÃæ¶Ô±³ºóµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÀýÈç¼ûHarmon v. Brucker, 355 U.S. 579 (1958)£¬²¢±È½ÏJ. PrettymanÔÚϼ¶·¨ÔºµÄÒâ¼û£¬243 F.2d 613 (D.C. Cir. 1957).
[20] Hand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 15.
[21] Frankfurter, John Marshall and the Judicial Function, 69 Harv. L. Rev. 217, 227-228 (1955), in Government Under Law 6, 19 (Sutherland ed. 1956).
[22] ¼ûKennedy, Profiles in Courage 126 (1956)¡££¨Andrew Johnson£¬Áֿϱ»´ÌºóÓɸ±×Üͳ¼ÌÈÎ×Üͳ£¬ºóÔÚÖØ½¨Õþ²ßÉϺ͹ú»á·¢Éú·ÖÆç¶øÔâµ½µ¯ÛÀ£¬×îÖÕÒòһƱ֮²î¶ø±£×¡×Üͳְλ¡£¡ª¡ªÒëÕß×¢¡££©
[23] ºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨µÚÒ»ÌõµÚÎå¿î¹æ¶¨£º¡°¸÷ÒéÔºÓ¦ÊÇÆä×Ô¼º³ÉÔ±µÄÑ¡¾Ù¡¢½á¹ûͳ¼ÆºÍ×ʸñµÄ²ÃÅÐÕß¡£¡¡¸÷Ôº¿É¾ö¶¨Æä³ÌÐò¹æÔò£¬Õë¶ÔÎ¥·´ÖÈÐòµÄÐÐΪ¶ø³Í·£Æä³ÉÔ±£¬²¢ÔÚ2/3¶àÊý³ÉÔ±ÔÞͬµÄÇé¿öÏ¿ª³ýÒ»³ÉÔ±¡£¡±ÔøÓÐÈ˽«³õÑ¡Öз¢ÉúµÄ²»Õý³£Çé¿ö×÷Ϊ¾Ü¾øÁª°î²ÎÒéÔ±ÈëϯµÄÀíÓÉ£¬¹ØÓÚÕë¶ÔÕâÖÖÀíÓɵijä·ÖÐÔÌá³öµÄÏÜ·¨ÌôÕ½£¬¼ûBeck, May It Please the Court 265 (1930).
[24] Pacific States Tel. & Tel. Co. v. Oregon, 223 U.S. 118 (112); Luther v. Borden, 48 U.S. (7 How.) 1, 42 (1849).
[25] ºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨µÚËÄÌõµÚËĿ¡°ºÏÖÚ¹ú¡¡Ó¦±£»¤¸÷ÖÝÃâÊÜÇÖÂÔ£¬²¢¸ù¾ÝÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹»ò£¨Èç¹ûÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹²»ÄÜ¿ª»á£©ÐÐÕþ»ú¹¹µÄÉêÇë±£»¤ËüÃÇÃâÔâÄÚ²¿±©ÂÒ¡£¡± [26] ±È½ÏLuther v. Borden, 48 U.S. (7 How.) 1, 42 (1849)£º¡°Èç¹ûÒ»ÖݵIJÎÖÚÒéÔ±±»½ÓÊܽøÈëÁª°î¹ú»á£¬ÄÇôÈÎÃüËûÃǵÄÕþ¸®È¨Á¦¼°Æä¹²ºÍÌØÕ÷½«Êܵ½Êʵ±µÄÏÜ·¨È¨Á¦»ú¹¹Ö®³ÐÈÏ¡£¡±
[27] ÀýÈç¼ûLewis, Legislative Apportionment and the Federal Courts, 71 Harv. L. Rev. 1057 (1958).
[28] ºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨µÚÒ»ÌõµÚËĿ
[29] ¼ûColegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549, 554 (1946, J. Frankfurter)£¬ÒÔ¼°¸¥Èݵ½ÌÊ򵀮ÀÂÛ£¬Supreme Court and Supreme Law 46-47 (Cahn ed. 1954).
[30] ¹ØÓÚÃæ¶ÔÕâЩÎÊÌâ֮ŬÁ¦£¬¼ûLewis, supra note 27, at 1071-98.
[31] ¼ûHart & Wechsler, op. cit. supra note 7, at 192-197, 207-209; Post, The Supreme Court and Political Questions (1936).
[32] 28 U.S.C. ¡ì¡ì1254-57 (1952)¡£¶ÔÓÚÁ¢·¨½«×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÉó²é´Ó×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿ÐÔÖʸÄΪÒåÎñÐÔÖʵÄÖ÷Òª½×¶ÎÖ®×·ËÝ£¬¼ûHart & Wechsler, op. cit. supra note 7, at 400-403, 1313-21¡£¶ÔÓÚ¾µäµÄÏêϸ²ûÊö£¬¼ûFrankfurter & Landis, The business of the Supreme Court (1927).
[33] ¡¶ºÏÖÚ¹ú×î¸ß·¨Ôº¹æÔò¡·(United States Supreme Court Rule)µÚ19Ìõ¡£
[34] ÔÚÎÒ¿´À´ÁîÈËÒź¶µÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚ1954ÄêÐÞ¸ÄÆä¹æÔòʱ£¬×î¸ß·¨Ôº¾ö¶¨²»ÊÔͼ¸ÄÉÆ¡°¾ö¶¨µ÷¾íÉó²éµÄÒòËØ¡±Ö®±íÊö¡£µ«²Î¼ûWiener, The Supreme Court¡¯s new rules, 68 Harvard Law Review 20, 60-63 (1954).
[35] ÀýÈç¼ûNote, Supreme Court Certiorari Policy in Cases Arising Under the FELA, 69 Harvard Law Review 1441 (1956).
[36] ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÄ¿Ç°µÄÒåÎñÐÔ(obligatory)¹ÜϽȨºÍ×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿¹ÜϽȨÖ÷Òª¡ª¡ª¾¡¹Ü²»ÊÇÈ«²¿¡ª¡ªÀ´×ÔÓÚ1925ÄêµÄ¡¶Ë¾·¨·¨¡·£¬µÚ229Õ£¬43 Stat. 936£¬ÆäÉè¼ÆÕßÊÇ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÎ¯Ô±»á£¬¼ûTaft, The Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Under the Act of Februar 13, 1925, 35 Yale Law Journal 1 (1925); Frankfurter & Landis, op. cit. supra note 32, at 255-294¡£¹ØÓÚ×Ô1925ÄêÒÔºóµÄÖ÷Òª±ä»¯£¬¼ûHart & Wechsler, op. cit. supra note 7, at 1317.
[37] Cohens v. Virginia, 19 U.S. (6 Wheat.) 264, 404 (1821).
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[1] ¼ûFuller, Reason and Fiat in Case Law, 59 Harvard Law Review 376 (1946).
[2] ¼û4 Adams, History of the United States of America During the Second Administration of Thomas Jefferson 267 (1890)£º¡°Èç¹û¹ú»áÓÐȨ³öÓÚÕâ¸öÄ¿µÄ¶øÔÚ1808Äêµ÷¿ØÃ³Ò×£¬ÄÏ¿¨ÖÝËÆºõûÓнè¿ÚÔÚ20ÄêÒÔºóÖÊÒɱ£»¤ÐÔÌåÖÆµÄºÏÏÜÐÔ¡£¡±
£¨Òë×¢£ºÎÄÕÂÔÚÕâÀï˵µÄÊÇÃÀ¹úÀúÊ·ÉÏijЩ³ö¶û·´¶ûµÄÖ÷ÕÅ£¬ÀýÈçÐÂÓ¢¸ñÀ¼µØÇøÏÈÊÇÒªÇó¹ú»áÊÚȨÆä¹æ¶¨±£»¤ÐÔ¹ØË°£¬µ«ºóÀ´ÓÖ·´¶Ô¶ÔÆä²»ÀûµÄÄϲ¿±£»¤Ö÷Òå´ëÊ©¡££©
[3] £¨Òë×¢£º½Ü¸¥Ñ·ÔÚÈÎ×Üͳ֮ǰ¼á¾ö·´¶Ô¿í·º½âÊÍÁª°îȨÏÞ£¬µ«ÔÚËû×Ô¼ºÈÎ×Üͳ֮ºóÈ´ÒòÐèÒª¹ºÂòÄÃÆÆÂ×·¨¹úËùÌṩµÄ±ãÒËÍÁµØ¡ª¡ªºó³ÉΪÃÀ¹úµÄ·Ò×˹°²ÄÉÖÝ£¬×ª¶øÖ÷ÕÅ¿í·º½âÊÍÒÔ±ã×Üͳ¿ÉÒÔÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏÂËæÊ±±äͨ£¬¶øÕâÖÖ¹ÛµãÕýÊÇËûÒÔǰһֱÅú²µ¶ø·´¶ÔÕßÒ»¹áÖ÷Õŵġ££© ¼û2 Adams, History of the United States of America During the First Administration of Thomas Jefferson 90 (1889)£º¡°Â·Ò×˹°²ÄÉÌõÔ¼ÊǶԡ®Ñϸñ½âÊÍ¡¯µÄÖÂÃü´ò»÷£¬Çҽܸ¥Ñ·ÀíÂÛ´Ó´ËÔÙûÓÐÊܵ½¹ã·ºÖ§³Ö¡£Í¨¹ýÈç´Ë·ÅÆú£¬½Ü¸¥Ñ·Ã»ÓÐÄÜÖ¸ÒýËû×Ô¼ºµÄ·£¬¶øÊDZ»ËûµÄÅóÓÑÃÇÍÏÈëËûÃÇÑ¡ÔñµÄ·¾¶¡£¡±²¢²Î¼û3 Wilson, A History of the American People 183-183 (1902).
[4] £¨Òë×¢£º²¼¶ûÔøÊǽܸ¥Ñ·µÄÕþµÐ£¬Òò¶øÒÔ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÖø³ÆµÄ½Ü¸¥Ñ·ÔÚ´ËÈ´ËÆºõ¡°Ò»·´³£Ì¬¡±£¬µ«ËûºÜ¿ÉÄÜ»¹Ïë½è¸Ã°¸À´´ò»÷×Ô1803ÄêµÄ¡°Âí²®ÀïËßÂóµÏÑ·¡±ÅоöºóÒ»Ö±ºÍËû¡°¹ý²»È¥¡±µÄÂíЪ¶û·¨Ôº¡££© ÔÚ1807Äê10ÔÂ27ÈÕµÄÄê¶È×ÉÎÄÖУ¬Ëû˵µÀ£º
¡°ÎÒÈÏΪÎÒÓÐÒåÎñ½«¸¥¼ªÀûÑÇ·¨ÔºÔÚÉóÅÐÖ÷Òª·¸×ïÈ˹ý³ÌÖй«¿ªÕ¹Ê¾µÄ³ÌÐòºÍÖ¤¾Ý³ÊÏÖÔÚÄãÃÇÃæÇ°¡£ÄãÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÅжÏȱÏݾ¿¾¹ÊÇÔÚÖ¤´Ê¡¢·¨ÂÉ»¹ÊÇÖ´·¨¹ý³ÌÖУ»ÇÒ²»ÂÛʲôµØ·½ÓÐÎÊÌ⣬ֻÓÐÒé»á²ÅÄÜÊÊÓûò²úÉú¾È¼Ã¡£ÎÒÃÇÏÜ·¨µÄÖÆ¶¨Õ߿϶¨ÈÏΪ£¬ËûÃÇÄÜͬÑùÓÐЧµØ±£»¤Õþ¸®²»ÒòÅѹú¶øÔâµ½´Ý»Ù»ò±£»¤¹«Ãñ²»ÒòÅѹúÐÐΪ¶øÊܵ½Ñ¹ÆÈ£¬ÇÒÈç¹ûÕâЩĿ±êûÓÐʵÏÖ£¬ÄÇô¾ÍÓбØÒªÌ½ÌÖͨ¹ýʲô¸üÓÐЧµÄÊֶβÅÄÜʵÏÖÕâЩĿ±ê¡£¡±
1 Richardson, Messages and papers of the President 429 (1896)¡£1807Äê11ÔÂ23ÈÕ£¬ÉóÅгÌÐò±»Òƽ»¸ø²ÎÒéÔº¡£¼û17 Annals of Cong. App. 385-778 (1807).
½Ü¸¥Ñ·µÄËùν¡°¾È¼Ã¡±£¬²»½öÊÇҪͨ¹ýÒ»ÏîÍÆ·ÂíЪ¶û¶ÔÅѹúÌõ¿î½øÐÐÑϸñ½âÊ͵ÄÁ¢·¨£¬¶øÇÒ»¹°üÀ¨Óйعú»áÁ½Ôº°ÕÃâ·¨¹ÙµÄ¹æ¶¨¡£¼û3 Randall, The Life of Thomas Jefferson 246-247 (1865); 1 Warren, The Supreme Court in United States History 311-315 (1937).
¶ÔÓÚǰÕߣ¬²ÎÒéÔººÍÖÚÒéÔºÒýÈëÁ˲»Í¬µÄ·¨°¸¡£¼ª¶û˹(Giles)µÄ²ÎÒéÔº·¨°¸Òª½«Åѹú¶¨ÒåΪ¡°·¢¶¯Õ½Õù¡±¡£ËùÌáÒéµÄ¶¨Òå°üÀ¨¡°×ÔÎÒ¼¯»á²¢ÓÐÒⱩÁ¦ÍÆ·»ò¸Ä±äºÏÖÚ¹úÕþ¸®»òÆäÈκÎÁìµØ£¬¡¡»ò±©Á¦µÖ¿¹Èκι«·¨µÄÒ»°ãÖ´ÐУ¬¡¡»òÈç¹ûÈκÎÈËÒÔÅѹúµÄ·½Ê½°ïÖú»òÐÖú´ÓÊÂÉÏÁÐÈκÎÐÐΪ£¬¾¡¹ÜÔÚÊ·¢Ê±Ã»ÓÐÇ××ÔÔÚ³¡¡£¡±17 Annals of Congress 108-109 (1808)¡£¶ÔÓÚ²ÎÒéÔº´ëʩ֮ÌÖÂÛ£¬¼û17 Id. at 109-127, 135-139¡£Â×µÀ·ò(Randolph)µÄÖÚÒéÔº·¨°¸¶¨ÒåÁËÒ»Ïîµ¥¶ÀµÄ·¸×¡°´Óʱ³ÅѺÏÖÚ¹úµÄÒõı¡±¡£18 id. at 1717-18.
[5] ¼ûSouth Carolina Ordinance of Nullification, 1 S.C. Stat. 329 (1832).
£¨Òë×¢£ºÄÏ¿¨ÖÝÊÇÖ÷ÕÅ¡°·ÏÖ¹ÀíÂÛ¡±¡ª¡ª¾Ü¾øÔÚÖÝÄÚÊÊÓÃÁª°î·¨ÂÉ¡ª¡ªµÄÐîÅ«ÖÝÖ®Ò»£¬·ÏÅ«Ö÷ÒåÕßÔòÃ÷Ã÷Òòͨ¹ý±©Á¦Êͷű»¹ØÑºµÄÅ«Á¥¶øÎ¥·´ÁËÁª°î·¨ÂÉ£¬È´²»ÊÜÁª°î·¨Âɵijͷ£¡£ÔÚÕâÀºóÕß²¢²»¾ß±¸Ç´ÔðǰÕßËùÐèÒªµÄµÀµÂÕýµ±ÐÔ£¬ÒòΪ¼´Ê¹ËûÃÇËù×·ÇóµÄ½á¹û¡ª¡ª½â·ÅÅ«Á¥¡ª¡ªÊÇÕýµ±µÄ£¬µ«ËûÃÇÔÚÃêÊÓÁª°î·¨ÂɵĴæÔÚÉϺÍǰÕßÈç³öÒ»ÕÞ¡£Á½ÕßËßÇóÏà·´£¬µ«ÆäΪÁË×Ô¼ºµÄÀûÒæ»òÁ¢³¡¶øÎ¥·¨µÄ±¾ÖÊÊÇÒ»Öµġ££© [6] ¼û1 Curtis, A Memoir of Bejamin Robbins Curtis 354-355 n. 1 (1879).
£¨Òë×¢£ºÎÄÕÂÔÚ´ËÌáµ½Á½ÖÖÆ«ÀëÔÔòµÄ×ö·¨¡ª¡ª¿ÂµÏ˹·¨¹Ù±¾ÈËÔÚ¡°ÐîÅ«°¸¡±Öеķ´¶ÔÒâ¼ûºÍËû·´¶Ô½â·ÅºÚÅ«ÐûÑÔµÄÒâ¼û£¬ÒÔ¼°°àÊ·×÷ÕßÔÚ¶Ô´ý¿ÂµÏ˹·¨¹ÙÎÊÌâÉϵĽá¹ûÈ¡Ïò̬¶È¡£ÒëÕßÈÏΪ£¬¿ÂµÏ˹·¨¹ÙµÄÂß¼»òÐí²¢·ÇÍêÈ«²»¿É±ç»¤£¬ÒòΪËûÔÚ¡°ÐîÅ«°¸¡±ÖÐÇ¿µ÷µÄÊǹú»áÓÐȨ¶ÔÅ«Á¥ÎÊÌâÖÆ¶¨Á¢·¨£¬¶øËû¶ÔºÚÅ«ÐûÑԵķ´¶Ô¿ÉÒÔ±»Àí½âΪ×ÜͳÎÞȨÔÚ¹ú»áÖÆ¶¨Ïà¹ØÁ¢·¨Ö®Ç°·¢±íÕâÀàÓ°Ïì»ù±¾È¨ÀûºÍÒåÎñµÄÐûÑÔ¡££©
[7] ¼ûScott v. Sanford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393, 564-633 (1857).
[8] ¼ûYates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298 318 (1957).
[9] Holmes, Law and the Court, in Collected Legal Papers 291, 292 (1920).
[10] ÀýÈç¼ûWechsler, Comment on Snee, Leviathan at the Bar of Justice, in Government Under Law 134, 136-137 (Sutherland ed. 1956).
[11] Hand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 65.
[12] Id. at 42.
[13] Jackson, The Supreme Court in the American System of Government 76 (1955).
[14] Frankfurter, Chief Justices I have Known, in Of Law and Men 138 (Elman 3d. 1956).
[15] Principality of Monaco v. Mississippi, 292 U.S. 313, 322 (1934).
[16] Holmes, Holdsworth¡¯s English Law, in Collected Papers 285, 290 (1920).
[17] Passenger Cases, 48 U.S. (7 How.) 283, 470 (1849).
[18] Hand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 30.
[19] ¼ûReid v. covert, 354 U.S. 1 (1957), ÔÚÖØÐÂÌýÖ¤ºó³·Ïû351 U.S. 487 (1956).
[20] ¼ûGreen v. United States, 355 U.S. 184 (1957).
[21] ¡°ÔÚÕû¸ö18ÊÀ¼Í£¬Ö»ÊÇÔÚÅѹúºÍÇá×ïÖвÅÔÊÐíÂÉʦ±ç»¤¡£¡±1 Stephen, A History of the Criminal Law of England 453 (1883)¡£²¢²Î¼ûAssociation of the Bar of the City of New York & National Legal Aid & Defenders Ass¡¯n, Equal Justice for the Accused 40-42 (1959).
[22] ¼ûJohnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458 (1938).
[23] Walker v. Johnston, 312 U.S. 275 (1941).
[24] Wright, Consensus and Continuity, 1776-1787 passim (1958)¡£²¢²Î¼ûChafee, How Human Rights Got Into the Constitution (1952)¡£¶ÔÓÚÕþÖι²Ê¶Ò»Ö±ÊÇÃÀ¹úÃñÖ÷µÄ³Ö¾ÃÌØÕ÷Ö®Â۵㣬¼ûHartz, The Liberal Tradition in America 139-142 (1955).
[25] ¡°¾¡¹ÜÏà·´µÄÂÛµã¶ÔÓÚÎÒÀ´ËµÆÄÓÐ˵·þÁ¦£¬ÒѾȷÁ¢µÄÊǵÚÊ®ËÄÐÞÕý°¸µÄÕýµ±³ÌÐòÌõ¿îͬʱÊÊÓÃÓÚʵÌå·¨ºÍ³ÌÐò·¨¡£¡±Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 373 (1927£¬ÔÞͬÒâ¼û)
[26] Otis v. Parker, 187 U.S. 606, 609 (1903).
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[1] Hammer v. Dagenhart, 247 U.S. 251 (1918).
[2] Carter v. Carter Coal Co., 298 U.S. 238 (1936).
[3] United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936).
[4] ¼ûWechsler, The Political Safeguards of Federalism: The Role of the States in the Composition and Selection of the National Government, 54 Columbia Law Review 543 (1954), in Federalism Mature and Emergent 97 (MacMahon ed. 1955).
[5] Northern Sec. Co. v. United States, 193 U.S. 197, 403 (1904, dissenting opinion).
£¨Òë×¢£ºÎÄÕÂÔÚ´ËÌØ±ðÌáµ½»ôķ˹£¬ÒòΪÈç´ÎÄêµÄ¡°Âå¿ËÀÕËßŦԼÖÝ¡±Ëùʾ£¬»ôķ˹һ¹áÖ÷ÕÅ×ðÖØÒé»áÃñÖ÷¹ý³Ì£¬·´¶Ô·¨ÔºÍ¨¹ýÏÜ·¨½âÊͽ«×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷¹ÛÒâÖ¾Áè¼ÝÓÚÃñÒâ´ú±í»ú¹¹Ö®ÉÏ£¬Òò¶øËûÔÚÕâÀï¹ØÓÚ·¨ÔºÓ¦ÏÞÖÆ¹ú»áȨÏÞµÄÖ÷ÕŶàÉÙÓеã³öºõÒâÁÏÖ®Íâ¡£¸ù¾ÝÍþ¿Ë˹ÀÕ½ÌÊÚÔÚÉÏÎĵĹ۵㣬Áª°î¹ú»áÆäʵÊÇÓɵط½Ñ¡¾ÙµÄ´ú±í×é³É£¬Òò¶ø×Ô¶¯ÇãÏòÓÚ±£»¤µØ·½ÀûÒæ¡£ÕâÒâζ×ÅÁª°î·¨ÔºÒ²Í¬ÑùûÓÐÀíÓÉ»ý¼«¸ÉÔ¤Áª°îÁ¢·¨£¬ÒòΪÁª°îºÍµØ·½È¨ÏÞÖ÷ÒªÓ¦¸Ãͨ¹ýÕþÖζø·Ç·¨Âɹý³ÌÀ´½ç¶¨¡££© [6] Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 412 (1922).
[7] ÀýÈç¼ûKovacs v. Cooper, 336 U.S. 77, 88 (1949).
[8] 2 Holmes-Pollock Letters 25 (Howe ed. 1941)£»¼û1 Holmes-Laski Letters 203, 529-530 (Howe ed. 1953); cf. 2 Id. at 888.
[9] Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 624 (1919); Gitlow v. New York, 268 U.S. 652, 672 (1925).
[10] ¡°ÎÒºÁ²»ÓÌÔ¥µØÈÏΪ£¬¸ù¾Ý¿ÉÒÔΪ³Í·£½ÌËôıɱÌṩÀíÓɵÄͬÑùÍÆÀí£¬ºÏÖÚ¹ú¿ÉÒÔºÏÏܳͷ£ÖÆÔì»òÏëÒªÖÆÔìÇå³þºÍ¼´¿ÌΣÏÕµÄÑÔÂÛ£¬Èç¹ûÕâÖÖΣÏÕ½«Á¢¿Ì(forthwith)´øÀ´ºÏÖÚ¹ú¿ÉÒÔºÏÏÜ·ÀÖ¹µÄijÖÖʵÖÊÐÔΣº¦¡£¡±Abrams v. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 627 (1919)¡£È»¶ø£¬ÄѵÀÖ»ÓÐÔÚÒâͼÊÇ¡°Á¢¿Ì¡±´ÓÊÂıɱµÄʱºò²ÅÄܺÏÏܳͷ£½ÌËôıɱ£¿¼ûHand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 58-59.
[11] Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 354 U.S. 234 (1957).
[12] ¼ûUphaus v. Wyman, 360 U.S. 72, 77 (1959)£¬¾ö¶¨ÓÚ±¾ÎÄ·¢±íÖ®ºó£º¡°¼ÈÈ»¹ØÓÚίԱ»áÐÐΪµÄȨÁ¦ÎÊÌâÊÇÖÝ·¨ÎÊÌ⣬¡¡ÎÒÃÇÈÏΪк±²¼Éá¶û×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ½áÂÛÊǾö¶¨ÐԵģº¡®Á¢·¨Ê·Çå³þÎÞÒɵرíÃ÷£¬Òé»á¹ýÈ¥ºÍÏÖÔÚ¶¼ÆÚÍû¶ÔÕâЩÎÊÌâ»ñµÃÒ»¸ö´ð°¸¡£¡±
[13] Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944).
£¨Òë×¢£ºÒÔϹØÓÚ°×È˳õÑ¡ºÍÆçÊÓÐÔ×âÔ¼µÄÁ½Àà°¸¼þ¶¼Éæ¼°µ½Õþ¸®ÐÐΪ(state action)ÎÊÌ⣬ÒòΪ×÷ΪÉç»áÍÅÌåµÄÕþµ³ºÍ˽È˵زúµÄÓµÓÐÕß¶¼²»Êǹú¼Ò»ú¹¹£¬Òò¶øÔÚÔÔòÉϲ»ÊÇÏÜ·¨ËßËϵÄÊʸñ±»¸æ¡£µ±È»£¬Áª°î»òÖÝ¿ÉÒÔÖÆ¶¨Óйط¨ÂÉ£¬½ûÖ¹¸öÈË»òÉç»áÍÅÌå½øÐÐÖÖ×åÆçÊÓ¡£ÕâÀïµÄÎÊÌâÊÇÈç¹ûÁª°îºÍ¸÷Öݶ¼Ã»ÓÐÖÆ¶¨Ïà¹Ø·¨ÂÉ£¬Áª°î·¨ÔºÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÕþµ³»òµØ²úËùÓÐÕßÖ±½ÓÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨µÚÊ®ËÄ»òµÚÊ®ÎåÐÞÕý°¸¶ÔÖÖ×åÆçÊӵĽûÖ¹¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öÁìÓò£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄijЩÅÐÀýÀ©´óÁËÏÜ·¨µÄÊÊÓ÷¶Î§£¬µ«±¾ÎÄÈÏΪÕâЩÅÐÀý´ó¶¼Êǽá¹ûÈ¡ÏòµÄ£¬¶øÃ»ÓÐ×ñÑÖÐÁ¢ÔÔò¡££© [14] Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948); Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U.S. 249 (1953).
[15] Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
[16] ¼ûB. Adams, The Heritage of Henry Adams, in H. Adams, The Degradation of the Democratic Dogma 22, 31 (1919).
[17] Korematsu v. United States, 323 U.S. 214 (1944).
[18] ¼ûNewsweek, Dec. 29, 1958, p. 23.
[19] ÀýÈç¼ûEx parte Virginia, 100 U.S. 339, 347 (1880); Hale, Freedom Through Law, Ch. Xi (1952).
[20] ¼ûNixon v. Condon, 286 U.S. 73 (1932); Nixon v. Herndon, 273 U.S. 536 (1927).
[21] Grovey v. Townsend, 295 U.S. 45 (1935).
[22] United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299 (1941).
[23] ¡°ÖÚÒéÔºÓ¦ÓÉËùÔÚÖݵÄÈËÃñÿÁ½ÄêËùÑ¡¾ÙµÄ³ÉÔ±×é³É£¬ÇÒÿ¸öÖݵÄÑ¡¾ÙÈËÓ¦ºÍ¸ÃÖÝÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹ÖÐÈËÊý×î¶àµÄ·ÖÖ§µÄÑ¡¾ÙÈ˾ßÓÐͬÑùµÄ×ʸñÒªÇ󡣡±µÚ17ÐÞÕý°¸¶Ô²ÎÒéÔ±µÄÑ¡¾ÙÒ²ÓÐÀàËÆ¹æ¶¨¡£
[24] ¡°Îó¼ÆÑ¡Æ±°¸¡±µÄÕþ¸®±ç»¤Êé¶ÔÓÚ1935ÄêµÄ¡°³õѡȱϯѡƱ°¸¡±(Grovey)×÷³öÁËÈçÏÂÆÀÂÛ£º
¡°ÇÒÏÜ·¨µÚÒ»ÌõµÚ¶þ¿îËù±£ÕϵÄÊÇÑ¡ÔñµÄȨÀû¡£¡®³õѡȱϯѡƱ°¸¡¯µÄÒþº¬Ç°ÌáÊÇ£¬±»ÃñÖ÷µ³³õÑ¡ÅųýÔÚÍâµÄºÚÈËÔÚ·¨ÂÉÉÏÓÐ×ÔÓÉͨ¹ý¼ÓÈë·´¶Ôµ³»ò×Ô¼º×éÖ¯ÆðÀ´ÒԼǼÆäÑ¡Ôñ¡£ÔÚ±¾°¸£¬Ñ¡Ãñ°´ÕÕËù¹æ¶¨µÄ·½·¨ÐÐʹÆäÑ¡¾ÙȨ£¬ÇÒËùÖ÷ÕŵĴíÎó°þ¶áÁËËûÃÇÒÔÈκη½Ê½±í´ïÆäÑ¡ÔñµÄ»ú»á¡£¡±
Brief for the United States, pp. 34-35, United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299 (1941).
[25] Smith v. Allwright, 321 U.S. 649 (1944)¡£·¨À¼¿Ë¸¥ÌØ·¨¹ÙÖ»ÊÇÔÞͬ½á¹û£¬ÂÞ²®´Ä·¨¹ÙÊÇΨһµÄ·´¶ÔÕß¡£
[26] Terry v. Adams, 345 U.S. 461 (1953)£¬²¢²Î¼ûRice v. Elmore, 165 F.2d 387 (4th Cir. 1947)¡£Terry°¸²¢²»´æÔÚ·¨ÔºÒâ¼û¡£µÀ¸ñÀ˹ºÍ²®¶Ù·¨¹Ù¼ÓÈëÁ˲¼À³¿Ë·¨¹ÙµÄÒâ¼û¡£·¨À¼¿Ë¸¥ÌØ·¨¹Ù˵Ëû·¢Ïָ𸡰¾ø·ÇûÓÐÀ§ÄÑ¡±£¬²¢µ¥¶ÀдÁËÒâ¼û¡£Ê×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙάÉ(C.J. Vinson)ºÍÀïµÂÓë½Ü¿ËÑ··¨¹Ù¼ÙÈçÁË¿ËÀ¿Ë·¨¹ÙµÄÒâ¼û¡£Ã÷¶Ù·¨¹Ù³Ö·´¶ÔÒâ¼û¡£ [27] ¼û¡°×âÔ¼ÖÖ×åÆçÊÓ°¸¡±£¬Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1, 14-23 (1948).
[28] ±È½ÏGordon v. Gordon, 332 Mass. 197, 210, 124 N.E.2d 228, 236, cert. Denied, 349 U.S. 947 (1955).
[29] ¼ûCharlotte Park & Recreation Comm¡¯n v. Barringer, 242 N.C. 311, 88 S.E.2d 114 (1955), cert. Denied, 350 U.S. 983 (1956).
[30] Ê×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙάÉÔÚ1953ÄêµÄ°¸¼þÖгַ´¶ÔÒâ¼û(Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U.S. 249, 260)£¬²¢Ö÷ÕÅ񻂿±ð¡°×âÔ¼ÖÖ×åÆçÊÓ°¸¡±°¸ÖÐͨ¹ý½ûÖ¹¶øÊµÊ©×âÔ¼µÄÎÊÌâºÍÁíÒ»¸ö×â»§ÒªÇóÍÏÇ·µÄºÏ×âÕßÅâ³¥µÄËßËÏ¡£ËûÊÇΨһ³Ö·´¶ÔÒâ¼ûµÄÈË¡£
[31] Pennsylvania v. Board of Directors, 353 U.S. 230, 231 (1957).
[32] Girard College Trusteeship, 391 Pa. 434, 441-442, 138 A.2d 844, 846 (1958).
[33] Pennsylvania v. Board of Directors, 357 U.S. 570 (1958).
[34] Black v. Cutter Labs, 351 U.S. 292 (1956).
[35] ӦעÒâDorsey v. Stuyvesant Town Corp., 299 N.Y. 512, 87 N.E.2d 541 (1949)£¬¸Ã°¸Åоö·¿µØ²ú¹«Ë¾ÔÚÑ¡Ôñ×â»§µÄ¹ý³ÌÖв¢²»Éæ¼°µ½ÖÝÕþ¸®ÐÐΪ£¬¾¡¹ÜËùÉæ¼°µÄ·¿µØ²ú¿ª·¢ÊÇÔÚŦԼÊеİïÖúϽ¨ÔìµÄ¡£ÊÐÕþ¸®¸ù¾ÝÁ¢·¨ÊÚȨµÄºÏͬΪ¸Ã¹«Ë¾Ã»ÊÕÁËÍÁµØ£¬²¢ÊÚÓèÏ൱ÊýÁ¿µÄ˰Îñ¼õÃâ¡£×î¸ß·¨Ôº¾Ü¾øµ÷¾íÉó²é£¬²¼À³¿ËºÍµÀ¸ñÀ˹·¨¹Ù¶Ô´Ë±íʾ·´¶Ô¡£339 U.S. 981 (1950)
[36] ÀýÈç¼ûMing, Racial Restrictions and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Restrictive Covenant Cases, 16 University of Chicago Law Review 203, 235-238 (1949).
[37] ÀýÈç¼ûBerle, Constitutional Limitations on Corporate Activity ¨C Protection of Personal Rights From Invasion Through Economic Power, 100 University of Pennsylvania Law Review 933, 948-951 (1952); Berle, Economic Power and the Free Society 17-18 (Fund for the Republic 1957).
[38] ¼ûBickel, The Original Understanding and the Segregation Decision, 69 Harvard Law Review 1 (1955).
[39] ¼ûFreund, Storm Over the American Supreme Court, 21 Modern Law Review 345, 351 (1958).
[40] Hand, op. cit. supra note 3, at 54.
[41] ¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸öÁìÓòµÄÑо¿ÌØÕ÷ÓëÖÊÁ¿µÄÏêϸ˵Ã÷£¬²Î¼ûNote, Grade School Segregation: The Latest Attack on Racial Discrimination, 61 Yale Law Journal 730 (1952).
[42] ¼ûRecord, pp. 125-126, 132 (Hugh W. Speer), Brown v. Board of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954); Id. at 164-165 (Wilbur B. Brookover); Id. at 170-171 (Louisa Holt); Id. at 176-179 (John Kane).
[43] ¼ûRecord, pp. 548-555, 568-572 (Henry E. Garrett), Davis v. County Bd. Of Educ., 347 U.S. 483 (1954).
[44] Èç¹ûÐÐÕþÐÐΪÒòÆçÊÓ¶øÊܵ½ÌôÕ½£¬Æä¶¯»ú¿ÉÒÔÊܵ½Éó²é£¬µ«ÄÇô×öµÄÄ¿µÄÊÇÖ¤Ã÷Ëù³ÐÈϵIJ»Æ½µÈ´¦Àí²¢·ÇżȻ£¬ÀýÈç¼ûSnowden v. Hughes, 321 U.S. 1 (1944)¡£¼´Ê¹ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬µ¥´¿µÄ²»¹«¶¯»ú²¢²»±»ÈÏΪ¾ÍÄÜÖ¤Ã÷²»Æ½µÈ¡£
[45] Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537, 551 (1896).
[46] ¼ûHam Say Naim v. Naim, 197 Va. 80, 87 S.E.2d 749, vacated, 350 U.S. 891 (1955), on remand, 187 Va. 734, 90 S.E.2d 849, appeal dismissed, 350 U.S. 985 (1956).
[47] ¼ûSutherland, The Law and One Man Among Many, 35-62 (1956).