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     Ԫ͵ĺ̡ܷá ҵġͳͳ֮˵һΪ֮󿪣 ֱʱڴﵽѧĵ߷塣Խͳ˵䡣ܶΪǷ⽨ͳIJɺ׫ѧҺŴΪ˼ḻɷ࣬ԹΪഫڰѡͳΪзֲ֮ΪκδͳһһЩôͳ֮ΪͳĻ˼ҵȻҲ⡣ڴҶҵԿϡһͳҢ˴ġ䡢ܹ˵Ӵӣ֮֮Ҳ˵Ĵ벻ָʲôأӡԭǿ֮֮νΣж֮֮ν壬Ƕ֮֮νġ塱һ·룬ΪҲ£ǡסʡΪΪλҵͳһʺϳΪס˵֮Ϊģ˳£֮Ϊˣ򰮶֮ΪģͶƽ֮Ϊ¹ңġָ֮סĸãʳ飬䳣ɶ٣ɶ˹ϡָ
    
     ˼ڹͶԲأνһأdzݡӹ֮ɵöҲұ仰Ͽⲻ֪仰еġ롱ǹϵʣDzʡӲ֡ҡ񡱣ʾйϵļ֮䲻á롱ӺʡӺġ롱ʾ߹ϵ˵Ӻ̸¡ӡС롱÷˵Ӻ̸˵Ӻ̸һС족롰δã̸족֮ȱȽǣҶС֮⡣磬ʱɣɣաڴϣԻ˹򣬲ҹӺ˵Ȼ򣻡죬Ҳ˂xӡηС˲֪ηϡ˵dzͶƵ죻̸øϢϢص־˸죬磬裬sΣ֮δɥ˹ҲΣӺʮ֪ΪԹ죬ˣѧϴ֪ʡջԻ棡ɥ裡ɥ裡Ƚߣ֮֮ӺҲ˵ȵȡ
    
     ̸IJͬʽʹúȻ֮족롰֮족֡עǣȻ֮족Ȼ磬֮족Ҳdzԭߵһ£ڡѼߡӶԴ죬һϹ£һ´ϡϹ£һ壬಻⣬ҲȻ´ϣͨҲеԡҪ֮֮ʵ֮˵úãʣΩҲ塷Ȼ໥򣬵롰˵ȴDZʾʵķ룬һҡĹϵ롣ˣԣ˵죬Ҳԡִѧ˵ͬıⷽʽʾȻӦȻģ̬壬˵ʾȻʵȻģ̬塣ˣµıȻԺͼֵȻżȻԺɣ˵ϵ˹Ȼִ֪ѧȻ롰żȻֵ롰ɡӦȻ롰ʵȻķͱ֤ϵⲢòͬĸ̸ͬһ飬ͬһ̸۲ͬ顣ִ˱ָѧŪͿˣΪ족͡ˡֱָ򣬡˺һָȻгͳһȻ˵ʡ˵ԣȷʵûȷ߹ϵӹ˵֮ɵöҲŽˡ½ɽһ仰ܽúãʷ˹, Ի, ʮִ, ݡ (½Ԩ ʮģ¼)ԡʡΪ̸˵ϵʻȻһ壻ʮִ򿪣˵չ̸߹ϵ
    
     ̸ƣԼԣԡսʱԡ֮֮Ϊԡ⣬ǽһ˵ȻԾе츳֮ڗG; ˵Ծмֵȡˮ֮¡һ棬Ķ֮޵ԣӦȻȻԼ˵ʱǿһ棬ʱǿ˵һ档ǿԵձԡȻʱ͹ϵÿӶԡʫ֮ģܲ¡һۣΪʫߣ֪֮ߣ ܲ¡ϡͱȻԶԣ˵붯Բ𣬹ԻɫҲ¡֮ģۻ֮ҿڡϡ붯Ե𣬲ǷϵЩϵֻȻϵԳ֮⻹ƵļֵϵԵڣԾʵļֵܹɵؾԼʵȻ״̬˷ɣȻıȻԣǾǡġûʲôˡ˵Ķ˵ġ͡߶ϵֻвʵƵļֵɡ˵֮ζҲĿ֮ɫҲ֮Ҳ֮ڳҲ֮֫ڰҲҲɣӲνҲ֮ڸҲ֮ھҲ֮ڱҲ֮Ҳʥ֮ҲҲɣӲνҲ¡ȻԣԡļֵԼ˵ԡ˵ɡӵ˼ǣ˵Ժ͸ԶбȻԣļֵԣӲ׷ܣֻ˳ӦȻøй٣ʶڸԡһ棬ӻʵֵ±ԣֻطӱȻԣʶƵıԲ ۹ͨ˵֪Զ֪죬˿Ĺϵ⡣ӹáϡĸʾ˵ͳһߣ֮Ҳ֮ߣ֮Ҳʮ£ϡ˵ĵԣǡ״˵ġһһ֮ν֮Ҳ֮Ҳ仰еġɡ˼ϵġϡˣ⣬һƽ̡ϳ֮Ϊ֮֮ͨģԲС϶˳֮زΡһЩ˺һ˼⡣
    
     ѿϹ˵һ˼׷ݵʱִɹΪǶ׫Ϊǰ֮µġ龭Ǻ˵α졣ڹ飬ͱָΪα顣Ʋɵ۲ۣ˶ϿɵĽǷα죬ⲻһƾ֡¾Ŀݾܾ⣬дδֵܳĿ֤֮⣬ڻҪʽġ֪ʶѧ˼뷢չʷĽǶ⡣ǿԿһ£˼Ƿֻǿ˼䣬Ⱥ߸ΪȽֻǺߵѿڵʱʷ£ֻijѿǰߵߵķչҲʷı仯ġιŴ˼ʷߣŶͬ⣬ӡ顷۵˼һʷĽ˹˹һΪʱһɹһһԵĸһʷĽ䡣йġǰʱ롰ʱ֮гдϵǺ˵ġͳ
    
     顷еһȨۣڽšͳߵĵصģ֡Ե족ͳʱʼġ̡ơ磬е¡ ־ϵۣݡӡĶ֮ηϵۣҲġΨף˾Ψס̫¡ͳƺһ˼봫ͳףͳȨ಻ף̸Ի족Ի족衷ͳصĽѵġѿҳһ¡֮˵ͳҲݴ˵óˡ첻ţҵΨӡ]ĽֵۡԾֻdzԵη츳ȨҪֻͳߡЩȨͳζֻܱͳεڶԣǼȲҪҲܻõԡʱͳȨƣ¡ԭΪá֮áҲͳеȨձҪ󡣿練ӳһʱĽҪ󡣡ʡѧ˵һԹ֮ԭ򡣡ߣҲӹ֣עԻҲż֮ˣ֪֮ʡʡܵ׹ϵӽµĻ˹ϵתƵ׹ϵɴ˲ɵձ黯񡣵˹ϵδȡѧӹصʹԴﵽ˵еԿ˼IJѾһ㡣
    
     ֮󣬹˵ӹ֮бԺеͳж֮̾ˣһΪȻ壬һԶΪۡڡۡаΪȻ͹ɣûеԣгҢ棬ȻԣҲ޵ԣǡԶ񡱵ĸ˵αIJΪ塣֮˻ҪαҪ֮ġ֮֡˷ΪأҪ֮ȷ˵˵߷֮ǵ֮֮ԵҲЧһ棬˼˵Ȼ˵Ϊ֮Ϊ㣬Գ壬һҲﷱ¶Ԫ񡷣Ψһͳԭ˵֮෴֮Ҳ𣬹ν֮һһߣ֮Ҳﷱ¶޶ȻҲ̸˺һǡ֮塷˵һ࣬ĺһͳˣ˲졣˼˵ú磬ΪҲ֮Ϊ˱족Ϊ졷˵֮壬ɣ֮Ѫ־ʣ֮У壻֮ö񣬻֮ů壻֮ϲŭ֮֮֮ʱܽ˵֮游Ҳ֮Ҳ塷˺ࡱȫǿ˵ĺһΪ֧һеĴʡ޴Сף֮޳Ҳ޶˵ĵԾȫһͳ죨ϵĻȨɡ
    
     ѧԴеͳΪҪʿͳơѧѧνĵ뺫ĵһν֮Ҳѧ֮˵ͳһ˵˱޶ԺϡһҲ˵һһ¼ϣϣһϣѧÿϵĴѧѧѧ֣֮˵ѧ·˵ѧ·˵ϴȻǶΪ졢ԡΪһԹ֮ĵ֮ǹͨģ·IJͬвͬǿֺͶԴѧǿޱԵ壬֮֮ԣġѧǿΪ壬Ժͬһ޶½ɽ֮֡ѧǿɶ򣬲˵ĵԱȸ֮񶨺ꡰƲԡ⣬˵ԣ¶бˡࡷ壩ѧ϶޲ơѧǿΪһ֪Ӹʼѭ򽥽ѧǿֱ֪֮֮ġҪ˽⣬ЩֻԵģΪ޲˵֮ͳһΪҪԭ·ķֱԼֱԴҪԭ򡣱磬ѧĿ̸ң룬ͬʱϣֻǡ硱֮ԣֻѧԡ¼ѧԡʡΪ壬ҽ㲻֮˵Ϊһ塱ͬʱҲϣֻ˵ˡֻΪ֪֮޼䡱¼ϣ˵۴Ǵ˵̸𣬶Ҫʵ˵һ´ǿԽԣҲʱ˵˵ķ˵֮Ϊ֮ġ˵ǰΪɷȻ϶Ϊ֮塱˵޶ƣơϰ¼ֳƶԴġơ˵ġԡġ֮ͬԶ˵ģ˵ɡȻ󹫣Ȼ֮塱ƶ񶯾ֻĵķã˲⣬Ϊʲô½ɽͬϿѧҵĵġ֮˵ʽ˵ѧһġþһ͡ͳ顱һµģѧҡ֪롰Ҳһµġ
    
    ֮ܶѧڿ֮ĿУӸֲβˡȻµĹϵ÷ḻѧ֤÷ۺϷϴ;˵ͳһԭ򷢻ӵ쾡£ˣ˵βɷ֣Ҵͳβɷ֡ǶԺġͳڹ͡
    
    
     ֻǶҴͳһڹͣĿΪ˸ڽ̵ıȽѰһµĽǶȺҰźӽĸǡȻɡ(natural law)ġȻָһʵڣȻ磬ָıԣ˵ıԣȻҲǺνͳȻȻɣlaw of natureȲҪָɣõʥйҵ˵һĴͳΪƣΪDZȽ˼봫ͳṩһµ㡣
    
     Ȼɵ˼벻һԹ֮ĴͳԲڹϣ֮Ȼɵ˼뾭䣬һΪʥĵɣΪȻˡѭᷨΪȻķ򡣵һӱ䷢ͣڶηڽ̸ĸʱζڽ̵ı仯йءӻڽ̵ĽǶȣҵΪյ㣬Ȼɵ˼һڹ͡
    
     Ȼ˼˹ɵijڹʿѼߡʿڡ޴ѧ˵෨ɣⷨɺձ鷨ɡ ձ鷨ȻɣΪȷʵ˶ŵȻͷ壬ǼʹϵҲ1373b 39
    ˹Ȼԭ򣬰ȻΪߵĵɡǵĽͣȻԵķҲɱ֧䣬еԵԾ˳Ȼ˼ķչҪãΪһͳκͷɵۻ͹ڵˡȻlex naturalis͡񷨡 (lex civilis)ΪǰͳϽ㷨ǺߵĻݣII, 4, ۹ҡ III, 22ѿŴȻҪ㣺һԣһձԡԲָֻԣԵձԭ򣬲˾ʥȨܹΪһԵܣΪһ׼ĺϷԻ
    
     ڵʱϣĻڼȳͻںϵĸӹϵȻɵ˼ҲԸա˹ŵȻɵձԺԵı׼ͽ˻ͽ¡ʥ׷ɵĹϵ⡣Ϊ˰ѻ̴̫ϣȻɵ˼˵ڵĻͽ˵ûɷ˳űɷϵ£ȻûɷԼԼɷԳɷĹÿ21415һ̸¶ͼ (Tertullian) Դ˽˵šȻɺʾȻ֮ɡ ͨȻĽ̵ʶϵ۵ġȨvi¶ͼȻƵģȴȻɵձԴԵձԣΪṩһձĺԣϣѧԣĻǵ¶ͼΪ֪ĺءһ̸ (Irenaeus) Ϊ˵̵̫ĹϵѡԼеĽ˵ǡȻ˵ЩȻǺ̫˶ǹͬģȷʵ̫пʼֻ֮вŵԷչɡˡ IV, xiii, 4ϣ̸˹ (Ambrose) Ȼձĵɵ壬϶˵ȻɣǶ֮ԼΪ˵ƶ(ΡIII, iii, 21); ˵ӦȻ ȻΥĶǿɳܵġͬϣI, xviii
    
     ˼Ҳϣ˼Ȼɵ׼ݣǰߵȨϵ̴ۡӵʱʹеԵҲӳڶȻɵĽС˹ۺǰ˵ĸֽͣ˹Ȼɵȫѧ˵ȣȷȻ֮ϻϵ۵Ĵɣ˵ȻֻԱɵķСѧȫ22912ˣȻɵȨ͹ϵۡΣֿ϶Ȼ֪ʵеʥ˵ıƣ˷˵ıԵһΪұ浽ܺӵµΣӾ޲Ȼ¡˵ȻɵĹ涨֮ʵԣѧĵһԭ˼ԵҪԡͬϣ942ٴΣ϶Ȼԭϵ̡ۡϣΪ־ƱܶȻʵУ˲ҪʶȻɣȻ֮¡Ȼ¾Ȼɡ˹ȻɵȻġģsynderesis conscientiaͬϣ7912ǰȻӦһĵʶ൱˵ġǶ֪ġ֪ھ廷ԾӦȻɵڡѧܡġܡȻһɷڽ̽ɡ׼򡢽̻ᷨ͹ҷɵԴݡȻֱָġģϢãDzķdzķķַ֣һϵֱӰ䲼ɣһͨԣ򲢱Ķõɣ̹񷨡˹϶ȻɸڳķķеɸɣеĽ̹񷨣ν˹ɷĵȼϵͳ
    
     ˹ۺϵͺ⵽ɱս¿Ȼ˼ƻΪأԳ׵Ψ۷ձɶڵãֻϵ۵־˵־ãϵ۵־Ǿɵģκձܸġߣϵϵģڱԣϵ۲κεΡˣϵһȥΥȻɵ£ǿܵģǺ ϺϵȫȫƵ¿˵ϵԸij¾µȨ .. ˣϵij־˶ϵ۵ijޣ˵ϵһΪȫԭôϵۺ͸˶ûע49⣩ͬɱˡ͵ͨϵԸij£ôҲûз¿Щ˵зϵ¡ƶ֮ӣʵͼֻǷձĵɣǷϵ±Ϊı׼ǡԡ(recta ratio)ʵϺ˹˵ľͬĵںͬǰ¿ձȻΪǵĿ͹; һӦIJǡԡձҪСڡġ๲ͬȻֻЩϵ۵˵־ܽϵ۵ɵġͬʱҲȫƵ־ãƱܶɾ ϣ¿ġԡӽڰ¹˹еġ־
    
     ¿Ψ۶ڽ̸ĸӰ֪ġڽ̸ĸ·ºͼӶûзȻɣȴԲͬ塣·¿һܾȻǵµĻҲ֮ǰ֮ϵĵ¡ΪȻɵĺϷΧ˵ľ֮⡣ʥףǰµȾ򣬺Ρɡõ׹ҵȨ˵ҵǿȨڶ֮ųֵģҵȻɺԣԻһáͳ塢ݡص̻񣻹ҶԸcrime̻ԸԭsinתR. H. Bainton, Christian Attitudes to War and Peace, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1961, p.137·¹ʥ׵ֻԵģۣûʲôܹϵ۵־֮⣬ȻҲ⡣Ȼϵ۸ҽԵձЧĹߣϵۣҲʥԡ˵εġõʥģϵ۰䲼֮֮ǰû֯ҲҪǶԸܵԵƣҲԳΪתW. R. Inge, Christian Ethics and Modern Problems, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1930, p.226·°ȻɵεķԽ۵ıԶӰ졣Ļ˹һȫȥȻɵʥԣͻȻԣתΪȻ״̬ķνȻɵ򣬼ԸΩʧȥĿ־壬ԼΪ˶ԸһתһȨȻ״̬ĸԴǴʹȻ˴ԼĶά̹114£
    
    ·ȣӶĹȻɵ˼Խ˼Ӱ򡣼Ӷĺ·²֮ͬڣȻձĵɡ۱ޡ顷Ƕλʱ˵Dz˵ǣָˣһ֪ǵΪȻΪݣձ鲻ˡԭII, ii, 22ȷ˵ϵ۵ɷ˵ĵɣȻɵ¶ϵϵĵ¶ͬϣIV, xx, 16ȥͳ֮⣬ӶĹȻɵ˼дҪΪǿһȻʥɣϵָġȻordo naturaeϵ۵־ֱӵϵΣȻȻʹձע⵽ʥɷⲻʹϵۣϵ۵ǰĶ䣻ֻУDzáȻɣԾذΪĵɼԳסЧĹ᳹ӶĵӰǸӶģΪ˼뱾̺ȻɷĿԡΪȻµĻϵ۵ɣȻȻɲԵ´ڽȻǰյɵĿɿ;ôͽȫֱͨȻɵʶʵɡ⣬ӶǿȻϵ۵־ϵȻӳ˰¿Ψ۹۵㣬ⲻϵʱѴﵽĹɱȻԵʶ˹ԼӶģȻɶΪʹϵҲɸĵķɡսƽķɡI, 1, 4ֱ£ӶŶȻɵ˼չȻĵɵϵڵµľ϶Ϊһͽľ·Ȼ룬־޹صȻıȻɣڵҲתΪԿѧ֪ʶ׷ǽѧҵľ·ͽͿѧҶǼӶĵ½̶Ĺסѧʷע⵽Ȼѧ̾Ĺϵע⵽ڿѧ½̵ĹϵֹϵĽʵΪӶĵȻɵ˼ʮ˼ĻĽ
    
    
     ǶҵĵͳͻڽȻ˼ıȽоԴﵽһЩۡ
    
    һȻ˼йҵĵͳ֮пɱԺԡȻɲȫȻĹɣҲȫͳϽ߷ҪָƾȻʶ򣩺ͼĵʥɡȻɵʥԡȨԺͺЧáֺͿ֪ȴȫˡȻɵһĹҳ˵һĴͳв֮߶ϵµձԣߵ׼򲻵ȫ࣬ҳ֮䣬ҰձԹΪԡȻɵġȻı弴ԡıԣҲ˵ıԣй֮ͨЧ֮ͬѧͨˣ֮ѧϴ֮ѧ쵽ˡ˴졣˴Ȼɵеľ·õȻɵϴľ·˵ȵȡЩӳͬijеµϰסǿͳһձԵ˼Լ׷ʥϵļֵȡ
    
     ڶȻҵͳIJҲԡŵȻ˼ձԣϣ崫ͳڽ̵Ȼ˼ϵּۣ֮ءԴĶԣȻɳ־ڽµͬ˼ʷһȻҲǸ˼ɵսûγһ˼ҴͳȶԺ͵ѧ˵, ûвͱڲҲڽµΪн顢ѧΪϵ˵Ȼ˼ȱһн飬֪ʶΪϵζѧѧѧѧЩ߲֤ͬ֡͸
    
     ڲͬʷ£вͬơҵġͳͳӿӵġʡѧ˵ӵۣ֮ѧγһ˼ͳȻҲ⵽Ȼ˵ĸţЩϾΧšеIJûŻͳԺȹʹ˵ϵɷָߵʥĵԭι̵ͳιҡġйŴᡢƶȳȶۻԶԣȻ˼벻һ֮Ĵͳ˼ͳҲռͳελϣʼСȻ˵롰Լ˵֮Ȩ۵ ԼȻ˼ķչȻ侭˹ᳫΪѧӰϾǾֲġڻ̵ڣ̸Ȼ˼Ľġֲģмڽɷ֡Ϊ˹ۺϺǿ̻ᾡȻ˼룬ʹ֮Ϊᡢ˼Ҫɲ֡½̶Ȼɵ˹ĽͷͥʹȻ˼δڻڽγͳһĴͳȻ˼ĶԺìԵ֦ӵķչҪķչһȻʥ½򣬳ΪΡ˼Ĵ߻Ȼɵķ룬Ϊֵġֲʧʥ֪Եձ鷨ȻɵתΪȻɣһתӦ˽ȻѧչҪӱȽоĽǶȿ⣬ѧ˵ʷ֮ûпͿѧǡǡͳ̫ι̣˵֣ͳƱΪִơ
    
     ߶ʵͻԡԽȻ˼侭ӱ䣬ΪɵĴͳȻڣ˹ȻɵĽͣ½ѧҲʱҪȻΪ»ʮȻѧĴ߰գButlerʮѧĴƶBonhoefferǶһڽִȻɣȫڴͳΪȻ˼벢ι֮ͳҪΪӦִһƪ˵ִ׻Ḷִ̌Եķʽԣִ׵ִԵļ˻׼ֵʥֵij׷񶨣ԽִʥĻĻϵһֿԡѧо 199411ڣڻڽȻ˼룬Ҫⲻڡ֡ڡϡھ˵ѧ¡ѧֵķ֮ıʥڼֵϵͳһڴ˷棬˼й໥Իȡ̵Ŀռ䡣ҵĵͳͻڽ̵Ȼɵ˼ֲִֵʧ䣬ʥֵ׼ֵĽϣʵ塣