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Զػ
һ
Ԫ͵ĺ̡ܷá ҵġͳͳ֮˵һΪ֮
ֱʱڴﵽѧĵ߷塣Խͳ˵䡣ܶΪǷ⽨ͳIJɺѧҺŴΪ˼ḻɷ࣬ԹΪഫڰѡͳΪзֲ֮ΪκδͳһһЩôͳ֮ΪͳĻ˼ҵȻҲ⡣ڴҶҵԿϡһͳҢ˴ġ䡢ܹ˵Ӵӣ֮֮Ҳ˵Ĵ벻ָʲôأӡԭǿ֮֮νΣж֮֮ν壬Ƕ֮֮νġ塱һ·룬ΪҲ£ǡסʡΪΪλҵͳһʺϳΪס˵֮Ϊģ˳£֮Ϊˣ֮ΪģͶƽ֮Ϊ¹ңġָ֮סĸãʳ飬䳣ɶ٣ɶ˹ϡָ
˼ڹͶԲأνһأdzݡӹ֮ɵöҲұ仰Ͽⲻ֪仰еġ롱ǹϵʣDzʡӲ֡ҡʾйϵļ֮䲻á롱ӺʡӺġ롱ʾ߹ϵ˵Ӻ̸¡ӡС롱÷˵Ӻ̸˵Ӻ̸һС족롰δã̸족֮ȱȽǣҶС֮⡣磬ʱɣɣաڴϣԻ˹ҹӺ˵Ȼ죬Ҳ˂xӡηС˲֪ηϡ˵dzͶƵ죻̸øϢϢص־˸죬磬裬sΣ֮δɥ˹ҲΣӺʮ֪ΪԹ죬ˣѧϴ֪ʡջԻ棡ɥ裡ɥ裡Ƚߣ֮֮ӺҲ˵ȵȡ
̸IJͬʽʹúȻ֮족롰֮족֡עǣȻ֮족Ȼ磬֮족Ҳdzԭߵһ£ڡѼߡӶԴ죬һϹ£һ´ϡϹ£һ壬⣬ҲȻ´ϣͨҲеԡҪ֮֮ʵ֮˵úãʣΩҲ塷Ȼ롰˵ȴDZʾʵķ룬һҡĹϵ롣ˣԣ˵죬Ҳԡִѧ˵ͬıⷽʽʾȻӦȻģ̬壬˵ʾȻʵȻģ̬塣ˣµıȻԺͼֵȻżȻԺɣ˵ϵ˹Ȼִ֪ѧȻ롰żȻֵ롰ɡӦȻ롰ʵȻķͱ֤ϵⲢòͬĸ̸ͬһ飬ͬһ̸۲ͬ顣ִ˱ָѧŪͿˣΪ족͡ˡֱָ˺һָȻгͳһȻ˵ʡ˵ԣȷʵûȷ߹ϵӹ˵֮ɵöҲŽˡ½ɽһ仰ܽúãʷ˹,
Ի, ʮִ, ݡ (½Ԩ
ʮģ¼)ԡʡΪ̸˵ϵʻȻһ壻ʮִ˵չ̸߹ϵ
̸ƣԼԣԡսʱԡ֮֮Ϊԡ⣬ǽһ˵ȻԾе츳֮ڗG;
˵Ծмֵȡˮ֮¡һ棬Ķ֮ԣӦȻȻԼ˵ʱǿһ棬ʱǿ˵һ档ǿԵձԡȻʱϵÿӶԡʫ֮ģܲ¡һۣΪʫߣ֪֮ߣ
ܲ¡ϡͱȻԶԣ˵붯Բ𣬹ԻɫҲ¡֮ģۻ֮ҿڡϡ붯Ե𣬲ǷϵЩϵֻȻϵԳ֮ƵļֵϵԵڣԾʵļֵܹɵؾԼʵȻ״̬˷ɣȻıȻԣǾǡġûʲôˡ˵Ķ˵ġ͡߶ϵֻвʵƵļֵɡ˵֮ζҲĿ֮ɫҲ֮Ҳ֮ڳҲ֮֫ڰҲҲɣӲνҲ֮ڸҲ֮ھҲ֮ڱҲ֮Ҳʥ֮ҲҲɣӲνҲ¡ȻԣԡļֵԼ˵ԡ˵ɡӵ˼ǣ˵ԺԶбȻԣļֵԣӲܣֻ˳ӦȻøй٣ʶڸԡһ棬ӻʵֵ±ԣֻطӱȻԣʶƵıԲ
۹ͨ˵֪Զ֪죬˿Ĺϵ⡣ӹáϡĸʾ˵ͳһߣ֮Ҳ֮ߣ֮Ҳʮ£ϡ˵ĵԣǡ״˵ġһһ֮ν֮Ҳ֮Ҳ仰еġɡ˼ϵġϡˣ⣬һƽ̡ϳ֮Ϊ֮֮ͨģԲС϶˳֮زΡһЩ˺һ˼⡣
ѿϹ˵һ˼ݵʱִɹΪǶΪǰ֮µġ龭Ǻ˵α졣ڹ飬ͱָΪα顣Ʋɵ۲ۣ˶ϿɵĽǷα죬ⲻһƾ֡¾Ŀݾܾ⣬дδֵܳĿ֤֮⣬ڻҪʽġ֪ʶѧ˼뷢չʷĽǶ⡣ǿԿһ£˼Ƿֻǿ˼䣬Ⱥ߸ΪȽֻǺߵѿڵʱʷ£ֻijѿǰߵߵķչҲʷı仯ġιŴ˼ʷߣŶͬ⣬ӡ顷۵˼һʷĽ˹˹һΪʱһɹһһԵĸһʷĽ䡣йġǰʱ롰ʱ֮гдϵǺ˵ġͳ
顷еһȨۣڽšͳߵĵصģ֡Ե족ͳʱʼġ̡ơ磬е¡
־ϵۣݡӡĶ֮ηϵۣҲġΨף˾Ψס̫¡ͳƺһ˼봫ͳףͳȨף̸Ի족Ի족衷ͳصĽѵġѿҳһ¡֮˵ͳҲݴ˵óˡ첻ţҵΨӡ]ĽֵۡԾֻdzԵη츳ȨҪֻͳߡЩȨͳζֻܱͳεڶԣǼȲҪҲܻõԡʱͳȨƣ¡ԭΪá֮áҲͳеȨձҪ練ӳһʱĽҪʡѧ˵һԹ֮ԭߣҲӹ֣עԻҲż֮ˣ֪֮ʡʡܵϵӽµĻ˹ϵתƵϵɴ˲ɵձ黯˹ϵδȡѧӹصʹԴﵽ˵еԿ˼IJѾһ㡣
֮˵ӹ֮бԺеͳж֮̾ˣһΪȻ壬һԶΪۡڡۡаΪȻɣûеԣгҢ棬ȻԣҲԣǡԶĸ˵αIJΪ塣֮˻ҪαҪ֮ġ֮֡˷ΪأҪ֮ȷ˵˵߷֮ǵ֮֮ԵҲЧһ棬˼˵Ȼ˵Ϊ֮Ϊ㣬Գ壬һҲﷱ¶ԪΨһͳԭ˵֮෴֮Ҳ𣬹ν֮һһߣ֮Ҳﷱ¶ȻҲ̸˺һǡ֮塷˵һ࣬ĺһͳˣ˲졣˼˵ú磬ΪҲ֮Ϊ˱족Ϊ졷˵֮壬ɣ֮Ѫ־ʣ֮У壻֮ö֮ů壻֮ϲŭ֮֮֮ʱܽ˵֮游Ҳ֮Ҳ塷˺ࡱȫǿ˵ĺһΪ֧һеĴʡСף֮Ҳ˵ĵԾȫһͳ죨ϵĻȨɡ
ѧԴеͳΪҪʿͳơѧѧνĵ뺫ĵһν֮Ҳѧ֮˵ͳһ˵˱ԺϡһҲ˵һһ¼ϣϣһϣѧÿϵĴѧѧѧ֣֮˵ѧ·˵ѧ·˵ϴȻǶΪ졢ԡΪһԹ֮ĵ֮ǹͨģ·IJͬвͬǿֺͶԴѧǿޱԵ壬֮֮ԣġѧǿΪ壬Ժͬһ½ɽ֮֡ѧǿɶ˵ĵԱȸ֮ꡰƲԡ⣬˵ԣ¶бˡࡷ壩ѧ϶ơѧǿΪһ֪Ӹʼѭѧǿֱ֪֮֮ġҪ˽⣬ЩֻԵģΪ˵֮ͳһΪҪԭ·ķֱԼֱԴҪԭ磬ѧĿ̸ң룬ͬʱϣֻǡ硱֮ԣֻѧԡ¼ѧԡʡΪ壬ҽ㲻֮˵Ϊһ塱ͬʱҲϣֻ˵ˡֻΪ֪֮䡱¼ϣ˵۴Ǵ˵̸𣬶Ҫʵ˵һ´ǿԽԣҲʱ˵˵ķ˵֮Ϊ֮ġ˵ǰΪɷȻ϶Ϊ֮塱˵ƣơϰ¼ֳƶԴġơ˵ġԡġ֮ͬԶ˵ģ˵ɡȻȻ֮塱ƶֻĵķã˲⣬Ϊʲô½ɽͬϿѧҵĵġ֮˵ʽ˵ѧһġþһ͡ͳ顱һµģѧҡ֪롰Ҳһµġ
֮ܶѧڿ֮ĿУӸֲβˡȻµĹϵ÷ḻѧ֤÷ۺϷϴ;˵ͳһԭӵ쾡£ˣ˵βɷ֣Ҵͳβɷ֡ǶԺġͳڹ͡
ֻǶҴͳһڹͣĿΪ˸ڽ̵ıȽѰһµĽǶȺҰźӽĸǡȻɡ(natural
law)ġȻָһʵڣȻ磬ָıԣ˵ıԣȻҲǺνͳȻȻɣlaw
of
natureȲҪָɣõʥйҵ˵һĴͳΪƣΪDZȽ˼봫ͳṩһµ㡣
Ȼɵ˼벻һԹ֮ĴͳԲڹϣ֮Ȼɵ˼뾭䣬һΪʥĵɣΪȻˡѭᷨΪȻķһӱ䷢ͣڶηڽ̸ĸʱζڽ̵ı仯йءӻڽ̵ĽǶȣҵΪյ㣬Ȼɵ˼һڹ͡
Ȼ˼˹ɵijڹʿѼߡʿڡѧ˵෨ɣⷨɺձ鷨ɡ
ձ鷨ȻɣΪȷʵ˶ŵȻͷ壬ǼʹϵҲ1373b 39
˹ȻԭȻΪߵĵɡǵĽͣȻԵķҲɱ֧䣬еԵԾ˳Ȼ˼ķչҪãΪһͳκͷɵۻڵˡȻlex
naturalis͡ (lex civilis)ΪǰͳϽ㷨ǺߵĻݣII,
4, ۹ҡ III,
22ѿŴȻҪ㣺һԣһձԡԲָֻԣԵձԭ˾ʥȨܹΪһԵܣΪһĺϷԻ
ڵʱϣĻڼȳͻںϵĸӹϵȻɵ˼ҲԸա˹ŵȻɵձԺԵıͽ˻ͽ¡ʥɵĹϵ⡣Ϊ˰ѻ̴̫ϣȻɵ˼˵ڵĻͽ˵ûɷ˳űɷϵ£ȻûɷԼԼɷԳɷĹÿ21415һ̸¶ͼ
(Tertullian) Դ˽˵šȻɺʾȻ֮ɡ
ͨȻĽ̵ʶϵ۵ġȨvi¶ͼȻƵģȴȻɵձԴԵձԣΪṩһձĺԣϣѧԣĻǵ¶ͼΪ֪ĺءһ̸
(Irenaeus)
Ϊ˵̵̫ĹϵѡԼеĽ˵ǡȻ˵ЩȻǺ̫˶ǹͬģȷʵ̫пʼֻ֮вŵԷչɡˡ
IV, xiii, 4ϣ̸˹ (Ambrose)
Ȼձĵɵ壬϶˵ȻɣǶ֮ԼΪ˵ƶ(ΡIII,
iii, 21); ˵ӦȻ ȻΥĶǿɳܵġͬϣI, xviii
˼Ҳϣ˼ȻɵݣǰߵȨϵ̴ۡӵʱʹеԵҲӳڶȻɵĽС˹ۺǰ˵ĸֽͣ˹Ȼɵȫѧ˵ȣȷȻ֮ϻϵ۵Ĵɣ˵ȻֻԱɵķСѧȫ22912ˣȻɵȨϵۡΣֿ϶Ȼ֪ʵеʥ˵ıƣ˷˵ıԵһΪұ浽ܺӵµΣӾȻ¡˵ȻɵĹ涨֮ʵԣѧĵһԭ˼ԵҪԡͬϣ942ٴΣ϶Ȼԭϵ̡ۡϣΪ־ƱܶȻʵУ˲ҪʶȻɣȻ֮¡Ȼ¾Ȼɡ˹ȻɵȻġģsynderesis
conscientiaͬϣ7912ǰȻӦһĵʶ൱˵ġǶ֪ġ֪ھ廷ԾӦȻɵڡѧܡġܡȻһɷڽ̽ɡ̻ᷨҷɵԴݡȻֱָġģϢãDzķdzķķַ֣һϵֱӰ䲼ɣһͨԣĶõɣ̹˹϶ȻɸڳķķеɸɣеĽ̹ν˹ɷĵȼϵͳ
˹ۺϵͺɱս¿Ȼ˼ƻΪأԳΨ۷ձɶڵãֻϵ۵־˵־ãϵ۵־Ǿɵģκձܸġߣϵϵģڱԣϵ۲κεΡˣϵһȥΥȻɵ£ǿܵģǺ
ϺϵȫȫƵ¿˵ϵԸij¾µȨ ..
ˣϵij־˶ϵ۵ijޣ˵ϵһΪȫԭôϵۺ˶ûע49⣩ͬɱˡ͵ͨϵԸij£ôҲûз¿Щ˵зϵ¡ƶ֮ӣʵͼֻǷձĵɣǷϵ±Ϊıǡԡ(recta
ratio)ʵϺ˹˵ľͬĵںͬǰ¿ձȻΪǵĿ;
һӦIJǡԡձҪСڡġͬȻֻЩϵ۵˵־ܽϵ۵ɵġͬʱҲȫƵ־ãƱܶɾ
ϣ¿ġԡӽڰ¹˹еġ־
¿Ψ۶ڽ̸ĸӰ֪ġڽ̸ĸ·ºͼӶûзȻɣȴԲͬ塣·¿һܾȻǵµĻҲ֮ǰ֮ϵĵ¡ΪȻɵĺϷΧ˵ľ֮⡣ʥףǰµȾΡɡõҵȨ˵ҵǿȨڶ֮ųֵģҵȻɺԣԻһáͳ塢ݡص̻ҶԸcrime̻ԸԭsinתR.
H. Bainton, Christian Attitudes to War and Peace, Hodder and
Stoughton, London, 1961,
p.137·¹ʥֻԵģۣûʲôܹϵ۵־֮⣬ȻҲ⡣Ȼϵ۸ҽԵձЧĹߣϵۣҲʥԡ˵εġõʥģϵ۰䲼֮֮ǰû֯ҲҪǶԸܵԵƣҲԳΪתW.
R. Inge, Christian Ethics and Modern Problems, Hodder and Stoughton,
London, 1930,
p.226·°ȻɵεķԽ۵ıԶӰ졣Ļ˹һȫȥȻɵʥԣͻȻԣתΪȻ״̬ķνȻɵԸΩʧȥĿ־壬ԼΪ˶ԸһתһȨȻ״̬ĸԴǴʹȻ˴ԼĶά̹114£
·ȣӶĹȻɵ˼Խ˼ӰӶĺ·²֮ͬڣȻձĵɡ۱ޡ顷Ƕλʱ˵Dz˵ǣָˣһ֪ǵΪȻΪݣձ鲻ˡԭII,
ii, 22ȷ˵ϵ۵ɷ˵ĵɣȻɵ¶ϵϵĵ¶ͬϣIV, xx,
16ȥͳ֮⣬ӶĹȻɵ˼дҪΪǿһȻʥɣϵָġȻordo
naturaeϵ۵־ֱӵϵΣȻȻʹձעʥɷⲻʹϵۣϵ۵ǰĶ䣻ֻУDzáȻɣԾذΪĵɼԳסЧĹ᳹ӶĵӰǸӶģΪ˼뱾̺ȻɷĿԡΪȻµĻϵ۵ɣȻȻɲԵ´ڽȻǰյɵĿɿ;ôͽȫֱͨȻɵʶʵɡ⣬ӶǿȻϵ۵־ϵȻӳ˰¿Ψ۹۵㣬ⲻϵʱѴﵽĹɱȻԵʶ˹ԼӶģȻɶΪʹϵҲɸĵķɡսƽķɡI,
1,
4ֱ£ӶŶȻɵ˼չȻĵɵϵڵµľ϶Ϊһͽľ·Ȼ룬־صȻıȻɣڵҲתΪԿѧ֪ʶǽѧҵľ·ͽͿѧҶǼӶĵ½̶ĹסѧʷעȻѧ̾Ĺϵעڿѧ½̵ĹϵֹϵĽʵΪӶĵȻɵ˼ʮ˼ĻĽ
ǶҵĵͳͻڽȻ˼ıȽоԴﵽһЩۡ
һȻ˼йҵĵͳ֮пɱԺԡȻɲȫȻĹɣҲȫͳϽ߷ҪָƾȻʶͼĵʥɡȻɵʥԡȨԺͺЧáֺͿ֪ȴȫˡȻɵһĹҳ˵һĴͳв֮߶ϵµձԣߵȫ࣬ҳ֮䣬ҰձԹΪԡȻɵġȻı弴ԡıԣҲ˵ıԣй֮ͨЧ֮ͬѧͨˣ֮ѧϴ֮ѧ쵽ˡ˴졣˴Ȼɵеľ·õȻɵϴľ·˵ȵȡЩӳͬijеµϰסǿͳһձԵ˼Լʥϵļֵȡ
ڶȻҵͳIJҲԡŵȻ˼ձԣϣ崫ͳڽ̵Ȼ˼ϵּۣ֮ءԴĶԣȻɳ־ڽµͬ˼ʷһȻҲǸ˼ɵսûγһ˼ҴͳȶԺ͵ѧ˵,
ûвͱڲҲڽµΪн顢ѧΪϵ˵Ȼ˼ȱһн飬֪ʶΪϵζѧѧѧѧЩ߲֤ͬ֡
ڲͬʷ£вͬơҵġͳͳӿӵġʡѧ˵ӵۣ֮ѧγһ˼ͳȻҲȻ˵ĸţЩϾΧšеIJûŻͳԺȹʹ˵ϵɷָߵʥĵԭι̵ͳιҡġйŴᡢƶȳȶۻԶԣȻ˼벻һ֮Ĵͳ˼ͳҲռͳελϣʼСȻ˵롰Լ˵֮Ȩ۵
ԼȻ˼ķչȻ侭˹ᳫΪѧӰϾǾֲġڻ̵ڣ̸Ȼ˼Ľġֲģмڽɷ֡Ϊ˹ۺϺǿ̻ᾡȻ˼룬ʹ֮Ϊᡢ˼Ҫɲ֡½̶Ȼɵ˹ĽͷͥʹȻ˼δڻڽγͳһĴͳȻ˼ĶԺìԵ֦ӵķչҪķչһȻʥ½ΪΡ˼ĴȻɵķ룬Ϊֵġֲʧʥ֪Եձ鷨ȻɵתΪȻɣһתӦ˽ȻѧչҪӱȽоĽǶȿ⣬ѧ˵ʷ֮ûпͿѧǡǡͳ̫ι̣˵֣ͳƱΪִơ
߶ʵͻԡԽȻ˼侭ӱ䣬ΪɵĴͳȻڣ˹ȻɵĽͣ½ѧҲʱҪȻΪ»ʮȻѧĴ߰գButlerʮѧĴƶBonhoefferǶһڽִȻɣȫڴͳΪȻ˼벢ι֮ͳҪΪӦִһƪ˵ִḶִ̌ԵķʽԣִִԵļ˻ֵʥֵijԽִʥĻĻϵһֿԡѧо
199411ڣڻڽȻ˼룬Ҫⲻڡ֡ڡϡھ˵ѧ¡ѧֵķ֮ıʥڼֵϵͳһڴ˷棬˼йԻȡ̵Ŀռ䡣ҵĵͳͻڽ̵Ȼɵ˼ֲִֵʧ䣬ʥֵֵĽϣʵ塣
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