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[4] ·¨ÂÉѧ½ç¶Ô¾¼Ãѧ½çµÄ»ØÓ¦£¬ÀýÈçÁº»ÛÐÇ¡¶ÎªÖйúÃñ·¨µä¶ø¶·Õù¡·£¨±±¾©£º·¨Âɳö°æÉ磬£²£°£°£²Ä꣩¡¢½Æ½¡°Êг¡Óë·¨ÖΡ±¡¶ºé·¶ÆÀÂÛ¡·µÚ£±¾íµÚ£±¼£¨£²£°£°£´Ä꣩¡¢ÁºÖÎÆ½£¨±à£©¡¶¹ú¼Ò¡¢Êг¡¡¢Éç»á£ºµ±´úÖйúµÄ·¨ÂÉÓë·¢Õ¹¡·£¨±±¾©£ºÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉç¡¢£²£°£°£¶Ä꣩¡£
[5] ¹ØÓÚÃ×Èû˹×ÔÓɾ¼ÃÂÛÓëͨ¹ý¹æÔòºÍÖ¸ÁîµÄµ÷Õû»úÖÆÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ£¬ÌرðÊÇÓëÌ©ÂÞ£¨F. M. Taylor£©¡¢À¶¸ñ£¨O. Lange£©µÄÊг¡Éç»áÖ÷ÒåģʽµÄÏà֮ͨ´¦£¬²ÎÔÄÎ÷²¿ÖÒ¡¶Êг¡ÏñµÄϵÆ×ѧ¨D¨DÎ§ÈÆ¡°¾¼Ã¼ÆËãÕùÂÛ¡±µÄͼʽ¡·£¨¶«¾©£º¶«Ñó¾¼Ãб¨É磬£±£¹£¹£¶Ä꣩µÚ£±Õ¡¢µÚ£³Õ¡£
[6] ÓйØÖ÷ÕÅÏê¼û·ë¡¤¹þÒ®¿Ë¡¶¹þÒ®¿ËÂÛÎ·£¨µËÕýÀ´±àÒ룬±±¾©£ºÊ×¶¼¾¼ÃóÒ×´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬£²£°£°£±Ä꣩¡£²»µÃ²»Ö¸³ö£¬¼´Ê¹Äܹ»ÒÔÓ¢ÃÀÅÐÀý·¨ÎªÔÐÍÀ´Àí½â¡°×ÔÓɵķ¨ÂÉ¡±ÕâÒ»¸ÅÄµ«°ÑÕâÑùµÄ·¨Öζ¨ÒåΪ×ÔÉúÖÈÐò»¹ÊÇÆÄÓÐЩǣǿ¸½»á¡£²ÎÔļ¾ÎÀ¶«¡°¹þÒ®¿ËµÄ·¨ÖÎã£ÂÛ£ºÓлúÌåÓë×ÔÓɨD¨D¼æÓëµËÕýÀ´½ÌÊÚÉÌȶ¶Ô×ÔÉúÖÈÐò¹ÛµÄѧÊõÆÀ¼Û¡±¡¶ÖйúÊéÆÀ¡·¸´¿¯µÚ£±ÆÚ£¨2005Ä꣩¡£
[7] Robert C. Ellickson, Order without Law : How Neighbors Settle Disputes (Rep. ed., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2005). Cf. Karen Clay & Gavin Wright, ¡±Order without Law? Property Rights during the California Gold Rush¡±, Explorations in Economic History Vol. 42 No.2 (2005) pp.155-183.
[8] For details, see Ronald Dworkin, Taking Rights Seriously (revised ed., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978),his A Matter of Principle (Harvard University Press, 1985), and his Law¡¯ Empire (Harvard University Press, 1986).
[9] Lon L. Fuller, The Morality of Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964).
[10] Cf. Robert A. Kagan and others (eds.) Legality and Community: On the Intellectual Legacy of Philip Selznick (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2002).
[11] E.g., David P. Gauthier, Morals By Agreement (Oxford: Clarendon Press , 1986).
[12] Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 1957), ¼ªÔóÓ¢³ÉµÈÈÕÒë±¾¡¶´óת»»¨D¨DÊг¡Éç»áµÄÐγɺͱÀ»µ¡·£¨¶«¾©£º¶«Ñó¾¼Ãб¨É磬£±£¹£·£µÄ꣩£¹£¸Ò³¡£
[13] See Ronald H. Coase, ¡°The Problem of Social Cost¡±, The Journal of Law and Economics Vol. 3 No. 1 (1960) pp.1-44.
[14] ¶ÔÓйØÎÊÌâµÄ·ÖÎö£¬²ÎÔÄÕÅ´ºÁØ¡¶ÆóÒµ×éÖ¯ÓëÊг¡ÌåÖÆ¡·£¨ÉϺ££ºÉϺ£ÈýÁªÊéµê£¬£±£¹£¹£±Ä꣩¡¢ÕÅάӡ¶ÆóÒµÀíÂÛÓëÖйúÆóÒµ¸Ä¸ï¡·£¨±±¾©£º±±¾©´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬£±£¹£¹£¹Ä꣩¡£
[15] Ïê¼û¼¾ÎÀ¶«¡¶ÏÖ´úÖйúµÄ·¨ÖƱäǨ¡·£¨¶«¾©£ºÈÕ±¾ÆÀÂÛÉ磬£²£°£°£±Ä꣩µÚÈý²¿µÚÒ»Õ¡°»ùÓÚÏ໥ÐԵ퍼°ÆäÖ´ÐС±£¬ÌرðÊÇ£²£¶£·££²£¶£¸Ò³£¬£²£¹£°££²£¹£±Ò³¡£
[16] Ïê¼û¼¾ÎÀ¶«¡°£±£¹£¹£°Äê´úÖйúÊÐÃñµÄÕþÖÎÒâʶ¡±¡¶Éñ»§·¨Ñ§ÔÓÖ¾¡·µÚ£´£¸¾íµÚ£²ºÅ£¨£±£¹£¹£¸Ä꣩£±£¹£±Ò³ÒÔÏ¡£
[17] À´×Ô¾¼Ãѧ½çµÄ´ú±íÐÔÖ÷ÕÅ£¬ÀýÈçÕÅάӡ¶ÐÅÏ¢¡¢ÐÅÈÎÓë·¨ÂÉ¡·£¨±±¾©£ºÈýÁªÊéµê£¬£²£°£°£³Ä꣩¡£²ÎÔÄFrancis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995), ÅíÖ¾»ªººÒë±¾¡¶ÐÅÈΨD¨DÉç»áÃÀµÂÓë´´Ô쾼÷±ÈÙ¡·£¨º£¿Ú£ºº£Äϳö°æÉ磬£²£°£°£±Äê£©Éæ¼°ÖйúµÍÐÅÈζȵÄÂÛÊö¡£¶Ô¸£É½µÄ·´²µ£¬¼ûÍõÉܹ⡢ÁõÐÀ¡°ÐÅÈεĻù´¡£ºÒ»ÖÖÀíÐԵĽâÊÍ¡±¡¶Éç»áѧÑо¿¡·£¨Öйú£©£²£°£°£²ÄêµÚ£³ÆÚ¡£ÎÒÈÏΪ£¬ÖйúµÄÖÈÐòÔÀíµ¹ÊÇÇ¿µ÷ÐÅÈε쬵«·¨¼ÒµÄ¡°ÐÅÉͱط£¡±¡¢¡°»ýСÐųɴóÐÅ¡±£¬²àÖØÓÚÖ÷ȨÕßÊ÷Á¢ÍþÐÅ£¬È´ºöÊÓÁËÉç»áÆ½Ãæ¹ØÏµÀïµÄÈ˼ʻ¥ÐÅ£¬ÉõÖÁÈÏΪÈκÎÈ˶¼¡°²»¿ÉÐÅ¡±£»¶øÈå¼ÒµÄ¡°ÎÞÐŲ»Á¢¡±¡¢¡°ÑÔ±ØÐÅ£¬Ðбعû¡±È´Ö»ÊÊÓÃÓÚÊüÃñ½Ì»¯¡¢²¢²»ÊÊÓÃÓÚÓ¦¸ÃͨȨ´ï±äµÄ¹ÜÀí¾«Ó¢½×²ã£¬Ê¿´ó·òÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ¡°²»±ØÐÅ¡±µÄ¡£Á½Õ߸÷³ÖÒ»¶Ë£¬µ¼ÖÂÈ«Éç»áÐÅÈι²Í¬ÌåÎÞ´Ó¹¹½¨£¬Ö»´æÔÚ¾Ö²¿ÐÔÌØÊâÐÅÈΣ¬È±·¦ÕûÌåÐÔÆÕ±éÐÅÈΣ¬ÔÚÈÕ³£½»Ò×ÖÐͨÐеÄÊÇÒÔÖÊÈ¡ÐÅ¡¢Á¬´ø±£Ö¤¡£µ±ÕâÖÖ·½Ê½ÓÃÓÚ¹ú¼ÒͳÖΡ¢ÑÝ»¯³É½á±£Á¬×ø¡¢Ï໥¼ì¾Ù½Ò·¢µÄ¾ÖÃæÊ±£¬³öÏÖÁËÒÔÐÅÈ¥Ðŵķí´ÌÐÔºó¹û¡£ËäÈ»¡°Àñ·¨Ë«ÐС±µÄ×ÚÖ¼Êǰѷ¨ÂÉÓë¹ØÏµÖ÷ÒåµÄÐÅÈνáºÏÆðÀ´£¬µ«Ê¼ÖÕÍ£ÁôÔÚΪÕþÕß½èÓÃÃñ¼äÐÅÈÎ×ÊÔ´À´¹®¹ÌȨÁ¦»ù´¡µÄ²ãÃæÉÏ£¬¼ÈûÓвÉÈ¡ÓÐЧµÄÖÆ¶È»¯ÊֶζÔÐÅÈνøÐгä·ÖµÄ±£»¤£¬Ò²Ã»ÓаÑÐÅÈλúÖÆµ¼Èë·¨ÂÉÌåϵÄÚ²¿£¬³ÉΪʵÔڹ淶¡¢³ÌÐòÒÔ¼°¼¼ÊõµÄ¹¹³ÉÒòËØ¡£ [18] ²ÎÔÄÀ´ÆÜÈýÀÉ¡¶·¨ÓëÐé¹¹¡·£¨¶«¾©£º¶«¾©´óѧ³ö°æ»á£¬£±£¹£¹£¹Ä꣩£¬ÌرðÊÇ£²£³Ò³ÒÔÏ¡£
[19] ¬Âü¡°µÚ£±£²Í·ÂæÍյķµ»¹¨D¨D·¨Éç»áѧ·ÖÎöµÄºÒ⡱£¬¹±Ëþ¡¤ÍÐÒÀ²¼ÄÉ£¨±à£©¡¶Â¬Âü£º·¨ÓëÕýÒåµÄã£ÂÛ¡·£¨¾©¶¼£ºÃÜÄùÍßÊé·¿£¬£²£°£°£¶Ä꣩£²££·£´Ò³£¬ÌرðÊǵڣ±½Ú£µÚ£³½Ú¡£
[20] ÔµäÊÇ L. L. Fuller and William R. Perdue, Jr. ¡°The Reliance Interest in Contract Damages¡±, pts.1-2, Yale Law Journal Vol.46 No. 1(1936) pp. 52-96, No. 3 (1937) pp.373-420. ¶ÔÖ÷ÒªÂÛµãµÄÆÀÊö£¬²ÎÔÄÄÚÌï¹ó¡¶ÆõÔ¼µÄÔÙÉú¡·£¨¶«¾©£ººëÎÄÌ㬣±£¹£¹£°Ä꣩£±£±£¹££±£²£¹Ò³¡£¸üÏ꾡µÄ¿¼²ì¼û¼ªÌï°îÑå¡°ÃÀÀû¼áÆõÔ¼·¨Ñ§ÖеÄËðº¦Åâ³¥ÀûÒæÂÛ¨D¨D¡®·¨ÓëÉç»á¡¯ÅúÅÐÑо¿Æ³¼û¡±¡¶ÃÀÀû¼á·¨¡·µÚ£±£¹£¹£²ÄêºÅ£²£´£µ££²£¸£±Ò³¡£
[21] See P. S. Atiyah, Essays on Contract (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990), esp. pp.73-92, 355-385. ÓÐ¹ØÆÀÊö£¬²ÎÔÄÄÚÌï¹ó¡¤Ç°ÒýÊ飱£³£°££±£´£²Ò³¡£Cf. also David Campbell and Donald Harris, ¡°Flexibility in Long-term Contractual Relationships: The Role of Co-operation¡±, Journal of Law and Society Vol. 20 No.2 (1993) pp.166-191.
[22] Cf. Jane Jacobs, System of Survival; A Dialogue on the Moral Foundations of Commerce and Politics (New York: Random House, Inc., 1992), ÏãÎ÷Ì©ÈÕÒë±¾¡¶Êг¡µÄÂ×Àí ͳÖεÄÂ×Àí¡·£¨¶«¾©£ºÈÕ±¾¾¼ÃÐÂÎÅÉ磬£²£°£°£³Ä꣩¡£
[23] Ïê¼ûÔ¼º²¡¤ÂÞ¶û˹¡¶×÷Ϊ¹«Æ½µÄÕýÒå¨D¨DÕýÒåÐÂÂÛ¡·£¨Ò¦´óÖ¾Ò룬ÉϺ££ºÉϺ£ÈýÁªÊéµê£¬£²£°£°£²Ä꣩µÚËIJ¿·Ö¡£Cf. also John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (rev. ed., Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999) pp. xv-xvi.
[24] Cf. Amartya Sen, Inequality Reexamined (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
[25] ²ÎÔÄ×ô²®Æô˼¡¢ËÉÔ¡һÀÉ£¨±àÖø£©¡¶¡°ÐÂÐÍÊг¡Éç»á¡±µÄ¹¹Ïë¨D¨DÐÅÀµºÍ¹«ÕýµÄ¾¼ÃÉç»áÏñ¡·£¨¶«¾©£ºÐÂÊÀÉ磬£²£°£°£²Ä꣩¡£
[26] Cf. Jay A. Sigler & Joseph E. Murphy (eds.) Corporate Lawbreaking and Interactive Compliance: Resolving the Regulation-deregulation Dichotomy (New York: Quorum Books, 1991)¡¢ ÁõÁ¬ìÏ¡¶¹«Ë¾ÖÎÀíÓ빫˾Éç»áÔðÈΡ·£¨±±¾©£ºÖйúÕþ·¨´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬£²£°£°£±Ä꣩¡¢ÏçÔÐÅÀÉ£¨±àÖø£©¡¶ÆóÒµ·¨ÓëºÏ¹æÐÔ¨D¨D´Ó¡°×ñÊØ·¨Áµ½¡°ÊÊÓ¦Éç»áÐèÇ󡱡·£¨¶«¾©£º¶«Ñó¾¼Ãб¨É磬£²£°£°£¶Ä꣩¡£
[27] See U.S. Sentencing Commission, FEDERAL SENTENCING GUIDELINE MANUAL: Sentencing of Organizations (2004), Dove Izraeli & Mark S. Schwartz, ¡°What Can We Learn From the U. S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizational Ethics?¡±, at http://www.itcilo.it/english/actrav/telearn/global/ilo/code/whatcan.htm, Lawrence M. Friedman, ¡°In Defense of Corporate Criminal Liability¡±, Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy Vol. 23 (2000) pp.833ff. ²ÎÔÄ®xÖÐÌúÍè¡¶ÃÀ¹úʽսÂÔÐԵĺϹæ¾Óª¨D¨DÏòÆóҵϮÀ´µÄ·¨ÂÉ·çÏÕµÄÔ¤·ÀºÍΣ»ú¹ÜÀí¡·£¨¶«¾©£ººëÎÄÌ㬣²£°£°£±Ä꣩¡£
[28] Ïê¼û´óÄÚÉìÔÕ£¨±à£©¡¶ºÏ¹æÐÔÓëÄÚ²¿¾Ù±¨¡·£¨¶«¾©£ºÈÕ±¾ÀÍÎñÑо¿»á£¬£²£°£°£´Ä꣩¡¢äº±ßÑôÒ»ÀÉ¡¶ÄÚ²¿Í¨±¨ÖƶȨD¨D»úÖÆÐγÉÓëÎÊÌâ´¦Àí¡·£¨¶«¾©£º¶«Ñó¾¼Ãб¨Éç¡¢£²£°£°£´Ä꣩¡£
[29] ¹ØÓÚ¹«Æ½¾ºÕùÓë²»¹«Æ½Ã³Òס¢¼¼Êõ´´ÐÂÓë¼¼Êõ¢¶ÏÖ®¼äµÄ¸÷ÖÖ·¨ÂÉÎÊÌâÒÔ¼°×÷Ϊ±³¾°µÄ¹ú¼ÊÀûº¦³åÍ»£¬²ÎÔÄʯºÚÒ»ÏÜ¡¶·¨Ó뾼á·£¨¶«¾©£ºÑÒ²¨Êéµê£¬£±£¹£¹£¸Ä꣩¡¢Í¬ÊÏ¡¶µç×ÓÉç»áµÄ·¨Ó뾼á·£¨¶«¾©£ºÑÒ²¨Êéµê£¬£²£°£°£³Ä꣩¡£ [30] Òý×ÔÖÜÆäÈÊ¡¶²úȨÓëÖÆ¶È±äǨ¨D¨DÖйú¸Ä¸ïµÄ¾ÑéÑо¿£¨Ôö¶©±¾£©¡·£¨±±¾©£º±±¾©´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬£²£°£°£´Ä꣩£²£¶£²Ò³¡£
[31] Ïê¼û¼¾ÎÀ¶«¡°×î¸ßÈËÃñ·¨ÔºµÄ½ÇÉ«¼°ÆäÑÝ»¯¡±¡¶Ç廪·¨Ñ§¡·µÚÆß¼£¨£²£°£°£¶Ä꣩£´££²£°Ò³¡£²ÎÔļ¾ÎÀ¶«¡°ÔÙÂÛºÏÏÜÐÔÉó²é¨D¨DȨÁ¦¹ØÏµÍøµÄÍØÆËÓëÖÆ¶È±äǨµÄ²©ÞÄ¡±¡¶¿ª·Åʱ´ú¡·£²£°£°£³ÄêµÚ£µÆÚ£¶££²£³Ò³¡£
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[39] ¡¶ÂÉʦִҵÐÐΪ¹æ·¶£¨ÊÔÐУ©¡·£¨£²£°£°£´ÄꣳÔ£²£°ÈÕÖлªÈ«¹úÂÉʦлáͨ¹ý£©µÚ£±£²£²Ìõ££±£³£²Ìõ¡£
[40] ²ÎÔļ¾ÎÀ¶«¡°ÖйúµÄÉç»á¹«ÕýÎÊÌâÒÔ¼°ÂÉʦµÄ¹«Òæ»î¶¯¡±£¬ÈÕ±¾·¨ÂÉ·öÖúлᣨ±à£©¡¶ÑÇÖ޵ķ¨ÂÉ·öÖú¨D¨D¹«ÒæÐÔÂÉʦ»î¶¯ÓëÓ¦Ó÷¨Ñ§½ÌÓý¡·£¨¶«¾©£ºÏÖ´úÈËÎÄÉ磬£²£°£°£±Ä꣩£²£³£·££²£µ£³Ò³¡£
[41] ²ÎÔĽƽ¡¢ÖÜÆäÈÊ¡¢°×ÖØ¶÷¡¢°×ÄÏÉú¡°ÍÁµØÀ§¾Ö´ý½â¡±¡¶²Æ¾¡·×ܵڣ±£³£´ÆÚ£¨£²£°£°£µÄ꣩¡¢Àî½£¸ó¡¢½¯Ê¡Èý¡¢ÁõÊØÓ¢¡°ÍÁµØ½âÃÜ¡±¡¶²Æ¾¡·×ܵڣ±£µ£³ÆÚ£¨£²£°£°£¶Ä꣩¡£ [42] Õâ·½ÃæµÄÂÛÊöº¹Å£³ä¶°£¬×îÓдú±íÐÔµÄÊÇE. Pendleton Herring, Group Representation Before Congress (Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1929) ÒÔ¼° Robert A. Dahl, Dilemmas of Pluralist Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982) ÕâÁ½±¾Êé¡£
[43] ·¨ÍÅÖ÷ÒåÓв»Í¬µÄÀàÐÍ£¬µ«Ö÷ÒªÊÇÖ¸Õþ¸®²¿ÃÅ¡¢ÆóÒµ¡¢Éç»áÍÅÌåµÈ²»ÊÇͨ¹ýÊг¡¾ºÕù»òÕßÕþÖζԿ¹£¬¶øÊÇͨ¹ý½»ÉæºÍÏ໥е÷×÷³ö¾ö¶¨µÄϰ¹ß£¬¶øÕâÑùµÄ¾ö¶¨·½Ê½Ò²µÃµ½Éç»á¹²Ê¶ÄËÖÁ¹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶ÈÉϵÄÖ§³Ö¡£Ïê¼ûÊæÃ×Ëþ¡¢Âײ¼Â³·ò£¨ºÏ±à£©¡¶ÏÖ´ú·¨ÍÅÖ÷Òå¡·£¨¢ñ¾í¡¢¢ò¾í£¬É½¿Ú¶¨¼àÒ룬¶«¾©£ºÄ¾îìÉ磬£±£¹£¸£´Äê¡¢£¸£¶Ä꣩¡£¾ÍÕþÖÎÀíÂÛ¶øÑÔ£¬·¨ÍÅÖ÷Òå¹ú¼ÒÓëÀûÒæ¼¯ÍÅ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÌåÖÆ»òÕß¶àÔªÃñÖ÷ÖÆÓÐ×ű¾ÖʵIJ»Í¬£¬µ«ÔÚÏÖʵÖпÉÒÔ¿´µ½ËüÃǵĻìºÏÐÎ̬ÒÔ¼°ÖмäÐÎ̬£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖ´Ó·¨ÍÅÖ÷ÒåÕþÖÎÖÈÐòת±äµ½¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÖÈÐòµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡£