¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ |
ΩԸ¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈ罺ÓÌÏÌÏ£¡ |
ÃÀ¹úÏÜÕþÀíÂÛµÄÔ¨Ô´Ó뷶Χ
ղķ˹¡¤Èü¶û* ÕÅǧ·«Òë
ת×Ô±±´ó¹«·¨Íø
¡¶»·Çò·¨ÂÉÆÀÂÛ¡·2005ÄêµÚ2ÆÚ£¬µÚ141-153Ò³¡£Áí¼ûÕÅǧ·«×éÖ¯±àÒ룺¡¶¹þ·ð·¨ÂÉÆÀÂÛ¡·£¨ÏÜ·¨¾í£©£¬·¨Âɳö°æÉç2006Äê°æ£¬µÚ2ƪ¡£
ÄÚÈÝÌáÒª£º ¾¡¹ÜÃÀ¹ú¹ØÓÚ˾·¨Éó²éµÄÎÄÕº¹Å£³ä¶°£¬19ÊÀ¼ÍÖøÃûÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨Ñ§½ÌÊÚÈü¶ûµÄÕâÆªÎÄÕ¿ÉÒÔ²»¿äÕŵØËµÊÇËùÓÐÕâÀàÎÄÕÂÖеĵÚһƪ£¬Ò²ÊÇÕâ¸öÁìÓòÖÐÿһ¸öѧÕߵıضÁÎÄÏס£ÔÚÕâÆª¾µäÂÛÎÄÖУ¬Èü¶û½ÌÊÚÏ꾡ÂÛÖ¤ÁË˾·¨Éó²éµÄÒÀ¾Ý¡¢·¶Î§ºÍ·½·¨¡£ËûËäÈ»½ÓÊÜÁË˾·¨Éó²éµÄºÏÏÜÐÔ£¬µ«ÈÏΪ˾·¨È¨±ØÐë±»ÑϸñÏÞÖÆÓÚÊÊºÏÆäÐÐʹµÄ·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬²¢Ö»ÔÚ·ÇͬѰ³£µÄÇé¿öϲÅÐÐʹÕâÏî·ÇͬѰ³£µÄȨÁ¦¡£¾¡¹Ü³ÉÓÚ19ÊÀ¼ÍÄ©ÆÚ£¬±¾ÎÄÌá³öÁËÐí¶àÁî½ñÈËÉî˼µÄÎÊÌâºÍÂ۵㡣×Ô±¾ÎÄÖ®ºó£¬Ñϸñ½âÊÍÖ÷Òå³ÉΪÃÀ¹ú˾·¨ÕÜѧµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÁ÷ÅÉ¡£ÓÈÆäÊǾ¹ýÁª°îµÚ¶þѲ»ØÇøµÄººµÂ·¨¹Ù(J. Learned Hand)µÈÒ»Åú½Ü³ö·¨Ñ§¼ÒµÄ·¢Ñï¹â´ó£¬Èü¶û½ÌÊÚµÄѧ˵²»½öºó¼ÌÓÐÈË£¬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ˵ÔÚ½ñÌìÆ«Ïòκͱ£ÊصÄÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº»ñµÃÁËÒ»ÖÖÖ÷Á÷ѧÅɵĵØÎ»¡£
Ò»¡¢ ˾·¨Éó²éµÄÏÜ·¨ÒÀ¾Ý
ÎÒÃÇÃÀ¹úÀíÂÛÔÊÐí˾·¨»ú¹¹Ðû²¼Á¢·¨ÐÐΪΥÏÜ£¬²¢½«ËüÃÇ×÷ÎÞЧ´¦Àí¡ª¡ªÕâ¸öÀíÂÛÊÇÔõôÀ´µÄ£¬ÆäÈ·Çеķ¶Î§ÊÇʲô£¿
Ò»Çå¶þ³þµÄÊÇ£¬ÖÝÏܲ¢Ã»ÓÐÃ÷È·½«ÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÊÚÓè·¨¹Ù£»ËüÊÇÒýÉê³öÀ´µÄ(inferential)¡£ÔÚ×îÔçµÄÕâЩÎļþÖУ¬²¢Ã»ÓвÉÓÃÈκοÉÓÃÀ´µÃ³öÃ÷È·½áÂÛµÄÎÄ×Ö¡£Ö»ÊÇÔÚÁª°îÏÜ·¨Í¨¹ýÖ®ºó£¬²ÅÄÜ·¢ÏÖÖîÈç1792ÄêµÄ¿ÏµÂ»ùÖÝÏܵÚÊ®¶þÌõÕâÀàÎÄ×Ö¡£ÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÊÇ·ñ´æÔÚ£¬Ò»¿ªÊ¼Êܵ½Ä³Ð©È˵ķñÈÏ»òÖÊÒÉ£»³ÙÖÁ1825Ä꣬ÔÚÒ»ÏîÇ¿Áҵķ´¶ÔÒâ¼ûÖУ¬±öÎ÷·¨ÄáÑÇÖݵļª²¼É·¨¹Ù(J. Gibson)¡ª¡ªÃÀ¹ú×îÄܸɵ퍹ÙÖ®Ò»£¬ºóÀ´¸ÃÖݵÄÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù¡ª¡ª»¹ÍêÈ«·ñÈÏÈκÎûÓÐÃ÷È·Èç´ËÊÚȨµÄÏÜ·¨Äܹ»²úÉúÕâÑùµÄȨÁ¦¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ëû·ñÈÏÒ»°ãÖÝÏÜÊÚÓèÕâÏîȨÁ¦£¬µ«³ÐÈϺÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨ÊÚÓèÕâÏîȨÁ¦£¬Ò²¾ÍÊǸù¾ÝµÚÁùÌõµÚ¶þ¿î¹æ¶¨£ºÏÜ·¨ÒÔ¼°¸ù¾ÝÏÜ·¨Öƶ¨µÄ·¨ÂɺÍÌõÔ¼ÊÇ¡°¹ú¼ÒµÄ×î¸ß·¨ÂÉ£»Ã¿¸öÖݵķ¨¹Ù¶¼Ó¦ÊÜÆäÔ¼Êø£¬²»ÂÛÈκÎÖݵÄÏÜ·¨»ò·¨ÂÉÊÇ·ñÓëÖ®ÏàµÖ´¥¡±¡£[1]
ÕâÏî·ÇͬѰ³£µÄȨÁ¦Ö®ÒÀ¾Ý£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÏÜ·¨ÊdzÉÎÄ·¨ÕâÒ»¼òµ¥ÊÂʵ»ò·¨¹ÙÖ§³ÖÏÜ·¨µÄÐûÊÄÖвÅÄÜÕÒµ½£¬¶øÕâÊÇÏ൱²»ºÏÊʵġ£³ÉÎÄÐÎʽ»ò·¨¹ÙµÄÊÄÑÔ¶¼Î´±ØÊÚȨ·¨Ôº³·Ïû¡¢È¡´ú»ò¾Ü¾øÊµÊ©Á¢·¨»òÐÐÕþ²¿ÃžÏÜ·¨ÊÚȨ¶ø²ÉÄɵÄÈκÎÐÐΪ£¬»òÕâЩ²¿ÃÅ¶ÔÆä»ñµÃÕâÀàÊÚȨ֮È϶¨¡£ÒªÈ·¶¨ÕâÒ»µã£¬Ö»Òª¿´¿´ÆäËü¹ú¼ÒµÄÏÖʵ¾Í×ã¹»ÁË£º·¨¹ú¡¢µÂ¹úºÍÈðÊ¿¶¼ÓгÉÎÄÏÜ·¨£¬¶øÕâÀàȨÁ¦ÔÚÕâЩ¹ú¼Ò²¢Î´»ñµÃ³ÐÈÏ¡£´÷Î÷(Dicey)ÔÚÆäÁîÈËÏÛĽµÄ¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ñ§µ¼ÂÛ¡·ÖÐ˵£º¡°·¨¹úÏÜ·¨¶ÔÒé»áÐÐΪËùÉ趨µÄÏÞÖÆÊµ¼ÊÉϲ¢²»ÊÇ·¨ÂÉ£¬ÒòΪËüÃDz¢²»ÊÇ×îÖտɱ»·¨ÔºÊµÊ©µÄ¹æÔò¡£ËüÃǵÄÕæÊµÌØÕ÷ÊÇÕþÖεÀµÂ×¼Ôò£¬ÆäËù¾ßÓеÄÁ¦Á¿À´×ÔÓÚËüÃDZ»Ð´ÈëÏÜ·¨Ö®ÊÂʵ£¬ÒÔ¼°Óɴ˲úÉúµÄ¹«¹²ÓßÂÛÖ®Ö§³Ö¡£¡±[2]
ÄÇôÎÒÃÇÔõô»á²ÉÈ¡ÕâÖÖ·ÇͬѰ³£µÄ×ö·¨£¿ÕâÖ÷ÒªÊǶÀÁ¢Õ½ÕùÒÔǰÎÒÃÇÕþÖξÀúµÄ×ÔÈ»½á¹û£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÀ´×ÔÓÚÓ¢¹ú¹úÍõµÄ³ÉÎÄÕþ¸®Õ³Ì(characters)ͳÖÎϵÄÖ³ÃñÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£×÷Ϊ³ÉÎÄÏÜ·¨£¬ÕâЩÕ³ÌÖеÄÌõ¼þºÍÏÞÖÆÍ¨¹ý²»Í¬Êֶζø»ñµÃʵʩ¡ª¡ªÍ¨¹ýÕ³̵ÄÈ¡Ïû(forfeiture)£¬Í¨¹ýÒé»á·¨°¸£¬Í¨¹ý¹úÍõ¶ÔÖ³ÃñµØÁ¢·¨µÄÖ±½Ó³·Ïû£¬Í¨¹ý˾·¨³ÌÐòÒÔ¼°×îÖÕÏòÊàÃÜÔºµÄÉÏËß¡£ÎÒÃǵÄ×ö·¨ÊÇÕâЩµÄ×ÔÈ»½á¹û£¬µ«Ëü¾ø²»ÊDZØÈ»½á¹û¡£ËùÓÐÕâЩֳÃñµØÊ±´úµÄÏÞÖÆÖ»ÊÇȨÁ¦µÄͨ³£ºÍÕý³£ÐÐʹ¡£Ò»¸öÍâÀ´µÄȨÁ¦¹æ¶¨ÁËÕ³̵ÄÌõ¼þ£¬¶øÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÊôÓÚ¾ßÓйúÍõ¡¢Òé»á¼°Æä×Ô¼ºµÄ·¨ÔºµÄ×î¸ßÕþ¸®£¬ËüÃÇÍêÈ«ÓÐ×éÖ¯¡¢ÓÐ×¼±¸´¦ÀíÈκÎÎ¥ÃüÒýÆðµÄ½ô¼±Çé¿ö¡£Õâ¸öÕþ¸®µÄ×î¸ßȨÀûºÍȨÍþÊÇ»ù±¾µÄ£¬²¢Êܵ½ÍêÈ«³ÐÈÏ£»¶øÔÚÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄ·¨ÔºÊµÊ©Ó¢¹úÉÏËß·¨ÔºËùʵʩµÄͬÑùȨÀûʱ£¬ÕâÖ»ÊÇÒ»¸öƽ³£¡¢ÓÐÐòºÍ±ØÒªµÄ³ÌÐò¡£ÕâЩÕ³ÌÊÇÑϸñÒâÒåÉϵijÉÎÄ¡°·¨¡±£º¾ÍºÍËüÃǶÔÖ³ÃñµØÒé»áµÄÏÞÖÆÎªÓ¢¹úÖÕÉó·¨ÔºËùʵʩһÑù£¬ËüÃÇÒ²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÖ³ÃñµØ·¨Ôº¼ÓÒÔʵʩ£¬Èκεִ¥Õ³̵ÄÖ³ÃñµØÁ¢·¨ÒòÎÞЧ¶ø±»ºöÂÔ¡£[3]
¸ïÃüÀ´ÁË£¬ºóÀ´·¢ÉúÁËʲô£¿ºÜ¼òµ¥£¬ÎÒÃǸî¶ÏÁËÁªÏµÎÒÃǺʹó²»ÁеߵÄŦ´ø£¬ÍⲿÖ÷Ȩ²»ÔÙ´æÔÚ¡£ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔڵĹÛÄîÊÇ£¬¡°ÈËÃñ¡±Õ¼¾ÝÁËÖ÷ȨλÖã»Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÎÒÃDZ¾ÍÁÖîÖݵÄÈË¿ÚÏÖÔÚÊÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷Ȩ¡£¾ÍÏÖ´æ»ú¹¹Ã»Óб»¸Ä±ä¶øÑÔ£¬ËüÃÇͨ¹ý½«Ó¢¹úÖ÷ȨµÄÃû´ÊºÍ·ç¸ñתÒëΪÎÒÃǵÄÐÂͳÖÎÕß¡ª¡ªÎÒÃÇ×Ô¼º£¬ÈËÃñ¡ª¡ª¶øÊܵ½½âÊÍ¡£ÔÚ´ËÖ®ºó£¬Õ³̾Ͳ»ÔÙÊÇΪÓÐ×éÖ¯µÄÍⲿÕþ¸®ËùÖ§³ÖµÄÍⲿÃüÁ¼òµ¥µØÂÄÐÐʵʩÕÂ³ÌµÄÆ½³£Ö°ÄÜ£¬ÐÂÏÜ·¨¾Í¸üÏÔÈ»²»ÊÇÈç´ËÁË£»ËüÃdzÉΪÀ´×ÔÓÚÈËÃñ×÷Ϊ±»Í³ÖÎÕß×Ô¼ºµÄ½äÂÉ(precepts)£¬Õë¶ÔµÄÊÇͬÑùµÄÈËÃñÖеÄÿ¸öÈË£¬ÓÈÆäÊÇÓÐÒåÎñÂÄÐÐÕþ¸®Ö°ÔðµÄÄÇЩÈË¡£ÏÖÔÚ²»´æÔÚ¸ü¸ßµÄȨÁ¦Í¨¹ýÆÕͨµÄÇ¿ÖÆÁ¦Ö§³ÖÕâЩÃüÁî¡£Ö÷Ȩ×Ô¼ºÔÚͨ¹ýÎÄ×Ö±í´ïÁËÒâÖ¾Ö®ºó£¬Í˾ӾÅÏöÔÆÍ⣻ÔÚÈκÎͨ³£µÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ËüûÓÐʵʩÆäÒâÔ¸µÄ»ú¹¹£¬³ýÁËÏÜ·¨ÎļþÖеÄÃüÁîËùÕë¶ÔµÄÄÇЩ²¿ÃÅ¡£Èç¹ûÕâЩ»ú¹¹²»·þ´ÓËü£¬Èç¹ûËüÃÇδÄÜÂÄÐÐÖ°Ôð»ò·¸ÁË´íÎó£¬ËüµÄ³ÉÎÄÏÜ·¨ÈçºÎ±»ÊµÊ©ÄØ£¿
ÕâÀïµÄÎÊÌâȷʵÊǺ͹ýÈ¥²»Ò»ÑùµÄ£¬¶øÎÒÃÇȴûÓй涨еÄÌõÎÄÀ´½â¾öËü¡£ÎÒÃÇÖ»ÊÇ×ñ´Ó¾ÉµÄ°ì·¨ºÍ¾ÉµÄ¹ÛÄî¡£1776Ä꣬¿µÄ˵ϿËÖÝ(Connecticut)½öͨ¹ýÒé»á·¨°¸£¬¾ÍÐû²¼1662ÄêµÄÕ³̼ÌÐø³ÉΪ¡°ÖÝÔÚÈËÃñµÄ¶ÀÒ»ÎÞ¶þȨÍþÖ®ÏµĹ«ÃñÏÜ·¨£¬¶ÀÁ¢ÓÚÈκιúÍõ»òÍõ×Ó¡±£»È»ºó£¬Á½ÈýÌõÊìϤµÄ×ÔÓɺÍÁ¼ºÃÕþ¸®µÄ»ù±¾¹æÔò±»¸½¼Ó×÷ΪÆäÒ»²¿·Ö¡£Ö±µ½1818Ä꣬¿µÖÝÈËÃñÒ»Ö±ÔÚÕⲿÏÜ·¨ÏÂÉú´æ¡£ÔÚÂ޵µº(Rhode Island)£¬Ã»ÓиıäµÄÕ³ÌÒ»Ö±´æÔÚµ½1842ÄꣻÇÒΪÈËËùÊìÖªµÄÊÇ£¬ÕýÊǸù¾ÝÕⲿÕ³̲úÉúÁË˾·¨Éó²éµÄÔçÆÚ°¸ÀýÖ®Ò»£¬ÒªÇó¸ù¾ÝÐÂÖÈÐòÕë¶ÔÒé»á·¨°¸ÊµÊ©ÏÜ·¨Ìõ¿î£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÂ޵µº×î¸ß·¨ÔºÔÚ1786ÄêÅоöµÄTrevett v. Weeden°¸¡£[4]
µ«¾ßÓÐÆôʾµÄÊÇ£¬ÕâÖÖ˾·¨È¨µÄÐÂÔËÓò¢Ã»Óеõ½ÆÕ±éÔÞͬ¡£Ëü±»Áª°îÖÆÏÜ´ó»áµÄ¼¸Î»³ÉÔ±Ëù·ñ¶¨£¬²¢ÔÚ18ÊÀ¼ÍµÄ×îºó¶þÊ®ÄêÖб»²»Í¬µÄ·¨¹ÙÈÏΪÊÇÐü¶øÎ´¾öµÄÊÂÇé¡£Â޵µºÒé»á¶Ô·¨ÔºÔÚTrevett v. Weeden°¸µÄÐÐΪ¸Ðµ½¾ª²ï£¬ÕâËÆºõ±íÃ÷ÔÚËûÃǵÄÄÔ×ÓÀ´ÓÖ³ÃñµØµÄÒÀÀµµ½¶ÀÁ¢µÄת±äʹµÃÖÝÒé»á³ÉΪӢ¹úÒé»áµÄÌæ´ú£¬²¢¾ßÓÐÀàËÆµÄÎÞÏÞȨÁ¦(omnipotence)¡£[5] ÔÚ·ðÃ¢ÌØÖÝ£¬µ±Ê±È·Á¢µÄÀíÂÛËÆºõÊÇ˾·¨²»µÃ¾Ü¾øÊµÊ©Òé»á·¨ÂÉ£»ÇÒÔÚ¿µÄ˵ϿËÖÝ£¬ºóÀ´¸ÃÖݵÄÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù˹Íþ·òÌØ(C.J. Swift)±í´ïÁËͬÑùµÄ¼û½â¡£ÔÚ·ðÃ¢ÌØÖÝÅÐÀý»ã±àµÄǰÑÔÖУ¬[6] ²©Ñ§µÄ±à¼ÔÚ1824Äêдµ½1777Äê·ðÃ¢ÌØÖÝÏÜʱָ³ö£¬¡°´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓнÓÊܹýÕâÑùµÄ¹ÛÄҲ¾ÍÊÇ˾·¨ÓÐÈκÎȨÁ¦Éó²éÒé»á·¨°¸µÄºÏÏÜÐÔ£¬»òÐû²¼ËüÃÇÒòÈκÎÔÒòÎÞЧ£¬ÉõÖÁÁ¬ÖÊÒÉÁ¢·¨ÓÐЧÐÔµÄȨÁ¦¶¼Ã»ÓС£¡±ÔÚ1785ÄêµÄ»ã±àµÚ25Ò³£¬Ëû²¹³ä˵£º¡°ÔÚÎÒÃÇËùÌáµ½µÄ½×¶ÎÖ®ºóºÜ¾Ã£¬¹ØÓÚÏÜ·¨Êǹú¼Ò×î¸ß·¨ÂÉÇÒ˾·¨ÓÐȨ³·ÏûÓëÖ®ÏàµÖ´¥µÄ·¨ÂÉÖ®ÀíÂÛÊÇ·´¹²ºÍµÄ(anti-republican)¡£¡±ÔÚ1814Ä꣬[7] ÎÒÏàÐÅÎÒÃǵÚÒ»´Î·¢Ïָ÷¨ÔºÐû²¼ÖÝÒé»á·¨°¸¡°ÒòÎ¥±³ÖÝÏÜÓëºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨ÉõÖÁ×ÔÈ»·¨¶øÎÞЧ¡±¡£ÔÚ´Ë¿ÉÒÔÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬Ðû²¼Òé»á·¨°¸Î¥ÏÜÎÞЧµÄÀíÂÛÖ®ËùÒÔ²úÉú£¬¿ÉÄÜÊÇÊܵ½ÁËÎÒÃÇÏȱ²ÔÚ¶ÀÁ¢¸ïÃüʱÆÚËùÖ§³ÖµÄÒ»ÖÖÀíÂÛ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ·¨Ôº»òÐí¿ÉÒԾܾøÊµÊ©ºÍµÀµÂ»ù±¾·¨Ôò»ò×ÔÈ»·¨ÏàµÖ´¥µÄ·¨ÂÉ¡£ÓÐÈËÈÏΪÕâÖÖÀíÂÛÊ×ÏÈÊÇÓ¢¹ú×÷¼ÒÓÐʱÉõÖÁÊÇ·¨¹ÙÌá³öµÄ£¬µ«´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐʵʩ¹ý¡£×÷ΪһÖÖÀíÂÛÍÆ²â£¬ÎÒÃÇÔçÆÚÇÒÓÐʱÊÇÍíÆÚµÄ·¨¹ÙÒ²ÖØ¸´¹ýÕâÖÖÀíÂÛ£»µ«¾ÍÎÒËùÖª£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκÎÅÐÀýʵʩ¹ýÕâÖÖÀíÂÛ£¬²¢ÒÔ´Ë×÷Ϊ¾ö¶¨µÄΨһºÍ±ØÒªÒÀ¾Ý¡ª¡ªÒ²²»¿ÉÄÜʵʩ£¬³ý·ÇÊÇ×÷ΪһÖÖ¸ïÃüÐÔ´ëÊ©¡£[8]
ÔÚ1795Äê·¢±íµÄ˹Íþ·òÌØ(Swift)ËùÖø¡¶¿µÄ˵ϿËÖݵķ¨ÂÉÌåϵ¡·Ò»ÊéÖУ¬[9] ×÷ÕßÏêϸÂÛÖ¤²¢Ç¿ÁÒ·´¶Ô¾Ü¾øÊÊÓÃÒé»á·¨°¸µÄ˾·¨È¨£¬¾¡¹ÜËûÌáµ½Ïà·´µÄ¹Ûµã¡°¼«ÎªÁ÷Ðв¢ÒѳÉΪÖ÷Á÷¡±¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£º¡°Ò»°ãÈÏͬµÄÊÇ£¬Ë¾·¨»ú¹¹Ðû²¼²¢Ã»ÓÐÎ¥Ïܵķ¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏܵĿÉÄÜÐÔ£¬¾ÍºÍÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹³¬Ô½ÆäÏÜ·¨È¨Ï޵ĿÉÄÜÐÔͬÑùÖ®¸ß¡£¡±µ«ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ËûÒ²³ÐÈÏÈç¹û»á·¢ÉúÈç´Ë¿Éŵݸ¼þ£¬ÀýÈç·¨ÂÉÊÚȨÔÚûÓÐÖ¤¾ÝµÄÇé¿öϸøÈ˶¨×»òΪÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹×Ô¼º±£Ö¤ÖÕÉíְ룬ÄÇôÁ¢·¨ÊÇ¡°Èç´ËÏÔȻΥÏÜ£¬ÒÔÖÁÈÔȻҪÇ󷨹ÙÔÚÆäÅоöÖÐÓèÒÔ¹Ø×¢ËƺõÊÇ´íÎóµÄ¡±¡£Ö±µ½1807-08Ä꣬¶íº¥¶íÖݵķ¨¹Ù»¹ÒòÅоöÒé»á·¨°¸ÎÞЧ¶øÊܵ½Òé»áµ¯ÛÀ¡£[10]
¶þ¡¢ ˾·¨Éó²éµÄ½®½ç
Èç¹û˾·¨µÄÕâÏîȨÁ¦×îºó»ñµÃÆÕ±éÈ·Á¢£¬²¢±»²¹³äµ½ÎÒÃdzÉÎÄÏÜ·¨µÄ±£ÕÏÖ®ÖУ¬ÈçºÎÈÏʶÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÄØ£¿ËüÓ¦¸Ã±»Ñϸñ×÷Ϊ˾·¨ÐÔÖʵÄȨÁ¦¡£ÖÝÏÜ×Ðϸ½«Õþ¸®È¨Á¦»®·ÖΪÈý²¿·Ö£¬²¢ÔÚ½«ÆäÖÐÿÖÖȨÁ¦ÊÚÓèÒ»¸ö²¿ÃŵĹý³ÌÖУ¬ÓÐʱÒÔÄÑÒÔÀí½âµÄÃ÷È··½Ê½½ûÖ¹Èκβ¿ÃÅÐÐʹÆäËüȨÁ¦¡£1780ÄêÂéÊ¡(Massachusetts)ÏÜ·¨µÚÒ»²¿·ÖµÚ30Ìõ¹æ¶¨£º¡°Á¢·¨²¿ÃÅÓÀÔ¶²»µÃÐÐʹִ·¨È¨»ò˾·¨È¨£»Ö´·¨²¿ÃÅÓÀÔ¶²»µÃÐÐʹÁ¢·¨È¨»ò˾·¨È¨£»Ë¾·¨²¿ÃÅÓÀÔ¶²»µÃÐÐʹÁ¢·¨È¨»òÖ´·¨È¨£»×îºó£¬Õþ¸®±ØÐëÊÇ·¨Öζø·ÇÈËÖÎÕþ¸®¡£¡±
´øÓÐÀàËÆµÄÇ¿µ÷£¬1792ÄêµÄ¿ÏµÂ»ùÖÝÏܵÚÒ»Ìõ¹æ¶¨£º¡°Ã¿¸ö²¿ÃŶ¼ÓÉһȺ¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¹ÙÔ±¸ºÔð£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÁ¢·¨ÓÉһȺ¹ÙÔ±¸ºÔð£¬Ö´·¨ÓÉÁíһȺ¹ÙÔ±¸ºÔð£¬Ë¾·¨ÔÙÓÉÁíһȺ¹ÙÔ±¸ºÔð¡£³ý·ÇÔÚÃ÷È·×¼ÐíµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÊôÓÚÕâЩ²¿ÃÅÖ®Ò»µÄÈκÎÈË»òÍÅÌå¶¼²»µÃÐÐʹÊʵ±ÊôÓÚÆäËü²¿ÃŵÄÈκÎȨÁ¦¡£¡±
Òò´Ë£¬¼ÈÈ»ÓйØÈ¨Á¦´¿´âÊÇ˾·¨È¨£¬ËüÊ×ÏÈ¿ÉÄÜÔÚÐí¶à°¸¼þÖж¼²»ÄÜÊÊÓ᣶ÔÓÚ´¿´âµÄÕþÖÎÐÐΪ»ò×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿È¨Ö®ÐÐʹ£¬²»ÂÛÆäËü²¿ÃÅÊÇ·ñÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨£¬Ë¾·¨»ú¹¹¶¼²»ÄܸÉÉæ£»Ïà·´£¬ËûÃDZØÐë½ÓÊܲ¢ÊµÊ©ÆäÐÐΪ¡£¿âÀû·¨¹Ù(J. Cooley)×î½üÖ¸³ö£º[11]
¡°ÆÕͨÈ˵ÄÓ¡ÏóÎÞÒÉÊÇ£¬ÔÚÈκÎÁ¢·¨³¬Ô½ÏÜ·¨È¨ÏÞµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬¡¡Ë¾·¨»ú¹¹ÍêÈ«ÓÐȨÌṩÊʵ±µÄ¾È¼Ã£»·¨°¸È·ÊµÓ¦¸ÃÎÞЧ£¬ÇÒÈκι«ÃñÒÔ¼°Ë¾·¨»ú¹¹±¾Éí¶¼¿ÉÒÔÊÓÆäΪÎÞЧ£¬²¢¾Ü¾ø·þ´ÓÖ®¡£µ«ÕâÔ¶²»ÊÇÊÂʵÇé¿ö¡£¡±
ÔÚ˾·¨»ú¹¹È·ÊµÓÐȨµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÆäȨÁ¦µÄÈ«²¿·¶Î§¾ÍÊÇΪÁ˾ö¶¨±»Êʵ±Ìá½»¸ø·¨ÔºµÄËßËÏÎÊÌ⣬ÅоöÓÐÕùÒéµÄÌØ¶¨È¨Á¦Ö®ÐÐʹÊÇ·ñΪÏÜ·¨Ëù½ûÖ¹¡£Ôڴ˹ý³ÌÖУ¬·¨Ôº±ØÐëÈç´ËÂÄÐÐÆäÖ°Ôð£¬ÒÔ±ÜÃâ°þ¶áÆäËü²¿ÃŵÄÈκÎÊʵ±È¨Á¦£¬»òÔÚÆä×ÔÓɲÃÁ¿È¨µÄÊʵ±·¶Î§ÄÚ¶ÔÆä¼ÓÒÔÏÞÖÆ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ˾·¨¾ö¶¨¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÕâЩÎÊÌâ²»½öÒªÇóÔÚ´¦Àí¹ý³ÌÖвÉÈ¡ÌØ±ðµÄ·½·¨£¬¶øÇÒÒªÇ󷨹ٶÔÅÓ´óºÍûÓÐÈ·¶¨½çÏÞµÄÁ¢·¨È¨Á¦¼°Ñ¡ÔñÍø¿ªÒ»Ã棬ÒòΪֻÓÐÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹µÄʵ¼ÊÅжϲÅÄÜÊʵ±¿¼ÂÇ·¶Î§¹ã·ºµÄÒòËØ¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öËùÓÐÁ¢·¨¿¼Á¿¶¼±ØÈ»¾ß±¸µÄ¹ãÀ«·¶Î§ÄÚ£¬ÏÜ·¨ÉϵÄÁ¢·¨Õß±ØÐë±»¸øÓè×ÔÓɿռ䡣¾Í·¶Î§Ôڴ˲»ÊÜÏÞÖÆµÄÁ¢·¨Ñ¡Ôñ¿ÉÒÔÑ¡ÖÐijÖÖ»òÆäËü·½Ê½µÄÐÐΪ¶øÑÔ£¬·¨¹Ù²»µÃ¸ÉÔ¤£¬ÒòΪËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâÊÇÒ»¸ö´¿´âµÄ˾·¨ÎÊÌâ¡£ Æä´Î£¬Ìض¨Ë¾·¨ÎÊÌâµÄÐÔÖÊÊÇ£¬Á¢·¨»ú¹¹µÄ³õ²½¾ö¶¨¹¹³É¼«ÎªÖØÒªµÄÊÂʵ£¬ÒòΪÏÜ·¨Ã÷ȷίÍÐÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹¾ö¶¨ÕâЩÎÊÌ⣻Èç¹û²»×÷³öÕâÀà¾ö¶¨£¬ËûÃǾͲ»ÄÜÐж¯¡£ÔٴΣ¬ÏÜ·¨²»½ö½«ÎÊÌâµÄ³õ²½¾ö¶¨Î¯ÍиøÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹£¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÉèÏëÕâÀà¾ö¶¨¿ÉÄÜÊÇ×îÖյģ¬ÒòΪÏÜ·¨²¢Ã»Óй涨ÕâÀàµÄÐÞÕý¡£Ö»ÓÐÔÚ³öÏÖËßËϲ¢Ôڴ˹ý³ÌÖпÉÄÜÅöÇÉÌá³öºÏÏÜÐÔÎÊÌâʱ£¬²Å¿ÉÄÜÕý³£³öÏÖÓÉ·¨Ôº½â¾öµÄÎÊÌâ¡£Òò´Ë£¬Á¢·¨¾ö¶¨¿ÉÄÜÔçÔÚ³öÏÖ»ò½â¾öÈκÎ˾·¨ÎÊÌâ֮ǰ£¬¾ÍÒѾÔÚÈ«¹úÉÏÏÂÈ¡µÃÁËÒâÒå×îÉîÔ¶×îÖØÒªµÄ½á¹û£¬ÀýÈçºÏÖÚ¹úÒøÐеĵÚÒ»ºÍµÚ¶þÕ³ÌÒÔ¼°30Äêǰ¼°ÒÔºóµÄ·¨¶¨»õ±Ò·¨¡£ÒøÐÐÕ³̵ĺÏÏÜÐÔÎÊÌâʹ»ªÊ¢¶ÙµÄÄÚ¸óºÍÕþµ³Òâ¼û·×Õù³¬¹ýÁËÒ»´úÈË¡£µ«ÔÚ1791Äê°ä²¼µÚÒ»Õ³̺ó£¬ËüÔÚÆä20ÄêÓÐЧÆÚÖдÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐÔÚ·¨ÔºÊܵ½ÌôÕ½£¬²¢ÓÚ1816Äê»ñµÃÑÓ³¤¡£Ö»ÊÇÔÚ3ÄêÖ®ºó£¬ºÏÏÜÐÔÎÊÌâ²ÅÀ´µ½ºÏÖÚ¹ú×î¸ß·¨Ôº¡£ÓÈÆäÖØÒªµÄÊÇÓ¦¸Ã¿´µ½£¬Õâ¸ö½á¹û²¢²»ÊÇ·ÇͬѰ³£»òÎ´ÔøÔ¤¼ûµÄ£¬¶øÊÇËùÆÚÍûºÍÇå³þÔ¤¼ûµÄ½á¹û¡£ÕâÏîȨÁ¦±»ÊÚÓèÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹£¬Ëü²»½öÊÇÁ¢·¨È¨£¬¶øÇÒ»¹ÊÇÉî¿ÌÓ°ÏìÕû¸ö¹ú¼ÒµÄÏÜ·¨½âÊÍȨ£¬²¢¼«ÎªÖØÒªÉõÖÁ½«¸ïÃüÐԵظıä×îÖØ´óµÄÊÂÏ³ý·Çij¸öÈË¿ÉÄÜΪÁ˱£»¤Ë½ÈËÀûÒæ¶ø½«ÊÂÇéËßËϵ½·¨Ôº¡£1863Äê¼°ÒÔºóµÄºÏ·¨»õ±ÒÁ¢·¨Ò²ÊÇÈç´Ë£¬¶øºÜÄÑÉèÏ뻹ÓбÈÕâ¸üÖØÒª¡¢¶ÔÉç»áÿһ¸ö³ÉÔ±µÄÀûÒæ¹ØÏµ¸ü½ôÃÜ»ò¸üÖØ´óµÄÊÂÇé¡£¾¡¹ÜÒøÐеĺÏÏÜÐÔÏÖÔÚÊܵ½Î¬³Ö£¬ËüÒ»¿ªÊ¼ÔøÊܵ½ºÏÖÚ¹ú×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ·ñ¶¨¡£µØ·½·¨Ôº¶ÔÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÒâ¼û²»Ò»£¬·¨Âɽç»òÉÌÒµ½çµÄÒâ¼ûÒ²´ÓÀ´Èç´Ë¡£µ«¾ö¶¨Õâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄÊÇÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹£¬¡ª¡ªÇÒ²»Ö»ÊÇÖ÷ÒªµØ£¬¶øÇÒÊÇÍêÈ«³¹µ×µØ¾ö¶¨£¬³ý·Çij¸öÈËÔÚÆä˽ÈËÊÂÎñµÄÎÞÊý¿ÉÄÜÐÔÖÐΪÁËÆäÀûÒæ¶ø¶Ô´ËÌá³ö·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâ¡£
ÏÔÈ»£¬ÔÚ»ñµÃÈç´ËÖØÒªµÄ½âÊÍȨµÄÁìÓòÄÚ£¬ÓйؽâÊÍ»ú¹¹µÄʵ¼Ê¾ö¶¨Ó¦Êܵ½ÏàÓ¦µÄ×ðÖØ£¬¶øÕâ²»Ö»ÊÇÒòΪÀñ½Ú»òͨ³£ÒâÒåÉϵÄ×ðÖØ£¬¶øÊÇ»ùÓÚÕþ²ßºÍ·¨Âɵļ«Îª¼á¹ÌÓëÖØÒª»ù´¡¡£·¨ÔºÓ¦µ±·´Ë¼£º¼ÙÈçËûÃDZ»ÈËÃñÈÏΪÊÇÕë¶ÔÁ¢·¨Î¥ÏܵÄÖ÷Òª±£»¤Õߣ¬ËûÃǽ«²»Ö»ÊDZ»ÊÚÓèÕâÖÖż¶ûºÍÑӳٵĿØÖÆ¡£ËûÃǽ«±»ÔÊÐíÔÚ·¨ÂÉ¿ªÊ¼ÉúЧǰ¾Í¼ÓÒÔÐ޸ģ¬ÕýÈçÔÚÖÆÏÜ´ó»áÉÏÒ»¶ÈÌá³öµÄ³«ÒéÄÇÑù¡£[12] ¼ÈÈ»·¨¹Ù¿ØÖƲ¢¾ÀÕýÎ¥ÏÜ·¨ÂɵĻú»áÈç´ËÓÐÏÞ£¬ÄǾͿÉÒÔÀí½âΪʲôËûÃÇÔÚ»ñµÃÕâÖÖ»ú»áʱµÄ¿ØÖÆ·¶Î§Ò²ÊǼ«ÆäÓÐÏ޵ġ£
Òò´Ë£¬ÒѾԤ¼ûµ½µÄÊÇ£¬Ðí¶àÓк¦ºÍÎ¥Ïܵķ¨ÂÉ¿ÉÄÜÉúЧ£¬¶ø·¨ÔºÎÞȨ·ÀÖ¹£¬ÒòΪËûÃǵÄÈ«²¿È¨Á¦ÏÞÓÚ˾·¨¡£ËûÃǵĸÉÔ¤Ö»ÊÇÐí¶à·À·¶´ëʩ֮һ£¬ÇÒÆä·¶Î§Ï൱ÏÁÕ¡£
ÏÞÖÆË¾·¨ÐÐΪµÄÑϸñ³Ì¶ÈÓÐʱÇá¶øÒ×¾ÙÊܵ½³ÐÈÏ£¬µ«È´ÊÇÒÔÒ»ÖÖÇú½âµÄ·½Ê½£¬ÆäЧ¹û·´¶øÊÇÀ©ÕÅ˾·¨Ö°ÄÜ£¬Ê¹Ö®³¬Ô½Õýµ±½çÏÞ¡£ÓÐÈË˵£¬·¨ÔºµÄÖ°ÔðÖ»ÊÇÔÚÓÚ½âÊÍÁ½ÖÖÎļþ²¢Ï໥±È½Ï£¬¾ÍºÍÔÚÁ½·ÝÆõÔ¼»òÁ½¸öÁ¢·¨±»ÈÏΪ·¢Éú³åÍ»µÄʱºò½øÐнâÊÍÓë±È½ÏÒ»Ñù£¬È»ºóÐû²¼Ã¿Ò»ÖÖÎļþµÄÕæÊµÒâ˼£¬ÇÒÈç¹ûËüÃÇÖ®¼äÏ໥³åÍ»£¬ÊµÊ©×÷Ϊ¸ü¸ßÒåÎñµÄÏÜ·¨¡£¾ÍÏñ·¨ÔºÓÐʱÃèÊöµÄÄÇÑù£¬ÕâÌýÉÏÈ¥ËÆºõÊÇѰ³£ºÍÇ«±°µÄ˾·¨Ö°Ôð¡£ÕâÖÖ½âÊͺÜÈÝÒ×µ¼Ö´íÎóºöÊÓÁ¢·¨Ëù¿¼ÂǵÄÒòËØ¡ª¡ª²»½öÊǾܾø½«ËüÃÇ×÷ΪÅоöÒÀ¾Ý¶ø·¢»ÓÖ±½ÓЧÁ¦£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¿ÉÄÜÍêÈ«¾Ü¾ø¿¼ÂÇÕâЩÒòËØ¡£Ñ§¾¿ÃDz¢²»¿¼ÂÇÕâЩÒòËØ£¬Ò²²»½«ËüÃÇ×÷ΪÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪµÄ¿ÉÄÜÒÀ¾Ý£¬¶øÊÇÒÔÏÜ·¨ºÍ·¨ÂÉÎı¾È¡¶ø´úÖ®¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÒÃÇͬʱʧȥÁËÂÉʦµÄÑϽ÷ºÍÕþÖμҵĴó¶È£¬¶øÕâÕýÊÇ´¦ÀíÕâÀàÏÜ·¨ÎÊÌâËùÐèÒªµÄ¡£¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩµñ³æÐ¡¼¼ÎÒÃÇÈ´ÓÐÐí¶àÑù±¾£¬ËüÃÇÔÚÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚµÄÅÐÀý»ã±àÖÐÊDz»Ê¤Ã¶¾Ù¡£ È»¶ø£¬ÎªÁ˱ÜÃâÏÝÈëÕâÖÖÏÁ°¯ºÍ¿Ì°åµÄ·½·¨£¬·ÀÖ¹·¨ÔºÍü¼ÇÂíЪ¶ûËù˵µÄ¡°ÎÒÃÇÕýÔÚ²ûÊ͵ÄÄËÊÇÒ»²¿ÏÜ·¨¡±£¬ÕâЩÓйØË¾·¨Ö°ÄÜÖ®ÐÔÖʵÄÀíÂÛ×¼Ôò»¹¸½´øµØ²úÉúÊÊÓùæÔò£¬²¢¾ÓÉÄÜÕßÖ®ÊÖ¶øÊ¹ÊÂÇé´øÉÏÓëÖÚ²»Í¬µÄ¸´ÔÓÐÔ¡£
Èý¡¢ ÏÜ·¨½âÊ͵Äʵ¼Ê¹æÔò
ÈÃÎÒÃÇ¿´¿´·¨ÔºÔÚ´¦ÀíÕâÒ»ÓÐÒâ˼µÄ¹ÜϽȨ¹ý³ÌÖвÉÈ¡µÄʵ¼Ê·¾¶¡£
×÷Ϊ¿ªÊ¼£¬ËûÃǽ«ÕâÒ»¹ÜϽȨ½¨Á¢Ôںܼòµ¥µÄÒÀ¾ÝÉÏ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹¸ù¾ÝÏÜ·¨Ö»¾ßÓÐί´úºÍÓÐÏÞµÄȨÁ¦£¬ÇÒÕâÀàÏÞÖÆÒªÓÐЧµÄ»°¾Í±ØÐë±»ÊÓ×÷Ϊ·¨ÂÉ£¬¶ø×÷Ϊ·¨ÂÉ£¬ËüÃǾͱØÐëΪ·¨ÔºËù½âÊͺÍÊÊÓá£Õâ±»×÷ΪÀíËùµ±È»µÄÂ۵㣬ÆäÍÆÀíÊǼòµ¥ºÍÑϸñµÄ¡£Õâ¾ÍÊǺºÃܶû¶ÙÔÚ1788ÄêµÄ¡¶Áª°îµ³Î·µÚ78ƪµÄ·½·¨£»µ±Ê±ËûÊÇÔÚÌÖÂÛÁª°îÏÜ·¨£¬µ«ËûÈÏΪÆäÒÀ¾ÝÊÊÓÃÓÚËùÓÐÆäËüÏÜ·¨¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ1787Ä꣬±±¿¨ÖÝ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÖ÷ÕÅ£¬ÈκÎÒé»áÁ¢·¨¶¼²»µÃ¸Ä±äÏÜ·¨£»[13] ·¨¹Ù¾ÍºÍÊÜËùÓÐÆäËü·¨ÂÉÔ¼ÊøÒ»ÑùÊÜÏÜ·¨Ô¼Êø£¬ÇÒ±ØÐëÈÏΪ²»·ûºÏÏÜ·¨µÄÈκη¨Âɶ¼ÊÇÎÞЧµÄ¡£Íþ¶ûÑ·ÔÚ1790-1791ÄêµÄ·Ñ³ÇÑݽ²ÖÐ˵£¬ÏÜ·¨ÊÇ×î¸ßµÄ·¨ÂÉ£¬ÇÒÐû²¼ºÍÊÊÓÃÏÜ·¨ÊÇ·¨¹ÙµÄְȨ£»µÍÓÚÏÜ·¨µÄ·¨ÂɱØÐëÈò½£»Õþ¸®µÄÒ»¸ö·ÖÖ§Î¥·´ÁËÏÜ·¨£¬²¢²»¹¹³ÉÆäËü·ÖÖ§Òª°ïÖúËËÓÁÖ®ÀíÓÉ¡£1793Ä꣬¸¥¼ªÀûÑÇÖݵ퍹ÙÈÏΪ£¬·¨ÔºÖ»ÊÇͬÑù¿´´ýËùÓз¨ÂÉ£¬°üÀ¨ÏÜ·¨£»ËûÃÇÖ»ÊÇÔÚ½âÊÍ·¨ÂÉ£¬²¢¶ÔÆä×î¸ù±¾µÄ²¿·Ö¸³ÓèЧÁ¦¡£[14] 1795Ä꣬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº´ó·¨¹ÙÅáÌØÉÔÚ±öÖÝѲ»ØÊ±Ëµ£¬[15] ÏÜ·¨ÊǶÔÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹µÄίÍУ»Èç¹ûËûÃǵÄÐÐΪ²»·ûºÏÏÜ·¨£¬ËûÃǾÍʧȥÁËȨÁ¦¡£1796Ä꣬ÄÏ¿¨Öݵķ¨ÔºÖ÷ÕÅÊÂÇéÏÔ¶øÒ×¼û£¬¾ÍÊÇÒ»¸öÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏ»ù±¾·¨µÄÎÊÌâ¡£[16] ÇÒÕâÒ²ÊÇÂíÀïÀ¼×î¸ß·¨Ôº(General Court)ÔÚ1802ÄêµÄÍÆÀí¡£[17] ×îºó£¬1803ÄêÀ´Á˸öÂí²®ÀïËßÂóµÏÑ·£¬[18] ÂÛµã˼·ͬÑùÑÏÃÜ¡£ËüÈÏΪÈËÃñ¶ÔÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹½¨Á¢Á˳ÉÎÄÏÞÖÆ£»ÕâЩÏÞÖÆ¿ØÖÆ×ÅËùÓÐÎ¥ÏܵÄÒé»áÁ¢·¨£»ÕâÀàÁ¢·¨²»ÊÇ·¨ÂÉ£»ÕâÏîÀíÂÛ´Ó¸ù±¾ÉϺͳÉÎÄÏÜ·¨ÏàÁªÏµ£»Ë¾·¨Ö°È¨ÊÇÐû²¼·¨ÂÉÊÇʲô£¬ÇÒÈç¹ûÁ½Ìõ¹æÔòÏà³åÍ»£¬ÓÐȨÐû²¼ÄÄÒ»Ìõ¹æÔò¸ü¸ß£»Ë¾·¨»ú¹¹Ó¦Ðû²¼ºÍÏÜ·¨Ïà³åÍ»µÄÒé»áÁ¢·¨ÎÞЧ£¬·ñÔò¾Í½«Ê¹Õⲿ»ù±¾ÎļþÎÞ×ãÇáÖØ¡£ËüÈ»ºó»¹²¹³ä˵£¬Áª°îÏÜ·¨Ã÷È·ÊÚÓèÁËÕâÏîȨÁ¦¡£
²»¿ÉÄܱÈÕâ¸üÑϸñÁË¡£°´ÕÕÕâÖÖ³ÂÊö·½Ê½£¬½áÂÛÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ¡£È»¶ø£¬ÕâÖÖÍÆÀíµÄ´ó²¿·Ö²¢Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½Çé¿öµÄÏÔÖøÌØÊâÐÔ£»Ëü˳ÀûÍÆ½ø£¬¾ÍºÃÏóÏÜ·¨ÊÇÂÉʦµÄ˽ÈËÐżãÒ»Ñù£¬¶ø·¨ÔºµÄÏÜ·¨Ö°È¨¾ÍºÍÆäÈκÎ×îÆ½³£µÄÔËÐÐһģһÑù¡£
µ«ÕâЩ¼òµ¥µÄ×¼ÔòΪ¼«ÆäÖØÒªµÄÊÊÓùæÔòËù²¹³ä£¬ÕâÏî¹æÔò¾ÀÕýÁËÆä²Ù×÷£¬²¢Ê¹ÉÏÊöûÓÐÌáµ½µÄÖÚ¶àÒòËØ·¢»Ó×÷Óá£1811Ä꣬±öÖÝÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙµÙ¶ûÂüÖ÷ÕÅ·¨ÔºÓÐȨÅоö·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏÜ£¬µ«ÔÚÌØ¶¨°¸¼þÖÐÈ´¾Ü¾øÐÐʹÕâÏîȨÁ¦¡£Ëû½«ÕâÏî¹æÔò½âÊÍÈçÏ£º[19]
¡°³öÓÚÖØÒªÀíÓÉ£¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº¡¢±¾ÔºÒÔ¼°ºÏÖÚ¹úÄÚÆäËüÉùÓþÁ¼ºÃµÄ·¨Ôº¶¼ÈÏΪÏÜ·¨½âÊ͵ÄÔÔòÓ¦¸ÃÊÇ£¬Òé»á·¨°¸²»Ó¦±»Ðû²¼ÎÞЧ£¬³ý·ÇÎ¥ÏÜÊÇÈç´ËÏÔÈ»£¬ÒÔÖÁÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒÉ¡¢Ã»ÓÐÓàµØ¡£¡±
ÕâÏîÊÊÓùæÔòʼÓÚºÎʱ£¿ºÜÔç¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿´µ½£¬1811ÄêËü¾ÍÒѾ±»ÈÏΪÍêȫȷÁ¢¡£ÔÚËù±£´æµÄÅÐÀý¼Ç¼ÖУ¬1782Ä긥¼ªÀûÑÇÅÐÀýµÄ¸½ÂÛ´ú±í×Å˾·¨¶ÔÕâÏîȨÁ¦µÄ×îÔ翼ÂÇ£»[20] ¾¡¹ÜÆäËü·¨¹Ù¼«¾¡¿äÕŵØÇ¿µ÷·¨ÔºµÄÒ»°ãȨÁ¦£¬·¨ÔºÔº³¤Åí¶à¶û¶Ù·¨¹Ù(J. Pendleton)¾Ü¾ø¶ÔÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâ×÷³öÅоö£¬²¢ÔÚÏÂÁÐÆÀÂÛÖÐԤʾÁËÕâÏî¹æÔòµÄÀíÓÉ£º ¡°±¾Ôº¿É±»ÈÏΪÒÔijÖÖ·½Ê½¼¯ÖÐÁË˾·¨È¨£¬µ«ËüÔÚʲô³Ì¶ÈÉÏÓÐȨÐû²¼Á¢·¨È¨ÔÚÐÎʽÉÏͨ¹ýµÄ·¨ÂÉÎÞЧ£¬¶ø²»Òò×Ô¼ºÐÐʹÁËÁ¢·¨·ÖÖ§µÄȨÁ¦¶øÎ¥·´ÏÜ·¨µÄÃ÷È·¹æ¶¨£¬È·ÊµÊÇÒ»¸öÉî¿Ì¡¢ÖØÒªºÍÅÓ´óµÄÎÊÌâ¡£¶ÔÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄ¾ö¶¨½«µ¼ÖÂǫǫ¾ý×Ó¡¡Ëù²»¿ÉÉèÏëµÄ½á¹û¡£¡±
Ëû½Ó×ÅÖ¸³ö£¬¸Ã°¸²¢²»ÐèÒª¿¼ÂÇÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£1793Ä꣬¸¥¼ªÀûÑÇ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÅоöÖÝ·¨Î¥ÏÜ£»Ì©Àմ󷨹ÙÖ¸³ö£º[21] ¡°µ«Î¥ÏܱØÐëÊÇÏÔÈ»Çå³þµÄ£¬·ñÔò·¨Ôº¾ÍÓÐΣÏÕÔÚ×èÖ¹±¾¿ÉÄܲúÉúÐí¶à¹«¹²ÀûÒæµÄ·¨ÂÉ»ñµÃʵʩ¡£¡±
1787ÄêµÄÖÆÏÜ´ó»áËäÈ»³ÐÈÏÁËÐû²¼·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏܵÄȨÁ¦£¬µ«ÈÏʶµ½Ò²ÕâÖÖȨÁ¦µÄ½çÏÞ¡£ÎªÁËÈ÷¨¹ÙÃÇÔÚÁ¢·¨ÉúЧǰÉó²éËùÓÐÒé»á·¨°¸£¬Íþ¶ûÑ·Ö¸³ö·¨ÂÉ¿ÉÄÜÊÇΣÏպʹøÓÐÆÆ»µÐԵ쬵«Î´±ØÈç´Ë¡°Î¥ÏÜÒÔÖÁΪ·¨¹Ù¾Ü¾ø¸øÓèÆäЧÁ¦ÌṩÀíÓÉ¡±¡£[22] 1796Ä꣬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÇÐ˹´ó·¨¹ÙÖ¸³ö£¬ÔÚ²»¾ö¶¨·¨ÔºÊÇ·ñÓÐȨÐû²¼¹ú»áÁ¢·¨ÎÞЧµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬¡°ÎÒÓÐ×ÔÓÉÐû²¼ÎÒÖ»Ôڷdz£Çå³þµÄÇé¿öϲŻáÐÐʹÕâÏîȨÁ¦¡£¡±[23] 1800Ä꣬ÔÚ¹ØÓÚÇÇÖÎÑÇÖݵÄÁ¢·¨ÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬ÒѾÔÚ1795ÄêµÄѲ»ØÖÐÅоö±öÖÝÁ¢·¨ÎÞЧµÄÁª°î×î¸ß·¨Ôº´ó·¨¹ÙÅáÌØÉÈÏΪ£¬Ö»ÓС°Çå³þºÍºÁ²»º¬ºýµÄÎ¥ÏÜÐÐΪ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÓÐÒÉÎʺÍÓÐÕùÒéµÄ°µÊ¾¡±£¬[24] ²ÅÄÜΪ·¨ÔºÐû²¼Èκη¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏÜÌṩÀíÓÉ¡£ 1808Ä꣬ÇÇÖÎÑÇÖÝÔÚ´ë´ÇÇ¿ÁÒµÄÅоöÖÐÓÐÒ»¶Î±»ÆäËü·¨ÔºÆÄΪ¿Ï¶¨µØÒýÓá£ÔÚÅоö·¨ÂɺÏÏܵĹý³ÌÖУ¬´ú±í·¨ÔºµÄ²é¶û¶Ù·¨¹ÙÖ÷ÕÅÕâÏîȨÁ¦ÊǺÍ˾·¨²¿ÃŵÄ×éÖ¯²»¿É·ÖÀëµÄ¡£µ«Ó¦ÒÔʲô·½Ê½ÐÐʹÕâÏîȨÁ¦£¿Ëû½Ó×ÅÖ¸³ö£º[25]
¡°ÓиùÓоݵÄÒÉÎÊ¡¢ÎÄ×ÖµÄÑϸñ½âÊÍ¡¢³éÏóµÄ½âÊ͹æÔò¶ÔÓÚ½â¾ö¸öÈËÖ®¼äµÄÕùÒéÊǺÏÊʵ쬵«²»Ó¦ÓÃÓÚ¾ö¶¨Á¢·¨µÄÏÜ·¨Ð§Á¦¡£¶ÔÏÜ·¨È¨ÀûµÄÇÖ·¸±ØÐë¶Ôÿ¸öÈ˵ÄÀí½âÀ´Ëµ¶¼Ïñ×ÔÃ÷µÄ¹«ÀíÄÇÑùÃ÷ÏÔ£¬Æ©Èç¾ÍÏñ²¿·ÖÖ®ºÍµÈÓÚ×ÜÌåÄÇÑù¡£ÎÒÏëÒÔ´ËΪÀý£ºÏÜ·¨µÚ¶þÌõµÚÒ»¶ÎÐû²¼£¬ÐÐÕþÖ°ÄÜÓ¦±»¸³ÓèÖݳ¤¡£Èç¹ûÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹½«ÐÐÕþȨ¸³ÓèÖÚÒéÔºµÄ³£ÎñίԱ»á£¬ÄÇôÿ¸öÈ˶¼Á¢¿Ì»á¿´µ½Á¢·¨µÄÎ¥ÏÜÐÔ¡£Ë¾·¨»ú¹¹½«ÓÐȨºÁ²»ÓÌÔ¥µØÐû²¼·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏÜ¡£µ«Èç¹û¶ÔÁ¢·¨ÊÇ·ñÇÖÔ½ÏÜ·¨»¹´æÔÚÒÉÎÊ£¬·¨ÔºÓ¦¸Ã±ÜÃâ³åÍ»£¬ÒòΪÓпÉÄÜÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏÂÏÜ·¨ËùÖ§³ÖµÄÊÇÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹¡£¡± ÄÏ¿¨ÖÝ·¨¹ÙÍßµÙ(J. Waties)×ÜÊÇÒÔÆäºÁ²»º¬ºýµØÖ÷ÕÅ˾·¨ÓÐȨ²»ÊÊÓÃÎ¥ÏÜÁ¢·¨µÄ¹Ûµã¶øÖø³Æ£¬µ«ËûÔÚ1812Äê°¸ÀýÖÐÇ¿Áҿ϶¨ÁËÒÔÏÂÕâÒ»µã£º
¡°ÎÒ¶ÔÏÂÁÐÒåÎñµÄÔðÈθÐÊ®·ÖÇ¿ÁÒ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÈç¹ûÎ¥ÏÜÊÇÏÔÈ»µÄ£¬ÎÒÓ¦²»½öÐû²¼Á¢·¨ÎÞЧ£¬¶øÇÒÎÒÈÏΪÎÒÊÇÔÚΪÎҵĹú¼ÒÌṩÁ˱ÈÂÄÐÐÎÒ¶àÄêÀ´µÄÕý³£Ö°Îñ¸üÎªÖØÒªµÄ·þÎñ¡£¡¡µ«¾¡¹ÜÎÒÖ÷ÕÅÕâÏîȨÁ¦²¢¼á³ÖËü¶Ô¹ú¼ÒµÄÖØÒª¼ÛÖµ£¬ÎÒ²¢²»ÊDz»ÖªµÀ¶ÔÁ¢·¨È¨µÄ¼«´ó×ðÖØ¡£ÔÚÏÜ·¨Î´¶ÔÆä¹æ¶¨Ô¼ÊøµÄËùÓÐÇé¿öÏ£¬Ëü¾ÍÊÇ×î¸ßȨÁ¦£»ÇÒ¾¡¹ÜÁ¢·¨Õߺͷ¨¹Ù¶¼ÓÐÒåÎñ¿¼ÂDz¢Ê¹ËûÃǵÄÐÐΪ·ûºÏÏÜ·¨£¬Ò»°ãµÄ¼ÙÉèÊÇËùÓÐÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪ¶¼·ûºÏÏÜ·¨£¬³ý·ÇÏÔȻΥÏÜ¡£ÕâÖÖÐÅÈζÔÓÚ±£Ö¤¶ÔÁ¢·¨È¨µÄÕýµ±·þ´Ó¶øÑÔÊDZز»¿ÉÉٵġ£Èç¹ûÕâÒ»µã¾³£Êܵ½ÖÊÒÉ£¬ÄǾͽ«Ï÷Èõ¶Ô·¨ÂɵÄ×ðÖØ£¬¶øÕâÖÖ×ðÖØÈ´ÊǶԹ«¹²°²È«ºÍÐÒ¸£¶øÑÔÖÁ¹ØÖØÒª¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÒ²¢²»ÇãÏòÓÚÑϸñÉó²é·¨ÂɵÄÓÐЧÐÔ£¬·ñÔò¾Í²»Ã÷ÖÇÁË¡£Èç¹û˾·¨¶ÔÒé»á·¨°¸µÄ¸ÉÔ¤±ä³É¾³£µÄÊÂÇé»ò»ùÓÚ²»¿É¿¿µÄÒÀ¾Ý£¬Ëü¿ÉÄܻᵼÖ¶Ô˾·¨È¨µÄÈç´ËÇ¿ÁÒµÄêéêìºÍÆÕ±éµÄ·´¸Ð£¬ÒÔÖÁ×îÖÕ½«Íêȫɥʧ·¨¹ÙµÄ¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔÒÔ¼°¶ÔÏÜ·¨µÄ×î¼Ñ±£»¤¡£Òò´Ë£¬·¨ÂɵÄÓÐЧÐÔ²»Ó¦Êܵ½ÖÊÒÉ£¬³ý·ÇËüÊÇÈç´ËºÍÏÜ·¨ÏàµÖ´¥£¬ÒÔÖÁµ±·¨¹ÙÖ¸³öµÄʱºò£¬Éç»áÖÐËùÓоßÓÐÕý³£Ë¼Î¬µÄÈ˶¼ÄÜÈÏʶµ½ÕâÖÖµÖ´¥¡£Èç¹û˾·¨Èç´Ë½÷É÷µØÐÐʹÆä¿ØÖÆÈ¨£¬ÄÇô¾Í²»»áÒýÆðêéê죬¾ÍÄÜ´Ù½ø¹«ÖÚ¶Ô·¨¹ÙµÄÐÅÈΣ¬ÇÒÆäÓÐÒæµÄЧ¹û½«Õýµ±ÍêÈ«µØÌåÏÖ³öÀ´¡£¡±[26]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* James B. Thayer, The Origin and Scope of the American Doctrine of Constitutional Law, 7 Harvard Law Review 129-156 (1893)¡£1893Äê8ÔÂ9ÈÕ£¬×÷ÕßÔøÔÚÖ¥¼Ó¸çÕÙ¿ªµÄ¡°·¨ÀíѧºÍ·¨Âɸĸï´ó»á¡±ÉÏÐû¶Á±¾ÎÄ¡£
ÁíÍâÐèҪ˵Ã÷µÄÊÇ£¬±¾Îĸ÷²¿·ÖÔÏÈûÓбêÌ⣬ÒëÕߺóÀ´¸ù¾Ý¸÷²¿·Ö¼ÓÉÏÒÔ±ãÔĶÁ¡£
[1] ºÜÆæ¹Ö£¬ÕâÏîÒâ¼û²¢Ã»ÓÐÒýÆð×¢Òâ¡£¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬ÎÒ´ÓÀ´Ã»Óп´µ½±ÈËü¸ü¾«µ½µÄÌÖÂÛ£¬¼´Ê¹ÂíЪ¶û¶ÔÂí²®ÀïËßÂóµÏÑ·µÄÅоöÒ²²»ÀýÍ⣬ÇÒÎÒ¶·µ¨ÈÏΪºóÕß±»¹ýÓþÁË¡£¼ª²¼ÉºóÀ´½ÓÊÜÁËÒ»°ã³ÐÈϵÄÀíÂÛ¡£ËûÔÚNorris v. Clymer, 2 Pa. St. 281 (1845)°¸ÖжÔÂÉʦ˵£¬¡°ÎÒÒѾÒòÁ½µãÀíÓɶø¸Ä±äÁËÖ÷Òâ¡£×î½ü£¨ËƺõÊÇÔÚ1838Äê±öÖÝÏÜ·¨Í¨¹ý֮ǰ£©µÄÖÆÏÜ´ó»áͨ¹ý³ÁĬ£¬Ö§³ÖÁ˶Է¨Ôº×ÔÓÉ´¦ÀíÒé»áÁ¢·¨µÄ¾Ù¶¯£»ÇÒÅÐÀý¾ÑéÒ²±íÃ÷[˾·¨Éó²éµÄ]±ØÒªÐÔ¡£¡±
[2] µÚÈý°æµÚ¶þÕ£¬µÚ127Ò³¡£ÔÚ¡°´ÓÃÀ¹ú·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹¿´ºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜÕþÊ·¡±ÕâÒ»ÓмÛÖµµÄÂÛÎÄǰÑÔÖУ¨µÚ2Ò³£©£¬ÂÞ½Ü˹(Rogers)Ôº³¤Ö¸³ö£º¡°ÔÚÅ·ÖÞ£¬Æù½ñΪֹ»¹Ã»Óз¨ÔºÓÐȨ¾ö¶¨¹ú¼Ò·¨ÂɵĺÏÏÜÐÔ¡£µ«Ôڵ¹úºÍÈðÊ¿£¬¾¡¹ÜÁª°î·¨Ôº²»Äܳ·ÏûÁª°î·¨ÂÉ£¬ËüÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÐû²¼ºÍÁª°î·¨ÂÉÏàµÖ´¥µÄµØ·½»òÖݵķ¨ÂÉÎÞЧ¡£¡±¶ÔÓÚ´Ë˵µÄ¿ÉÄÜÏÞÖÆ£¬±È½Ï´÷Î÷ǰÒýÊ飬ÒÔ¼°²¼À³Ê¿(James Bryce)£¬¡¶ÃÀ¹úÁª°î¡·(American Commonwealth)µÚÒ»°æµÚÒ»Õ£¬µÚ430Ò³¡£
[3] ¶ÔÓÚÖøÃû°¸ÀýLechmere v. Winthrop (1727-28)¡¢Phillips v. Savage (1734)ÒÔ¼°Clark v. Tousey (1745)£¬²Î¼ûËþ¶û¿¼ÌØ(Talcott)ÂÛÎ¬ÔØ¿µÄ˵ϿËÀúʷлáÎ¬µÚËÄÕµÚ94Ò³¡£¶ÔÓÚÕâ±¾ÊéµÄÒýÓã¬ÎÒ¸Ðл²¨Ê¿¶ÙµÄÕŲ®Â×(Mellen Chamberlain)ÏÈÉú¡£ÔÚLechmere v. Winthrop°¸£¬ÊàÃÜÔºµÄÅоöÐû²¼Ò»Ïî´æÔÚÁ˽ü30ÄêµÄµØ·½·¨Áî¡°ÎÞЧ¡±(null and void)£¬¼ûÂéÊ¡ÀúʷлáÎ¬µÚÆß¼µÚËÄÕµÚ496Ò³¡£
[4] °¸ÀýµÄ±¨µ¼¼ûVarnum¡¯s Report (Providence, 1787)£»s.c. 2 Chandler¡¯s Crim. Trials, 269.
[5] ŦԼÖÝÔÚ1784ÄêµÄRutgers v. Waddington°¸ÖÐÖ÷Õų·ÏûÒé»á·¨°¸£¬Í¬ÑùµÄÒ²ÒýÆðÁ˼¤ÁÒ·´Ïì¡£¼û¸Ã°¸µÄµÀÉ(Dawson)°æ±¾£¬¡°ÀúÊ·µ¼ÂÛ¡±(Morrisania, 1866), pp. xxiv et seq¡£¡°»Ô¸ñ±©Í½¡±µÄ¹«¹²´ó»áίԱ»áËù·¢²¼µÄ¡°¶Ô±¾ÖÝÈËÃñµÄ½²»°¡±Ðû²¼£¬¡°ÎÒÃÇÈÏΪÏÂÁÐÂÛ¶ÏÊÇ»ÄÃýµÄ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˾·¨·¨ÔºÓ¦ÓÐȨ¿ØÖÆÖÁ¸ßÎÞÉϵÄÁ¢·¨È¨¡£·¨ÔºµÄÕâÀàȨÁ¦½«´Ý»Ù×ÔÓÉ£¬²¢È¡Ïû²Æ²úµÄ°²È«±£ÕÏ¡£¡±¶ÔÓÚ±¾°¸ºÍÆäËü¼¸¸ö°¸ÀýµÄÒýÓã¬ÎÒ¸Ðл·Ñ³ÇÂÉʦлá³ÉԱ÷¸ñ˹(William M. Meigs)µÄ²©Ñ§ÂÛÎÄ¡°Ë¾·¨ºÍÏÜ·¨µÄ¹ØÏµ¡±£ºThe Relation of the Judiciary to the Constitution (19 American Law Review 175)¡£Ëü°üº¬ÁËËùÓеÄÔçÆÚ°¸Àý¡£ÕýÈç÷¸ñ˹ÏÈÉúËùÆÀÂ۵ģ¬Å¦Ô¼ÖݵݸÀýËÆºõ²¢Ã»ÓÐÕæÕýÅоö·¨ÂÉ¡°Î¥ÏÜ¡±¡£ [6] 1 D. Chipman¡¯s Reports, 22 et seq.
[7] Dupuy v. Wickwire, 1 D. Chipman 237.
[8] Õâ¸öÎÊÌâÔøÔÚ¶Ô1761ÄêµÄPaxton°¸¹ØÓÚÔ®ÖúÁî(Writ of Assistance)µÄÆÀ×¢Öеõ½ÉîÈë̽ÌÖ(Quincy¡¯s Report 51)£¬Ò»°ãÈÏΪÊǸñÀ×(Horace Gray)ÂÉʦ¡ª¡ªÏÖÔÚÊÇÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄµÄ¸ñÀ״󷨹١ª¡ªËù×÷¡£¼û¸ÃÆÀ×¢µÚ520-530Ò³¡£James OtisÔÚËûµÄÂÛµãÖÐÖ÷ÕÅ¡°Î¥ÏܵÄÒé»á·¨°¸ÊÇÎÞЧµÄ¡±¡£(Quincy 56, n. 474)һЩÃÀ¹úÅÐÀýÓÐʱ±»ÒýÓÃΪÅоöÒé»á·¨°¸ÒòÎ¥·´µÀµÂ»òÕþ¸®µÄµÚÒ»ÔÔò¶øÎÞЧ£¬ÀýÈç¼ûQuincy 529ËùÒýÓõÄBowman v. Middleton, 1 Bay 252£¬ÒÔ¼°²¼À³Ê¿µÄ¡¶ÃÀ¹úÁª°î¡·µÚÒ»¾íµÚ431Ò³ËùÒýÓõÄGardner v. Newburgh, Johns Ch. Rep. 162¡£µ«¾¹ý¸ü×ÐϸµÄ¼ìÑéºó·¢ÏÖ£¬ËüÃÇÆäʵ²¢²»ÒªÇóÕâÖÖ½âÊÍ¡£
[9] µÚÒ»¾íµÚ50Ò³ÒÔÏ¡£
[10] ¿âÀû£º¡¶ÂÛÁ¢·¨È¨µÄÏÜ·¨ÏÞÖÆ¡·µÚÁù°æ£¬µÚ193Ò³£»1 Chase¡¯s Statutes of Ohio£¬Ç°ÑÔµÚ38-40Ò³¡£¶ÔÓÚºóÕßµÄÒýÓã¬ÎÒÒª¸ÐлÎÒµÄͬÊÂÍò±¦(Wambaugh)½ÌÊÚ¡£
[11] Journal of the Michigan Political Science Association, vol. 1, p. 47.
[12] 1866ÄêµÄ¸çÂ×±ÈÑÇÏÜ·¨µÚ84Ìõ¹æ¶¨£¬×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ·¨¹Ù¿ÉÒÔ²ÎÓë¡°ÓйØÃñʺÍ˾·¨³ÌÐòµÄ·¨°¸¡±µÄÁ¢·¨ÕùÒé¡£ÇÒÔÚÁ¢·¨Ìá°¸±»ÄÚ¸óÈÏΪΥÏܵÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Èç¹ûÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹·´¶ÔÄÚ¸ó·ñ¾ö¶ø¼á³Öͨ¹ý·¨°¸£¬ÄÇô¸Ã·¨°¸½«±»Ìá½»¸ø×î¸ß·¨Ôº¶ÔÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâ×÷³ö×îºó¾ö¶¨¡££¨µÚ90ºÍ150Ìõ£©¸ÃÏÜ·¨Òë±¾¼û¡¶ÃÀ¹úÕþÖÎÓëÉç»á¿ÆÑ§ÔºÄ꿯¡·£¬1893Äê1Ô¡£
ÎÒÃÇÒ»°ãÌ«ÇáÒ×ÈÏΪ˾·¨¾ÀÕýÆäËü²¿ÃŵÄȨÁ¦ÊÇÎÒÃÇÕë¶ÔÑ¹ÖÆºÍË¥°ÜµÄΨһ±£»¤£¬µ«ÖµµÃ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬Ë¾·¨È¨ÔÚÈÕ³£ÕùÂÛÖз¢»ÓµÄ×÷ÓÃÊÇÈç´Ë֮С¡£×îÖ÷ÒªµÄ±£»¤ÔÚÓڹ㷺µÄÑ¡¾ÙȨ¡¢Ö°Î»µÄ¶ÌÈÎÆÚ¡¢Á¢·¨Á½ÔºÖÆÒÔ¼°ËùνµÄÐÐÕþ·ñ¾ö¡£Ò»°ãµØ£¬ÈËÃǼ«²»Ô¸ÒâÔÊÐí˾·¨·ÖÏíÈκÎÁ¢·¨È¨¡£µ«ÔÚŦԼ£¬1777ÄêÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨ÁËÐÞÕýίԱ»á(Council of Revision)£¬ÆäÖÐijЩ³ÉÔ±ÊÇ·¨¹Ù£»ËùÓÐÒé»á·¨°¸ÔÚÉúЧǰ¶¼±ØÐë±»ÌύίԱ»á£¬ÒÔ»ñµÃÆäÅú×¼¡£ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½´æÔÚÁË40¶àÄ꣬×îºóÔÚ1821ÄêÏÜ·¨ÖÐΪ¸üÆÕͨµÄ·½·¨ËùÌæ´ú£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÖ»ÒªÇóÐÐÕþÅú×¼£¬»òÔÚÆä²»Åú×¼µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Í¨¹ýÒé»áÁ½¸ö·ÖÖ§µÄ³¬¶àÊýÖØÐÂͨ¹ý·¨°¸¡£1776Äê±öÖÝÏÜ·¨µÚ47ÌõºÍ1777Äê·ðÃ¢ÌØÏÜ·¨µÚ44Ìõ¹æ¶¨ÁËÉó²éίԱ»á(Council of Censors)£¬Ã¿7ÄêÑ¡¾ÙÒ»´Î£¬¸ºÔðµ÷²éÓйØÊÂÎñµÄ½øÕ¹Çé¿ö£¬²¢Ö¸³öÈκβ¿ÃŵÄÎ¥ÏÜÐÐΪ¡£ÕâÖÖ°²ÅÅÔÚ±öÖݽö´æÔÚµ½1790Ä꣬ÔÚ·ðÃ¢ÌØÖÝÔò´æÔÚµ½1870Äê¡£ÔÚÖÆ¶¨ºÏÖÚ¹úÏÜ·¨ÆÚ¼ä£¬ÕâÀà×ö·¨Ò»¶È±»Ö÷ÕÅ£¬ÇÒÆäÖÐÓÐЩ»ñµÃ²ÉÄÉ£¬ÀýÈçÔÚŦԼÖÝ¡£ÔÚ²»Í¬Ê±ÆÚÔøÓÐÈËÌá³ö£¬È«¹úÐÔÕþ¸®Ó¦¶ÔËùÓÐÖÝ·¨¶¼¾ßÓзñ¾öȨ£»Öݳ¤Ó¦±»ºÏÖÚ¹úÈÎÃü£¬²¢¶ÔÖÝ·¨¾ßÓзñ¾öȨ£»×ÜͳµÄÊàÃÜÔºÓ¦ÓÉÈÎÃü²úÉú£¬ÆäÖаüÀ¨²¿·Ö·¨¹Ù£»×ÜͳºÍ¹ú»áÁ½Ôº¿ÉÒÔ´Ó×î¸ß·¨Ôº»ñµÃÒâ¼û¡£µ«ÖÆÏÜ´ó»á·ñ¶¨ÁËËùÓÐÕâЩ£¬²¢È·Á¢ÁËÁ¢·¨Á½ÔºÏà»¥ÖÆºâµÄͨ³£×ö·¨£¬¼ÓÉÏÐÐÕþ·ñ¾öºÍÐÞÕý£¬ÊÜÖÆÓÚÁ¢·¨µÄÖØÐ¿¼ÂDz¢¾ÓÉ2/3¶àÊýµÄÔÙ´Îͨ¹ý£¬¼ÓÉÏÏÜ·¨ËùÐû²¼µÄÁª°î×î¸ßÌõ¿î£ººÏÏܵķ¨ÂɺÍÌõÔ¼Êǹú¼ÒµÄ×î¸ß·¨ÂÉ£¬Ô¼Êø×Ÿ÷ÖÝ·¨¹Ù¡£ÕýÈçÆä´ë´ÇËù±íÃ÷µÄ£¬×îºóÕâÏîÌõ¿îµÄ¼ÓÈëÊÇΪÁ˱£Ö¤Áª°îÕþ¸®¶Ô¸÷ÖݵĿØÖÆÈ¨£¬ÒÔ±£Áô×÷ΪÓÐЧÁª°îϵͳµÄ»ù±¾ÌØÕ÷£¬¶øÃ»ÓÐÖ±½ÓÌáµ½ºÏÖÚ¹úÕþ¸®²¿Ãű¾Éí¡£ÕâÏîÌõ¿îÒ»¿ªÊ¼µÄÐÎʽÊÇ¡°ºÏÖÚ¹úµÄ·¨ÂɺÍÌõÔ¼Ïà¶ÔÓÚ¸÷ÖÝÊÇ×î¸ß·¨ÂÉ£¬²¢Õë¶Ô¸÷ÖÝ×Ô¼ºµÄ·¨ÂÉÔ¼ÊøÆä·¨¹Ù¡£¡± [13] Den d. Bayard v. Singleton, 1 Martin 42.
[14] Kemper v. Hawkins, Va. Cas. 20.
[15] Vanhorne¡¯s Lessee v. Dorrance, 2 Dall. 304.
[16] Lindsay v. Com¡¯rs, 2 Bay 38.
[17] Whittington v. Polk, 1 H. & J. 236.
[18] Marbury v. Madison, 1 Cranch 137.
[19] Com. V. Smith, 4 Bin. 117.
[20] Com. V. Call, 4 Call 5.
[21] Kemper v. Hawkins, Va. Cases, p. 60.
[22] 5 Ell. Deb. 344.
[23] Ware v. Hylton, 3 Dall. 171.
[24] Cooper v. Telfair, 4 Dall. 14.
[25] Grimball v. Ross, Charlton 175.
[26] ÕâÏî¶úÊìÄÜÏêµÄ¹æÔòÊÇ¿âÀûÈ·¶¨µÄ£¬£¨¼û¡¶ÂÛÁ¢·¨È¨µÄÏÜ·¨ÏÞÖÆ¡·µÚÁù°æ£¬µÚ216Ò³£©²¢ÎªÊܵ½Ç¿µ÷µÄ˾·¨ÅоöºÍÈ«¹ú¸÷µØµÄÒ»³¤´®ÒýÓÃËùÖ§³Ö¡£ÔÚ1827ÄêµÄOgden v. Saunders (12 Wheat. 213)£¬»ªÊ¢¶Ù·¨¹ÙÔÚÈÏΪÎÊÌâ¾ßÓÐÒÉÎÊÖ®ºóÖ¸³ö£º¡°Èç¹ûÎÒÄܽ«ÓÐÀûÓÚ·¨ÂɺÏÏÜÐÔµÄÒâ¼û¡½¨Á¢ÔÚÕâÖÖÆÕ±é³ÐÈϺ͸оõµ½µÄÒÉÎÊÖ®»ù´¡ÉÏ£¬ÄÇÎÒÈÏΪÆä±¾Éí¾ÍÊÇÒ»ÖÖÂúÒâµÄ±ç»¤¡£Íƶ¨Á¢·¨ÓÐЧ£¬³ý·ÇÆäÎ¥ÏÜÐԵõ½È·¶¨ÎÞÒɵÄÖ¤Ã÷¡ª¡ªÕâÖ»ÊǶÔͨ¹ý·¨ÂɵÄÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹¡µÄÕýµ±×ðÖØ¡£ÔÚ¾ö¶¨ÕâÀàÎÊÌâµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬·¨Ôº×ÜÊDzÉÈ¡ÕâÖÖ̬¶È£¬ÇÒÎÒÖªµÀÕâ±í´ïÁ˱¾Í¥Ã¿¸ö·¨¹ÙµÄÕæÊµ¸ÐÊÜ¡£¡±ÔÚ1878ÄêµÄ¡°³¥Õ®»ù½ðϵÁа¸¡±(Sinking Fund Cases, 99 U.S. 700)£¬Î¤ÌØÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£º¡°Ðû²¼¹ú»áÁ¢·¨Î¥Ïܵľö¶¨£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÇå³þµÄ°¸¼þÖвÅÄÜ×÷³ö¡£Ã¿Ò»¸ö¿ÉÄܵÄÍÆ¶¨(presumption)¶¼ÊÇÓÐÀûÓÚÁ¢·¨ÓÐЧÐԵģ¬ÇÒ³ý·ÇÎ¥Ïܵõ½È·¶¨ÎÞÒɵÄÖ¤Ã÷£¬Õ⽫¹¹³É×îÖÕ½áÂÛ¡£Õþ¸®µÄÒ»¸ö·ÖÖ§²»¿ÉÄÜÇÖÔ½ÁËÁíÒ»¸ö·ÖÖ§µÄÁìÓò¶ø²»¹¹³ÉΣÏÕ¡£ÎÒÃÇÖÆ¶ÈµÄ°²È«Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÒÀÀµ¶ÔÕâÏîÓÐÒæ¹æÔòµÄÑϸñ×ñÊØ¡£¡±ÔÚ1834ÄêµÄWellington et al., Petitioners (16 Pick. 87)£¬ÉܶûÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£¬¡°ÓбØÒªÖظ´¾³£Îª´ó·¨¹ÙÃǾ³£Ìá³öµÄÏÂÁн¨Ò飬¼´Èç¹û±»ÒªÇóÐû²¼Òé»áÁ¢·¨ÎÞЧ£¬ËûÃÇÖ»ÓÐÔÚÁ¢·¨µÄÎÞЧÐÔ¸ù¾ÝËûÃǵÄÅжϻñµÃÁËÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒɵÄÖ¤Ã÷ʱ²ÅÄÜÕâô×ö¡£¡±ÔÚ1862ÄêµÄCom. v. Five Cents Sav. Bk. (5 Allen 428)£¬Ê×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù±ÏÆæÂÞ´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÓбØÒªÖظ´±¾Ôº¾³£Ðû²¼µÄ½âÊ͹æÔò£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÈç¹ûÒ»Ïî·¨ÂÉÔھ߱¸Òª»ñµÃ·¨ÂÉЧÁ¦ËùÒªÇóµÄËùÓÐÐÎʽµÄÇé¿öϵõ½Í¨¹ý£¬ÄÇÃ´ÍÆ¶¨¾ÍÊÇÓÐÀûÓÚºÏÏÜÐԵģ¬ÇÒ·¨Ôº²»Ó¦Ðû²¼Æä¡ÎÞЧ£¬³ý·ÇÆäÎÞЧÐÔ»ñµÃÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒɵÄÖ¤Ã÷¡£¡±Ëû¼ÌÐø³ÂÊöÁËÕâÏî¡°È·Á¢¹æÔò¡±µÄÍÆÂÛ¡£ÔÚ1823ÄêµÄEx parte M¡¯Collum (1 Cow. P. 564)£¬¿¼ÎÄ·¨¹Ù´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÔÚ·¨ÔºÈÏΪËüÓÐÒåÎñÐû²¼Á¢·¨Î¥ÏÜ֮ǰ£¬°¸¼þ±ØÐë²»´æÔÚÈκÎÀíÐÔµÄÒÉÎÊ¡£¡±ÔÚ1858ÄêµÄPeople v. The Supervisors of Orange (17 N.Y. 235)£¬¹þÀï˹·¨¹Ù´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£º¡°Òé»á·¨°¸²»Ó¦¸ÃÒòΪÁ¢·¨ºÍ˾·¨½âÊ͵ijåÍ»¾Í±»Ðû²¼ÎÞЧ¡£ÔÚ˾·¨³·ÏûÁ¢·¨È¨ËùÖÆ¶¨µÄ·¨°¸Ö®Ç°£¬±ØÐë±£Ö¤·¨°¸ÏÔÈ»²»ÄÜΪÈκκÏÀí»òÈÝÐíµÄÍÆ¶¨ËùÖ§³Ö¡£¡±ÔÚ1876ÄêµÄPerry v. Keene (56 N.H. 514, 534)£¬ÀµÂ·¨¹ÙÖ¸³ö£¨·¨ÔºÆäËû·¨¹ÙÔÞͬ£©£º¡°·¨Ôºµ±È»²»ÄÜÔÚÂÄÐÐÏÜ·¨ÒåÎñÉÏÓÐËùÍËËõ£¬µ«Í¬Ê±Ò²²»Ó¦¸ÃÓÉÕþ¸®µÄÕâ¸ö²¿ÃÅÀ´Ê÷Á¢Ò»¸öÇÖÔ½ÆäËü²¿ÃÅȨÁ¦µÄÑù°å¡£ÒÔÏÂÖ»ÊÇÐû²¼ÁËĿǰÔÚÃÀ¹ú³ÉΪ»ù±¾µÄ¹æÔò£ºÔÚÎÒÃÇÐû²¼±¾°¸µÄ·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏÜ֮ǰ£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐëÍêÈ«ºÍÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒɵØÂú×ãÓÚÏÂÁÐÖ¤Ã÷¡ª¡ªÊÚȨÕ÷˰ÊdzöÓÚ˽È˶ø·Ç¹«¹²Ä¿µÄ¡£¡±ÔÚ1852ÄêµÄThe Cincinnati, etc., Railroad Company (1 Oh. St. 77)£¬Ranney·¨¹Ù´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£º¡°¾¡¹ÜÔÚÊʵ±Çé¿öÏÂ˾·¨¸ÉÔ¤µÄȨÀûºÍÒåÎñ¶¼ÊDz»¿É·ñÈϵØÇå³þ£¬Í¬ÑùÇå³þµÄÊÇÖ¸µ¼·¨ÔºÔÚÕâÖÖÉó²éÖеÄÔÔò¡£¡¡Ö»ÓÐÔÚ³öÏÖÏÔÈ»´ÛȨºÍÏÜ·¨Óë·¨ÂÉÖ®¼äÃ÷ÏÔ³åÍ»µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ë¾·¨È¨²Å¿ÉÒԾܾøÖ´Ðз¨ÂÉ¡£ÔÚÓÐÒÉÎʵÄÇé¿öÏ£¬ÕâÖÖ¸ÉÔ¤´ÓÀ´²»±»ÈÝÐí¡£ÇÒÕâ¸ö½á¹ûÀ´×ÔÓÚÉó²éËùÉæ¼°µÄÎÊÌâÖ®ÐÔÖÊ¡£¡¡ËùÅоöµÄ°¸Àý¶ÔÓÚÕâÒ»µãÊÇÒ»Öµġ£¡¡ÖÝ·¨ÔºµÄÅоöÒ²Ò»¹áÈç´Ë¡£¡±ÔÚ1813ÄêµÄSyndics of Brooks v. Weyman (3 Martin (La.) 9, 12)£¬·¨ÔºÏÂÃæÕâ¶Î»°ÎªJohnson v. Duncan (Ib. 539)ÒԿ϶¨µÄ·½Ê½ÒýÓ㺡°ÎÒÃÇΪ×Ô¼º±£ÁôÁËÐû²¼ÈκÎÎ¥ÏÜÒé»á·¨°¸ÎÞЧµÄȨÁ¦£»µ«Î¥ÏܱØÐëÊÇÃ÷ÏԵ쬶ø²»ÊÜÖÆÓÚÈκλ³ÒÉ¡£¡±ÔÚ1856ÄêµÄCotton v. The County Commissioners (6 Fla. 610)£¬¶Å°î·¨¹Ù´ú±í·¨ÔºÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÕâÊÇÒ»Ïî×îÑÏËàºÍ×îÖØÒªµÄȨÁ¦£¬Òò¶ø²»Ó¦¸ÃËæ±ã»ò±çµØÐÐʹ£¬Ò²²»Ó¦¸ÃÔÚδÄÜÇå³þÖ¤Ã÷Á¢·¨»ú¹¹ÇÖԽȨÏ޵ݸ¼þÖÐÐÐʹ¡£Èç¹û·¨ÔºÔÚ˼άÉÏ´æÔÚºÏÀíÒÉÎÊ£¬ÄÇôÒÉÎÊÓ¦¸Ã±»ÓÃÀ´Ö§³Ö·¨ÂɵĺÏÏÜÐÔ¡£¡¡¿ÉÒÔÒýÓø÷ÖÝ·¨ÔºµÄ´óÁ¿¾ö¶¨£¬×÷Ϊ¶ÔÕâÒ»Á¢³¡µÄ½øÒ»²½Ö§³Ö¡£¡¡ÎÒÃǵÄ̽Ë÷ûÓз¢ÏÖÕâÒ»ÆÕ±éÀíÂÛµÄÈκÎÀýÍâ¡£¡± ËÄ¡¢ Éó²é±ê×¼µÄÀà±È¡ª¡ªÈçºÎ¶Ô´ýÅãÉóÍÅÅоö£¿
ÎÒ»ýÀÛÁËÕâЩÅÐÀý£¬²¢´ÓÍ·æ¸æ¸µÀÀ´£¬Ä¿µÄÊdzÎÇåÓйعæÔò²¢²»Ö»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÎÄ×ÖÐÎʽ£¬»òÒ»ÖÖÀñ½ÚºÍ×𾴵ıí´ï¡£ËüÒâζ×ÅÔ¶±ÈÕâЩ¸ü¶à¡£·¨Ôº»ò¶à»òÉÙµØÇå³þÈÏʶµ½£¬Èç´ËÐÐʹµÄ˾·¨Ö°ÄÜȷʵԶ³¬Ô½·¨¹ÙÃÇÓÐʱÃèÊöµÄÄÇÖÖ¼òµ¥ÊÂÎñ¡£¼ÙÈçËûÃǵÄÒåÎñ¹ûÕæÖ»ÊÇÈ·¶¨ÏÜ·¨Îı¾ºÍÊܵ½ÌôÕ½µÄÒé»á·¨°¸µÄÒâÒ壬²¢¾ö¶¨Á½ÕßÊÇ·ñ¸ù¾Ý·¨ÔºµÄÅжϷ¢Éú³åÍ»Õâôһ¸öѧÊõÎÊÌ⣬ÄÇô·¨Ôºµ±È»ÊÇÒ»¸öµØÎ»³ç¸ßµÄÖØÒª²¿ÃÅ£¬´¦ÀíמßÓй«¹²Ó°ÏìµÄÖØÒªÊÂÎñ£¬µ«ÆäÕæÊµµÄÖ°ÄÜÈ´Ô¶±ÈÕ⸴ÔÓ¡£ÔÚÈ·¶¨ÁËËùÓÐÕâЩÒԺ󣬻¹ÓÐÒ»¸öÕæÕýÖØÒªµÄÎÊÌ⣺·¨ÔºÊÇ·ñÓÐȨ²»ÊÊÓ÷¨ÂÉ¡£Ëü²»ÄÜÀíËùµ±È»µØÕâô×ö¡ª¡ªÖ»ÊÇÒòΪËüµÃ³ö½áÂÛ£¬¸ù¾Ý¹«ÕýºÍÕýÈ·½âÊÍ£¬·¨ÂÉȷʵΥÏÜ¡£ÕâÕýÊÇ·¨ÔºËù¹æ¶¨µÄÊÊÓùæÔòµÄÒâÒå¡£Ö»Óе±ÓÐȨÁ¢·¨µÄ»ú¹¹²»½ö·¸ÁË´íÎ󣬶øÇÒ·¸Á˼«ÎªÃ÷ÏԵĴíÎ󡪡ªÈç´ËÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ÒÔÖÁ²»ÔÙÊܵ½ÀíÐÔÖÊÒÉ£¬·¨Ôº²ÅÄܾܾøÊÊÓ÷¨°¸¡£ÕâÊÇ·¨Ôº¶ÔÒé»á·¨°¸ËùÊÊÓõÄÒåÎñÐÔ±ê×¼¡ª¡ª²»½öÊÊÓÃÓÚËûÃÇ×Ô¼º¶ÔºÏÏÜÐÔµÄÅжϣ¬¶øÇÒ¶ÔÓÚËûÃǶÔÁíÒ»¸ö¾ßÓÐÏÜ·¨ÊÚÓèÁ¢·¨È¨µÄ²¿ÃÅ¿ÉÒÔ×÷³öʲôÅжϵĽáÂÛÒ²ÊÇÈç´Ë¡£ÕâÏî¹æÔò³ÐÈÏ£¬¿¼Âǵ½Õþ¸®µÄºê´ó¡¢¸´ÔӺͲ»¶Ï·¢ÉúµÄÆÈÇÐÐèÒª£¬Ðí¶àÔÚÒ»¸öÈË»òһȺÈË¿´ÆðÀ´Î¥ÏܵÄÁ¢·¨¿ÉÄܶÔÓÚÆäËûÈËÀ´Ëµ²¢·ÇÈç´Ë£»ÏÜ·¨¾³£ÈÝÐí²»Í¬µÄ½âÊÍ£¬ÇÒ¾³£´æÔÚ×Å·¶Î§¹ã·ºµÄÑ¡ÔñºÍÅжϣ»ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ÏÜ·¨²¢²»½«ÈκÎÒ»ÖÖ¾ßÌåÒâ¼ûÇ¿¼ÓÔÚÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹Ö®ÉÏ£¬¶øÊÇÔÚ´Ë·¶Î§ÄÚÈÎÆäÑ¡Ôñ£¬ÇÒÈκÎÀíÐÔµÄÑ¡Ôñ¶¼ÊǺÏÏܵġ£ÕâÊÇÎÒ²ûÊöµÄ¹æÔòËù¿Ï¶¨ºÍÖ§³ÖµÄÔÔò¡£¿âÀû·¨¹Ù¼òÃ÷¶óÒªµØÆÀÂÛÁËÆäÒâÒåºÍЧ¹û£º[1] һλÒé»á³ÉÔ±¿ÉÄܶÔÔÚËû¿´À´Î¥Ïܵ퍰¸Í¶ÁË·´¶ÔƱ£¬µ«¾¡¹ÜËû·´¶Ô£¬ÕâÏî·¨°¸»¹ÊÇΪÒé»áͨ¹ý£¬²¢±»ÆðËßµ½·¨Ôº£»ÉèÏëËûÏÖÔÚÊÇ·¨¹Ù£¬ËäÈ»ËûË¿ºÁδ¸Ä±ä×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û£¬µ«ËûÕâʱÍêÈ«ÓпÉÄÜ·¢ÏÖ×Ô¼ºÓÐÐû²¼·¨ÂɺÏÏܵÄÒåÎñ¡£
ÊÇ·ñÓÐÈË»á˵£¬Äã¹ý·ÖÇ¿µ÷ÁËÕâ¼þÊÂÇ飬²¢Ê¹Ì«¶à¶«Î÷È¡¾öÓÚ´ë´ÇµÄ·½Ê½£¿²»£¬ÎÒ²»ÕâÑùÈÏΪ¡£ÎÒÖªµÀÄÇô×öµÄΣÏÕ¡£µ«²»ÂÛ¶Ô²»¹»½÷É÷ºÍûÓоö¶¨ÒâÒåµÄÌØ¶¨Ë¾·¨ÅÐÀý×öʲôÆÀÂÛ£¬ÎÒÈÏΪ²»¿ÉÄÜ»ùÓÚÈκÎ΢²»×ãµÀµÄÒÀ¾ÝÀ´½âÊͺÜÔç¾Í¿ªÊ¼µÄ¶ÔÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄ²»¶ÏÇ¿µ÷¡£ÔÚÓïÑÔÉÏ£¬Æä¶ÔÓÚ·¨ÔºÊÇÔÙÊìϤ²»¹ý£¬ÆäÒâÒåÔÙÈ·¶¨²»¹ý£¬Ëù²ÉÄɵÄÒâ¼ûÔÙÒ»Ö²»¹ý£¬¶ÔÆä¼á³ÖÔÙÇ¿ÁÒ²»¹ý£¬ÒÔÖÁ²»ÔÊÐíÎÒÃǽ«ËüÖ»ÊÇÈÏ×÷ΪÀñ½Ú»ò´ú´úÏà´«µÄÀÏÉú³£Ì¸¡£Ëü±ØÐëÔÚ·ñ¶¨ÉùºÍÕùÒéÉùÖÐά»¤×Ô¼º¡£1825Ä꣬¼ª²¼É·¨¹ÙÔÚÆä·ñ¶¨·¨ÔºÓÐȫȨÐû²¼·¨ÂÉÎ¥ÏܵÄÒâ¼ûÖУ¬[2] ÅöÇÉÖÊÒÉÁËÕâÏî¹æÔò¡£Èç¹û´æÔÚÈκÎÕâÀàȨÁ¦£¨µÚ352Ò³£©£¬µ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄȨÀû¡°½«²»ÔÙÈ¡¾öÓÚÁ¢·¨ºÍÏÜ·¨µÄ²î¾àÊÇ·ñÌ«´ó£¬¶øÊÇÊÇ·ñ´æÔÚÈκÎÕâÖÖ²î¾à¡±¡£µ«·¨Ôº¶àÊýÖØÐ¿϶¨ÁËËûÃǵÄȨÁ¦£¬²¢ÒÔͬÑùÇ¿µ÷µÄ·½Ê½¿Ï¶¨ÁËÆäÏÞÖÆ¡£1817Ä꣬ÕâÏî¹æÔòҲΪÐÂÓ¢¸ñÀ¼ÂÉʦ½çÁìÐä÷É(Jeremiah Mason)Ëù·ñ¶¨£»ËûÔøÔÚк±²¼Éá¶ûÖÝ×÷Ϊ´ïÌØÄ¦Ë¹Ñ§Ôº°¸µÄÔçÆÚ½×¶ÎµÄ±ç»¤ÂÉʦָ³ö£º¡°Èç¹ûÈÏΪ·¨Ôº¡Ó¦¸Ã±Èͨ³£µÄ¾ö¶¨¸üΪ½÷É÷£¬¡Èç¹û·¨Ôº²»Ó¦¸ÃÐû²¼Òé»áÁ¢·¨Î¥ÏÜ£¬³ý·ÇËûÃǵĽáÂÛÊǾø¶ÔÈ·¶¨µÄ£¬¡ÇÒÀíÓÉÊÇÈç´ËÏÔÈ»£¬ÒÔÖÁÎÞ¿É»³ÒÉ£¬ÄÇôһ¸ö´íÎóµÄÒâ¼û½«Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉÏÐγÉÖ÷Á÷¡£¡±[3] Ëû³ÐÈÏ£¬·¨ÔºÓ¦¶ÔÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹¡°¸³Ó輫´ó×ðÖØ£¬¡¡µ«×îºóµÄ¾ö¶¨±ØÐëºÍÆäËü°¸¼þÒ»Ñù£¬Îª²»´øÆ«¼ûµÄÀí½âËùÖ§Åä¡£¡±ËûÈÏΪÒé»áÁ¢·¨ÖÁÉÙÐèÒªÒé»á¶àÊý²ÅÄÜͨ¹ý£¬Òò¶ø·´¶ÔÁ¢·¨ÓÐЧÐÔµÄÀíÓÉͨ³£²»¿ÉÄÜÈç´ËÏÔÈ»£¬ÒÔÖÁ²»ÁôÏÂÈκÎÐÎʽµÄÒÉÎÊ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÕâÏî¹æÔòʵ¼ÊÉÏÒªÇó·¨Ôº½»³öÆä¹ÜϽȨ¡£¡°¾Ñé±íÃ÷£¬Á¢·¨»ú¹¹µÄͨ³£Ï°¹ßÊǽ«ÆäȨÁ¦À©Õŵ½×î´ó³Ì¶È¡£¡±Èç¹û·¨ÔºÔÚ´æÒɵĵط½Í˳ö£¬Á¢·¨»ú¹¹¾Í½«ÎüÊÕÈ«²¿µÄȨÁ¦¡£ÕâÊÇËûµÄÂ۵㡣µ«²»ÂÛÈçºÎ£¬Ðº±²¼Éá¶ûÖÝ×î¸ß·¨ÔºÐû²¼ËûÃDz»ÄÜÔÚûÓС°Çå³þºÍÇ¿ÁÒµÄÎ¥ÏÜ¡±Ê±²ÉÈ¡Ðж¯£»ÔÚ1819ÄêÉÏËߺó£¬ÂíЪ¶û´ú±í·¨ÔºÔÚ»ªÊ¢¶ÙµÄÖøÃûÒâ¼ûÖÐÐû²¼£º¡°ÔÚÓÐÒÉÎʵݸ¼þÖУ¬·¨Ôº²»µÃÐû²¼Òé»á·¨°¸ºÍÏÜ·¨ÏàµÖ´¥¡£¡±
1829Ä꣬ÔÚÂéÊ¡·¨Ôº¾ö¶¨ÖøÃûµÄ¡°²é¶û˹ÇźӰ¸¡±Ê±£¬[4] ºÍÉܶûÒ»ÆðΪԸæ±ç»¤µÄΤ²®Ë¹ÌØ(Daniel Webster)·ñ¶¨ÉÏÊö¹æÔòµÄ´æÔÚ»òÊʵ±ÐÔ¡£ËûÈÏΪËùÓÐÕâÀà°¸¼þ¶¼É漰ijÖÖÒÉÎÊ£¬Òò¶ø²¢²»ÄÜÉèÏëÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹»áͨ¹ýÃ÷ÏÔÎ¥Ïܵķ¨ÂÉ¡£ÕýÈ·µÄÒÀ¾ÝÊÇ£¬Èç¹û³ÎÇåÁËÒ»¸ö¿´ÉÏÈ¥ÓÐÒÉÎʵݸ¼þ£¬ÄÇô·¨Ôº¾Í¿ÉÒÔ¸ÉÔ¤¡£ÁíÍ⣬Ëû²¹³ä˵£º¡°Òé»á³ÉÔ±ÓÐʱͶƱͨ¹ýÁËÒ»ÏîºÏÏÜÐÔÊÜËûÃÇ»³Òɵķ¨ÂÉ£¬µ«¿¼Âǵ½ÁËÎÊÌâ¿ÉÒÔ»ñµÃ·¨¹ÙµÄ¾ö¶¨¡±£¬¸Ã°¸µÄ·¨°¸ÔÚÖÚÒéÔºÒÔ5-6ƱµÄ¶àÊýÓÅÊÆ»ñµÃͨ¹ý£º
¡°¼ÙÈçÊʵ±µÄ»°£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÖ¤Ã÷Ö®ËùÒÔ³¬¹ýÁùλÒéԱͶÁËÔÞ³ÉÆ±£¬ÊÇÒòΪ·¨°¸µÄÎ¥ÏÜÐÔÊÇÓÐÒÉÎʵģ¬ÇÒÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ±»Áô¸øÕâ¸ö·¨Ôº¾ö¶¨¡£Èç¹ûÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹ÒòΪΥÏÜÐÔÓÐÒÉÎʶøÍ¨¹ýÁË·¨ÂÉ£¬¶ø·¨ÔºÓÖÒòΪΥÏÜÐÔÓÐÒÉÎʶøÅоöÆäÓÐЧ£¬ÄÇô¹«Ãñ½«´¦ÔÚÒ»ÖÖʲôÑùµÄÀ§¾³£¡Òé»áÒԺϷ¨ÐÎʽͨ¹ýÖ®£»Èç¹ûÎÊÌâ²»ÔÚÕâÀï¸ù¾ÝÔÔò¶øµÃµ½½â¾ö£¬ÄÇô½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄÔðÈξͲ»´æÔÚÓÚÈκεط½¡£¡¡¾ö¶¨ÏÜ·¨ÎÊÌâÊÇÃÀ¹ú·¨¹ÙµÄȨÀû¡£¡¡Ë¾·¨ÉóÅйÙÊÇΨһÊʺϵ÷²é˽ÈËȨÀûµÄÀ§ÄÑÎÊÌâÖ®»ú¹¹¡£¡±
ÕâÖÖÇÉÃîµÄ³¢ÊÔÒª°Ñ·¨Ôº±ä³É»Ø´ðÁ¢·¨ÄÑÌâµÄ»ú¹¹£¬µ«·¨Ôº²¢Ã»ÓжԴËÈò½¡£ËûÃÇûÓÐÆ«Àë×Ô¼ºµÄÖ°Ôð¶øÎóÈë¾ÀÕýÒé»á´íÎóµÄÆç;£¬¶øÊǽ«Õâ¸öÒåÎñºÍÔðÈÎÁô¸øÒé»á×Ô¼º¡£Íþ¶ûµÂ·¨¹Ù(J. Wilde)ÔÚÒâ¼ûÖÐÖ¸³ö£º¡°Ö»ÓÐÔÚ°¸¼þ¶ÔÓÚÒ»ÇÐÓÐÀíÖǵÄÈËÇå³þÏÔÈ»µÄʱºò£¬²Å¿ÉÐû²¼Á¢·¨Î¥ÏÜ¡£ÎÒÃDZØÐë¼ÙÉèÒé»áÂÄÐÐÁËËûÃǵÄÖ°Ôð£¬ÇÒÎÒÃDZØÐë×ðÖØËûÃǵÄÏÜ·¨È¨ÀûºÍȨÁ¦¡£¡±µ±ÄêºÍΤ²®Ë¹ÌØÔÚÉϰ¸ÖÐһͬ±ç»¤µÄÉܶû(C.J. Shaw)ºóÀ´³ÉÁËÂéÊ¡Ê×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù£¬²¢ÔÚÎåÄêÖ®ºóÓÉ÷É(Jeremiah Mason)×÷ΪÂÉʦµÄÒ»¸ö°¸¼þÖÐÇ¿µ÷ÖØÉ꣺¡°·¨¹Ù¾³£Ìáµ½£¬¡·¨Ôº¡Ö»ÓÐÔÚÎÞЧÐÔÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒɵÄÇé¿öϲſÉÐû²¼Á¢·¨ÎÞЧ¡£¡±[5]
ÕâÏî¹æÔòÊܵ½Èç´ËÓÐÁ¦µÄ¹¥»÷£¬µ«ÓÖÊܵ½Èç´ËÃ÷È·µÄά³Ö£¬Òò¶ø±ØÐë¾ÍÆäʵÖʺÍÐÎʽ¶øÑÔ¶¼±»ÊÓΪÓÐЧµÄ¡£¾ÍÆäÐÎʽ¶øÑÔ£¬ËüÖ®ËùÒÔÒýÈËעĿ£¬ÊÇÒòΪе÷²»Í¬²¿ÃÅ¡¢¹ÙÔ±ºÍ¸öÈ˵ÄȨÀû¡¢ÐÐΪºÍȨÁ¦ÊÇ·¨ÔºµÄÈÕ³£Ö°ÄÜ£¬¶øËüÈ´±êÖ¾×ÅÔÚÎÒÃÇ·¨ÔºµÄÈÕ³£Ö°ÄÜÖÐÊìϤ¶øÖØÒªµÄÓëÖÚ²»Í¬£¬¿ÉÒÔ²¹³ä˵£¬ËüÊÇÒ»¸ö·ÖË®ÁëºÍ±ê×¼£¬ÔÚÎÒÃǵķ¨Ñ§ÀíÂ۳ɳ¤µÃÔ½À´Ô½¸´ÔӺ;«Ï¸µÄʱºò±äµÃÔ½À´Ô½×¿Öø¡£ÎÒÃǶ¼ÖªµÀ£¬×÷ΪÆäÊÊÓõÄÒ»¸ö±äÖÖ£¬ËüÔÚÐÌ·¨µÄ×ÔÎÒ·ÀÎÀºÍÃñÊÂÇÖȨ·¨µÄÊèºöµÈÎÊÌâÉϾ³£±»ÒýÓã¬ÒÔ½â´ðÒ»¸öÔÚÌØ¶¨Çé¿öÏÂÓÐȨÀû»òÒåÎñÐÐΪµÄÈË¿ÉÄܺÏÀíÈÏΪʲôÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ¡£ËüÊÇΪ½â¾öÏÂÁÐÀ§ÄÑÎÊÌâ¶øÖÆ¶¨µÄ¹æÔò£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÔÚÒ»¸öսʿ°´ÕÕÆäÉϼ¶µÄ¾üÊÂÃüÁîÐж¯Ê±£¬Ëû¶Ô¹ú¼ÒµÄÆÕͨ·¨ÂÉÓÐʲôÒåÎñ£¿´÷Î÷ÔÚ¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ñ§µ¼ÂÛ¡·ÖÐÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÓÐÈËÖ¸³ö£¬Èç¹ûËû²»·þ´ÓÃüÁËû¿ÉÄܱ»¾üÊ·¨Ôº´¦ÒÔǹ¾ö£»Èç¹ûËû·þ´ÓÃüÁËûÓÖ¿ÉÄܱ»·¨¹ÙºÍÅãÉóÍÅÅд¦½ÊÐÌ¡£¡±[6] ËûÔÚÒԿ϶¨µÄ·½Ê½ÒýÓÃ˹µÙ·Ò·¨¹Ù(J. Stephen)µÄÂÛÖøÊ±¼ÌÐøÖ¸³ö£º¡°»òÐí»áÈÏΪÉϼ¶¾üÊÂÃüÁî¿ÉÒÔΪϼ¶Ö´ÐÐÈκÎÃüÁîÌṩÀíÓÉ£¬Ö»ÒªËûÃÇ¿ÉÒÔºÏÀíÈÏΪÉϼ¶¾ü¹ÙÓÐÁ¼ºÃÀíÓɸøÓèÕâЩÃüÁî¡£¡¡ÎÒËùÄÜ¿´µ½µÄΨһ¹æÔòÊÇ£¬¶ÔÓÚսʿ¿ÉÄܺÏÀíÏàÐÅÆäÉÏ˾¾ßÓÐÁ¼ºÃÒÀ¾ÝµÄÃüÁî¶øÑÔ£¬Õ½Ê¿Ó¦¸ÃÊܵ½±£»¤¡£¡±[7] Ôڷ̰ù·¨µÄÏÖ´úÖØÒªÅÐÀýÖУ¬²¼À³¿Ë±¾·¨¹Ù(Lord Blackburn)Ò²Ìáµ½ÁËͬÑùµÄÇø±ð¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£º¡°ÔÚ·¨Ôº¾ö¶¨Ìض¨Ò»×éµÄ´ÊÓï¡ÊÇ·ñ¹¹³É·Ì°ùµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ËûÃÇËù¾ö¶¨µÄÊǺÍÏÂÁÐÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄÎÊÌ⣬Ҳ¾ÍÊÇÁíÒ»¸öÉóÅÐÍ¥ÊÇ·ñ¿ÉÄܺÏÀíÈÏΪÕâÀà´ÊÓï¹¹³É·Ì°ù¡£¡±[8] ¸ù¾ÝͬÑùµÄÇø±ð£¬·¨ÔºÃ¿Ìì¶¼ÔÚÐÞÕýÅãÉóÍŵÄÅоö¡£ÇÒÔÚ¼¸ÄêǰµÄÒ»¸öÖøÃû°¸ÀýÖУ¬°¬Éá¶û·¨¹Ù(Lord Esher)ÊÊÓÃÕâÏîÇø±ð¾Ü¾ø³·ÏûÅãÉóÍÅÅоö¡£ËûÖ¸³ö£º¡°Ö»ÓÐÔÚÓÐÀíÖǵÄÈ˲»ÄܵóöÏñÅãÉóÍÅÄÇÑùµÄÈ϶¨£¬·¨Ôº²Å¿ÉÒÔ³·ÏûÅоö¡£¡¡ÕâÏî¹æÔòºÍ·¨¹ÙÊÇ·ñ»áÏñÅãÉóÍÅÄÇÑù¾ö¶¨Ö®ÎÊÌâÓÐËù²»Í¬£¬µ«Á½ÕßµÄÇø±ðÊÇϸ΢µÄ£¬ÇÒÁ½¸öÎÊÌâµÄ½â¾ö¶¼È¡¾öÓÚ·¨¹ÙµÄÒâ¼û¡£×îºóÕâ¸öÂÛµãÊǶԵ쬵«½â¾öÎÊÌâµÄģʽ´óÏྶͥ¡£¡®ÎÒÃÇÊÇ·ñ»áµÃ³öͬÑùµÄÅоö¡¯Õâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬ÏÔÈ»ºÍÊÇ·ñ´æÔÚÒâ¼ûºÏÀí²»Í¬Ö®ÓàµØµÄÎÊÌâ²»ÊÇÒ»»ØÊ¡£¡±¹ØÓÚÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪ£¬·¨¹ÙÃÇ×î½üÔÚÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ¼«ÎªÖØÒªµÄÅÐÀýÖÐÒÔͬÑù·½Ê½½â¾öÁËÕâ¸ö×îÖÕÎÊÌ⣬Ҳ¾ÍÊǹØÓÚÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹ÐÐʹÆä×î²»ÊÜ»³ÒɵÄȨÁ¦ÒÔ¼°¹ØÓÚÕâЩȨÁ¦µÄºÏ·¨½çÏÞÖ®ÎÊÌâ¡£[9] Èç¹ûÒé»áÐÐʹÁËÕ÷˰Ȩ¡¢Õ÷ÓÃȨ»ò±»³ÆÎª¾¯²ìȨÁ¦(police power)µÄ¹ã·ºÁ¢·¨È¨ÖеÄÈκÎÒ»²¿·Ö£¬ÄÇôÕâÏîÐÐΪ²»Ó¦¸Ã±»½µ¸ñΪʧȥÀíÐÔµÄԽȨ£¬ÒÔÖÁÔÚʵ¼ÊÉϳÉΪijÖÖÊܵ½½ûÖ¹µÄ²»Í¬È¨Á¦£¬ÀýÈçÔÚûÓз¨ÂÉÕýµ±³ÌÐòµÄÇé¿öϰþ¶áÈËÃñµÄ²Æ²ú£»ÇÒÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹ÊÇ·ñԽȨ£¬±ØÐëÓÉ·¨¹Ù¾ö¶¨¡£[10] µ«ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öϱØÐëÓÀÔ¶¼ÇסµÄÊÇ£¬Ë¾·¨ÎÊÌâÊǵڶþλµÄ¡£Òé»áÔÚ¾ö¶¨Ó¦¸Ã×öʲôºÍʲôÊǺÏÀí¸Ã×öµÄʱºò£¬²¢Ã»Óкͷ¨¹Ù·ÖÏíÖ°Ôð£¬Ò²²»ÐèÒª·þ´Ó·¨¹Ù¶ÔʲôÊǽ÷É÷»òºÏÀíµÄÁ¢·¨Ö®¹ÛÄ˾·¨Ö°ÄÜÖ»ÊÇÈ·¶¨ºÏÀíÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪµÄÍâÑÓ¡ª¡ª³¬Ô½Õâ¸ö½çÏÞ£¬Õ÷˰Ȩ¡¢Õ÷ÓÃȨ¡¢¾¯²ìȨÒÔ¼°Ò»°ãÁ¢·¨È¨¾ÍÎ¥·´ÁËÏÜ·¨µÄ½ûÖ¹£¬»òÇÖÔ½ÁËÏÜ·¨ÊÚȨ¡£[11]
±ØÐëÀμǵÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚ˾·¨ÊÊÓÃÕâÀàÒé»á¿ÉÒÔºÏÀí¹æ¶¨Ê²Ã´µÄ±ê׼ʱ£¬Ó¦ÓÀÔ¶¼ÙÉèÕâ¸ö»ú¹¹¾ß±¸ÃÀµÂ¡¢³£Ê¶ºÍÊʵ±ÖªÊ¶¡£¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÔËÐбØÐ뽨Á¢ÔÚÕâÀàϰ¹ßºÍ¼ÙÉèÖ®ÉÏ¡£¼ª²¼É·¨¹Ù(J. Gibson)Ö¸³ö£º¡°ÎÒÃÇÕþ¸®ÀíÂ۵ļٶ¨ÊÇ£¬ÈËÃñÊÇÃ÷Öǵ쬾߱¸ÃÀµÂ²¢ÓÐÄÜÁ¦¹ÜÀíËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÊÂÎñ¡£¡±[12] ÂíЪ¶ûÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙÖ¸³ö£º¡°Èç¹û´ÓÁ½¸öÈ˵Ä˽È˺Ïͬ³ö·¢£¬½ø¶øÖÊÒÉÒ»ÖÝÖ÷ȨµÄ¸¯°Ü£¬Äǽ«ÊǼ«¶Ë²»Êʵ±µÄ¡£¡±[13] Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ·¨Ôº¾ÀÕýÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¾ÍºÍ¾ÀÕýÅãÉóÍŵÄÐÐΪһÑù£¬Ëü±ØÐë×ÜÊǼٶ¨Óйػú¹¹Êܵ½ÁËÊʵ±µÄָʾ£»ÇÒÎÊÌâ²¢²»ÊÇÎÒÃÇÔÚÒé»áÖг£¼ûµÄÈË¿ÉÄÜʵ¼ÊÉÏ»áÀíÐÔµØ×öʲô¡ª¡ª²»ÂÛËûÃÇÊÇÈçºÎûÓнÌÓý¡¢È±·¦Ë¼Ïë¡¢¹ÌÖ´¡¢Â±Ã§¡¢ÄÜÁ¦²»×㣬¶øÊÇÆäËûÄÇЩÓÐÄÜÁ¦¡¢Êܹý½ÌÓý¡¢î£ÖÇ¡¢½÷É÷²¢Ò»ÐÄÏë×ÅʵÏÖ¹«¹²Ä¿±êµÄÈË¡ª¡ªÒ²¾ÍÊÇÊʺÏÓÚ´ú±í×ÔÖεÄÈËÃñ²¢ÔÚÎÒÃǵÄÕþ¸®ÀíÂÛÖб»¼Ù¶¨ÎªÖ´Ðй«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÄÇЩÈË¡ª¡ª¿ÉÄÜ»áÀíÐÔµØÏë»ò×öʲô¡£ÀýÈçÈç¹ûÓÐÈËÖ÷ÕÅÒ»Ïî·¨°¸×·ËݼÈÍù²¢½«ÆäºÏÏÜÐÔÎÊÌâËͽ»·¨Ôº£¬ÄÇô·¨Ôº²»µÃ¼ÙÉèÔÚ¾«Í¨´ËÀàÊÂÎñµÄÁ¢·¨ÌÖÂÛÖдæÔÚÈκÎÎÞÖª£¬²»ÂÛÆä¿ÉÄÜÐÔÈçºÎ¡£¶ÔÓÚÓйØÒ»Ê¶෣¡¢×ÔÖ¤Æä×ï¡¢Ö¸ÃûµÀÐÕ»ò°þ¶áÅãÉóµÄÁ¢·¨¹æ¶¨£¬Ò²ÊÇͬÑùÈç´Ë¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÒÃÇ·¨¹ÙËù˵µÄºÏÀíÒÉÎÊ(reasonable doubt)£¬ÊÇÖ¸Ò»¸öÓÐÄÜÁ¦µÄ¾ß±¸Êʵ±ÖªÊ¶µÄÈËÔÚ×ÐϸÑо¿ÎÊÌâµÄʱºòÔÚÄÔ×ÓÀïÒÅÁôÏÂÀ´µÄºÏÀíÒÉÎÊ¡£ÎÒÃÇËù˵µÄÀíÐÔÊʵ±(rationally permissible)µÄ¼û½â£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÕâÑùµÄÈË¿ÉÄܺÏÀí¾ßÓеļû½â¡£
·¨ÔºÖ®ËùÒԹ涨ÐÌÊÂÅãÉóÍŵĺÏÀíÒÉÎÊÖ®±ê×¼£¬ÊÇÒòΪÅоö¶Ô·¸×ïÏÓÒÉÈ˵ľ޴óÓ°Ïì¡£ËûÃÇÔÚÉó²éÅãÉóÍŵÄÃñÊÂÅоöÖÐÒ²¹æ¶¨ÁËÕâÌõ¹æÔò£¬µ«ÀíÓÉÓë´Ë²»Í¬£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÒòΪËûÃÇËù¾ÀÕýµÄÅоöÊÇÊôÓÚÁíÒ»¸ö±¾Éí¾ßÓÐÖ°ÔðµÄ²¿ÃÅ£¨ÃñÊÂÅãÉóÍÅ£©£¬¶ø·¨Ôº×Ô¼ºÃ»ÓÐȨÀûÂÄÐиÃÖ°Ô𡪡ª³ýÁ˱£Ö¤Õâ¸ö²¿ÃÅ´¦ÔÚºÏÀí½âÊͺÍÐÐʹÆäȨÁ¦µÄ½çÏÞÖ®ÄÚ£¬·¨ÔºÃ»ÓÐÈÎºÎÆäËüȨÀû¡£·¨Ôº²»µÃÉó²éÅãÉóÍ۸¼þµÄÊÂʵ£¬¼´Ê¹ÒÔÏû¼«·½Ê½Ò²²»ÐС£Í¬ÑùµÄ¹æÔòÒ²ÊÊÓÃÓÚ¾ÀÕýÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪ£¬µ«ÆäÀíÓɲ»ÊÇÉÏÊöÖ®Ò»£¬¶øÊÇÁ½Õß¼æÓÐÖ®¡£·¨ÔºËù¾ÀÕýµÄÊDz¢ÁÐ(coordinate)²¿ÃŵÄÐÐΪ£¬ÇÒ²»µÃ´ÓÊÂÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪ£¬¼´Ê¹ÒÔÏû¼«µÄ·½Ê½Ò²²»ÐС£ÇÒËûÃÇÖ»ÓÐÔÚ¼«ÎªÇå³þµÄ°¸¼þÖвÅÄÜÓÐËù×÷Ϊ£¬ÒòΪ³·ÏûÁ¢·¨µÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄܼ«ÎªÑÏÖØ¡£
Èç¹ûҪ˵Ðû²¼Á¢·¨ÎÞЧµÄÇé¿öºÍÆäËü²»Í¬£¬ÒòΪÕâÀïµÄ×îÖÕÎÊÌâÊǶÔÎı¾µÄ½âÊÍ£¬»òÕâÀàÎÊÌâÒ»Ö±ÊÇ·¨ÔºµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÇÒ²»ÄÜÈÝÐíͬһ²¿Îļþ´æÔÚÁ½ÖÖ·¨ÂɽâÊÍ£¬»ò½âÊÍÓÐÕýÈ·µÄ·½·¨ºÍ´íÎóµÄ·½·¨£¬ÇÒÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÖÖÕýÈ·µÄ·½·¨£¬»ò×îÖÕÒªÓÉ·¨ÔºÐû²¼Ê²Ã´ÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ·½·¨£¬ÕâЩÂÛµã³õ¿´ÆðÀ´¶¼Ï൱ÓÐ˵·þÁ¦¡£µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏËüÖ»ÊÇÔÚÑ»·ÂÛÖ¤¡£²¼À³¿Ë±¾·¨¹Ù(Lord Blackburn)¶Ô·Ì°ù°¸µÄÒâ¼ûºÍÎı¾½âÊÍÓйء£[14] ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚËù¿¼ÂǵÄÀíÂÛÊÇ£¬ÔÚ´¦Àí²¢Áв¿ÃŵÄÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬·¨Ôº²»ÄÜÒ»¹á²¢¶ÔËùÓÐÀàÐ͵ÄÎÊÌâÐû³ÆÖ»ÓÐÒ»ÖÖ½âÊÍÏÜ·¨µÄÕýÈ··½Ê½¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ·¨ÔºÖ»ÊÇΪÁËÈ·¶¨»òÊÊÓÃÆäÕýÈ·ÒâÒå¶ø½âÊÍÎı¾Ê±£¬ÄÇôȷʵֻÓÐÒ»ÖÖ¿ÉÈÝÐíµÄÒâÒ壬Ҳ¾ÍÊÇ·¨ÔºËùÅоöµÄÕýÈ·ÒâÒå¡£µ«Èç¹û×îÖÕÎÊÌâ²¢²»ÔÚ´Ë£¬¶øÊÇÁíÒ»¸ö²¿ÃÅ¡¢¹ÙÔ±»ò¸öÈ˵ÄÌØ¶¨ÐÐΪÊÇ·ñºÏ·¨»ò¿É±»ÈÝÐí£¬ÄÇôÇé¿ö¾Í²»ÊÇÕâÑùÁË¡£ÔÚÎÒÃÇËù¿¼ÂǵÄÒ»Àà°¸¼þÖУ¬×îÖÕÎÊÌâ²¢·ÇʲôÊÇÏÜ·¨µÄÕýÈ·ÒâÒ壬¶øÊÇÁ¢·¨¿É·ñ³ÉÁ¢¡£ Ò²ÐíÓÐÈË»á˵£¬Õâ²¢²»ÊÇ·¨¹Ùʵ¼ÊÉϵĽâÊÍ£»Æ©ÈçÔÚ¡°ÃÀ¹úÒøÐа¸¡±ÖУ¬[15] ÂíЪ¶ûÊÔͼ¶Ô½¨Á¢ºÏÖÚ¹úÒøÐеÄÁ¢·¨ºÏÏÜÐÔÈ·Á¢·¨Ôº×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û¡£µ«¼´Ê¹³ÐÈÏȷʵ¾³£Èç´Ë£¬ÎÒÃÇÒ²±ØÐë¼Çס£¬ÔÚ·¨ÔºÎ¬³ÖÁ¢·¨²¢¸ù¾Ý×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û¶øÈ϶¨Á¢·¨ºÏÏܵÄʱºò£¬Õâô˵ÊǺÏÊʵģ¬ÇÒ·¨ÔºµÄÕâÖÖÅоöÕýÊǰ¸¼þËùÒªÇóµÄ¡£µ«Ò²²¢·Ç×ÜÊÇÈç´Ë£¬ÒòΪÔÚÐí¶à°¸¼þÖУ¬·¨¹ÙÖ®ËùÒÔά³Ö·¨°¸ÊÇÒòΪËûÃǶԴ˴æÒÉ£¬µ«ËûÃÇûÓÐ¶ÔÆäºÏÏÜÐÔ¸øÓè×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û£¬¶øÖ»Êǽ«Òé»á¾ö¶¨±£³ÖÔ·â²»¶¯¡£ÀýÈçһλÂéÊ¡·¨¹ÙÔÚÆäÔÞͬÒâ¼ûÖÐÖ¸³ö£¬Óйط¨°¸¡°ÊÇÒé»áÓÐȨͨ¹ýµÄ£¬ÇÒ²¢·ÇÎ¥ÏÜ£»ÅоöµÄΨһÒÀ¾ÝÊÇ·¨°¸²¢·ÇÈç´ËÇå³þÎ¥ÏÜ£¬ÆäÎÞЧÐÔ²¢·ÇÈç´Ë²»ÊܺÏÀí»³ÒÉ£¬ÒÔÖÁ»áʹÐû²¼ÎÞЧÔÚÕâ¸ö½á¹ûÓ°ÏìÈç´Ë¾Þ´óµÄÇé¿öϳÉΪ˾·¨²¿ÃŵÄÖ°Ô𡱡£[16] ·¨¹ÙÃDz»¶ÏÐû²¼£¬ËûÃǵÄÎÊÌâ²¢·ÇÊÇÖ§³Ö»ò·´¶ÔÀíÓɵļòµ¥¶àÊý£¬¶øÊÇÊÇ·ñ¼«ÎªÇå³þÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ÊÇ·ñÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒÉ£»Õâʵ¼ÊÉÏÊÇÔڼᶨ²»ÒƵØÐû²¼£¬ËûÃÇÖ§³ÖÁ¢·¨ºÏÏÜÐԵľö¶¨²¢²»±ØÈ»´øÈëËûÃÇ×Ô¼º¶ÔÏÜ·¨Îı¾µÄÕýÈ·½âÊÍÖ®¼û½â£¬ÇÒËûÃÇÅоöÁ¢·¨ºÏÏܵÄÑϸñÒâÒåÖ»ÊÇÁ¢·¨²¢·ÇÈ·¶¨ÎÞÒɵØÎ¥ÏÜ¡£¿ÉÒÔ²¹³äµÄÊÇ£¬½üÄêÀ´Ä³Ð©ÅоöÒýÆðÐí¶àÈ˵ı§Ô¹£¬¾ÍºÃÏóÊÇ·¨Ôº±äµÃ¿¿²»×¡ËƵģ¬[17] ¶øÔÚ´Ë¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½³ä·ÖµÄ½âÊÍ¡£¿ÉÒÔÆÚÍû£¬ÒÔºó»¹»á³öÏÖ¸ü¶àÕâÀàÒâ¼û£¬ÒòΪ¾¡¹ÜÒé»á¾³£²»ÊØÐÅÓ㬷¨¹ÙÓÐʱҲ±ØÐë³ÐÈÏ×Ô¼ºÈ¨Á¦µÄ½çÏÞ¡£
ÎÒÈÏΪËùÓÐÕâЩ¶¼¹é½áΪ´Ë¡£ÎÒÃÇËùÌÖÂ۵ĹæÔòÒþº¬µØ³ÐÈÏ£¬ÓйØË¾·¨Ö°Ôð´¥¼°µ½ÕþÖÎÊÂÎñÁìÓò£¬ÇÒΪÕâÀàÊÂÎñµÄÐèÒªºÍÊʵ±ÐÔËùÏÞÖÆ¡£Èç¹ûÎÒÃǵÄÏÜ·¨ÀíÂÛ½«×ÔÉí¾ÖÏÞÓÚÑϸñ²ûÊöµÄʵÌåÔÔò£¬¶øÊÊÓùæÔòÓÖÀ©Õ¹Á˹ý·ÖÏÞÖÆµÄʵÌ广Ôò£¬´Ó¶ø³ÐÈϸüΪ¹«ÕýºÍ¼òµ¥µÄ¹ÛÄÄÇôÕâÊÇ·¨ÂÉ·¢Õ¹µÄ¼«ÎªÊìϤ֮Çé¿ö¡£ÔÚ²ÉÄÉÎÒÃǵÄÏÜ·¨ÀíÂÛ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÎÒÃǵÚÒ»´ÎÔÚÕþ¸®Í¨¹ýÆä×î¸ß²¿ÃŵÄÐÐΪÖÐÒýÈëÁË×÷ΪÕâЩ²¿ÃÅÖ®Ò»µÄ˾·¨ÈÏ¿É(sanction)£¬µ«Ë¾·¨Ö°Äܲ¢²»ÊÇÍêÈ«µÄ£¬¶øÖ»ÊDz¿·ÖµÄ¡£ÔÚijÖ̶ֳÈÉÏ£¬·¨¹Ù»ñµÃÁ˾ÀÕýÆäËü²¿ÃÅÐÐΪ²¢Ðû²¼ÆäÎÞЧµÄ¼ä½ÓȨÁ¦¡£¼òÑÔÖ®£¬¾¡¹ÜÕâÖ»ÊÇ˾·¨Ö°ÄÜ£¬µ«ÓÉÓÚËüËù´¦ÀíµÄÊÂÏËü¶ÔÕþ¸®µÄÕþÖÎÐÐΪ·¢»ÓÁË×÷Ó᪡ªÒ»ÖÖ´ÎÒª×÷Óá£Èç¹ûÊÇÕâÑù£¬ÄÇô·¨¹Ù¾Í±ØÐëÊÊÓÃÊÊºÏÆäÈÎÎñµÄ·½·¨ºÍÔÔò¡£ÔÚÕâÀ๤×÷ÖУ¬Ã¿¸ö²¿ÃŶ¼±ØÐë±»±£Ö¤ÆäËü²¿ÃŵÄÍêÈ«ºÏ×÷£¬Ö»ÒªËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÐÐΪ·ûºÏ¶ÔÆäÏÜ·¨È¨Á¦µÄÈκκÏÀíºÍÊʵ±¿íÈÝÖ®Àí½â£¬·ñÔò²»Í¬²¿ÃÅÖ®¼ä¾Í²»¿ÉÄÜ´æÔÚÓÀ¾ÃÓëÊʺϵĻ·½Ê½(modus vivendi)¡£¶ÔÓÚʲôÊÇÀíÐԺͿÉÈÝÐíµÄ£¬×îÖյIJÃÅÐȷʵ×ÜÊÇ·¨Ôº£¬ÒòΪËßËϰ¸¼þ»á½«ÎÊÌâ´øµ½ËûÃÇÃæÇ°¡£Õâ¸øÓèÎÒÃǵķ¨ÔºÒ»Ïîºê´óºÍ³ç¸ßµÄ¹ÜϽȨ¡£¼ÙÈçËüÊÔͼµÃµ½¸ü¶à£¬ËüÖ»ÄÜËðº¦ÕâÏîȨÁ¦µÄÕûÌå¡£ËûÃDz»µÃ½øÈëÁ¢·¨ÕßµÄÁìÓò£¬»òÍüȴһλӢ¹úÖ÷½Ì½üÁ½¸öÊÀ¼ÍÒÔǰËù×÷µÄî£ÖÇÆÀÂÛ£¨×î½üΪ»ôķ˹·¨¹ÙËùÒýÓã©£º[18]
¡°¾ßÓоø¶ÔȨÁ¦½âÊÍÈκγÉÎÄ·¨»òϰ¹ß·¨µÄ£¬Ö»ÓÐÕæÕýµÄÁ¢·¨Õߣ¬¶ø²»ÊÇÊ×ÏÈ̸ÂÛÕâЩ·¨ÂɵÄÈË¡£¡±[19]
Îå¡¢ ¹æÔòµÄÀýÍâ
×îºó£¬ÈÃÎÒ¼òÒªÌá¼°¾³£±»ºöÂÔµÄÒ»Á½¸öÇø±ð£¬ËüÃǶÔÓÚ³ÎÇå¶ÔÊÂÇéµÄÀí½âÊÇÖØÒªµÄ¡£·¨¹ÙÃÇÓÐʱÓлú»á¶Ô·¨ÂɵĺÏÏÜÐÔ±í´ïÒâ¼û£¬¶øÎÒÃÇËù¿¼ÂǵĹæÔò²¢²»ÊÊÓ㬻òËùÊÊÓõĹæÔòºÍͨ³£¹æÔòÓÐËù²»Í¬¡£ÖÁÉÙÓ¦¸ÃÇø·ÖÈýÖÖÇé¿ö£º£¨1£©·¨¹ÙÃÇÉó²é²¢Áв¿ÃŵÄÐÐΪ֮ÓÐЧÐÔ£»£¨2£©ËûÃÇ×÷ΪÆäËü²¿ÃŵÄ×ÉѯÕߣ»£¨3£©×÷ΪÕþ¸®×î¸ßȨÁ¦Ö®´ú±í£¬ËüÃÇÔÚ´¦Àí·Ç²¢Áв¿ÃŵÄÐÐΪ¡£
£¨1£© ·¨Ôº¶Ô²¢Áв¿ÃÅÐÐΪµÄÓÐЧÐÔÖ®Éó²éÊôÓÚͨ³£Çé¿ö£¬Ö÷ÒªÊÊÓÃÏÈǰµÄÂ۵㡣ÎÒ²»ÐèÒª¶Ô´Ë˵¸ü¶à¡£ £¨2£© ¶ÔÓÚµÚ¶þÖÖÇé¿ö¡ª¡ªÌṩ×ÉѯÒâ¼û(advisory opinion)£¬Õâʵ¼ÊÉϲ¢²»ÊÇ˾·¨Ö°ÄܵÄÐÐʹ£¬ÇÒÈç´Ë¸øÓèµÄÒâ¼ûҲûÓÐ˾·¨È¨µÄÐÔÖÊ¡£[20] ¶ÔÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄΨһÀýÍâºÍδ˵Ã÷ÀíÓɵÄÒâ¼ûÒ»¶ÈÔÚ¸ïÃü¸ß³±Ê±ÆÚ³öÏÖÓÚÃåÒòÖÝ£¬[21] ¶ø¿ÆÂÞÀ¶àÖÝÒ²³öÏÖÁ˽¨Á¢ÓÚÖÝÏÜÌØÊ⿼ÂǵÄÀíÂÛ£¬[22] µ«ÕâЩÀýÍâ²¢²»ÒªÇó¶ÔÒ»°ãÆÀÂÛ¼ÓÒÔÈκÎÏÞÖÆ£¬ÎÒÃÇ·¨¹ÙËùÌṩµÄÕâЩÒâ¼ûÖ»Êǽ¨ÒéÐԵģ¬Òò¶ø²»ÔÚÈκÎÒâÒåÉϹ¹³ÉȨÍþÐÔÅжϣ¬¾ÍÏñÓ¢¹ú·¨¹ÙÔÚ½¨ÒéÉÏÒéԺʱËùÌṩµÄÒ»ÀàÖøÃûÒâ¼ûÒ»Ñù¡£[23] ¸ù¾ÝÎÒÃǵÄÖÝÏÜ£¬Ò»°ã²»Ó¦ÌṩÕâÀàÒâ¼û¡£ÔÚÏÜ·¨¹æ¶¨ÕâÀàÒâ¼ûµÄÁù¡¢Æß¸öÖÝÄÚ£¬Ï°¹ßÉÏÊǺÍÕý³£ÅоöÒ»Æð±¨µÀÕâЩÒâ¼û£¬¾ÍºÍ±¨µÀÓ¢¹ú·¨¹ÙÔÚ¿¨ÂÞÁÕÅ®Íõ°¸(Queen Caroline¡¯s Case)ºÍÂó¿ËÄɶٰ¸(MacNaghten¡¯s Case)ÖеĻØÓ¦Ò»Ñù£¬ÇÒÓÐʱÊܵ½ÒýÓ㬷·ðËüÃǺÍÕæÕýµÄÅоö¾ßÓÐͬÑùµØÎ»¡£¶ÔÓÚÕâЩÒâ¼û£¬ÎÒËù̸ÂÛµÄÒÉÂÇ¡¢ÌáÐÑ¡¢¾¯¸æÒÔ¼°·¨Ôº¶ÔÓÚ˾·¨¾ö¶¨·¨ÂɺÏÏÜÐÔÎÊÌâËùÇ¿µ÷µÄ¹æÔò¶¼²»ÊÊÓá£ÕâÀïËùÒªÇóµÄÊÇ·¨¹ÙÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÒâ¼û¡£
£¨3£© µÚÈýÀàÊÇÎÒÃǵÄË«ÖØÌåÖÆËù²úÉúµÄÎÊÌ⣬Ҳ¾ÍÊÇÁ½Ì×ÏÜ·¨¡¢Á½Ì×Õþ¸®£¬Ã¿Ò»¸ö¶¼ÔÚÆä×Ô¼ºµÄÁìÓòÄÚ±ÈÁíÒ»¸ö¾ßÓиü¸ßµÄȨÍþ¡£×î¸ß£¨Áª°î£©Õþ¸®µÄÕûÌåºÍ¸÷ÖÝÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÆäÔÚËùÓÐÉæ¼°µ½Ò»°ãÕþ¸®È¨Á¦µÄÎÊÌâÖÐÕë¶Ô¸÷ÖÝά³ÖÆäÈ«²¿È¨Á¦µÄÒåÎñ£¬ËƺõҲȷ¶¨ÁËÁª°îÿ¸ö²¿ÃŵÄÒåÎñ£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÓÉÆä×Ô¼º¾ö¶¨ÔÚÊʵ±±ÈÀýÄÚά³ÖÆä×î¸ßȨÁ¦µÄÒåÎñ¡£Èç¹ûÒ»¸öÖÝÒé»áͨ¹ýµÄ·¨ÂÉÒòºÍ¹ú¼ÒµÄ×î¸ß·¨ÂÉÏà³åÍ»¶ø¾ÓÉÕýµ±³ÌÐòÔÚÁª°î·¨ÔºÊܵ½ÌôÕ½£¬ÕâЩ·¨Ôº¿ÉÄܱØÐëÎÊÒ»¸öºÍÊÊÓÃÓÚ²¢Áв¿ÃŵĹ涨Ëù²»Í¬µÄÎÊÌâ¡£Èç¹ûÎÊÌâ²»ºÍÁª°îȨÁ¦Ïà¹Ø£¬ÄÇôÖÝÏܵĽâÊÍÕß¡ª¡ª²»ÂÛÊÇÖÝ»¹ÊÇÁª°î·¨Ôº¡ª¡ª¶¼±ØÐëÔÊÐíÁ¢·¨ÒÔÀíÐÔ½âÊ͵ÄÈ«²¿¿Õ¼ä¡£µ«Èç¹ûÎÊÌâÊÇÖݵÄÐÐΪÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏÁª°îÏÜ·¨¡ª¡ª¹ú¼ÒµÄ×î¸ß·¨ÂÉ£¬ÎÒÃÇËù´¦ÀíµÄÊDz»Í¬µÄÊÂÇé¡£´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏ˵£¬ËüËùÉæ¼°µÄÊÇÔÚÁ½Ì×Õþ¸®Ö®¼ä·ÖÅäȨÁ¦£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇÔÚʲôµØ·½»®Ïß¡£²»´í£¬·¨ÔºÈÔÈ»ÔÚ¶ÔÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹ÊÇ·ñÇÖÔ½ÁËÆä½çÏÞ¶ø½øÐбçÂÛ£¬µ«ÕâÀïµÄ²¿ÃŲ»ÊDz¢Áе쬶ø½çÏÞµÄÐÔÖÊÒ²²»Ò»Ñù¡£·¨ÔºÏÖÔÚÊÇ×î¸ßÏÜ·¨ºÍÕþ¸®µÄ´úÑÔÈË£¬ÆäÖ°ÔðÊÇʹÕⲿÏÜ·¨»ñµÃÇ¡ÈçÆä·ÖµÄ½âÊÍ£¬²¢ÔÚÈ·¶¨ÁËÕâÒ»µãÖ®ºó£¬±£»¤Ëü²»ÊÜÈκÎÍⲿÇÖÊ´¡£ ÎÒÒѾÌÖÂÛÁËÁª°î·¨Ôº¡£ÖÁÓÚÖÝ·¨ÔºÓ¦ÈçºÎ´¦Àí±¾ÖÝÒé»áµÄÐÐΪÊÇ·ñ·ûºÏÁª°îÏÜ·¨£¬»òÐíËüÃÇÒ²Ó¦¸ÃΪÊÊÓÃÓÚÁª°î·¨ÔºµÄͬÑù¹æÔòËùÔ¼Êø¡£¼ÈÈ»¿ÉÒÔÏòÁª°î·¨ÔºÉÏËߣ¬ÓÐÈËÈÏΪÕâÁ½Ì×·¨ÔºÓ¦×÷Ϊһ¸öϵͳµÄ²»Í¬²¿·Ö×ñÑͬÑùµÄ¹æÔò¡£µ«¸ù¾Ý¡¶Ë¾·¨·¨¡·£¬²¢²»ÊÇÿһÏî¾ö¶¨¶¼¿ÉÒÔÉÏËߣ»Ö»ÓÐÔÚÖÝ·¨»ñµÃÖÝ·¨ÔºÎ¬³ÖµÄʱºò£¬²ÅÄÜÉÏËß¡£»òÐí×÷ΪºÏÀíµÄÒ»°ãÔÔò£¬¼´Ê¹ËùÓа¸¼þ¶¼¿ÉÒÔÉÏËߣ¬ÕâÀïÒ²Ó¦¸Ã×ñÑÒ»°ã¹æÔò£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ·¨¹ÙÓ¦×ðÖØ²¢ÁÐÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹Ëù²ÉÄɵÄÈκοÉÈÝÐíµÄ¹Ûµã¡£²»ÂÛÈçºÎ£¬¸ù¾ÝÏÖÐÐÁ¢·¨£¬ÖÝ·¨ÔºËƺõ³öÓÚÏÖʵÔÒò¶øÕâô×öÊÇÊʵ±µÄ£¬ÒòΪÕâ¶ÔÓÚά³ÖÉÏËßȨ¶øÑÔÊDZØÒªµÄ¡£[24]
ÉÏÊö¹ÛµãÔÚÎÒ¿´À´ÊǼ«ÎªÖØÒªµÄ¡£ÎÒ²¢Ã»ÓгÂÊöÒ»¸öÐÂÀíÂÛ£¬¶øÖ»ÊÇÊÔͼÒÔ¸ü׼ȷºÍÕýÈ·µÄ·½Ê½ÖØÊöÒ»¸öÊܵ½³ÐÈϵÄÀíÂÛ¡£Èç¹ûÎÒ˵µÄÊǶԵģ¬ÄÇôÎÒÇ¿ÁÒÆÚÍûÎÒÃǵķ¨ÔºÓ¦¸ü¶àµØÇ¿µ÷ÆäÈ«²¿ÒâÒå¡£¾³£ÓÐÈË˵£¬ÔÚijЩûÓгÉÎÄÏÜ·¨µÄ¹ú¼ÒÀ˽ÈËȨÁ¦ÊÜÒé»áµÄ±£»¤±ÈÎÒ¹ú¸ü¶à¡£ÎÒÃǵÄÏÜ·¨ÀíÂÛÎÞÒÉÇãÏòÓÚ½«¹«ÕýºÍÕýµ±ÐÔÎÊÌâÅųýÔÚÍ⣬¶øÖ»ÊÇÔÚÁ¢·¨ÕßµÄ˼ÏëÀï³äÂúÁ˹ØÓںϷ¨ÐÔ¡ª¡ªÊ²Ã´ÎªÏÜ·¨ËùÔÊÐí¡ª¡ªÖ®Ë¼Î¬¡£ÇÒ¼´Ê¹¶ÔÓںϷ¨ÐÔÎÊÌ⣬ËûÃÇÒ²²»¸Ðµ½ÓÐʲôÔðÈΣ»ËûÃÇ˵£¬Èç¹ûÎÒÃÇ´íÁ˵ϰ£¬·¨Ôº»á¾ÀÕýÖ®¡£[25] Èç¹ûÎÒ˵µÄ¶Ô£¬ÄÇô³¤Öξð²µÄ¸Ä¸ï֮·ÊÇÔÚÎÒÃÇÈËÃñÖмä´ï³É±ÈÏÖÔÚÇ¿ÁҵöàµÄÈÏʶ£¬ÒÔʹÕþ¸®ÔðÈÎÄܻعéÆäËùÊôµÄÕýµ±Î»ÖãºÕâÒ²¾ÍÊÇÎÒÃǵÄϵͳ¶ÔÁ¢·¨È¨Á¦Ëù±£ÁôÒ²±ØÐë±£ÁôµÄ¾Þ´ó¿Õ¼ä¡ª¡ª¼´Ê¹Ëü¿ÉÄܲúÉúË𺦺Íа¶ñ¡ª¡ªÒÔ¼°¶Ô˾·¨È¨Á¦Ëù¹æ¶¨µÄÇå³þÏÞÖÆ¡£ÏÜ·¨Ðí¶à¾ßÌå½ûÖ¹¶ÔÁ¢·¨È¨µÄÖÆÔ¼ºÍ¼õËð£¬Ò»µ©ÊµÏ־ͱØÈ»»áʹÕþ¸®Í½ÓÐÐéÃû¡¢ÎÞÄÜΪÁ¦¡£ÔÚijЩÖÝ£¬Õâ¸ö¹ý³ÌÒѾ×ßµÃ̫ԶÁË¡£Ã»ÓÐÄĸöÌåÖÆµÄ·¨ÔºÈ¨Á¦¿ÉÒÔÈç´ËÖ®´ó£¬ÒÔÕü¾ÈÆäÈËÃñÓÚ¶éÂ䣻ÎÒÃǵÄÖ÷Òª±£»¤ÔÚÓڱ𴦡£Èç¹ûÕâ¸öÀíÂÛÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ£¬ÄÇô¶ÔÓÚ¹«ÖÚ¶øÑÔ×îÖØÒªµÄ¾ÍÊÇʹ֮»Ö¸´±¾À´ÃæÄ¿¡£
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] ¡¶ÂÛÁ¢·¨È¨µÄÏÜ·¨ÏÞÖÆ¡·µÚÁù°æ£¬µÚ68Ò³¡£²¼À³Ê¿ÔÚ¡¶ÃÀ¹úÁª°î¡·µÚÒ»°æµÚ431Ò³ÔøÒԿ϶¨·½Ê½ÒýÓá£
[2] Eakin v. Raub, 12 S. & R. 330.
[3] Farrar¡¯s Rep. Dart. Coll. Case, 36.
[4] Charles River Bridge Case, 7 Pick. 344.
[5] Wellington, Petr., 16 Pick. 87.
[6] µÚÈý°æ£¬µÚ279-281Ò³¡£
[7] ÏÂÁа¸Àý¶¼ÊÇÕâôÅоöµÄ£¬¼ûRiggs v. State, 3 Cold. 85 (Tenn., 1866); United States v. Clark, 31 Fed. Rep. 710 (U.S. Circ. Ct., E. Dist. Michigan, 1887, J. Brown)¡£¹þ¶û·¨¹Ù(J. Hare)Ò²²ûÊöÁËͬÑùµÄÀíÂÛ£¬¼ûÆä¡¶ÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨¡·µÚ¶þ¾í£¬µÚ920Ò³¡£
[8] Cap. & Counties Bank v. Henty, 7 App. Cas., p. 776.
[9] Chic. &c. Ry. Co. v. Minnesota, 134 U.S. 418¡£ÎÊÌâÊǹ涨ίԱ»áµ÷¿ØÌú·Ô˷ѵÄÁ¢·¨ÊÇ·ñºÏÏÜ£¬¸ÃÁ¢·¨ÅųýÁ˵±ÊÂÈËÔÚ·¨ÔºÒªÇó˾·¨×îÖÕ¾ÀÕýίԱ»áÐÐΪµÄ»ú»á¡£
[10] ±È½ÏLaw and Fact in Jury Trials, 4 Harvard Law Review 167, 168.
[11] ˾·¨¶ÔÕâ¸öÎÊÌâµÄÒâ¼û¾³£È±·¦Êʵ±Çø·Ö£¬¾ÍºÃÏñËûÃÇÈÏΪÒé»á±ØÐëÔÚºÍÉÏÊö²»Í¬µÄÆäËüÒâÒåÉÏ·þ´Ó·¨¹Ù¶ÔºÏÀíÐÔµÄÒâ¼ûÒ»Ñù¡£ÔÚÆä¡¶ÏÜ·¨Ñ§ÔÀí¡·µÚ¶þ°æµÚ57Ò³£¬¿âÀû·¨¹ÙÔÚ̸ÂÛÒ»¸ö¾ßÌåÎÊÌâʱ±í´ïÁËÕýÈ·¹Ûµã£º¡°¶ÔʲôÊǹ«¹²Ä¿µÄÖ®¾ö¶¨Ö÷ÒªÊôÓÚÒé»áְȨ£¬ÇÒÖ»ÒªËü²¢²»Ã÷ÏÔËÆÊǶø·Ç£¬Á¢·¨ÐÐΪ²»Ó¦Êܵ½Éó²é»òÏÞÖÆ¡£ËùÓеÄÒÉÎʶ¼±ØÐëÒÔ¶ÔÁ¢·¨ÐÐΪÓÐЧÐÔÓÐÀûµÄ·½Ê½µÃµ½½â¾ö£¬ÕâÏÔÈ»ÊÇÒòΪÎÊÌâÊÇÁ¢·¨ÐÔÖʵģ¬ÇÒÖ»ÓгöÏÖÁ¢·¨È¨µÄÃ÷ÏÔԽȨʱ²Å³ÉΪ˾·¨ÐÔÖʵġ£Èç¹û·¨ÔºÒªÊÜÀí°¸¼þ²¢Ðû²¼ÊÕ·ÑÎÞЧ£¬ÄÇôÊÕ·Ñȱ·¦¹«¹²ÀûÒæÄ¿µÄ±ØÐëÊÇÈç´ËÇå³þºÍ¶¹Ç£¬ÒÔÖÁÈκÎÓÐÀíÖǵÄÈ˶¼ÄÜÒ»ÑÛ¿´³ö¡£¡±ÔÚÁíÒ»¸öÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬Áª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄÎ¤ÌØ·¨¹Ù(C.J. Waite)ÔÙ´ÎÖ¸³ö£º¡°ËùÓÐÕâÀà°¸¼þ¶¼Éæ¼°ºÏÀíÐÔÎÊÌ⣬Òò¶øÎÒÃÇÖ»ÐèÒª¿¼ÂǸÃËßËÏʱЧ¹æ¶¨ËùÔÊÐíµÄʱ¼äÊÇ·ñÔÚËùÓÐÇéÐÎϺÏÀí¡£¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬Òé»áÊÇÖ÷Òª²ÃÅй٣¬¶øÎÒÃDz»Äܳ·Ïû¸ÃÕþ¸®²¿Ãŵľö¶¨£¬³ý·ÇÆä·¸ÁËÃ÷ÏÔ´íÎ󡣡±Terry v. Anderson, 95 U.S. 633£»¼ûPickering Phipps v. Ry. Co., 66 Law Times Rep. 721 (1892)£¬ÒÔ¼°ÀµÂ·¨¹ÙÔÚPerry v. Keene, 56 N.H. 514 (1876)ÖÐÓмÛÖµµÄÒâ¼û¡£
[12] Eakin v. Raub, 12 S. & R., p. 355.
[13] Fletcher v. Peck, 6 Cr., p. 131.
[14] Cap. & Count. Bank v. Henty, 7 App. Cas. 741.
[15] McCulloch v. Maryland, 4 Wheat. 316.
Òë×¢£º±¾ÎÄÕâÒ»¶ÎµÄÒâ˼ÊÇ˵£¬·¨ÔºÓÐʱÔÚά³ÖÁ¢·¨ºÏÏÜÐÔµÄÒâ¼ûÖÐÌÖÂÛÁËijһÏîÁ¢·¨ÎªÊ²Ã´ºÏÏܵÄÀíÓÉ£¬¸øÈ˵ÄÓ¡ÏóËÆºõÊÇ·¨¹Ù¿ÉÒÔ¶ÔÁ¢·¨ºÏÏÜÐÔ×÷³ö¶ÀÁ¢Åжϣ¬Òò¶øÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¸ù¾ÝÕâÖÖÍÆÀí·½Ê½ÅоöÁíÒ»ÏîÁ¢·¨ÊÇÎ¥Ïܵģ¬Ö»Òª·¨ÔºÓиù¾ÝÈÏΪÈç´Ë£»µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬ÔÚÐí¶à°¸ÀýÖУ¬¼´Ê¹·¨¹Ù¶Ô·¨ÂɵĺÏÏÜÐÔ´æÔÚ»³ÒÉ£¬ÒòΪ±¾ÎÄÔÚ´Ë»òÆäËüµØ·½Ëù²ûÊöµÄÀíÓÉ£¬ËûÃÇÈÔÈ»²»¶ÔºÏÏÜÐÔ×÷³ö¶ÀÁ¢Åжϣ¬¶øÊÇ×ðÖØÒé»áÅжϣ¬²ÉÓÿíËɵÄÉó²é±ê׼ά³ÖÁ¢·¨µÄºÏÏÜÐÔ¡£ [16] J. ThomasµÄ·¨ÔºÒâ¼û£¬8 Gray 21.
[17] һλ¾ÚÉ¥µ«¼âÈñºÍÓÐÒâ˼µÄ×÷ÕßÔÚ1885ÄêÆÀÂÛÁª°î×î¸ß·¨ÔºµÄ·¨¶¨»õ±Ò¾ö¶¨Ê±Ð´µÀ£º¡°·¨ÔºÒѾ¿åÁË£¬ÇÒËü²»Ì«¿ÉÄÜÔÙ³ÉΪ´óÖÚÒâÖ¾µÄÓÐÐ§ÖÆÔ¼£¬»ò¼´Ê¹ËüÊÔͼÕâô×öÒ²²»»á³É¹¦¡£¡°Brooks Adams, ¡°Consolidation of the Colonies¡±, 55 Atlantic Monthly 307.
[18] Professor Gray, 6 Harvard Law Review 33n£¬ËûÊʵ±µØÓÃÕâ¶ÎÆÀÂÛÀ´±íÃ÷¡°´©¶ÌÅÛµÄÒéÔ±ÃÇ£¨Òë×¢£º´©³¤ÅÛµÄÊÇ·¨¹Ù£©¶Ô»ù±¾·¨ÂÉÔÔòµÄ°ÑÎÕÓÐʱ±ÈÐí¶àÂÉʦ»¹×¼È·¡£¡±
[19] 1717Äê3ÔÂ31ÈÕ£¬»ôµÂÀû(Hoadly)Ö÷½ÌÔÚ¹úÍõÃæÇ°µÄ²¼µÀ£º¡°Íõ¹ú»ò»ù¶½½Ì»áµÄ±¾ÖÊ¡±£¬London: James Knapton, 1717¡£Ó¦¸ÃÖ¸³öµÄÊÇ£¬»ôµÂÀûÖ÷½ÌËù̸ÂÛµÄÊÇÏÂÁÐÇéÐΣºÁ¢·¨ÕßÒ»µ©°ä²¼ÁËÆäÁ¢·¨£¬Ëû¾Í´Ó²»ÔÙ²åÊÖ¸ÉÔ¤¡£Õâ²¢²»È«È»ÊÇÎÒÃÇÕâÀïµÄÇé¿ö£¬µ«ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ»ØÏë´÷Î÷¶ÔÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨µÄÐÞÕýËù×÷µÄÆÀÂÛ£º¡°ÔÚ90ÄêÖУ¬ÃÀ¹úµÄÖ÷ȨֻÓÐÒ»´Î±»»½Æð²ÉÈ¡ÖØ´óÐж¯¡£ËüÐèÒªÄϱ±Õ½ÕùµÄÀ×öªÀ´´òÆÆÆä¾²Ú×£¬ÇÒ¿ÉÒÔ»³ÒɵÄÊÇ£¬Ö»Óм´¿Ì·¢ÉúµÄ¸ïÃü²ÅÄÜ»½ÆðËûÐж¯¡£µ«ÊÇÒ»¸ö¶àÄê»è˯µÄ¹úÍõ¾ÍÈçͬһ¸ö´Ó²»´æÔڵĹúÍõ¡£Áª°îÏÜ·¨¿ÉÒԸı䣬µ«³öÓÚËùÓÐÕâЩÔÒò£¬Áª°îÏÜ·¨ÇãÏòÓÚ²»±ä¡£
[20] Com. v. Green, 12 Allen 163; Taylor v. Place, 4 R.I. 362¡£¼ûThayer¡¯s Memorandum on Advisory Opinions (Boston, 1885), Jameson, Constitutional. Convention, 4th. Ed., Appendix, note 3, p. 667£¬ÒÔ¼°ÏÂÁÐÓмÛÖµµÄÎÄÕ£ºH.A. Dubuque, The Duty of Judges as Constitutional Advisers, 24 American Law Review 369.
[21] Opinion of Justices, 70 Me 583 (1880)¡£±È½Ï¿ÏÌØ·¨¹Ù(J. Kent)µÄÒâ¼û£º¡°ºÁÎÞÒÉÎÊ£¬¸ù¾ÝÕâÖÖÇëÇóÏÂÌṩµÄÒâ¼û²»¾ßÓÐ˾·¨Ð§Á¦£¬ÇÒ²»ÄÜÔ¼Êø»ò¿ØÖÆÈκβ¿ÃŵÄÈκιÙÔ±Ö®ÐÐΪ¡£ËüÃÇ´ÓÀ´²»±»ÈÏΪ¶ÔÇëÇóÒâ¼ûµÄ»ú¹¹¾ßÓÐÔ¼ÊøÁ¦¡£¡±58 Me. 573 (1870)¡£ÇÒÆäËû·¨¹ÙͬÑùÖ¸³ö£º¡°Èç´ËÐγɵÄÒâ¼û´ÓÀ´²»±»ÈÏΪÊǾö¶¨ÐԵ쬶øÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÔÚËùÓÐÊʵ±³¡ºÏÏÂÊܵ½Éó²é¡£¡±(J. Tapley, ibid. 615)¡°Èç¹ûͨ¹ýÊʵ±³ÌÐò¶ø½«ÎÊÌâ½»¸ø·¨Ôº½â¾ö£¬ÏÖÔÚ¸øÓèµÄÈκÎÒâ¼û¶¼Ã»ÓÐÈκÎЧÁ¦£»Ö»ÊÇÒÔÃâÎÒÒòΪ¾Ü¾ø»Ø´ð¶øºöÂÔÁËÏÜ·¨ÒåÎñÖ®ÂÄÐУ¬ÎÒ½«¶ÔËùÌá½»µÄÎÊÌ⼫Ϊ¼òÂԵرí´ïÎÒµÄÒâ¼û¡£(J. Libby, 72 Me. 562-3)
[22] In re Senate Bill, 12 Colo. 466¡£ÔÚÎÒ¿´À´£¬ÕâÏîÒâ¼ûÔÚijЩ·½ÃæÃ»Óеõ½Êʵ±¿¼ÂÇ¡£
[23] Macqueen¡¯s Pract. Ho. Of Lords, pp. 49-50.
[24] J. Gibson in Eakin v. Raub, 12 S. & R. 357£¬±È½ÏÉϰ¸£¬µÚ352Ò³¡£ÆäËü·¨ÔºÒ²¸ù¾ÝÒ»°ãÔÔòµÃµ½ÁËͬÑù½á¹û£º¡°Ò»¸ö´æÔÚ¼òµ¥ÒÉÎʵݸ¼þÓ¦ÒÔ¶ÔÖÝ·¨ÓÐÀûµÄ·½Ê½¶ø»ñµÃ¾ö¶¨£¬½«¾ÀÕý´íÎ󡪡ªÈç¹û´æÔڵϰ¡ª¡ªÁô¸øÁª°î·¨ÔºÈ¥×ö¡£ÓÐÀûÓÚÖÝÕþ¸®²¢ÁзÖÖ§µÄÍÆ¶¨¡¢ÖÝ·¨ÔººÍÖÝÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµÒÔ¼°Î¬»¤Æä²ÆÕþϵͳµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ¡ª¡ªÕâ¶ÔÓÚÖݵĸ£ÀûÊÇ×îΪ¹Ø¼üºÍÖØÒªµÄ£¬¶¼ÔÚ±¾°¸ÒªÇóµÃ³öÕâÒ»½á¹û¡£¡±(J. Agnew, Tonnage Tax Cases, 62 Pa. St. 286)
[25] ¡°¶ÔÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®µÄÏÜ·¨½âÊͶøÑÔ£¬×îÖØÒªµÄÔÚÓÚÏÂÁнá¹û£¬¼´Áª°îÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹Ôںܴó³Ì¶ÈÉϽöÏÞÓÚ´¿´âµÄ·¨ÂÉÌÖÂÛ¡£¡¡·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâºÜÈÝÒ×ʹʵÖÊÉϸüÖØÒªµÄÔÔòºÍÕþ²ßÎÊÌâÏàÐμû空ÍÄ£ºý²»Ç壬´Ó¶øÊ¹È«¹úµÄ×¢ÒâÁ¦ºÍ¹ú»áÕùÂ۵ļ¼Çɶ¼Æ«ÀëÕâЩÎÊÌâ¡£¡±²¼À³Ê¿£º¡¶ÃÀ¹úÁª°î¡·µÚÒ»°æ£¬µÚ377Ò³¡£ËûÔÚÒýÓÃ×îÖøÃûµÄÏÜ·¨Ñ§¼Ò¹þ¶û·¨¹Ù(J. Hare)ʱ˵£º¡°ÔÚÒé»á½øÐеľ«Ï¸ºÍ΢ÃîµÄÌÖÂÛÖУ¬È¨Àû¾³£Ê§È¥×¢Ò⣬²¢±»×÷ΪÁ¦Á¿µÄͬÒå´Ê¡£Ò»°ã¼Ù¶¨µÄÊÇ£¬ÏÜ·¨ËùÔÊÐíµÄÒ²ÊÇÕýµ±µÄ£¬¶øºÏ·¨µÄ´ëʩҲ²»¿ÉÄܲ»·ûºÏµÀµÂ¡£¡±£¨Í¬ÉÏ£¬µÚ378Ò³£¬²¢¿É¼û410Ò³£©