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et al. 1990; see also Vidmar 1997£©¡£³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´£¬ÔÚ·¨Éç»áѧÁìÓòÖÐÈËÃǶ¼Ï뵱ȻµØÈÏΪ´«Í³µÄ·¨Í¥³ÌÐò×÷ΪһÖÖ¡°±»Å¤ÇúµÄ½»Íù¡±±ØÈ»»áÃæÁÙ´ì°Ü£¬¶ø·ÇÕýʽµÄ³åÍ»½â¾ö³ÌÐòÔÚÿһ¸ö°¸¼þÖж¼ÓÐÓÅÊÆ¡£ÓëÆäÇ¡ºÃÏà·´µÄ·¢ÏÖÊÇ£ºµ±ÊÂÈËÆ«ºÃÓÉ·¨Í¥»òÖÙ²ÃÍ¥À´ÉóÀí°¸¼þ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇ·ÇÕýʽµÄÌæ´úÐÔ½â¾ö°ì·¨£¬ÒòΪËûÃǸе½ÔÚ·¨Í¥³ÌÐòÖУ¬×÷Ϊһ¸ö¸öÈ˼°ÆäÊÂÒµÄܵõ½ÈÏÕæµÄ¶Ô´ý¡£²»¹ýÔÚÊÂÏȵijÌÐòϲºÃÓëʺóµÄ³ÌÐòÆÀ¹ÀÖ®¼ä£¬¿´ÆðÀ´ÊÇ´æÔÚ×ÅÒ»¶¨µÄ²î±ð£¨Tyler,
Huo, and Lind 1993£©¡£
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1981, 1992£©¡£´ËÍâÊǵ¹úºÍÃÀ¹úÑо¿´«Í³µÄ²îÒì¡£ÎÒÏëÖ¸³öÔڵ¹ú×è°ÊµÑéÑо¿µÄÁ½¼þËöÊ£¬Ê×ÏÈÊÇÏò·¨ÔºÁ˽âËßËϵ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÏêÇé·Ç³£À§ÄÑ£¬ÉõÖÁ³ÉÁ˲»¿ÉÄܵÄÊÂÇ飬ÒòΪ·¨Ôº»áÒÔ±£ÃÜΪÓɽøÐоܾø¡£Æä´ÎÊÇÔÚÈô¸ÉÃÀ¹úÑо¿ÖÐÒµÒѲÉÓõġ¢»¨·ÑÏà¶ÔµÍÁ®µÄµç»°²É·Ã·½·¨ÈÔδ±»¹ã·º½ÓÊÜ¡£Òò´ËÄã»áÔڵ¹ú·¢ÏÖÐí¶àûÓнá¹ûµÄÑо¿¼Æ»®¡£ÆäËûÖ÷ÌâµÄÑо¿Å¼¶ûÒ²»á°üº¬³ÌÐòÕýÒåµÄijЩÄÚÈÝ£¨e.g.,
Rottleuthner 1983£©¡£µ«Õë¶Ô³ÌÐòÕýÒåµÄʵÑéÑо¿¼¸ºõûÓС£
Ôڵ¹ú£¬±È¶û²¼ÀͶû£¨Bierbrauer 1982£©Êdzö°æÏà¹Ø×¨ÖøµÄÊ×ÅúÈËÔ±Ö®Ò»¡£°ÍÀ×ÌØºÍÀÄ·£¨Barrett and Lamm 1989£©ÒÔÃÀ¹úµÄÑо¿ÎªÆðµã¹Û²ìÎ÷µÂѧÉúÊÇÈçºÎÆÀ¹À³ÌÐòÕýÒåºÍ·ÖÅäÕýÒåÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¬ËûÃǵóöµÄ½áÂÛÊǵ¹úÈ˽ÏΪ¿´ÖØÉÏË߸´É󡣿ËÀ³ÒòºÍ±È¶û»ô·ò£¨Klein
and Bierhoff 1991£©Ö÷³ÖµÄÒ»ÏîʵÑéÔÚ¸øÓë¹ÍÔ±²»Í¬³Ì¶ÈµÄ¹ý³Ì²ÎÓëºÍÉêËßÇþµÀµÄǰÌáÏ£¬²âÊÔ¹ÍÔ±¶ÔÉÏ˾¹ØÓÚÆä¹¤×÷±íÏֵįÀ¹ÀµÄ·´Ó¦¡£°ØÁÖ¿ÆÑÐÖÐÐĵġ°Ä£·¶·¢Õ¹Óë»·¾³¡±´¦£¬ÒÑ×ÅÊÖÑо¿Á½ÖÖ³ÌÐò£¬Ò»ÖÖ³ÌÐòÊÊÓÃÓÚµ÷Í£Ôڳﻮ´ó¹æÄ£·ÏÎï´¦ÀíÉèÊ©¹ý³ÌÖвúÉúµÄ³åÍ»£¬ÁíÒ»ÖÖ³ÌÐòÓÃÓÚÆÀ¹ÀºÍ¼ÆË㹤ҵ¼¼Êõ´øÀ´µÄºó¹û£¨Bora
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Machura 1995£©ÉóÊÓÁËÉÙÄê·¸ÒÔ¼°ËûÃǶÔ×ÔÉí°¸¼þµÄ³ÌÐòºÍ·¨ÂÉÒÀ¾ÝµÄ¿´·¨¡£ÉÙÄêÃǶÔÅгÌÐòÕýÒåºÍ·ÖÅäÕýÒåµÄÆÀ¼ÛÓÐÖúÓÚËûÃǶÔÅоöµÄ·þ´Ó¡£ÕâÖÖÆÀ¼ÛºÍËûÃÇ×Ô¼º¶Ô²Ã¾öµÄÔ¤ÆÚ£¬¶¼ÓëÉóÅнá¹ûµÄ·þ´Ó³Ì¶ÈÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£´ËÍ⣬ÔÚËùÓп¼Âǵ½µÄÒòËØÖУ¬Ö»ÓгÌÐòÕýÒåÓë¶Ô·¨¹ÙµÄÆÀ¹ÀÊʶÈÏà¹ØµÄ¡£ÕâЩÉÙÄêÃǾÀúÁËÒµÓà·¨¹Ù²Î¼ÓµÄÉóÅС£¶øÒµÓà·¨¹ÙµÄ¸Ð»¯Á¦Óë¶Ô³ÌÐòÕýÒåºÍ·ÖÅäÕýÒåµÄÆÀ¹ÀÊʶÈÏà¹Ø¡£¼´Ê¹·¨¹ÙµÄÐÐΪ²¢Ã»ÓÐ×ÔʼÖÁÖյرíÏÖÏû¼«£¬¶øÊÇÓëÆ½³£ÓÐËù²»Í¬£¬ÆÀ¹À·¨¹ÙËù²ÉÓõıê×¼ÈÔÓëÃÀ¹ú±»¸æÈ˶Է¨¹ÙÐÐΪµÄÆÀ¹À±ê×¼Ïàͬ£¨see
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Teubner 1982; Teubner and Willke 1984; Teuber 1986, 1989£©¡£°´´Ë˵·¨£¬ÏÖ´ú¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÊÇ×ÔÉí³É¹¦µÄÊܺ¦Õߣ¬ÒòΪÄÇЩÉç»á×Óϵͳ¨D¨DÕþµ³ÓëÕþÖÎÍÅÌå¡¢½Ì»áÓ빤»á¡¢ÉÌÒµ¹«Ë¾Óë´óÖÚ´«Ã½µÈµÈ£¬ÔÚ¹ú¼ÒµÄ±Ó»¤ºÍ×÷ÓÃ֮Ϸ¢Õ¹µ½Èç´Ë¹æÄ£ºÍ×ÔÖÎÐÔ£¬ÒÔÖÂÓÚËüÃÇÄܹ»ÈÕÒæ°ÚÍѹú¼ÒµÄÓ°Ïì¡£ËüÃÇÒѾ³ÉΪÉç»áÖÐȨÁ¦ºÍ¿ØÖƵÄÖØÒª¾ºÕùÕߣ¬ÔçÒѽ«¹ú¼Ò±ÆÆÈµ½Á˵ֿ¹ÕߵĵØÎ»£¨Teubner
and Willke 1984£©¡£¶Ô×÷ÕßÀ´Ëµ£¬ÕýÊÇÕâÖÖÇé¿ö´Ù³ÉÁË·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨µÄ·¢Õ¹£¬Ëü½«ÔÚδÀ´È¡´ú¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒµÄ¸ÉÔ¤Ö÷Òå·¨ÂÉ£¬³ÉΪͨ¹ý·¨Âɵ÷¿ØÉç»áµÄ×îºó¹¤¾ß¡£·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨ÈÏΪ·¨ÂÉÖ»Ìṩ²úÉú¾ö¶¨µÄ³ÌÐò¡£ÕâÖÖ³ÌÐò²»½ö½öÖ¸·¨Í¥³ÌÐò£¬¶ø¸ü¶àµÄÊÇÖ¸¸÷ÖÖ´´Éè×éÖ¯»ú¹¹ºÍȨÀû·ÖÅä»úÖÆµÄ³ÌÐò£¬²¢ÒԴ˹¹½¨Ö±½Ó½éÈëµÄ¸öÈËÄÜÔÚÆäÖÐ×ÔÐнâ¾öËûÃǵľÀ·×¡¢¹ÜÀí×Ô¼ºÊÂÎñµÄÌåÖÆ¡£×î³£¼ûµÄÀý×ÓÊǹ«Ë¾ºÍÕþ¸®²¿ÃÅÄÚ²¿µÄ¼¯Ì幤ҵÐÒéºÍ¸÷ÖÖ¹²Í¬¾ö²ß¹ÜÀí¡£µ«ÔÚËùÓÐÖØÒªµÄÐÐÕþ³ÌÐòÖУ¬¸÷¸öÕþ¸®»ú¹¹ºÍµ±Ê·½µÄ²ÎÓë¶¼ÊÇÔ¤ÖªµÄ¡£ÔÚ¼¼ÊõÁìÓò£¬Á¢·¨Õ߲ο¼ÁË´ÎÓÚÑϸñÒâÒåÉϵķ¨ÂɵĹæÔò£¬ÒÔ¼°¸ÃÁìÓòµÄÈËÃÇ·¢Õ¹ÆðÀ´µÄ¼¼Êõ¹æ·¶ºÍµÀµÂ±ê×¼¡£ÔÚ»·¾³±£»¤Á¢·¨·½Ã棬ºÜÃ÷ÏÔ·¨ÔºÒÑÖ𽥵ؽ«×¢ÒâÁ¦´Ó¼¬Êֵļ¼ÊõºÍ¿ÆÑ§ÎÊÌâÅжϣ¬×ªÒƵ½ÁËÉó²éʵ¼Ê¾ö¶¨ÕߵijÌÐòºÍÐÐΪÉÏ£¨ÉÙÊýÅÉ·¨¹ÙÎ÷ÃɺͻôÒÁ˹ÄɶÔÃ×¶ûº£Ä·£¿ËÀïÏ£¾öÒéµÄÒâ¼û£¬BverfGE
53, 30-96£©¡£¶øµÂ¹ú×î¸ß·¨ÔºÔò¸üÆÕ±éµØÇãÏòÓÚÔËÓóÌÐòÊÖ¶ÎÈ¥±£»¤ÏÜ·¨È¨Àû¡£Èç¹ûÎÒûŪ´íµÄ»°£¬ÔÚÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨ÉÏÓÐÒ»ÒÔ¡°Õýµ±³ÌÐò¸ïÃü¡±Öø³ÆµÄÀàËÆ·¢Õ¹¡£
ÍÐÒÁ²¼ÄɺÍά¶û¿Ë£¨Teubner and Willke 1984£©½«·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨ÕâÒ»¸ÅÄîÁ¢×ãÓÚ×ÔÎÒ²ÎÕÕÐÔ»ò×ÔÖ÷²ÎÕÕÐÔϵͳÀíÂÛÖ®ÖУ¬ºóÕßÒò¶ø»ñµÃÁËÌØÊâµÄÎüÒýÁ¦ºÍÌØ¶¨µÄÎÊÌâÐÎʽ¡£ÕâÒ»µãÔÚ³ÌÐòÕýÒåµÄÖ÷Ìâ±³¾°Ï·dz£ÖØÒª£¬ÒòΪ×ÔÎÒ²ÎÕÕÐÔ»ò×ÔÖ÷²ÎÕÕÐÔϵͳÀíÂÛ×î³õÊÇÓɬÂüÒýÈë·¨Éç»áѧµÄ¡£Â¬ÂüÔµ´ËÒ²²Î¼ÓÁËËæºóµÄ·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨ÌÖÂÛ¡£Òò´ËÓÐÈËÏ£Íû×îÖÕÄܽ«¡°Í¨¹ý³ÌÐòµÄºÏ·¨»¯¡±ºÍ¡°·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨¡±£¬ÔÚϵͳÀíÂÛÕâÒ»×ÛºÏÐÔ¿ò¼ÜÖÐÁªÏµÆðÀ´¡£
ÄÇЩÖ÷ÕÅ·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨ÀíÂÛµÄѧÕߣ¬²¢²»Âú×ãÓÚ½ö½öÃèÊöºÍ½âÊÍ·¨ÂɵÄÏÖ×´£¬¶øÊÇÃ÷È·µØÉùÑÔÄܹ»ÃèÊöÒ»¸ö·¨Âɽø»¯·¢Õ¹µÄн׶Σ¨Teubner 1982£©¡£ÔÚÕâÒ»µãÉÏ£¬·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨ÂÛÕß·¢ÏÖËûÃǺ͹þ±´Âí˹£¨Habermas£©ÒÔ¼°°£µÃ£¨Eder£©ÔÚ·¢Õ¹ÂÛ·½ÃæµÄ¹ÛµãÏàÒ»Ö£¬¼´µ±´úµÄºÏ·¨»¯ÎÊÌâÖ»ÄÜͨ¹ý·ûºÏ½»Íù»ò³ÌÐòÀíÐÔÒªÇóµÄÐÂʽ·¨ÂÉÀ´½â¾ö¡£
¡°·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨¡±ÕâÒ»¸ÅÄδ±»ÆÕ±é½ÓÊÜ£¬ËüͬÑùÊܵ½ÁËÇ¿ÓÐÁ¦µÄ¹¥»÷£¨Hartmann 1987; Nahamowitz 1987, 1988£©¡£ÎªÁËÃèÊöÊÂÎïµÄȫò£¬ÕâÒ»µãÓбØÒªÓèÒÔÌá¼°¡£ÒªÈ«ÃæÀí½âÕâÒ»Ö÷Ì⣬±ØÐëÖ¸³ö¹ØÓÚ·´Ë¼ÐÔ·¨µÄʵÑ飷ÖÎöÐÔ¸ÅÄ³£³£Óë·¨µÄ¸ß¶È³ÌÐò»¯µÄ¹æ·¶ÒªÇóÏàÁªÏµ£¨see,
for example Eder 1990; Peters 1991£©¡£¶øÕâÖÖÁªÏµµÄ½¨Á¢£¬ÍêÈ«ÒÀÀµÓÚ·¨À¼¿Ë¸£Ñ§ÅɵÄÉÌ̸ÀíÂÛ£¨e.g., Habermas
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1990£©¡£´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏ˵£¬ÕâЩÊÇÀíÐԵأ¨µ«Í¬ÑùÓеÀµÂÒÀ¾Ý£©´´ÔìÕýµ±²ÎÓë¸÷ÖÖÕýʽºÍ·ÇÕýʽ³ÌÐòµÄ»ú»áÎÊÌ⡣ƩÈç°£µÃ£¨Eder 1990, 157£©¾Í˵£º¡°³ÌÐòÐÔ·¨Âɹ淶ÔÚÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâÉϵľßÌ幦ÄÜ£¬ÊÇ·Ö·¢ºÍ·ÖÅäÉÌ̸»ú»á¡¢¹«¹²ÁìÓò·½ÃæÒÔ¼°Õýµ±»¯¹ý³ÌÖеÄÒåÎñ¡£³ÌÐòÔÚ´«Í³ÒâÒåÉÏÖ»Êǹý³ÌÐÔÊÂÎï¡£¶øÏÖ½ñ³ÌÐòÔڹ淶ÒâÒåÉ϶¯Ô±Ïà¹ØÈËÔ±£¬²¢ÊÚÓèËûÃǽéÈëÕýÔÚ½øÐеÄÌÖÂۺ;ö¶¨³ÌÐòµÄ»ú»á¡±¡£±ËµÃ˹£¨Peters
1991£©Ôò½«³ÌÐò´«Í³µÄÖ´ÐÐģʽ£¬ºÍÊÓ³ÌÐòΪÎÊÌ⣳åÍ»½â¾ö×°ÖõĹÛÄî½øÐÐÁ˶ÔÕÕ¡£
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and Tyler 1988, 151£©Ìá¼°£¨ËäȻֻÊÇÔÚÒ»¸ö½Å×¢ÖУ©£¬µÙ±«ÌØ¡°ÈÏΪ¡¡Ëæ×ÅÉç»á×ÊÔ´Ô½À´Ô½Êܵ½ÏÞÖÆ£¬³ÌÐòÕýÒ彫»áÌṩһ¸öÔ½Ç÷ÖØÒªµÄÂúÒâÀ´Ô´¡±¡£Õâ¿´ÆðÀ´ºÃÏñ³ÌÐòÕýÒå»áÔÚijһÌìÈ¡´úÎïÖÊÐÔ·ÖÅä¡£ÎÒÎÞ·¨ºËÖ¤´Ë»°ÔÚµÙ±«ÌØ×÷Æ·Öеijö´¦¡£Èç¹ûÎÒ°ÑËüÊÓΪ³ÌÐòÕýÒå×îºóÀíÂ۵ϰ£¬»òÐíÊÇÎÒ¹ý·Ö¿´ÖØÕâ¸ö½Å×¢µÄÒâÒåÁË¡£
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Klaus F. R?hl. Born 1938. Professor of Law, Chair for Philosophy and Sociology
of Law at the Law Faculty of the Ruhr-Universit?t Bochum.Since 1993, editor
of Zeitschrift f¨¹r Rechtssoziologie. Major Publications are: ¨¹ber die lebenslange
Freiheitsstrafe (Berlin: Dunker and Humblot,1969), Das Dilemma der Rechtstatsachenforschung
(T¨¹bingen: Mohr, 1974), Rechtssoziologie (K?ln:Heymanns, 1987), and Allgemeine
Rechtslehre (K?ln:Heymanns,1995).
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