ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

 

ѧ



ֻ ̨ѧϵ

һǰԡ

񹲺壨civic republicanismĹ

ġĹ

塢ĹС

һǰ
Դ޶˹John RawlsġۡA Theory of Justiceһ1971֮
壨liberalismֽһµļԪٶȳΪǰ
ѧ⣬ӦȺۣcommunitarianismҲٶȳΪŻ
⡣绪Michael WalzerԣеĹԣȺ۶
ijЩװΣȻʱݵһٴγ֣κʱʱ
һòûһ壬Ⱥ۵оͲپ Ⱥۺ
֮۱磬ʹá񡹣citizen򡸹֡citizenshipĸ
³ΪѧעĽ㡣Щѧָ1970ѧҪĻ壬1980
ĸȺcommunityȺԱ֣community membership1990
۵֤صǹ͹֣ΪͳȺ

Ⱥ۶ԡ֡вͬĶ壬ĽȺ֮
ҪĹΪģԽһ̽Уκһϸ
Ӧеĵ

񹲺壨civic republicanismĹ

ѧҸǶ˹أWilliam A. GalstonΪ֣ѧ͹ѧ
Ե׷̽ΪĿĵѧʣ磺ѧȣѧ
̽ѰijɹҪصǣоλӰ죬׷
ΪͣопΣо֮Ļֵϵڹ
׷ΪĿ꣬ΪұԱ˸ʹȺУ
Чʵָ˵룬˶ǿ֧ȺԹȺ
ݹŵAmy Gutmann˵Ŀľ"ʶ"
conscious social reproduction仰˵ҪԱ봴˴˹

뷨̺ۣ

Ⱥܲɷ֣ÿһȺԱĸ
ȫǸľͲܴڣ

ֵԪһļޣ򲻿ܴʵĹ

ȻܹάȺȶʵȺĿأҪۣ
"ӦΣ""Ĺ˸ʲô"֮ȱٹʶԭ
ڴͳԺν񡹺֡͡಻ͬţMichael
IgnatieffķҪԷΪɱһǹŵ乫룬Գ֮Ϊ񹲺
ĹҲȺ۵˼ԨԴһĹ

ָ񹲺Ĺݼϣѧ˹£˹
Ϊ񡹾һͬʱʺͳκͱͳεˣҲ˵ͬʱƶɺ
仯ƶ֮ɵ٩춁˹ͬrΪζĿ
һ빫ϰǣн򹫹ƣpublic good˽֮ϵ٩A
Ȼ˹²ijЩ˽ϲõļֵᶨŹճ
٩Ʒ֮˽IҪΪֻڹУܷΪһᶯ
Ĺ۵㣬˹Ϊֻо۹˲ʺϳΪ񣬶
ֻ˲žѡ˳ӵвƲ֮֮⣬Ҫ
ˣ磺ūŮˡСн׼ܳΪ

Ĺ¼ص㣺

Ȩ壺˹µĹԤ辭úĶԣÿһȺijԱ
ܳΪˡ֡һԵĸרijһײ㡣

壺Ʋӵ߲ǹ񣬶ƲڵʱָҪأԹ
Ȼ͹ҵ͸صӵУȻһߡ

ƣڹͬʱʺͳκͱͳΣͳεķʽ
ͳߺͱͳβ̶ġͬĽ׼ֹĹ
֮ͳν׼ĴڣҲ˵κι̶ʽĹײ㣬Զרҵ
ơ͵͹˵еĹӢCincinnatusһũ
Ϊȹ͹İΣ뿪ĶȵɺֻصƽҰ
ԴһԶν׼乫̬ǣ˴ʶͳΡ

۹壺Ȼǹ˴ʶͳΣ
ģӦС񣬲ʹ֮䱣׽ϵ۹Ųө@
봴һϵϵרȨԵ۹

Ҫ󽫹˽֮ϡ˽ҪϵͳΪ񡢹л
εΡ˵ѡܼ֮ŵȣҲǹ񹲺Ҫ

Ⱥ۾ǽڹ񹲺Ĵͳ֮ϣͳǿIJΪȺ
ֵĻں˵ļֵ룬Ը˵֮ͬĻ壬
Ⱥ"˭"仰˵ͳֻ͸Լ֮Ⱥſܷ
̩գCharles TaylorָֻвܷչΪ
Ļ֮Ǹ˷չԡΪһ塢ԼΪһεĴߵıҪ
ȺӵļֵǶȺҳϡŽᣬΪȺ˴֮壬Ⱥһ
⣬˵ͬҲʧȥ֮Ⱥһͬ壬ֵṩԱ
ı٩wᵽ٩a֮Ĺͬ˸УΪķϵڹ
֮γɹϵ⣬ҲΪȺֵڸˣԹκ˽

񹲺Ȼǽڡơ֮ϣǶһȺг
ԱǷڹ֮ͬơ׷֮֮У޷Ϊһͬ
ܵļֵ룬仰˵྿ļֵǶһνõʽֻһ
֣񹲺ĹͬĻͲڣǿʶҲʧȥޡʵ
ϡνһȷĽǿֵĶԪһԶ޷ʵ
DzǿֶΣЩ۵ĻǰᣬԵǰᷢչ״
֮Ⱥͼֵ۵ijͻij̬⣬ǹ񹲺ܺؽЩ
ϵķ֤񹲺Ĺֻһŵ

⣬ڹ񹲺ع˽ؼ棬˵ĸ
ԶҪԹòΪĹܻɶõĺϷԣʵ
еʽĶöǿĹۣЩȨνù
ָЩһ¿ǣȫȨ϶ĹƵˡһԹ̫ھӱ
ĵ¹ˣǺùָ˹û뵽龳һù
Ҳһ

̽Ĺ֮ǰбҪ˽Ļơ
ǵεĻʯҲǰԵʶ̬Ȼʵϣȫ
ֵӵд˿ڴձƶ辶IĹң
ĵ⣬ȲǶԽĹУˣȻһ൱ռ˼
ᣬһЩģ˵̬Ⱥ͹
㣬ΪӰᡢΡõƶȽĻֵ

ν壿Dz˹أAnthony ArblasterΪ¶ʵ٩ϵ?
ѣΪ岢һ鲻ĵºμֵ϶ɣʼո˺
̸ĸʱڣһϵʷ˶䷢չĹת䣬ѧ
֮۵㲢ȫͬ˲øķԶ塣׼Jeremy Waldron
ҲͬĿΪ塢Щʣͺһ˴֮
û̫ͬ㣬Щά˹̹Ludwig Wittgensteinļ
family resemblanceDzЩѧ˵֮ҵһ鹲ͬԭţҲ
һԱΪЩʶ̬ĺĻ٩@ηչɵĽ׼ָ
˹֮⣬ۺʶ̬ʶķչ

ʵ岻ֻһ׼ֵһֶԡĹ۵㣬͸
ĹһЩֵɡƽȣϺͰõѧ˵ָֻ
Ӹɣ˽ⲢûжΪЩ崫ͳص
ѧ˵Ҳǿ

ϣ͵˼ΪֻҪ͸ãڡνʽȻ
һȷĽڵĿľҪٽʵִһۡ
ֻΪרȨ춨һϷĻҲͻרԭ͵Ļ̣
޶˹ķص㣺Ȩڽ̣ɽ̻ͳΣȨ
ƶȵġͳεģҽӽԣһꡢ֮·ڽ̣Ҿ
̵֮ܽһڽ̣һЩҪʿ
ִжֶ֮ΩһȨһʽڽ̣ȫΪȨ֮Χ

ֶҾڽԸ񣬮ʮoڽ̸ĸٳ͵ڽһͳľ
ֻΪڽ̶Ԫ֮ɵĽDz֮ͬļʮͳڵ
ڽ̳ͻս֮⣬вͬڽͬһ᣿;
Ƿһͬľڽ֮ǾͿͳһڽ֮ºƽ
̲ͬڽΪսвΪͳһڽ̲ܲ
ڽ̵ķʽͲ죬˼˶

岻ֻڽ̵ĶԪDzɱ⣬ҲΪ塢ʽIJ
죬һԶ޷ʵȡǿֶΣѴһµĹʶҲ
˵߷ϴһ׼ֵ룬ÿһ׷Ҹ衣ĴںĿ
ģΪʵijһļֵۣҪʹӵвͬͼֵ۵Ա
ڱԵ¹ͬһϷ֮ߵƶִУӦԤ
κһļֵ仰˵ľ߲ӦԤųijһڽ̺͵ѧ
˵޶˹ֲ漰κξԼֵ۵ķΪⷽthe method of
avoidance֮Բѧŵ"ԭõѧ
"

ϵǿԽ˼Ϊ¼ص㣺

ϼֵԪ

Ϊÿһϡ׷룬Ȼͬļֵ
룬εĻǰdzϼֵԪĽ
ȷһҹͬ϶Ŀ͹ۼֵ룬Ϊֵۻÿһ֮ԵIJֶ
ʮҪ˼ԼգJohn Stuart MillΪ
individualityǸҸһҪԪأҲǸ˺һҪɷ֣
ΪչĿĵʵֺ͸߶ᷢչĹؼԵijɳҪأɺʹ
Ķԣ˶ߺһͿԲչֳĻͶֵIJԡΪ
ԲһģĻľһҪɳ淢չ䷢չ
ҪѡĶԣԲͬҪͬ

۵ţɵĿռ׷ѰԼ𰸵ĽȻγɼֵ
Ԫ϶ԪΪԪṩÿһ˶ѡʹ˿ڸ
УѡʺԼԵʽ޶˹ҲΪֵ۵ĶԱһ£
Ϊһᣨwell-ordered societyijԱвͬƻԵģΪв
ͬIJǺ޷һ˻һȺ˾ȫʵЩǺÿһ˿Դӱ
˻еõ

϶˵

յţ͸Ҹܲɷ֣帳ɼҪĵ
λһΪڸɵıεԭЩѧΪ
ɲΪ˴ɽϸĿĵһֶΣɱߵĿģΪţ
Ϻÿһ˵ƽɣʹѡԼʽλĿģ仰˵
ɲĿ֮һλΩһĿ

Ȼ϶ɲרصڣǿֵ
ֵͻʱԣ巴κιĿĻΪɣַκθӦе
Ȩڸֵּϣֵ޶˹˵ν
ɵԾǣֻΪɱܶɼƣ仰˵ֻΪ˱ͬ
һֲͬĻɣſ֤ɶɵ

˵ƽԺ

ǿԪǸɷչıȻԴޣԪȻ
ͻͶҪһȫԱͬӵĹ淶Խ綨ӦеȨ
ơ淶һƸɣԷֹȨַһϸ
ڲΣʱȨ˵ƽΪ㣬϶ÿһ
˶ƽȵȨڲΣͬȨķΧڣѡԼ
ʽ

ڼֵ۵IJ޷ıʵҪÿһƽԣ
νһϵʹγͳϣ仰˵ʹԪֵͬһ
ƶкƽҺΪ˴ĿģΪԸּ
ֵѧ˵ȡԭneutrality principle

νԭ򣬸ݰBruce A. Ackerman˵ָȨӵ֤κ
ƶʱԼļֵۣconception of the goodԱļֵ
ԽҲΪԼڱ٩ϱκһλFҲ˵ϵУ
ߺ͹淶ƶԤκһֵּšܶκһʽر
ʵϲԭΪȨţԱϸ˵ɺȨʹÿһ
ʽֵ룬ֻҪڲΥ淶ԭ£ƽʵĻᣬԭ
ʵҪݲ졣ܿijһʽΪ
֮ƣڿ϶ͶԪǰ£ѰһͬĹԭ򣬶
ĿĵIJžǶԸֲļֵȡֲ֤ͬʽ
ӻҲ⵽ֵ۵ѹֺơ

ԣƶһȫ͸

ʱ֮Լѧչ֮ĵӰ죬Ϊ˵
Խһ磬˿ԲĹɺͻԤ
δร϶ÿһԭ϶磬κ
κƶȵƣԶԱ֤ɣҲ˵κ֤
ɱԭϿԱÿһ˽ܡ

ۺʹͳԼ۵ļеĹϵͳԼ۵֤ǰǼɡƽ
ȡĴߣƶȺ͹Լ˵ѡ͸Լ۵ķʽ֤
ƶ⣺ᣩͬⱻԽͳѡĽԼ
ģ⣩ʲôĵõƶȣȫԱѡΪڹͣԸ
ѡͬʱΪϷԺĻչֵƶһ
ȫ͸򣬻仰˵ÿһ˶κƶȵĸƺͰԭ϶⣬
ιƶɣΪÿһԱ֪ͽ

ġĹ

ǰݸֲʽͼֵţǿκƶ
ȫԱ룬Уʸ񲻾ԣֻҪ㷨
ǷӵвƲÿһ˶ǺϸĹ񡣶ظĶ
ԣҲΪ˽Ӧڹ򣬶͸ͷǹĻ
֣ʹڷǹоԵԣ˲κɼԸ档
֮幫͹񹲺IJ¼㣺

ᣩ񹲺Ĺӵصijԣκƶ
ȫ֮ԱƶÿһԱͳΣԶǺϷĹ

⣩񹲺ǿ˽ڹԹҪоҪ
񣬵УֻҪΥͬĹ򣬸˵ȨԵõ
ԵıϣԲعΣԣ˽ɺԵ
ԣһżȻĹϵ˽ѡΪһ̫ҪΣϽһ

㣩϶DzǿֶΣԪֵһʵ
вһҶϿ֮ơΪʩ֮ϷݣԼ
Ա֮ʶŽ᲻ǻڴҶͬ룬ΪҶԸ
һͬĹ淶Դͳ˼ձΪһõƶȵ
ƺ⣬ĵУֻҪκƶѵƣĵ
ǴҪġ񹲺ǷΪһȡ乫ǷΪ
ƸĵС

Ϊʲô˽ظɣ˿һȫ
񣬶ȻһϸĹݴͳĹصDz빫
жԹĮĵĸ壬䡸ν޶˹ۿԽ

޶˹ۻϮ˴ͳľ۵Ŀľϣڳ϶Ԫֵ
ǰ£Ȩԭ򣬴ԭΪԱ֮
仰˵۸˵ֵΣгԱӦصĹ
ֻԭĹ淶֮ڣ˲ɵ׷Լʽͼֵ롣
Ȼ޶˹ѧ˵ĶԪԺͳϼֵIJɹԭĶӦԤ
ųκһʽͼֵ룬Ҳ˵ԭƶǶԵļֵ
۱޶˹һܶԪֵʵһϣڰݶԪǰ£һ
ԱͬܵĹ淶ڲ죨diversityѰͳϣunityŬ
չľ

ÿһͼֵ룬ʵĻƶȺ;߲ܵ
ȫԱһµͬ⣬ÿһԱھʱԼΪڱ
ijͻȻ޷ɹʶÿһԼߣѡ淶ƶȺͽṹ
ԭʱڴЩԭʵֵĽԶԼһԭijЩ
رȻԼ龳õȫһµϿɡÿһԼ
ڹƽϣϵĻԭᱻѡԭ򣬴Լ龳
һijһĸ˻IJ޶˹ڹƽѡ
Թ淶ĻƶȺͽṹԭΪԭ򣬶ƽΪԭ
the original position

޶˹Լ۵ģʽԭΪʹÿһԼ߶ܹƽIJѡԭ
ÿһ˱ν֪֮Ļa veil of ignorance֮Ҳ˵Լ
淶ṹԭʱȫ֪Լλֺͽ׼֪Լ
ӵеIJƸѡߵ͡ǿҲ֪Լ٩Ƿgðաֹۻ
ۣԼļֵۺƻҲһ֪仰˵Լڴѡʱ
ȫ֪йԼϢ״֪һ֪ʶԼ龳֮⣬Լ
ֻԺͻĵģmuturally disinterested̬ȣǵأprudently׷
ơprimary good㡣޶˹һƵĿģҪųȻԵ
żȻضԼߵӰ죬ȷѡ龳ĹƽԣʹԼȫ֪ѡ
Լ˴˶Ǵڹƽԭѡ

޶˹Ϊɡƽȹڹƽѡ
ԭǣ1ÿһ˶һӵ㷺ƽȵĻɣ2;ϵIJ
ƽȰűʹ׼κְҶȡһԭָȨ
ֻȨƽԣڶԭ漰;ϵIJƽȣʵ٩h
IJ죬;õIJƽDzɱģ޶˹ΪЩȻżȻزӦӰ
µĿ֪֮ĻƾҪЩżȻضѡԭIJŤ޶
˹Ϊʹλ٩^ߣչϽϲĽ׼Ϊÿһ˵Ҹ
һϵûдһϵûΩһҪÿһ
˶ϵһϵֻʹ׼
ƶȣڴе˶ܳĵĺ

޶˹͸֪֮Ļƣκƶȵָԭ̺ľ
ĹۡԭҪ淶ĶгԱԭȫԱѡ
ԱѡԭʱڰͳߵĽɫһ
ͳΣself-ruleԭĹ涨ҪҲںԱֺ
ȶڲΥ淶ķΧڣÿһȻӵ൱
ɿռ䣬ʹԼķʽ׷Լļֵ룬ʵи֮IJ
Ȼܴ󣬶ЩԸϰߡʽֵȻͬԱΪ
ڣ

޶˹ԭΪĹ淶׼һƽĺϵһ
׼֮ļֵ仰˵ֻڲΥ޶֮ڣ
˲ɵ׷Լļֵۺ롣޶˹ֹͷֹ
ı׼ȻǷǹеĵ룬޶˹ڷǹΪijһڽ̡
ѧ͵ijһǿҵĹкҳϣΪ۵˼Dz
˼¡ʱЩռĿ˸׵ת䣬ΪԼǰ
ҡġҡָЩɵġǹͬnonpublic
identityιµġҡ򲻻Ϊеתͬ޶˹
һֵͬΪͬpublic iden- tityƩһ񲻻Ϊڽ
ı䣬ɥʧı乫ͬȻ淶Ȩ

־ڸڲ빫淶ƶʱͬʵУ
ĸ˼Ȳͬ룬ҲûйͬĿҪ׷󣬵ڲԭʱ
ȴǻ֣ͬɡƽȡԵĴߡҶΪƶṹ
ָԭǹƽģҲDzͳκ͹Ĺͬ
֣޶˹Ϊһ˶вÿһ˶ǹ˶
ԣÿһͬʱһ׷ؼֵһѡͬ
ͷԭԳ󶼻ӵУĹ
ձԡ

˿ܻΪ޶˹Լ۵ֻǼԵԼÿһһͻ֮
УĻṹǾɸѡͬĽ٩ɁKӰ
޶˹Ĺ޶˹ţһϸĹָѡͬԭ
绪׼ԣһǷ壬ĸDz
ѾͬЭ飬ЭǷԱԱͬһҲ˵
Լʵǣ龳£˻ʲôԼõĽǻ
ԣԲΪʵԼʧȥЧκξгΪֳԱˣ
嶼ΪϸĹ

塢Ĺ

ĻǸʽӸƽȨĺϷϣԴͳ
ţʹȱееĹֻҪƶȺͳϵƺ⣬ȨԺ
ơȣͿֹܵĶߣȷ壬Լʹÿһ˶ֻ׷Լ
桢˹һ˽ƺһ˽Ľ
ۣг¢ϡƸУƶ⡢ߡϵ
٩ԭxĹֻ蹫ϵʽƽȣƽȨ
ľúƽԣʵĽʵ٩IJƽȡŒһ
úƵĸˣʹϹ涨ֵƽȨҲȱЩȨ
ߺ磺ƶĺˣȵܷϲûʵ٩xΪ
Ǽ޷ĽãϸߵĽ̶ʵڵ
εѡ٣ȱӴIJƽȵIJȨԴԣֻͽʽ

ЩѧΪӦȨʹԭ֮Ȩ֮⣬ټ
ȨܹչˡʧҵաȨȷÿһг
ԱĵλʹÿһԱܹܲͬҵĸҪ
ʽƽȺʵ٩ƽ֮gIJ࣬гIJƽȣԹʹ
蹫;øʹʵ٩ƽȺʽƽ֮gìܲ
Ϊǽʹͳ룬һ汣ϸɣһ
ùͬԴ칲ͬĸȨʹϵʽʵ٩ĻA
ȨںνϱȴԸ϶֮ĴṩҪ֧

ѧţȨʹϲ׼ᣬЧ乫Ȩ
ɣthe New RightΪ˵ıԣû˵ᣬ
ҴһĻԸҲûн⣬ʹΪߡ
ΪΪһȫԱȾʵijЩ񣬳ʧҵ޷ʵά
񣬲ִһȱƽȨһͬdzΪȫԱϰ

Ҳָรߵʵ֤Ȩ쵽Ľû
ŽᣬûʹԹǿijŵһΪԴṩ
ߣµĹĻDz޽Ƶʹһֻ֮޵µƩ
磺ʵӣʹñΪ͸ḣ϶ÿһ˵֮ǾͻԳ
Դڴա⣬ṤȡͥеҲʧҪչߵõ
õչˣʹüͥԱǸŮԵõϴͶͶгǼͥл
ȺŽҲΣȻijЩǿŽᣬ磺һй
ᣬ񸶵˴˽ҽƵijɱͬʱҲµߵij
µĵ±ⷽʽŰͯʱǹҵ£ҵġΪÿһ˵
һ뵽Ľڡڹסլ棬˵IJƲû˵IJƲ׼򣬿Խ
ǶԹĮÿ

ϵķȻԳƶȵĻƾ˽γɽĹ
ĻʹùеıҪٶܵӡԼĽעʳ
˶ȣҽ޷ṩʵĽչˣԸеϵΣҽ
޷Сˡ֮Ըڼ١ѭʹʣ޷
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