¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ |
ΩԸ¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈ罺ÓÌÏÌÏ£¡ |
¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖÐÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ
½ÒËèë¡¡
ת×Ô˼ÓëÎÄ
̨Íå´óѧÕÜѧϵ½ÌÊÚ¡¡±¾ÎÄÔÔØÓÚ¡¶ÖªÊ¶·Ö×ÓÂÛ´Ô¡·µÚÒ»ÆÚ¡¡
¡¡¡¡¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖµµÃ̽ÌֵĿÎÌâÖ®Ò»ÊÇ"ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ"¡£¼òµ¥µØËµ£¬ÎÒÃǾ³£¼Ù¶¨¹«¹²ÁìÓòÊÇÒ»¸öÓÉ×ÔÓÉÆ½µÈ¹«Ãñ»¥¶¯Ëù¹¹³ÉµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬¶øËûÃÇÖ÷ÒªµÄ»¥¶¯·½Ê½ÔòÊÇÀíÐÔÌÖÂÛÓ빵ͨ¡£ËäÈ»Òâ¼ûµÄ²»Í¬Ò²»áʹËûÃDzúÉúÕù±ç»ò¶Ô¿¹£¬µ«Õù±ç¶Ô¿¹ÈÔÈ»²»ÍÑÀíÐÔµÄËßÇ󡣿ÉÊÇ´ÓÀíÂÛÉϽ²£¬ÏÖ´ú¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄÌØÉ«ÊÇÒÔ¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåΪ»ù´¡£¬ÔÚÒ»¸ö¶àÔª¼ÛÖµµÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖУ¬±§³Ö²»Í¬¼ÛÖµÐÅÑöÓëÒâʶÐÎ̬µÄÈËÄÜ·ñ½øÐÐÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨£¬È´²»ÎÞÒÉÎÊ¡£¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬¾ÍÎÒÃǵÄʵ¼Ê¾ÑéÀ´¿´£¬Éç»áÖв»Í¬¼ÛÖµÐÅÑöµÄÈËÍùÍù¼á³Ö¼º¼û¡¢²»Ð¼ÓëÏà·´Òâ¼ûÕß½øÐйµÍ¨¡£ËûÃÇʵ¼ÊÉÏ»¹»áÒÔ¼«²»¿íÈÝ¡¢¼«²»ÓÑÉÆµÄ̬¶È¹¥»÷¶ÔÊÖ¡¢ÎÜÃï¶Ô·½£¬Ê¹ÈκÎÀíÐÔÌÖÂ۵Ŀռ䶼ѹËõ´ù¾¡¡£½ü¼¸ÄêÀ´ÔÚÖйú´ó½Ëùν"×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓëÐÂ×óÅɵÄÂÛÕ½"¡¢ÒÔ¼°Ì¨ÍåÉç»áµÄ"ͳ¶ÀÂÛÕ½"£¬¶¼ÓÐÐí¶à³¬ºõÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨·¶Î§µÄÏÖÏó³öÏÖ£¬ÏñÊÇÈËÉí¹¥»÷»òЮԹ±¨¸´¡£ÕâЩÏÖÏóËÆºõ¿ÉÒÔ˵Ã÷¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖеÄÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨£¬²¢²»ÊÇÇáÒ×¾ÍÄÜ´ï³ÉµÄÊÂÇé¡£
¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖÐÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ*
½ÒËèë (±¾ÎÄÔÔØÓÚ¡¶ÖªÊ¶·Ö×ÓÂÛ´Ô¡·µÚÒ»ÆÚ£©
ǰÑÔ
½ü¶þÊ®ÄêÀ´£¬"¹«¹²ÁìÓò"ÎÊÌâ»ñµÃ֪ʶ·Ö×ӵĸ߶ÈÖØÊÓ¡£Ðí¶à¹ØÐÄÖйúδÀ´·¢Õ¹µÄÈË£¬¶¼ÏëÁ˽âÏÖ´úÎ÷·½¹ú¼ÒÉúÆøÅµÄ¹«ÃñÉç»áÊÇÈçºÎ²úÉú£¬ÒÔ¼°ÖйúÈçºÎ²ÅÄܽ¨Á¢Ò»¸öͬÑùÉú»ú°»È»µÄ¹«ÃñÉç»á¡£´ó¼Ò¹Ø×¢µÄ½¹µã°üÀ¨£ºÐγɹ«ÃñÉç»áµÄÀúÊ·Ìõ¼þ¡¢ÏÖ´ú¹«ÃñÉç»áµÄÀàÐÍ¡¢Î¬Ïµ¹«ÃñÉç»á³É³¤µÄÌõ¼þ¡¢ÒÔ¼°¹«ÃñÉç»áµÄ»ý¼«¹¦Äܵȵȡ£ÕâЩ¹ØÓÚ¹«ÃñÉç»á¾ßÌåÎÊÌâµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬µ±È»ÓÐÖúÓÚÎÒÃÇ˼¿¼³éÏóÐԵĹ«¹²ÁìÓòÎÊÌâ¡£µ«Êǹ«ÃñÉç»á±Ï¾¹²»ÍêÈ«µÈͬÓÚ¹«¹²ÁìÓò£¬¶øÖªÊ¶·Ö×ÓËù¹ØÐĵĹ«¹²ÁìÓòÒ²ÓÐÐí¶àÀíÂÛÓëʵ¼ùÉϵĿÎÌâÖµµÃ½øÒ»²½Ì½ÌÖ¡£
¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖµµÃ̽ÌֵĿÎÌâÖ®Ò»ÊÇ"ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ"¡£¼òµ¥µØËµ£¬ÎÒÃǾ³£¼Ù¶¨¹«¹²ÁìÓòÊÇÒ»¸öÓÉ×ÔÓÉÆ½µÈ¹«Ãñ»¥¶¯Ëù¹¹³ÉµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬¶øËûÃÇÖ÷ÒªµÄ»¥¶¯·½Ê½ÔòÊÇÀíÐÔÌÖÂÛÓ빵ͨ¡£ËäÈ»Òâ¼ûµÄ²»Í¬Ò²»áʹËûÃDzúÉúÕù±ç»ò¶Ô¿¹£¬µ«Õù±ç¶Ô¿¹ÈÔÈ»²»ÍÑÀíÐÔµÄËßÇ󡣿ÉÊÇ´ÓÀíÂÛÉϽ²£¬ÏÖ´ú¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄÌØÉ«ÊÇÒÔ¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåΪ»ù´¡£¬ÔÚÒ»¸ö¶àÔª¼ÛÖµµÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖУ¬±§³Ö²»Í¬¼ÛÖµÐÅÑöÓëÒâʶÐÎ̬µÄÈËÄÜ·ñ½øÐÐÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨£¬È´²»ÎÞÒÉÎÊ¡£¸üÖØÒªµÄÊÇ£¬¾ÍÎÒÃǵÄʵ¼Ê¾ÑéÀ´¿´£¬Éç»áÖв»Í¬¼ÛÖµÐÅÑöµÄÈËÍùÍù¼á³Ö¼º¼û¡¢²»Ð¼ÓëÏà·´Òâ¼ûÕß½øÐйµÍ¨¡£ËûÃÇʵ¼ÊÉÏ»¹»áÒÔ¼«²»¿íÈÝ¡¢¼«²»ÓÑÉÆµÄ̬¶È¹¥»÷¶ÔÊÖ¡¢ÎÜÃï¶Ô·½£¬Ê¹ÈκÎÀíÐÔÌÖÂ۵Ŀռ䶼ѹËõ´ù¾¡¡£½ü¼¸ÄêÀ´ÔÚÖйú´ó½Ëùν"×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓëÐÂ×óÅɵÄÂÛÕ½"¡¢ÒÔ¼°Ì¨ÍåÉç»áµÄ"ͳ¶ÀÂÛÕ½"£¬¶¼ÓÐÐí¶à³¬ºõÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨·¶Î§µÄÏÖÏó³öÏÖ£¬ÏñÊÇÈËÉí¹¥»÷»òЮԹ±¨¸´¡£ÕâЩÏÖÏóËÆºõ¿ÉÒÔ˵Ã÷¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖеÄÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨£¬²¢²»ÊÇÇáÒ×¾ÍÄÜ´ï³ÉµÄÊÂÇé¡£
ÕýÒòΪ²»¹ÜÔÚÀíÂÛÉÏ»òʵ¼ùÉÏ£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòÄܹ»ÌåÏÖÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ´æÔÚÐí¶àÒÉÎÊ£¬ËùÒÔÎÒÃDzÅÓбØÒªÉîÈë·´Ê¡Õâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£¾ßÌ嵨½²£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐëÀåÇ弸¸öÎÊÌ⣺£¨Ò»£©ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨Ó빫¹²ÁìÓòÊÇ·ñÓбØÈ»¹ØÁª£¿¹«¹²ÁìÓòÔÚ±¾ÖÊÉÏÊÇ·ñΪһ¸öÖ§³ÅÀíÐÔ»¥¶¯»òÔ¤ÉèÀíÐÔÐÐΪµÄÁìÓò£¿£¨¶þ£©Èç¹ûǰһ¸öÎÊÌâµÄ´ð°¸Êǿ϶¨µÄ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄ»¥¶¯Õß¾³£³öÏÖ²»ÀíÐÔ»ò¾Ü¾ø¹µÍ¨µÄÇéÐΣ¿ÎªÊ²Ã´¼´Ê¹½øÐÐÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨£¬ÈËÃÇÒ²²»±ØÈ»»ñµÃ¹²Ê¶£¿£¨Èý£©ÎÒÃǾ¿¾¹Ó¦¸ÃÈçºÎ¿´´ý¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖÐÒâ¼û·×ÆçµÄÏÖÏó£¿Èç¹û·ÖÆçµÄÒâ¼ûʼÖÕÎÞ·¨ÕûºÏ»ò´ï³É¹²Ê¶£¬ÄÇô¹«¹²ÁìÓòËùÒÔ´æÔÚ¡¢ËùÒÔ³ÆÎª"¹«¹²"µÄ»ù´¡ÊÇʲô£¿
ÔÚÏÂÎĵÄÌÖÂÛÖУ¬±ÊÕßÊ×ÏÈÒÔººÄÈ¡¤ ¶õÀ¼£¨Hannah Arendt£©Óë¹þ²®Âê˹£¨J¨¹rgen Habermas£©µÄÀíÂÛΪ¸ù¾Ý£¬·ÖÎöÏÖ´ú¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄÌØÐÔ¡¢ÒÔ¼°ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨ÔÚÆäÖÐËù°çÑݵĽÇÉ«¡£½Ó×Å£¬ÎÒÃǽ«ÒÔ²®ÁÖ£¨Isaiah
Berlin£©¡¢¸ðÀ×£¨John Gray£©µÄÂÛÊöΪÀý£¬ËµÃ÷¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕâ¸öÒòËØ¶ÔÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨Ëù¹¹³ÉµÄÌôÕ½¡£ÖµµÃÎÒÃÇ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚÓ¢¹ú¶àÔªÖ÷Òå˼Ïë¼ÒµÄÖø×÷À¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå²¢²»·ñ¶¨¿Í¹ÛÖ÷ÒåÓë¼ÛÖµµÄÆÕ±éÐÔ£»µ«ÊÇÔÚÖÐÎĵÄÓï¾³ÖУ¬¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Ò弸ºõ±ØÈ»ÓëÖ÷¹ÛÖ÷Òå¡¢Ïà¶ÔÖ÷Òå»®ÉϵȺš£Õâ¸ö²î±ðʹÎÒÃÇÁ˽âÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄÕæÕýÌôÕ½ÊÇÀ´×Ô¼¤½øµÄ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå˼Ï룬¶ø²»ÊÇκ͵ĶàÔªÖ÷Òå¡£±¾ÎÄÔÚ½áÂÛÖн«³¢ÊÔ˵Ã÷¹«¹²ÁìÓò±ØÐë¾ß±¸ÄÄЩÌõ¼þ£¬²ÅÄܳÉΪËùÓй«¹²ÐÍ֪ʶ·Ö×ÓÏ໥¹µÍ¨¡¢Ï໥½Ï¾¢µÄ³¡Óò¡£
¶þ£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄÌØÐÔ
µ±´úÎ÷·½¹ØÓÚ"¹«¹²ÁìÓò"£¨public sphere£©»ò"¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä"£¨public space£©µÄÌÖÂÛ£¬ÒÔººÄÈ¡¤
¶õÀ¼Óë¹þ²®Âê˹Ϊ×îÖØÒªµÄÀíÂÛȪԴ£¬¶øÁ½ÕßÖ®¼äÓÖÓÐÒ»¶¨µÄ¹ØÁªÐÔ¡£ ±¾½ÚÏÈÒÔ¶õÀ¼µÄÂÛÊöΪ¸ù¾Ý£¬ËµÃ÷¹«¹²ÁìÓò¾ßÓÐÄÇÐ©ÌØÐÔ£¬ÏÂÒ»½ÚÔÙÒÔ¹þ²®Âê˹µÄ"ÀíÏëÑÔ˵Çé¾³"£¨ideal
speech situation£©Îª±¾£¬ÆÊÎö¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨¾ß±¸Ê²Ã´"¶Ô»°Â×Àí"¡£
¶õÀ¼µÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓò¸ÅÄî¾³£±»È˳ÆÎª"¹ÅµäÐ͵Ĺ«¹²ÁìÓò"£¬ÕâÊÇÒòΪËýÔ®ÒýµÄÀíÂÛ×ÊÔ´À´×Ô¹ÅÏ£À°µÄÕþÖξÑé¡£¶õÀ¼Ëµ£º"¹«¹²"£¨the
public£©ÄËÊÇÓë"˽ÈË"£¨the private£©Ï໥¶ÔÁ¢µÄÒ»×é¸ÅÄ¶ø×îÔçµÄ"¹«¹²£¯Ë½ÈË"¶þÔª¶ÔÁ¢ÌåÏÖÔÚ¹ÅÏ£À°µÄ³Ç°îÉú»î¡£¹ÅÏ£À°ÈËÊӳǰpolis£©Îª×ÔÓɹ«Ãñ»î¶¯µÄÁìÓò£¬¶ø¼ÒÍ¥£¨household£©ÔòÊÇÒ»¸öÒÔ×ÔȻѪԵ¹ØÏµÎª»ù´¡µÄÁìÓò£¬ÕâÁ½ÖÖÉú»îÖÈÐòÖ®¼ä´æÔÚ×ÅijЩÏÔÖøµÄ²îÒì¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬"ËùνÕþÖεÄ
©¤©¤ ¾ÍÊÇ˵Éú»îÔڳǰîÖ®ÖÐ ©¤©¤ ÄËÊDZíʾÈκÎÊÂÇé¶¼Ó¦¸Ã͸¹ýÑÔÓïÓë˵·þÀ´¾ö¶¨£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÓÃÎäÁ¦¼°±©Á¦¾ö¶¨"£¬Óñ©Á¦»òÇ¿ÖÆÁ¦½â¾öÎÊÌâÊÇ"ǰÓÚÕþÖÎ"£¨prepolitical£©
µÄ´¦Àí·½Ê½£¬Ö»¸Ã´æÔÚÓÚÍâ°îÂù×壬²»ÊÇÏ£À°ÎÄÃ÷ËùÈϿɵÄÉú»î·½Ê½¡£Ïà·´µØ£¬¼ÒÍ¥ÁìÓòµÄÖ÷ÒªÌØÕ÷¾ÍÊÇÆäÖгÉÔ±ÄËÒòÐèÒªÏà½áºÏ£¬ÔÚÕâÀïÉú»îµÄÐèÇóÁýÕÖÒ»ÇС£Ö÷ÈËΪÁËѱ·þÅ«Á¥ÒÔ¹©Çý²ß£¬±ØÐëÆ¾½è±©Á¦½øÐÐͳÓù£¬ÕâÊÇʹ×Ô¼º²»ÊÜÀ§ÓÚıÉú»î¶¯µÄΩһ;¾¶¡£Òò´Ë£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓò£¨³Ç°îÕþÖÎÉú»î£©µÄ»ù±¾ÔÔòÊÇ×ÔÓÉ£¬¶øË½ÈËÁìÓòÔòÓÉÐèÇóËùÖ§Åä¡£
Æä´Î£¬¶õÀ¼·¢ÏֳǰîÖ®ÖÐÈËÃÇ±Ë´ËÆ½µÈ£¬¶ø¼ÒÍ¥ÔòÊǼ«²»Æ½µÈµÄÁìÓò£¬ÕâÒ²¹¹³ÉÁ½ÕßµÄÒ»´óÇø±ð¡£ÆäʵÕâ¸ö¶Ô±ÈÊÇ˳×Åǰһ¶Ô±È¶øÀ´µÄ£¬ÒòΪ"×ÔÓÉ"Ä˱íʾ¼È²»ÊÜÉú»îµÄÐèÇóÖ§Åä»òËûÈËÖ§Å䣬ͬʱҲ²»È¥Ö§ÅäËûÈË¡£ÕâÖ»ÓÐÔڳǰîÖÐÒÔ¹«ÃñÉí·ÖÏà¶Ô´ý²ÅÓпÉÄÜʵÏÖ£»·´Ö®£¬ÔÚ¼ÒÍ¥ÖÐ×ÔÓɲ¢²»´æÔÚ£¬ÒòΪÖ÷È˱ØÐëͳÖÎËûµÄÅ«Á¥¡£ËäÈ»Ö÷È˾ÍÊÇÒÀÀµÅ«Á¥ÖƶȵIJ»Æ½µÈ²ÅµÃÒÔ½øÈë³Ç°îµÄ¹«¹²Éú»î£¬ÓëËûÈËÆ½µÈ½»Íù¡¢ÌåÏÖ×ÔÓÉ£¬µ«ËûÔÚ¼ÒÍ¥ÖÐÊDz»×ÔÓɵġ£
ÕýÒòΪ³Ç°îÊÇ×ÔÓɹ«ÃñƽµÈ»¥¶¯Ëù¹¹³ÉµÄÉú»îÖÈÐò£¬ËùÒÔËüÊÇÒ»ÖÖµäÐ͵Ä"¹«¹²ÁìÓò"¡£µ«ÊǶõÀ¼¶Ô"¹«¹²ÁìÓò"µÄÁ˽ⲻ½öÖ¹ÓÚ"³ÉÔ±¾ßÓÐÆ½µÈÉí·Ö"£¬»¹ÓÐÆäËü¸üÖØÒªµÄÌØÖÊ¡£ÆäÖÐÓë±¾ÎÄÖ÷Ìâ¹ØÏµ×îÃÜÇеÄÌØÖÊÓжþ£º£¨1£©"¹«¹²ÁìÓòÊÇÐж¯Õß͸¹ýÑÔÐÐÕ¹ÏÖ×ÔÎÒ¡¢ÓëËûÈËÐÁ¦Ðж¯µÄÁìÓò"£»£¨2£©"¹«¹²ÁìÓòÊÇÒ»¸öÒÔÒâ¼ûÈ¡´úÕæÀí¡¢´ÓÒâ¼ûÖÐÕÆÎÕÕæÀíµÄÁìÓò"¡£ÎÒÃÇ·Ö±ð¾ÍÕâÁ½¸öÌØÐÔÉÔ¼Ó˵Ã÷¡£
ÔÚ¶õÀ¼µÄÀíÂÛÀ¹«¹²ÁìÓò²¢²»ÊÇÒ»¸ö¹Ì¶¨²»±ä¡¢´¥Êֿɼ°µÄʵÌ壬¶øÊÇÒ»¸öÓÉÈËÃǵÄÑÔÐл¥¶¯Ëù¹¹³ÉµÄ³¡Óò¡£Ëü²¢²»´æÔÚÓڹ㳡¡¢Îę̀¡¢ÒéÊÂÌü»ò½ÖÍ·£¬¶øÊÇÌåÏÖÔÚÈËÃǾۼ¯µÄ³¡ºÏ¡£µ±ÈËÃǰÚÍѼÒÎñ֮˽ºÍÒ»¼ºÉú»î·½ÃæµÄ¹Ø»³£¬¿ªÊ¼ÓëÆäËüÈ˾ͱ˴˹²Í¬¹ØÇеÄÊÂÇéÓÐËù½»Á÷£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓò×ÔÈ»Óɴ˶øÉú¡£·´Ö®£¬µ±ÈËÃDz»ÔÙ¹ØÇй²Í¬ÊÀ½çµÄÊÂÎñ£¬×ª¶ø×¨×¢ÓÚÉú»îÀÍÎñ»òÂñÊ×Ò»¼ºÐËȤËùÔÚ£¨Èç»æ»¡¢ÔĶÁ»òͶ×ÊÀí²Æ£©£¬Ôò¹«¹²ÁìÓòÁ¢¼´Ïûʧ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòÊÇÒ»¸öÓÉÈËÃÇ͸¹ýÑÔÓï¼°Ðж¯£¨speech
and act, or speech-act£©Õ¹ÏÖ×ÔÎÒ£¬²¢½øÐÐÐÁ¦»î¶¯£¨act in concert£©µÄÁìÓò¡£
¶õÀ¼ÈÏΪ£¬Í¸¹ýÑÔ̸ÓëÐж¯£¬ÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ°Ñ×Ô¼ºµÄÈ˸ñÌØÖÊÍêȫչ¶³öÀ´¡£Ò»·½Ã棬ÑÔÐлáʹһ¸öÈ˵ÄÌØÐÔÒÔËû×Ô¼º²»ÍêÈ«ÒâʶµÃµ½¡¢»ò¿ØÖƵÃסµÄ·½Ê½Á÷¶¸øËûÈË¡£Áí·½Ãæ£¬ËüÒ²¿ÉÒÔ°ïÖúÒ»¸öÈËÓÐÒâʶµØÈ¥ÓëÈ˹µÍ¨£¬Ê¹ÈËÓëÈËÖ®¼äµÄ»¥¶¯¹²Í¬¹¹³ÉÒ»¸ö¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä£¬ÊµÏÖ"ÕþÖÎ"Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄî×îÔʼͬʱҲ×î¿É¹óµÄºÒå¡£¾Í"ÏÔʾһ¼ºÌØÐÔ"À´½²£¬ÑÔÐÐËùÏÔʾµÄ"ÎÒ"²¢²»ÊÇ"ÎÒÊÇʲô"£¨what
I am£©£¬¶øÊÇ"ÎÒÊÇË"£¨who I am£©¡£ÔÚÐÐΪÕßµÄÒ»ÑÔÒ»ÐÐÖ®ÖУ¬Ëû»áÁ÷¶³ö×Ô¼º¶ÀÓеÄÌØÖÊ£¬°üÀ¨ËûµÄ²ÅÄÜ¡¢Ù÷¸³¡¢ËØÑø¡¢È±ÏÝ¡¢ÒÔ¼°ËùÓÐËû¿ÌÒâ±íÏÖ»òÒþÂ÷µÄ¶«Î÷¡£±ðÈ˶Դ˿ÉÒÔ¿´µÃÇåÇå³þ³þ£¬Î¨¶ÀËû±¾ÈËÎÞ·¨ÖªµÀ×Ô¼ºÕ¹ÏÖ³öÀ´µÄÊÇ"Ë"¡£ËäÈ»Èç´Ë£¬Ëû»¹ÊÇÒª¹ÄÆðÓÂÆø£¬Ã°ÏÕÈ¥Õ¹ÏÖ×Ô¼ºÊÇË¡£
¾Í"ƽµÈÓëÈ˹µÍ¨"ÕâÒ»µãÀ´½²£¬ÑÔÐеÄÔËÓÃÔ¤ÉèÁËÐÐΪÕßÓÐÒâÔ¸°ÑËûÈ˵±³ÉƽµÈµÄ¿ÍÌå ©¤©¤ ·ñÔò¶À·òʽµÄ±©Á¦¾Í×ãÒÔÉìÕÅËûµÄÒâÖ¾ÁË¡£¶õÀ¼ÈÏΪÕþÖÎÉú»îµÄ¿É¹ó£¬ÕýÔÚÓÚÐÐΪÕ߱˴ËÔ¸Òâ¸ø¶Ô·½Ëµ»°¡¢±íʾµÄȨÀû»òµØÎ»¡£ÕþÖÎÈ˽øÐжÔ̸¹µÍ¨£¬²»Ö»ÒòΪ´ó¼ÒÏàÐÅÕþÖεij¡ÓòÊÇÒ»¸ö³äÂúÒâ¼ûµÄÊÀ½ç£¬²»ÄÜÈÎÒâÒÔÕæÀíΪÃû×è¶ôÒâ¼ûµÄ±í´ï£»¶øÇÒÒ²ÒòΪ±íÊöÒâ¼û±¾Éí¾ÍÊÇÒ»ÖÖÕþÖÎÐÔµÄÐÐΪ£¬²»ÂÛÒâ¼ûµÄÄÚÈÝÈçºÎ£¬±íÊö¹µÍ¨»áʹµÃ¹«ÖÚÁìÓòά³Ö²»×¹¡£Èç¹ûÈËÃDz»ÔÙÒâʶµ½ÑÔ̸µÄÕâ²ãÉîÒ⣬ת¶øÉî¾Ó¼ò³ö£¬²»ÎÊÊÀÊ£¬ÄÇô¹«¹²ÁìÓòÓëÕþÖÎÉú»î¾Í»áÏúÉùÄä¼£¡£
Óв»ÉÙÑо¿¶õÀ¼Ë¼ÏëµÄѧÕßϲ»¶Ç¿µ÷¶õÀ¼µÄÐж¯ÀíÂÛ´æÔÚÁ½ÖÖÏ໥ì¶ÜµÄģʽ£¬ÆäÒ»ÊÇ"ÕùʤµÄģʽ"£¨agonistic mode£©£¬Æä¶þÊÇ"е÷µÄÐж¯"£¨cooperative
mode£©¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ¡¶ÈËÖ®´¦¾³¡·£¨The Human Condition£©Ò»ÊéÖжõÀ¼ËùÍÆ³çµÄÊÇÏ£À°Ó¢ÐÛ¾º¼¼ÕùʤʽµÄÐж¯£¬ÕâÖÖÐж¯»áÖÆÔ칫ÃñÖ®¼äµÄ¼µ¶ÊÓëÏÓ϶£¬Ê¹¹²Í¬ºÏ×÷²»¿ÉÄÜ¡£·´Ö®£¬ÔÚ¡¶ÂÛ¸ïÃü¡·£¨On
Revolution£©ÖУ¬¶õÀ¼ÍƳçµÄËÆºõÊÇÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖÍêÈ«²»Í¬ÐÔÖʵÄÐж¯£¬Ç¿µ÷ÃÀ¹ú¿ª¹úÖîÏͱ˴˾Á¦ºÏ×÷£¬¹²Í¬Íê³Éΰ´óÕþÖι¦Òµ¡£ ÆäʵËûÃÇÎó½âÁ˶õÀ¼µÄÔÒ⣬ÒòΪ¶õÀ¼´ÓÀ´²»¹Ä´µ"ΪÁËÏÔʾһ¼ºÌØÐÔ»ò²Å»ª¡¢¹ÊÒâÓëËûÈ˶Կ¹"µÄ¶ÀÎÒÖ÷ÒåʽÐж¯¡£ÔÚ¡¶ÈËÖ®´¦¾³¡·ÖУ¬ËýÃ÷°×µØËµ£º"ÑÔ̸ÓëÐж¯µÄÏÔʾÐÔÌØÖÊ£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚÈËÃDZ˴˹²Í¬Ïà´¦¡¢¶ø²»ÊÇ¿ÌÒâÌ»»¤»ò¿ÌÒâ¶Ô¿¹Ö®Ê±£¬²Å»áÍêȫչ¶"¡£
Òò´Ë£¬¶õÀ¼µÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòËù¹ÄÀøµÄÐж¯ËäÈ»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ"ÏÔʾ¸öÈËÌØÖÊ"µÄÐж¯£¬È´¾ø¶Ô²»ÊǾܾø¹µÍ¨¡¢¾Ü¾øºÏ×÷µÄÐж¯¡£
Æä´Î£¬ÎÒÃǸղÅ˵µ½¶õÀ¼µÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÒ²ÊÇÒ»¸ö"ÒÔÒâ¼ûÈ¡´úÕæÀí¡¢´ÓÒâ¼ûÖÐÕÆÎÕÕæÀí"µÄÁìÓò¡£Õâ¸öÎÊÌâ±È½Ï¸´ÔÓ£¬µ«ÊǶÔÎÒÃÇÁ˽⹫¹²ÁìÓòµÄÀíÐԳ̶ȹØÏµÖØ´ó¡£»ù±¾ÉÏ£¬¶õÀ¼Ï൱·´¶Ô°ØÀͼµÄÕþÖÎÕÜѧ£¬ÈÏΪºóÕ߯óͼÒÔÕÜѧ¼ÒËùÕÆÎÕµÄÕæÀí×÷ΪʩÕþµÄÀ¶Í¼£¬Ç¿¼ÓÕæÀíÓÚÒâ¼ûÖ®ÉÏ¡£µ«ÊǶõÀ¼ÈÏΪÕÜѧÓëÕþÖÎÊÇÁ½¸öÐÔÖÊåÄÒìµÄ·¶³ë£¬ÕÜѧ»î¶¯ÒÔ×·ÇóÕæÀíΪ×î¸ßðÀµÄ£¬Æä½øÐз½Ê½¿ÉÒÔ²ÉÈ¡°ØÀͼËùÖØÊӵıçÖ¤·¨£¨dialectic£©£»¶øÕþÖλÔòÊÇÒ»¸ö·×ÔÓÒâ¼û²¢³ÂµÄ»î¶¯£¬ÆäÖÐûÓоø¶ÔµÄÊÇ·Ç¶Ô´í£¬Ö»ÄÜÒÔ˵·þ£¨persuasion£©ÕùÈ¡ÖÚÈËÖ§³Ö£¬ÒÔ´ï³ÉÐж¯µÄ¹²Ê¶¡£ÕÜѧ¼ÒÈôÒÔ¾ø¶ÔÕæÀíÇ¿¼ÓÓÚÕþÖÎÒâ¼ûÖ®ÉÏ£¬Ö»»áÔì³ÉÒ»³ö»ìÏý½çÓò¡¢·¶³ëµ¹´íµÄ±¯¾ç¡£¶õÀ¼Ëµ£º"µ±ÕÜѧ¼Ò°ÑËûµÄÕæÀí£¨Ëû¶ÔÓÀºãµÄ³Á˼£©Ìá½»¸ø³Ç°î£¬Õâ¸öÕæÀíÂíÉϾͱä³ÉÖÚ¶àÒâ¼ûÖ®ÖеÄÒ»ÖÖÒâ¼û¡£Ëü²»ÔÙ¾ßÓÐÊ²Ã´ÌØÊâÐÔ£¬ÒòΪûÓÐÈκοɼûµÄ±êÖ¾×ãÒÔ·Ö±æÕæÀíÓëÒâ¼û"¡£
ÔÚ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖУ¬Ã¿Ò»¸öÈËËù±í´ïµÄÒâ¼û¶¼Ö»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¿´·¨¡£Ã»ÓÐÈκÎÒâ¼û¾ßÓÐÓÅÏÈÐÔ£¬×ãÒÔ±»µ±³ÉµßÆË²»ÆÆµÄÕæÀí¡£´ÓÒ»¸ö½Ç¶ÈÀ´½²£¬ÕâËÆºõ¸æËßÎÒÃǹ«¹²ÁìÓòÖ®ÖÐÖ»ÓÐÒâ¼û¡¢Ã»ÓÐÕæÀí¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬´ÓÁíÒ»¸ö½Ç¶ÈÀ´¿´£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔ˵ÿһ¸öÒâ¼û¶¼°üº¬ÁËÈô¸ÉÕæÀíµÄÐÔÖÊ¡£¶õÀ¼ÔÚÕâÀïÔËÓÃÁ˺£µÂ¸ñ£¨Heidegger£©"ÕæÀí¼´ÏÔÏÖ"µÄ¶´Ê¶£¬²¢°ÑËüÓëÒâ¼û½áºÏÆðÀ´¡£Ëý˵£º"Òâ¼û£¨doxa£©ÒÔÊÀ½çÈçºÎÏòÎÒ³ÊÏֵķ½Ê½ÕÆÎÕÕâ¸öÊÀ½ç£¬Òò´Ë£¬Ëü²¢·ÇÖ÷¹ÛµÄ»ÃÏë¼°ËæÐÄËùÓû£¬Òà·ÇijÖÖ¾ø¶Ô¶ø·ÅÖîËĺ£½Ô×¼µÄ¶«Î÷¡£ÕâÖÖÏë·¨µÄ¼ÙÉèÊÇÊÀ½ç»á¸ù¾Ýÿ¸öÈËËù´¦µÄλÖ㬶øÏòÿ¸öÈËÕ¹ÏÖ²»Í¬µÄÃæÃ²¡£ÊÀ½çµÄ'ͬһÐÔ'£¨the
sameness£©¡¢ËüµÄ'¹²Í¬´¦'£¨commonness£©¡¢»òËüµÄ'¿Í¹ÛÐÔ'£¨objectivity£©ÔÚÓÚÏÂÊöÊÂʵ£º¾¡¹ÜÈËÃDZ˴ËÓбð¡¢Á¢³¡åÄÒì¡¢ÉõÖÁÒâ¼û²»Í¬£¬µ«ÊÇÏòÎÒÃÇÕ¹ÏÖµÄÊÇͬһ¸öÊÀ½ç©¤©¤'ÄãÓëÎұϾ¹¶¼ÊÇÈË'"¡£
»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬ÎÒÃǹ²Í¬¾ÓסÓÚÒ»¸öÊÀ½çÖ®ÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃǸ÷×ÔÒÔÒ»¼ºËù¹Û²ìµ½µÄ·½Ê½Àí½âÕâ¸öÊÀ½ç£¨¼°ÆäÊÂÎñ£©£¬²¢±í´ïΪ²»Í¬µÄÒâ¼û¡£µ«ÊÇÿһ¸öÒâ¼û¼È·Ç¾ø¶ÔÕæÀí£¬Ò²¶¼·Ö±ðÏÔʾÁËÈô¸ÉÕæÀí¡£Òâ¼ûÒò´Ë²»ÊÇ´¿È»ÓëÕæÀí¶ÔÁ¢µÄ¶«Î÷£¬¶øÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ´«´ï²¿·ÖÕæÀíµÄ¶«Î÷¡£¹«¹²ÁìÓòÓÉÒâ¼ûËù¹¹³É£¬ÕâЩÒâ¼û±ØÐë½»Á÷¹µÍ¨£¬Èç´ËÎÒÃDzÅÄܶԹ²Í¬Ëù´¦µÄÊÀ½çÓбȽÏÍêÕûµÄÁ˽⣬Ҳ²ÅÄÜÔÚ¸÷ÖÖÒâ¼ûÖ®ÖÐÐÀÉ͵½Ã¿¸öÈ˵ÄÌØÊâÐÔ¡£¶õÀ¼Í¸¹ýÕâ¸ö·½Ê½£¬°Ñ¹«¹²ÁìÓò¡¢ÑÔÐÐÏÔÏÖ¡¢ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨¡¢ÒÔ¼°ÊÀ½çµÄͬһÐÔ½áºÏÆðÀ´£¬ÕâÊÇËýµÄÀíÂÛµÄÌØÊâ¹±Ïס£
Èý£¬ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄÔ¤ÉèÓëÀíÏë
¶õÀ¼ËäÈ»Ìæ¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄÌØÐÔ×öÁËÒ»·¬ÁîÈËÓ¡ÏóÉî¿ÌµÄÃèÊö£¬µ«Êǹ«¹²ÁìÓòÓëÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄ¹ØÏµÈÔÈ»²»Ê®·ÖÃ÷È·¡£¶õÀ¼Ò»·½ÃæÈÏΪ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÊÇÓÉÑÔ˵£¨speech£©»òÑÔÐУ¨speech-act£©Ëù¹¹³É£¬¶øÑÔ˵µ±È»ÓëÀíÐÔÓÐÃÜÇйØÏµ£»µ«ÊÇÁí·½ÃæËýÒ²¾Ü¾øÈÃÕÜѧ¼ÒµÄ¾ø¶ÔÕæÀíÈ¡´úÒâ¼û£¬³ÉΪ¹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄÅÐ×¼¡£Òò´Ë£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓò¾¿¾¹¿ÉÒÔÈÝÐí»òÔ¤Éè¶àÉÙÀíÐÔ£¬ÈÔÈ»ÓдýÉîÈë̽¾¿¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬¹þ²®Âê˹ËùÖ÷ÕŵÄ"¶Ô»°Â×Àí"ÊÊ×ãÒÔÌṩ½øÒ»²½Ë¼¿¼µÄÆðµã¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹ÊÂʵÉÏÉîÊܶõÀ¼ÕþÖÎ˼ÏëµÄÓ°Ï졣ƩÈç˵£¬¹þ²®Âê˹ÔçÆÚµÄ×÷Æ·¡¶¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄ½á¹¹×ªÐÍ¡·»ù±¾Éϼ̳ÐÁ˶õÀ¼¶Ô¹ÅÏ£À°Ê±´ú¹«Ë½ÁìÓòÇø·ÖµÄÑо¿£¬ÒÔ¼°Ëý¶Ô½ü´ú"Éç»á"ÁìÓòÐËÆðµÄÁ˽⣬µ«ÊÇËûÒ²Ìø³öÁ˶õÀ¼µÄ˼ÏëÊ·¼Ü¹¹£¬¶øÊÔͼ¸øÓè×ʲú½×¼¶µÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÒ»¸öÀúÊ·Éç»áѧʽµÄ·ÖÎö¡£
ÓÖÆ©Èç˵£¬ÔÚ¹þ²®Âê˹ÆÀÂÛ¶õÀ¼"ȨÁ¦"¸ÅÄîµÄÎÄÕÂÖУ¬ËûÒ»·½ÃæÍƳç¶õÀ¼¿ªÕ¹ÁËÒ»ÖÖÒÔ¹µÍ¨ÎªÈ¡ÏòµÄȨÁ¦¸ÅÄcommunications
concept of power£©£¬±ÈΤ²®£¨M. Weber£©ºÍÅÁÉ˼£¨T. Parsons£©µÄ¶¨Òå¿ÉÈ¡£»Áí·½ÃæÒ²ÅúÆÀ¶õÀ¼µÄȨÁ¦¹ÛÄîÖ»¹Ø×¢ÓÚÕþÖÎȨÁ¦²úÉúµÄÎÊÌ⣬¶øºöÂÔȨÁ¦µÄÐÐʹ¡¢Õù¶áÓë±£³Ö£¬´Ó¶øÕ»¯ÁËȨÁ¦µÄÄÚº¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹±¾È˵¹ÊÇÓÉÓÚ¶õÀ¼"¹µÍ¨È¨Á¦"¸ÅÄîµÄÆôʾ£¬¶øÖð½¥·¢Õ¹³öÒ»Ì×¹ØÓÚ"¶Ô»°Â×Àí"£¨discourse ethics£©Ó빵ͨÀíÐÔ£¨communicative
rationality£©µÄÀíÂÛ¡£
ÔÚ¹þ²®Âê˹µÄÀíÂÛÀ×ʲú½×¼¶µÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÈç¹ûÒªÍɱä³ÉÒ»¸ö¾ßÓÐÕýµ±ÐԵĹ«¹²ÁìÓò£¬¾Í±ØÐëÒÀ¾Ý¶Ô»°Â×ÀíµÄÒªÇ󣬾¡Á¿Âú×ã"ÀíÏëÑÔ˵Çé¾³"£¨ideal
speech situation£©µÄ¸÷ÏîÌõ¼þ¡£Ëùν"¶Ô»°Â×Àí"£¬¹ØÏµµÄÊÇÎÒÃÇ×÷Ϊ×ÔÓÉÆ½µÈµÄ¹«Ãñ£¬ÔÚÈÕ³£Éú»îµÄʵ¼ù»¥¶¯ÖУ¬Ó¦¸Ã¸ù¾ÝÔõôÑùµÄÔ¤ÉèÀ´½øÐÐÂ۱磬ÒÔ»ñµÃÖÚÈ˽ԿɽÓÊܵľöÒé»ò¹²Ê¶¡£ÔÚ¹þ²®Âê˹µÄ¶Ô»°Â×ÀíÖУ¬ÓÐÁ½¸öÔÔò¾ÓÓڹؼüµØÎ»£¬Ò»¸ö³ÆÎªUÔÔò£¬Ò»¸ö³ÆÎªDÔÔò£º
UÔÔò£¨ÆÕ±é»¯ÔÔò£¬principle of universalization£©©¤©¤ÎªÁËÂú×ãÿ¸öÈ˵ÄÀûÒæ¶ø¹²Í¬×ñÊØµÄijÏî¹æ·¶£¬ÆäÒýÆðµÄºó¹ûÓ븱×÷Ó㬿ÉÒÔ±»ËùÓÐÊܵ½¸ÃÏî¹æ·¶Ó°ÏìµÄÈËËù½ÓÊÜ¡£
DÔÔò£¨¶Ô»°Â×ÀíÔÔò£¬principle of discourse ethics£©©¤©¤Ö»ÓÐÈ«²¿²ÎÓëʵ¼Ê¶Ô»°²¢ÊÜÆäÓ°ÏìµÄÈ˶¼ÈϿɵĹ淶£¬²Å¿ÉÒÔÐû³ÆÎªÓÐЧµÄ¹æ·¶¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹µÄUÔÔòÊÇ¿µµÂ"ÆÕ±é»¯ÔÔò"µÄ¸ÄÁ¼¡£ËûÈÏΪ¿µµÂµÄÆÕ±é»¯ÔÔòÌ«Æ«ÖØÖ÷ÌåµÄÒâÖ¾ÐÔ£¬´øÓжÀ°×ʽµÄÂÛ֤ɫ²Ê£¬Ó¦¸Ã¸Ä³ÉÇ¿µ÷"»¥ÎªÖ÷ÌåÐÔ"£¨intersubjectivity£©µÄÂÛÖ¤·½Ê½£¬ÒÔ¡¸´ó¼Ò¶¼¿ÉÒÔ½ÓÊÜ"×÷Ϊ¼ìÑéijÏîµÀµÂ¹æ·¶ÓÐЧÓë·ñµÄ±ê×¼¡£¾¹ýÕâ¸öÐÞÕý£¬"ÆÕ±éЧÁ¦"µÄ³É·ÖÒÀÈ»´æÔÚ£¬µ«ÊǵÀµÂÐÐΪµÄÅÐ×¼²»ÔÙÊÇ"ÎÒÊÇ·ñÄÜÈç´ËÈç´ËÒâÖ¾"£¬¶øÊÇ"ÎÒÃÇÊÇ·ñ¶¼ÄÜÈç´ËÈç´Ë½ÓÊÜ"¡£
ÖÁÓÚDÔÔò£¬ÎÒÃǸü¿ÉÒÔ¿´³öÕâÊǹþ²®Âê˹¶Ô»°Â×ÀíµÄºËÐÄ£¬ËüËù͹ÏÔµÄÒâÒåÊÇ£ºÃ¿Ò»¸öÈ˵Ĺ۵㡢Àûº¦¶¼Ó¦¸ÃÔÚÌÖÂÛÉóÒé¹ý³ÌÖлñµÃƽµÈµÄ×ðÖØ£¬Èç¹ûÒ»Ïî¾ö²ßÅųýÁËij¸öÈË»òijһȺÈ˵ÄÓÐЧ²ÎÓ룬ÄÇôÕâÏî¾ö²ß¶ÔÄǸöÈË»òÄÇȺÈ˾ÍûÓоÐÊøµÄÕýµ±ÐÔ¡£
ÖµµÃÎÒÃÇ×¢ÒâµÄÊÇ£¬¹þ²®Âê˹ÔÚ½¨¹¹ÕâÌ×¶Ô»°Â×Àíʱ£¬ÍêȫûÓÐÒýÈëÈκÎʵÖÊÐԵĵÀµÂ±ê×¼£¬Æ©ÈçÉϵ۵ĽëÃü¡¢×ÔÈ»·¨¡¢ÈËȨÔÔòµÈµÈ¡£Ïà·´µØ£¬ËûÈÏΪ¶Ô»°Â×ÀíËù²ÉÓõÄÊÇÒ»ÖÖ"³¬Ô½©¤©¤ÊµÓÃ"ÂÛÖ¤£¨transcendental-pragmatic
argument£©¡£ÑÔÆä"³¬Ô½"£¬ÒòΪ¶Ô»°ÒÔ³¹µ×ÆÕ±é»¯µÄ·½Ê½½øÐУ¬²»¿ÉÄÜÔÙ±»×ª»¯Îª¾ßÌåµÄ¡¢Ìض¨µÄ¹¦ÄÜÒªÏò¡£ÑÔÆä"ʵÓÃ"£¬ÔòÒòΪ¶Ô»°¹ý³ÌÖв»Ô¤ÉèÈκÎʵÖÊÐÔµÄÐÎÉϹ淶ÔÔò£¬¶øÒªÇóËùÓй淶Ðû³Æ¶¼·Åµ½ÉóÒé¹ý³ÌÖ®ÖÐÀ´¼ìÑé¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹ÏàÐÅ´Ó¹µÍ¨¶Ô»°µÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇ×ÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔ³éÒï³öijЩ·ÇʵÖÊÐÔµÄÔÔò¡£ÕâЩ´¿³ÌÐòÐÔ¡¢·ÇʵÖÊÐÔµÄÂÛÖ¤¹æ·¶ÊÇÎÒÃÇ×·ÇóµÀµÂ¹²Ê¶µÄÆðµã£¬¶øÆä¾ßÌå·ÖÎöÔò¼ûÓÚËû¶Ô"ÀíÏëÑÔ˵Çé¾³"µÄ½âÊÍ¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹ÈÏΪ¹²Ê¶µÄ´ï³É£¬±ØÐë¼ÙÉè²ÎÓë¶Ô»°µÄÈ˶¼ÊǾ߱¸ÀíÐÔÄÜÁ¦£¬×ãÒÔÅжÏÕæÊµÐÔ¡¢Õýµ±ÐÔÓëÕæ³ÏÐÔµÄÈË¡£³ý´ËÖ®Í⣬¹þ²®Âê˹»¹¼Ù¶¨ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ½øÈëÒ»ÖÖÀíÏëµÄÑÔ˵Çé¾³£¬ÆäÖаüº¬Èô¸ÉÔÔò¡£µÚÒ»¡¢ÈκξßÓÐÑÔ˵¼°Ðж¯ÄÜÁ¦µÄÈ˶¼¿É×ÔÓɲμӴËÒ»¶Ô»°¡£µÚ¶þ¡¢ËùÓÐÈ˶¼ÓÐÆ½µÈµÄȨÀûÌá³öÈκÎËûÏëÌÖÂÛµÄÎÊÌ⣬¶Ô±ðÈ˵ÄÂÛµã¼ÓÒÔÖÊÒÉ£¬²¢±í´ï×Ô¼ºµÄÓûÍûÓëÐèÇó¡£µÚÈý¡¢Ã¿Ò»¸öÈ˶¼±ØÐëÕæ³Ï±í´ï×Ô¼ºµÄÖ÷ÕÅ£¬¼È²»¿ÌÒâÆÛƱðÈË£¬Ò²²»ÊÜÍâÔÚµÄȨÁ¦»òÒâʶÐÎ̬ËùÓ°Ïì¡£µÚËÄ¡¢¶Ô»°µÄ½øÐÐÖ»ÔÚÒâËÄÜÌá³ö"½ÏºÃµÄÂÛÖ¤"£¨better
argument£©£¬ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÀíÐԵؽÓÊÜÕâЩ¾ßÓÐ˵·þÁ¦µÄÂÛÖ¤£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÈκαðµÄÍâÔÚ¿¼ÂÇ¡£¹þ²®Âê˹֪µÀÕâЩÌõ¼þÊ®·ÖÀíÏ룬ÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ˵ÊÇ"²»Ì«¿ÉÄܵÄÌõ¼þ"£¨improbable
conditions£©¡£²»¹ýËûÈÏΪÈκÎʵ¼Ê½øÐеĶԻ°£¬¶¼±ØÈ»£¨»ò±ØÐ룩ԤÉèijÖÖÀàËÆÀíÏëÑÔ˵Çé¾³µÄÌõ¼þ£¬·ñÔòÈËÃǸù±¾²»¿ÉÄÜÕ¹¿ª¶Ô»°¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÕâЩÌõ¼þËäÈ»ÀíÏ룬ȴ²»¿Õ·º¡£ËüÃÇÊÇÎÒÃÇ×·ÇóµÀµÂ¹²Ê¶»òÉõÖÁÕæÀíµÄ±ØÒªÌõ¼þ£¬Ò²ÊÇÕû¸ö¹µÍ¨ÀíÐÔËù¾ÝÒÔ½¨Á¢µÄ»ù´¡¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹µÄ"¶Ô»°Â×Àí"Óë"ÀíÏëÑÔ˵Çé¾³"ÈÃÎÒÃÇÁ˽⹫¹²ÁìÓòÖеĻ¥¶¯¹µÍ¨£¬ÓпÉÄÜÔ¤Éè¶à¸ßµÄÌõ¼þÓëÀíÏë¡£Èç¹ûÕâЩÌõ¼þ¶¼ÄÜÂú×㣬ÄÇô¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖеÄÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨¼¸ºõ²»»áÓÐÈκÎÕϰ£¬¶øËùÓÐÕùÒéÒ²±ØÈ»¿ÉÒÔÕÒµ½¹²Ê¶¼ÓÒÔ½â¾ö¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃǵ±È»ÖªµÀÏÖʵÇé¿öÔ¶·ÇÈç´Ë¡£ÏÖʵÖеÄÕùÒ飨ÎÞÂÛÊǵÀµÂÕùÒé»òÕþÖÎÕùÒ飩£¬ÍùÍùÊÇÔÚÕù±ç¸÷·½¶¼¼«²»ÀíÐÔ¡¢¼«²»×ðÖØ¶Ô·½µÄÇé¿öϽøÐС£ÄÇô£¬ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨¾¿¾¹Óжà´óЧÓÃÄØ£¿ÒÔÎ÷·½¹ú¼ÒËù¹ØÐĵĶéÌ¥ÎÊÌâΪÀý£¬¹þ²®Âê˹һ·½Ãæ³ÐÈÏÕâÊǸö¸´ÔÓ¶ø¼¬ÊÖµÄÎÊÌ⣬µ«ÊÇÁí·½ÃæÓÖÏàÐÅ×îÖÕ¶øÑԱض¨ÓÐÒ»¸öÕýÈ·´ð°¸¡£Ëû˵£º"Ö»ÒªÎÒÃÇËùÕùÂÛµÄÎÊÌâÕæµÄÊÇÒ»¸öÑϸñÒâÒåϵĵÀµÂÎÊÌ⣬ÎÒÃǾͱØÐë¼Ù¶¨£¨×îÖÕ¶øÑÔ£©ËüÒ»¶¨¿ÉÒÔÔÚÁ¼ºÃÀíÐԵĻù´¡ÉÏ£¬±»Çå³þµØ¾ö¶¨³öÀ´"¡£
¹þ²®Âê˹¶ÔÀíÐÔÑÔ˵ÄÜÁ¦µÄÐÅÐÄÏÔȻԶԶ³¬¹ý¶õÀ¼£¬µ«Êǹ«¹²ÁìÓòÓÐûÓа취ԤÉèÕâôǿµÄÀíÐÔ»ù´¡ÄØ£¿ÒÔÏÂÎÒÃÇ´Ó¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕߵĽǶÈÀ´·´Ê¡Õâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬¾Í»áÖªµÀÊÂÇé²¢²»Èç´Ë¼òµ¥¡£
ËÄ£¬¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå¶ÔÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨µÄÌôÕ½
¹þ²®Âê˹ÈÏΪֻҪ²ÎÓ빫¹²¶Ô»°µÄÈ˶¼¾ß±¸Ò»¶¨µÄÀíÐÔÄÜÁ¦ÓëÕæ³ÏÐÔ£¬ÄÇôÔÚÀíÏë¶Ô»°Çé¾³ÖУ¬ËûÃǾÍÓпÉÄÜ´ï³É¹²Ê¶¡£µ«ÊÇÎÒÃÇÔÚÏÖʵÖÐËù¿´µ½µÄÇéÐΣ¬È´²»½ûÁîÈË»³Òɹþ²®Âê˹µÄÏë·¨ÊÇ·ñ¹ýÓÚÀÖ¹Û¡£¾ÙÀý¶øÑÔ£¬¶éÌ¥Óë·´¶éÌ¥¡¢»·±£Ó뾼ÿª·¢¡¢¼ÓÈëWTO»ò·´¶ÔWTO¡¢Ñо¿¸´ÖÆÈËÓë·´¶Ô»ùÒò¿Æ¼¼¡¢·Ï³ýËÀÐÌÓë·´¶Ô·Ï³ýËÀÐÌ¡¢¿ª·ÅÍâ¼®ÒÆÃñ»òÏÞÖÆÒÆÃñµÈµÈ£¬ÕâЩ¹«¹²ÁìÓòÀï³£¼ûµÄÕþ²ß±çÂÛ£¬²¢Ã»ÓÐÒòΪ³¤ÆÚÌÖÂÛ¶ø»ñµÃ¹²Ê¶¡£¶øÔÚѧÊõ½çÀ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓëÉçȺÖ÷Òå¡¢±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÓëºóÏÖ´úÖ÷Òå¡¢ÑÇÀï˹¶àµÂµÄÐÅͽÓëÄá²ÉµÄ×·ËæÕßÖ®¼ä£¬Í¬ÑùÒ²¿´²»³öÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨·¢»ÓÁ˶à´óµÄЧ¹û¡£ÕâÖÖ¼ÛÖµ·ÖÆç¡¢Á¢³¡³åÍ»µÄÇé¿öÔÚ¹þ²®Âê˹µÄÀíÂÛÀï²»ÈÝÒ×ÕÒµ½½âÊÍ£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧµÄ¹ØÕÕÏ£¬È´¸ù±¾¾ÍÊÇÈËÀàÉú»îµÄ³£Ì¬¡£²»Í¬ÓÚ¹þ²®Âê˹£¬¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßÈÏΪ£º¼´Ê¹²ÎÓ빫¹²ÁìÓò¶Ô»°µÄÈ˶¼¾ß±¸ÀíÐÔÄÜÁ¦¡¢¶¼¶Ô×Ô¼ºµÄÁ¢³¡Õæ³Ï¸ºÔð¡¢Ò²¶¼ÈÏÕæµØÏëҪ׷Çó¹²Ê¶£¬µ½Í·À´ËûÃÇÈÔÈ»»á·¢ÏÖ¹²Ê¶ÎÞ·¨²úÉú¡£¶ø¹²Ê¶ÎÞ·¨²úÉúµÄÔÒò£¬ÔòÊÇÒòΪÈËÀàµÄ¼ÛÖµ¡¢ÐÅÑö¡¢Á¢³¡ÔÚ±¾ÖÊÉÏÊôÓÚ¶àԪ״̬£¬±Ë´ËÖ®¼äÎÞ·¨Í¨Ô¼¹²Á¿¡£
Ëùν¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕÜѧ£¬ÎÒÃÇÖ¸µÄÊDz®ÁÖ£¨Isaiah Berlin£©¡¢À××È£¨Joseph Raz£©¡¢¸ñÀ×£¨John Gray£©µÈÓ¢¹úÕþÖÎ˼Ïë¼ÒËùÂ½ÐøÌá³ö¡¢Á¬³ÉÒ»ÆøµÄÕÜѧÀíÂÛ¡£²®ÁÖËãÊǶþÊ®ÊÀ¼Í¶àÔªÖ÷Òå˼Ïë×îÖØÒªµÄÔ´Í·£¬ÔçÔÚ¡¶×ÔÓÉËÄÂÛ¡·£¨Four
Essays on Liberty£©Ö®ÖУ¬Ëû¾Í¸æËßÎÒÃÇ"Ò»ÔªÂÛ"£¨monism£©ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ´íÎó¶øÇÒΣÏÕµÄ˼¿¼£¬ÒòΪÈËÀàµÄ¼ÛÖµÀíÏëÊÂʵÉϲ»Ö»Ò»¸ö£¬¶øÕâЩ¼ÛÖµÀíÏëÖ®¼ä£¬Î´±ØÄÜÓÃͬÑùµÄ±ê×¼¼ÓÒԱȽϣ¬ÉõÖÁ»¹»á»¥Ïà³åÍ»¶Ô¿¹¡£
²®ÁֵĶ´¼ûÀ´×ÔËû¶ÔÂí»ùάÀû£¨Machiavelli£©¡¢Î¬¿Â£¨Vico£©ÓëºÕµÂ£¨Herder£©µÈ˼Ïë¼ÒµÄÑо¿£¬¾ÝËûµÄ˵·¨£¬Âí»ùάÀû×îÔç¿´³öÁË"»ù¶½½ÌµÄµÀµÂ"Óë"ÊÀË׵ĵÀµÂ"·ÖÊôÁ½ÖÖ²»Í¬µÄÉú»îÖÈÐò£¬Á½Õ߸÷ÓÐÀí¾Ý£¬µ«ÎÞ·¨²¢ÈÝ¡£Î¬¿ÂÓëºÕµÂÔòÊǵã³öÁ˲»Í¬µÄÃñ×å¡¢²»Í¬µÄÎÄ»¯¸÷×ÔÓÐÆä¼ÛÖµ£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐë´ÓÆä¼ÛÖµ¹Ûµã¹Û²ì£¬²ÅÄÜÕæÕýÁ˽âÆä¹æ·¶Ìåϵ»òÃÀѧ±ê×¼¡£²®ÁÖ¹éÄÉËûÃǵÄÂ۵㣬½øÒ»²½ÓÉ¡¸ÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷Òå"·¢Õ¹³ö"¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå"µÄÁ¢³¡¡£Ëû˵£º"ÎÒÃDZØÐëÁ˽âÉúÃüÊÂʵÉÏ¿ÉÒÔ³ÐÔØ¶àÔª·×ÔӵļÛÖµ£¬ÕâЩ¼ÛֵͬÑùÕæÊµ¡¢Í¬Ñù¾ø¶Ô¡¢Í¬Ñù¿Í¹Û£¬Òò´ËÎÞ·¨ÒÔijÖÖÓÀºã²»±äµÄµÈ¼¶Ìåϵ¼ÓÒÔÅÅÐò¡¢»ò¸ù¾ÝijÖÖ¾ø¶Ô±ê×¼¼ÓÒÔÆÀÅС£¡¡ÕâЩ¼ÛÖµÖ®¼ä£¬ÓеĻáÓëÆäËü¼ÛÖµ»¥²»¼æÈÝ£¬ÒòΪËüÃÇ»òÕßÓɲ»Í¬Éç»á¡¢ÔÚ²»Í¬Ê±´úËù×·Çó£»»òÕßÔÚͬһ¸öÉç»áÖУ¬Óɲ»Í¬ÈºÌåËù×·Çó¡£ËüÃÇ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÕû¸ö½×¼¶¡¢½Ì»á¡¢»òÖÖ×åËù×·ÇóµÄÀíÏ룻Ҳ¿ÉÄÜÔÚͬһ¸ö½×¼¶£¨½Ì»á¡¢ÖÖ×壩֮ÖУ¬Îª²»Í¬µÄ¸öÌåËùÐÅÑö"¡£
²®ÁֵĶàÔªÖ÷ÒåºóÀ´ÔÚÓ¢¹úÖð½¥³ÉΪһÖÖÏÔѧ£¬À××È¡¢¸ñÀ×µÈÈ˾ÍÊÇÔÚËûµÄ»ù´¡Ö®ÉÏ£¬½øÒ»²½·¢ÑïÁ˼ÛֵϵͳÎÞ·¨Í¨Ô¼¹²Á¿£¨incommensurability£©µÄÀíÂÛ¡£¸ñÀ×˵£¬¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå°üº¬Èý¸öÃüÌ⣺£¨Ò»£©ÈËÀàµÄÉúÃüÐÎ̬¶àÔª·±¸´£¬¸÷ÖÖÉúÃüÐÎ̬µÄ¼ÛÖµ±Ë´ËÎÞ·¨»¯Ô¼£»£¨¶þ£©ÉúÃü¼ÛÖµÓëÉúÃü¼ÛÖµÖ®¼ä¾³£ÎÞ·¨ºÍг²¢´æ£¬´æÔÚ׎ôÕŶÔÁ¢µÄ¹ØÏµ£»£¨Èý£©ÔÚÖî¶à¼ÛÖµÖ®¼ä£¬ÎÒÃÇÎÞ·¨ÕÒµ½¹²Í¬×î¸ßµÄÉÆ»òijÖÖÅÅÐòµÄ·½·¨£¬Ê¹¼ÛÖµ³åÍ»µÃÒÔºÏÀí½â¾ö¡£
ÉÏÊöµÄµÚÈýµã¾ÍÊǶàÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßÇ¿µ÷µÄ"²»¿ÉͨԼ¹²Á¿ÐÔ"£¬¶ÔÓÚÕâ¸öÌØµã£¬¿ËÀ͵£¨George Crowder£©ÓÐÊ®·ÖÏêϸµÄ·ÖÎö¡£Ëû˵£º"²»¿ÉͨԼ¹²Á¿"¿ÉÒÔ֏ɿÈýÖÖÇé¿ö£º"ÎÞ·¨±È½Ï"£¨incomparable£©¡¢"ÎÞ·¨ºâÁ¿"£¨immeasurable£©¡¢"ÎÞ·¨ÅÅÐò"£¨unrankable£©¡£¼¤½øµÄ¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå¿ÉÄÜ»áÖ÷ÕżÛÖµÓë¼ÛÖµÖ®¼ä"¸ù±¾ÎÞ·¨±È½Ï"£¬¾ÍÏñºòÄñÓë·ÅÉäÏßÁ½ÖÖ¶«Î÷ÎÞ·¨½øÐбȽϡ£¶øÎº͵ļÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÔò»áÖ÷ÕżÛÖµÖ®¼ä¿ÉÒԱȽϣ¬Ö»ÊÇÎÞ·¨ÅÅÐò¶øÒÑ¡£¿ËÀ͵Â×Ô¼ºÈÏΪ"ÎÞ·¨Í¨Ô¼¹²Á¿"µÄÒâ˼Ӧ¸Ã½éÓÚÁ½ÕßÖ®¼ä£¬Òâ¼´"¿ÉÒԱȽÏ"£¬µ«ÊÇ"ÎÞ·¨ÅÅÐò"£¬Ò²"ÎÞ·¨ÕÒµ½¹²Í¬ºâÁ¿µÄ±ê×¼"¡£
¿ËÀ͵µÄÇø·ÖÈÃÎÒÃÇÒâʶµ½¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Ò廹ÓÐÇ¿ÈõÖ®·Ö¡£ÔÚ¼¤½øµÄ¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÖ®ÖУ¬ËùÓеļÛÖµ¶¼¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ÉÊÇÖ÷¹ÛµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬²¢ÇÒ²»¿ÉÄÜ´æÔÚÈÎºÎÆÕ±éÐԵĹ淶¡£µ«ÊÇÓÐȤµÄÊÇ£¬´Ó²®ÁÖµ½¸ñÀ×µ½¿ËÀ͵£¬ÕâЩӢ¹ú¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕß¶¼²»ÊÇÕæÕý¼¤½øµÄ¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Ò壬¶øÊÇκ͵ļÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå¡£Ëùνκ͵ļÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Ò壬ÊÇ˵ËûÃÇËäÈ»ÈÏΪ¼ÛÖµ¶àÔª²¢´æ£¬±Ë´Ë³åͻì¶Ü¶øÎÞ·¨Í¨Ô¼¹²Á¿£¬µ«ÊÇÿ¸ö¼ÛÖµ£¨»ò¼Ûֵϵͳ£©È´¶¼Êǿ͹ÛÓÐЧµÄ£¬¶øÇÒijЩ¼ÛÖµÓ¦¸Ã¾ßÓÐÆÕ±éÐÔ¡£²®ÁÖ¾Í˵¹ý£º"¿Í¹ÛÐԵļÛֵȷʵ´æÔÚ¡£Ëùν¿Í¹ÛÐÔ¼ÛÖµ£¬ÊÇÖ¸ÈËÃÇÒÔ֮ΪĿµÄ¡¢ÎªÁËËüµÄÔµ¹Ê¶ø×·ÇóµÄ¼ÛÖµ"¡£
Ö÷¹ÛÖ÷ÒåµÄ¼Ûֵѧ˵ÈÏΪ¼ÛÖµÔ´×Ô¸ö±ðÖ÷ÌåµÄÄÚÔÚ¸ÐÊÜ»òÅжϣ¬Òò´ËÈç¹ûÎÒ¾õµÃŹ´ò¸¸Ä¸ÊÇ´íµÄ£¬ÄÇôËü¾ÍÊÇ´íµÄ£»µ«ÊÇÈç¹ûÎÒ¾õµÃÕâûʲôÁ˲»Æð£¬ÄÇôËü¾Í²»ÊÇ´íµÄ¡£Îº͵ĶàÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßËäÈ»ÈÏΪ¼ÛÖµ£¨»ò¼Ûֵϵͳ£©ÊǶàÔªµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇÕâ¸ö¼ÛÖµ²¢²»ÊÇÀ´×Ô¸ö±ðÖ÷ÌåÖ÷¹ÛÉϵÄÈ϶¨£¬¶øÊǾßÓп͹۴æÔڵĻù´¡¡£Ëùν¿Í¹Û´æÔڵĻù´¡£¬ÊÇÖ¸ËüÃÇ"ȷʵ¶ÔÈËÉúÐÒ¸£»òÈ˵Ä×ÌÑø·±ÈÙÓÐÀû£¬¶ø²»¹Ü¸ö±ðÖ÷Ìå»òÎÄ»¯ÔõôÏë"¡£ÕýÒòΪÈç´Ë£¬ËùÒÔ¼ÛÖµÒ²¿ÉÒÔ¾ßÓÐÆÕ±éÐÔ©¤©¤Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬"ÎÞÂÛÔÚÈκÎʱµØ£¬ËüÃǶÔÈ«ÈËÀà¶¼ÊÇÓмÛÖµµÄ"¡£
ÕâÖÖκͶàÔªÖ÷ÒåµÄÂÛÖ¤£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÄÜ»á¾õµÃºÜÆæ¹Ö¡£ÒòΪÔÚÖÐÎĵÄÓï¾³ÀÎÒÃÇÒ»°ãÈÏΪ·²ÊdzֶàÔªÖ÷ÒåµÄ¼ÛÖµ¹Û£¬¾ÍÓ¦¸ÃÒ²ÊǸö¼ÛÖµÖ÷¹ÛÖ÷ÒåÕßÒÔ¼°¼ÛÖµÏà¶ÔÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£·´Ö®£¬¼ÛÖµÒ»ÔªÂÛÔòËÆºõÓ¦¸ÃÓë¼ÛÖµ¿Í¹ÛÖ÷ÒåÒÔ¼°¼ÛÖµÆÕ±éÖ÷ÒåÏà¹Ø¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬²®ÁÖµÈÈ˵ÄÂÛ֤ȴÏÔʾÁË"¶àÔªÖ÷Ò婤©¤¿Í¹ÛÖ÷Ò婤©¤ÆÕ±éÖ÷Òå"ÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÁª½á£¬Í¬Ê±¶Ô"Ò»ÔªÂÛ©¤©¤Ö÷¹ÛÖ÷Ò婤©¤Ïà¶ÔÖ÷Òå"´ó¼ÓÌ¢·¥¡£ÔÚÎ÷·½Ë¼ÏëÊ·µÄÂöÂçÀ¼ÛÖµÏà¶ÔÖ÷Òå·Â·ðÊǸö¼«²»ÃûÓþ¡¢ÎÞ·¨×ÔÔ²Æä˵µÄÖ÷ÕÅ£¬¶øÆÕ±éÖ÷ÒåÔòÀíËùµ±È»Òª³ÉΪ¼Ûֵѧ˵µÄ»ù´¡¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬Ò»µ©È϶¨Ä³Ð©¼ÛÖµ£¨Æ©ÈçÕýÒå¡¢×ÔÓÉ¡¢Æ½µÈ¡¢²©°®£©¾ßÓп͹ÛÐÔÓëÆÕ±éÐÔ£¬¼ÛÖµµÄ¶àÔªÐÔÓÖÒªÈçºÎ½âÊÍÄØ£¿ÔÚκͶàÔªÖ÷ÒåµÄÀíÂÛÀÆÕ±éÐÔ¡¢¿Í¹ÛÐÔÒÔ¼°¶àÔªÐԵĸù¾Ý¶¼À´×ÔÓÚ"ÄãÎÒ½ÔΪÈËÀà"Õâ¸öÊÂʵ¡£²®ÁÖ˵£º"¸÷ÖÖ¼ÛÖµ¾¡¹Ü»¥²»¼æÈÝ£¬µ«ÊÇËüÃǵÄÖÖÀ಻¿ÉÄÜÎÞÇîÎÞ¾¡¡£ÒòΪÈËÐÔËäÈ»ÆçÒì¶à±ä£¬È´±ØÐë±£ÓÐijЩÖÖÊôÉϵÄÌØÐÔ£¨generic
character£©£¬·ñÔò¾Í²»ÔÙ³ÆÎªÈËÐÔ"¡£Ò²ÕýÊÇ»ùÓÚÕâ¸öÐÅÄ²®ÁֲŸÒ󯶍µØÐû³Æ"ÊÀ½çÉÏ×ÝʹûÓÐÆÕ±é¼ÛÖµ£¬ÖÁÉÙÒ²ÓÐijЩ×îÆðÂëµÄ¹æ·¶¡£È±ÉÙÕâЩ¹æ·¶£¬ÈËÀàÉç»á¼¸ºõÎÞ·¨Éú´æ"¡£ËûÐÄÄ¿ÖÐÕâЩ×îÆðÂëµÄ¹æ·¶°üÀ¨½ûֹūÁ¥Öƶȡ¢½ûÖ¹×Ú½ÌÒÇʽÉϵÄɱÈËÐÐΪ¡¢½ûÖ¹ÄÉ´âÖ÷ÒåµÄ¶ñÐС¢½ûÖ¹ÀÄɱÎÞ¹¼¡¢½ûÖ¹½ÌËô¶ùͯ±³À븸ĸµÈµÈ¡£
È»¶ø£¬"ÄãÎÒ½ÔΪÈËÀà"Õâ¸öÊÂʵ¾¿¾¹Äܲ»ÄÜÍÆ³ö²®ÁÖËùÁ¦Í¼º´ÎÀµÄÆÕ±é¼ÛֵĨ£¿ÁíÍ⣬Èç¹ûÕâЩ"ÆðÂëµÄ¹æ·¶"ÕæµÄ·ÅÖîËĺ£½Ô×¼£¬ÄÇô¼ÛÖµ¶àÔªÖ÷Ò壨ÒÔ¼°ÎÄ»¯Ïà¶ÔÖ÷Ò壩µÄÖ÷ÕÅÄѵÀ²»»á´ó´òÕÛ¿Û£¬ÉõÖÁÎÞ·¨³ÉÁ¢ÁËÂð£¿ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬±È½Ï¼¤½øµÄ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕߣ¨»ò²®ÁÖµÈÈËÑÛÖеÄ"¼ÛÖµÏà¶ÔÂÛÕß"£©ÕýÊÇ·ñ¶¨ÈÎºÎÆÕ±é¼ÛÖµµÄ´æÔÚ¡£ËûÃÇ˵£¬ÎÞÂÛ´ÓÉç»áÈËÀàѧµÄÑо¿»òÀúʷѧµÄ·ÖÎöÀ´¿´£¬ÈËÀàµÄ¼Ûֵϵͳȷʵ¶àÔª·ÖÆç£¬¼¸ºõÕÒ²»µ½¾ßÓÐʵÖÊÒâÒåµÄ¹²Í¬¹æ·¶¡£»ù¶½Í½ÏàÐÅÈËÉú¶øÆ½µÈ£»¶øÓ¡¶È½ÌͽÈÏΪÈËÌìÉúµÈ¼¶²»Í¬¡£ÖйúÈ˽̵¼Ð¡º¢ÒªÐ¢Ë³¸¸Ä¸£¬"¸¸Ä¸ÔÚ¡¢²»Ô¶ÓÎ"£»ÃÀ¹úÈËÐÅ·î¸öÈËÖ÷Ò壬×ÓÅ®³ÉÄêÖ®ºóÄѵÃÓ븸ĸ¾ÛÔÚÒ»Æð¡£ÒÁ˹À¼Éç»áÊÓÒ»·ò¶àÆÞÖÆÎª³£Ì¬£¬Çå½ÌͽµÄ¹ú¼ÒÔò¿¹ÒéÕâÖÖÖÆ¶ÈÎ¥·´ÄÐŮƽµÈ¡£×îºó£¬¼´Ê¹ÔÚ¸öÌåµÄ²ã´ÎÉÏ£¬"Äãϲ»¶¾ÙÖØ£¬ÎÒϲ»¶µ¯ÇÙ£»ÄãÈÏΪ³ÏÐźÜÖØÒª£¬ÎÒÈÏΪÎÞ¶¾²»ÕÉ·ò£»Ä㺴ÎÀ˽ÓвƲúȨ£¬ÎÒÖ÷ÕÅÍÁµØ¹«ÓÐÖÆ"£¬ÕâЩ¼ÛÖµ¿ÉÄÜÕÒµ½¿Í¹Û¡¢ÆÕ±éµÄ±ê×¼Âð£¿
Æäʵ£¬µ±¸ñÀ×Öð²½·¢Õ¹²®ÁֵĶàÔªÖ÷ÒåÀíÂÛʱ£¬Ëû¾ÍÒѾÒâʶµ½¶àÔªÖ÷Òå²»Ò»¶¨»áÖ§³Å×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬Æ©Èç¸öÈË×ÔÓÉ¡¢¿íÈÝ¡¢ÓÐÏÞÕþ¸®µÈµÈ¡£¸ñÀ×ÈÏΪÈËÀà¼ÛÖµ¼ÈÊô¶àÔª£¬£¬Ôò½â¾ö³åͻ֮µÀ¾ø²»ÄÜËßÖîÈκÎÏÈÑé¡¢¾ø¶Ô¡¢ÓÀºãµÄÅÐ×¼£¬¶øÖ»ÄÜÒÔ"Ôݶ¨ÐÒé"£¨modus
vivendi£©µÄ·½Ê½ÇóµÃÍ×С£Ôݶ©ÐÒé¹ÌÈ»°üÀ¨Ä³Ð©"ÆÕ±é×îµÍµÀµÂÒªÇó"£¨universal minimum morality£©£¬µ«ÊÇ"ÔÚÔݶ¨ÐÒéµÄ¹ã´ó·¶Î§ÀÓÐÐí¶à·½°¸²¢²»ÌåÏÖ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåËùÔ¤ÉèµÄ×ÔÓÉȨÀû¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬×ÔÓÉÌåÖÆËùÔ̺¬µÄÖÖÖÖÓÅȱµã²¢²»¾ßÓÐÀíÐÔÉϵĶÀÌØÐÔ»òÓÅÔ½ÐÔ¡£Èç¹û¼Ù¶¨×ÔÓÉÌåÖÆÔÚÀíÏëÉϱØÈ»ÊǶÔÓ¦¶àÔªÏÖÏóËùÑÜÉúµÄÎÊÌâµÄ×î¼Ñ·½°¸£¬Ôò²»½öÎÞ·¨Ö¤Ã÷£¬Ò²ÊÇÒ»µã¶¼²»ºÏÀí"¡£×ܶøÑÔÖ®£¬¸ñÀ×ÈÏΪ¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåËù¿ÉÄܰüÈݵļÛÖµ¼°ÖƶÈÑ¡Ôñ¼«Îª·±¶à£¬×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÖ»ÊÇÆäÖÐÒ»ÖÖ¿ÉÄÜ£¬µ«¾ø¶Ô²»ÊÇΨһ¿ÉÄÜ¡£Èç¹ûÒ»¸ö·Ç×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄ¹ú¼ÒÄܹ»±£ÕÏÀϰÙÐÕ°²¾ÓÀÖÒµ£¬µ«²»ÐÅ·îÕþ½Ì·ÖÀëÔÔò£¬Ëü¿ÉÄܱÈÒ»¸ö¼á³ÖÕþ½Ì·ÖÀë¡¢µ«Ãñ²»ÁÄÉúµÄ×ÔÓÉÖ÷Òå¹ú¼Ò¸ü¿ÉÈ¡¡£Òò´Ë£¬Èç¹û¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåµÄÃüÌâ³ÉÁ¢£¬ÄÇô×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄÖ÷ÕžͲ»¿ÉÄÜÎªÕæ¡£µ±×ÔÓÉÖ÷Òå¼á³ÖËüÊÇÈ«ÊÀ½ç×îºÃ×îÀíÏëµÄÕþÌåʱ£¬¸ñÀ×Äþ¿ÉÑ¡Ôñ¶àÔªÖ÷Ò壬¶øÓë×ÔÓÉÖ÷Òå·ÖÊÖ¡£
µ«ÊÇÔÚÎÒÃÇ¿´À´£¬¸ñÀ׵ĶàÔªÖ÷ÒåÈÔÈ»²»¹»¼¤½ø¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬ËûÓë²®ÁÖÒ»ÑùÏàÐÅÓÐЩ¼ÛÖµÊǿ͹ÛÇÒÆÕ±éµÄ¡£Æä´Î£¬ËûµÄ"Ôݶ¨ÐÒé"ÈÔȻԤÉèÁËijЩ"ÆÕ±éÐÔµÄ×îµÍµÀµÂÒªÇó"£¬Æ©ÈçºÍƽ¹²´æ¡¢ÍÙÆú±©Á¦¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòÖ®ÖÐÈç¹û»¹Ô¤Éè´ó¼Ò¶¼ÄܽÓÊÜÕâЩ¼ÛÖµ£¬ÄÇôÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½øÐС£µ«ÊÇÕæÕý¼¤½øµÄ¶àÔªÖ÷Òå²¢²»³ÐÈÏÈÎºÎÆÕ±é¼ÛÖµµÄ´æÔÚ£¬ËûÃÇÕýÈç²®ÁÖËù˵£¬ÊǵÂÒâÖ¾ÀËÂþÖ÷ÒåµÄÐÅͽ¡¢Äá²É·ÇÀíÐÔÖ÷ÒåµÄ×·ËæÕߣ¬Ò²¾ÍÊdz¹µ×µÄÏà¶ÔÖ÷ÒåÕß¡£
ÔÚÒ»¸ö¼æº¬Ö÷¹ÛÖ÷Ò壯¿Í¹ÛÖ÷Òå¡¢Ïà¶ÔÖ÷Ò壯ÆÕ±éÖ÷ÒåÐÅÑöÕߵĹ«¹²ÁìÓòÀÀíÐÔ£¨ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ½ç¶¨£©²¢²»ÄÜ×Ô¶¯³ÉΪÈËÃÇ»¥¶¯µÄ¹²Í¬»ù´¡£¬¶øÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨Òò´ËÒ²ÓÐÑÏÖØµÄÏÞÖÆ¡£Æä½á¹û»òÕßÊÇÎÞ·¨´ï³É¹²Ê¶£¬»òÕßÊǸù±¾Ã»ÓÐÑÔÐл¥¶¯·¢Éú¡£ÄÇô£¬ÕâÑùµÄ¾ÖÃæ»¹Äܲ»ÄܳÆÎªÒ»¸ö¹«¹²ÁìÓòÀ
Î壬½áÓï
ÈÃÎÒÃÇÔٶȻص½ººÄÈ¡¤¶õÀ¼µÄÀíÂÛ£¬¿´¿´¹«¹²ÁìÓò×îÆðÂëµÄÒªÇóÊÇʲô¡£¼¤½ø¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßÈÏΪÈËÀàÉç»áÔÚij¸öÒâÒåÏÂÍêÈ«ÎÞ·¨½øÐйµÍ¨£¬ÎÒÏëÕâµãËûÃÇÊÇÕýÈ·µÄ¡£Ò»¸öËѹÎÎ޶ȵĹÙÁÅ¡¢Ò»¸ö±ÜÊÀ¿àÐÞµÄɮ¡¢Ò»¸öΨÀûÊÇͼµÄÀϰ塢һ¸öÎÞ¶ñ²»×÷µÄ±©Í½¡¢Ò»¸ö¶³ÄÙ½«ÍöµÄÁ÷À˺º¡¢Ò»¸öÂúÇ»¸Ä¸ïÈȳÀµÄѧÕß¡¢Ò»¸ö»³ÒÉȨÍþµÄÎÞÕþ¸®Ö÷ÒåÕߣ¬ÕâЩÈ˼´Ê¹¹²Í¬Éú»îÔÚÒ»¸öÉç»áÖУ¬ÇëÎÊÈçºÎÒÔÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨²úÉú»¥¶¯£¿µ«ÊÇ£¬Ò²ÐíÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ»»¸ö½Ç¶È˼¿¼£¬²»È¥¹ÜÊDz»ÊÇ"ËùÓÐÈË"¶¼"ƽµÈµØ²ÎÓë"µ½¹«¹²¶Ô»°£¬¶øÊÇ·´¹ýÀ´ÎÊ£º¼ÙÈçÕâÖÖÉç»áÖÐÕæµÄÒª³öÏÖÒ»¸ö¹«¹²ÁìÓò£¬ÄÇô¹«¹²ÁìÓò×îÆðÂëµÄÒªÇóÊÇʲô£¿
Ê×ÏÈ£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòµ±È»±ØÐëÓÐËù"¹²"£¬·ñÔòËü¾ÍÎÞÐë³ÆÎª"¹«¹²"ÁìÓò¡£µ«Êǹ«¹²ÁìÓò³ÉÔ±Äܹ»ÓÐËù¹²µÄ¶«Î÷ÊÇÊ²Ã´ÄØ£¿ÓÐÈËÈÏΪ¹²Í¬µÄÀúÊ·¡¢ÎÄ»¯¡¢Ï°Ëס¢¼ÛÖµÊÇʹ´ó¼ÒÕæÕýÁªÏµÆðÀ´µÄ»ù´¡£¬µ«ÊÇÒ²ÓÐÈËÍêÈ«·´¶ÔÒÔÕâÀàʵÖÊÐÔµÄÄÚÈÝ×÷Ϊ¹²Í¬Éú»îµÄÌõ¼þ£¬ÒòΪÕâÀà¶«Î÷ÒÑÈÕÇ÷·ÖÆç£¬¸ù±¾²»¿ÉÄܸ´ºÏΪһ¡£ÔÚÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬¶õÀ¼Ìá³öµÄ´ð°¸Ê®·ÖÓÐȤ¡£Ëý˵ÎÒÃǹ²Í¬Ö®´¦ÔÚÓÚ"·ÖÏíÒ»¸öÊÀ½ç"¡£µ±Ò»ÈºÈËÕë¶Ôͬһ¼þÊÂÇ鿪ʼ·¢ÑÔÌÖÂÛ¡¢»òÊǹØÐÄͬһ¸öÏÖÏóµÄ·¢Õ¹£¬ÎÒÃǾʹ´ÔìÁËÒ»¸ö¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä¡£Õâ¸ö¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÎÞÐε쬵«ÊÇËüÈ´ÊÇʹÄãÎÒËû²úÉú¹ØÁªµÄý½é¡£»»¾ä»°Ëµ£¬Ö»ÒªÎÒÃDz»ÊǶԱðÈ˹ØÐĵÄÊÂÄ®²»¹ØÐÄ¡¢Ö»ÒªÎÒÃDz»ÊǼ¦Í¬Ñ¼½²£¬ÄÇô¹«¹²ÁìÓò¾Í»áÔÚÏà¹ØµÄÈËȺ֮Öи¡ÏÖ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎÒÃǹØÐÄͬһ¼þÊ»òͬһ¸ö"ÊÀ½ç"£¬²¢²»´ú±íÎÒÃǶÔÕâ¼þÊ»òÕâ¸öÊÀ½çÒªÓÐÏàͬµÄÅжϡ£Òò´Ë£¬¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåµÄ»ù±¾ÃüÌ⣨"¼ÛÖµÌåϵÎÞ·¨Í¨Ô¼¹²Á¿"£©£¬Óë"¹²Í¬·ÖÏíÒ»¸öÊÀ½ç"²¢Ã»ÓÐì¶Ü¡£
Æä´Î£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòÐγÉÖ®ºó£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐë¼ÙÉèÿһ¸öÏà¹Ø³ÉÔ±¶¼ÓÐÐËȤȥÁ˽â±ðÈ˵ÄÒâͼ¡¢Ïë·¨»òÖ÷ÕÅ¡£Èç¹ûÐí¶à³ÉÔ±¶¼Ö»¹Ü±í´ï×Ô¼º¶Ôij¼þʵĿ´·¨£¬È´´ÓÀ´²»Ð¼È¥Á˽â±ðÈ˵Ŀ´·¨£¬ÄÇô¹«¹²ÁìÓòÈÔÈ»Êǿն´µÄ£¬»òǷȱһÖÖÆðÂëµÄÏ໥ÐÔ£¨reciprocity£©¡£ÕâÖÖÏëÒªÁ˽â±ðÈ˵ÄÐÄ̬ÓëÚ¹ÊÍѧËùÇ¿µ÷µÄÉÆÒ⹵ͨ²»¾¡Ïàͬ¡£ÒòΪºóÕßÒªÇóÿһ¸ö²ÎÓëÕß¶¼±ØÐë±ü³ÖÉÆÒ⣨good
will£©©¤©¤»òÕßÏëÒª°ïÖú¶Ô·½Íê³ÉÂÛ±çÍÆÀí¡¢»òÕßÏëÒªÔì³É"ÊÓÓòÈÚºÏ"£¨fusion of horizons£©µÄЧ¹û¡£µ«ÊÇ´Ë´¦Ëù½²µÄ"Á˽â"»ù±¾ÉÏÖ»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖºÃÆæ£¬ÒÔ¼°ÎªÁËÏÂÒ»²½Ðж¯Ëù²»µÃ²»ÏÈÂú×ãµÄÒªÇó¡£ÎÒÃÇÉõÖÁ¿ÉÒÔ˵£¬¼´Ê¹Ò»¸öÈ˵ÄÒâͼÊÇΪÁË´ò»÷¶Ô·½£¬ËûÒ²±ØÐëÏÈÁ˽â¶Ô·½¾¿¾¹ÊÇʲô»ò´ú±íʲô¡£ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÏëÏó£¬ÕâÖÖ"Á˽âµÄÓûÍû"ÔÚÂ×ÀíÉÏÊÇÖÐÐԵ쬵«ÊÇËüÈÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔ²úÉú"Ï໥ÐÔ"µÄЧ¹û¡£
µÚÈý£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓò±ØÐëÔ¤ÉèÎÒÃÇÔ¸ÒâÒÔÑÔÓï¡¢¶ø²»ÊÇÒÔ±©Á¦À´½øÐл¥¶¯¡£ËùνÑÔÓµ±È»ÊǹãÒåµÄÑÔÓ賓©¤°üÀ¨Ëµ»°¡¢ÎÄ×Ö¡¢ÊÖÊÆ¡¢±íÇé¡¢ÉùÒô¡¢ÑÛÉñ¡¢¾ÙÖ¹¡¢×°°ç¡¢µÀ¾ß¡¢×÷Æ·µÈµÈ¾ßÓйµÍ¨×÷ÓõÄÏóÕ÷·ûºÅ£¬¶ø²»¾ÖÏÞÓÚÎÄ×ÖÓëÓïÑÔ¡£¶øËùν±©Á¦£¬Ö¸µÄÊÇËùÓÐÎïÀíÐÔµÄвÆÈ»òÉ˺¦Á¦Á¿£¬°üÀ¨°µÉ±¡¢×÷Õ½µÈµÈ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÑÔÓïÓ뱩Á¦Ö®¼äÓÐʱºÜÄÑÇø·Ö£¬Æ©Èç"³äÂúÍþвµÄÓïÑÔ"¡¢"δÊðÃûµÄÕ¨µ¯Óʼþ"µÈµÈ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬¶õÀ¼½²µÃºÃ£º±©Á¦ÊÇ"ǰÓÚÕþÖÎ"µÄ»î¶¯¡£Èç¹ûÈËÓëÈËÖ®¼äµÄ¹µÍ¨±ØÐëÓñ©Á¦À´½øÐУ¨ÕâÈÔÈ»ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¿ÉÒÔ±í´ï¼º·½ÒâÖ¼µÄ"¹µÍ¨"ÐÐΪ£©£¬ÄÇô´ËÖÖ¹ØÏµºÜÄѳÆÎª"¹«¹²ÁìÓò"£¬·´¶ø±È½Ï½Ó½üijÖÖ"Õ½Õù״̬"¡£¾Í´Ë¶øÑÔ£¬¸ñÀ×¼á³Ö"Ôݶ¨ÐÒé"±ØÐëÒÔ"ºÍƽ¹²´æ"ΪǰÌᣬ²¢²»ÊÇûÓеÀÀí¡£
µÚËÄ£¬µ±¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄ³ÉÔ±·Ö±ð±í´ïÁËËûÃǵÄÒâ¼ûÓëÁ¢³¡£¬ÈçºÎ"¾ö¶¨"Äĸö˵´Ê±È½Ï¿ÉÈ¡£¬¾Í±ØÐë¿´ËÌá³öÁË"½Ï¼ÑµÄÂÛÖ¤"£¨better
argument£©¡£²»¹ý£¬½Ï¼ÑÂÛÖ¤²¢²»Ò»¶¨ÒªÏñ¹þ²®Âê˹Ëù˵ÄÇÑù£¬´¿È»ÒÔ"ÀíÐÔ"ΪºâÁ¿±ê×¼£¬¶øÊǰüÀ¨Ò»ÇÐÀíÐÔ¡¢·ÇÀíÐÔµÄÂÛÖ¤¡£ÎÒÃǶ¼ÖªµÀ£¬ÓÐʱijЩ¼òµ¥µÄ³ÂÊö»ò³ÁĬµÄ¿¹Ò飬±ÈÆðÐÛ±çÌÏÌϵÄ˵´Ç¸üÄÜ´ò¶¯ÈËÐÄ¡¢·¢»Ó˵·þÁ¦¡£ÒÖÓнøÕߣ¬´Ë´¦µÄ"½Ï¼ÑÂÛÖ¤"²¢²»¼Ù¶¨ÎÒÃÇҪ׷Çó¾ßÓÐÆÕ±éÐԹ淶ЧÁ¦µÄ¹²Ê¶£¬»òÊÔͼ½¨Á¢Ò»ÖÖ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåʽµÄÆÕ±éÐÔ¼ÛÖµÌåϵ¡£Ëùν"½Ï¼Ñ"»ò"½Ï²î"ÍêÈ«½»ÓɶԻ°·¢ÉúËùÔÚµÄÏà¹ØÈËȺÀ´Åж¨£¬Ö»Òª²ÎÓë¶Ô»°Õß¶¼ÈÏ¿Éij¸öÂÛÖ¤£¬ÄǸöÂÛÖ¤¶ÔËûÃǶøÑÔ¾ÍÊÇÓÐЧµÄ¡£ÖÁÓÚÕâ¸öÂÛÖ¤ÊÇ·ñ¶ÔÊÀ½çÉÏÆäËüµØ·½µÄÈËȺÓÐЧ£¬ÔòÔÝʱ´æ¶ø²»ÂÛ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÀàËÆ¸ñÀ×µÄ"Ôݶ¨ÐÒé"£¬½Ï¼ÑÂÛÖ¤Ëù½ÓÊܵÄÒ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¼«"Ôڵػ¯"£¨local£©µÄÅÐ×¼¡£
Òò´Ë£¬±ÊÕßÈÏΪ¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄ²úÉúÐèÒªËĸöÌõ¼þ£º´æÔÚ¹²Í¬¹ØÐĵÄÒéÌâ¡¢Ô¸ÒâÁ˽âËûÈ˵ÄÏë·¨¡¢ÒÔÓïÑÔ½øÐл¥¶¯¡¢½ÓÊܽϼÑÂÛÖ¤µÄЧÁ¦¡£Èç¹ûÕâËĸöÌõ¼þ´æÔÚ£¬¹«¹²ÁìÓòµÄ³ÉÔ±¾Í¿ÉÒÔ½øÐÐÓÐÒâÒåµÄ¹µÍ¨¡£ÕâÖÖ¹µÍ¨»òÐí²»Ïñ¹þ²®Âê˹µÈÈËËùÆÚ´ýµÄÄÇÑù£¬ÊÇ"ÀíÏëÑÔ˵Çé¾³"ϵÄ"ÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨"£»µ«ÊÇËü»ù±¾ÉÏ»¹ÊÇÀíÐԵġ£ËüµÄÓÐÏÞÀíÐÔËäÈ»ÔÚÀíÂÛÉϲ»ÌرðÎüÒýÈË£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚʵ¼ùÉÏÈ´¿ÉÒÔÊÊÓÃÓÚ¸ü¶àµÄ¶Ô̸Çé¾³¡£ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀÕâÖÖÀíÐÔ¹µÍ¨Î´±ØÄܹ»²úÉú¹²Ê¶£¬²»¹ý"ûÓй²Ê¶"ÕýÊÇÈËÀà¶àÔªÐÔËùԤʾµÄ¿ÉÄܽá¹ûÖ®Ò»¡£ÔÚ"ʱÓй²Ê¶¡¢Ê±ÎÞ¹²Ê¶"µÄÉúÃü״̬ÀÎÒÃÇ»òÐí¸üÄÜÌå»áÈËÀàµÄDZÄÜÓëÏÞÖÆ¡£
* ±¾ÎÄÔøÓÚ»ª¶«Ê¦·¶´óѧÖйúÏÖ´ú˼ÏëÎÄ»¯Ñо¿Ëù¾Ù°ìµÄ¡¸¹«¹²ÖªÊ¶·Ö×ÓÓëÏÖ´úÖйú¡¹¹ú¼ÊѧÊõÑÐÌÖ»áÉÏÐû¶Á£¬²¢³ÐÃÉÆÀÂÛÈËͯÊÀ¿¥½ÌÊÚ¼°¶àλÓë»áÀ´±öÌṩ±¦¹óÒâ¼û£¬½÷´ËÖÂл¡£
Seyla Benhabib ÈÏΪÎ÷·½µÄ¹«¹²ÁìÓò¿ÉÒÔ·Ö³ÉÈýÖÖ»ù±¾ÀàÐÍ£º"¾º¼¼Ê½µÄ¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä"£¨agonistic model£©¡¢£º"·¨ÂÉʽµÄ¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä"£¨legalistic
model£©¡¢"¶Ô̸ʽµÄ¹«¹²¿Õ¼ä"£¨discursive model£©£¬ÈýÕß·Ö±ðÒÔ¶õÀ¼¡¢°¬¿ËÂü£¨Bruce Ackerman£©¡¢Óë¹þ²®Âê˹Ϊ´ú±í¡£µ«ÊÇÈçͬÏÂÎÄËùʾ£¬±ÊÕßÈÏΪ¶õÀ¼µÄÀíÂÛ²¢²»Ö»Ç¿µ÷¾º¼¼µÄ²ãÃæ£¬ÊÂʵÉÏÒ²ÓйµÍ¨ºÏ×÷Óë¶Ô̸¡£²Î¼û
Seyla Benhabib, "Models of Public Space: Hannah Arendt, the Liberal Tradition,
and J¨¹rgen Habermas," in Craig Calhoun ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere
(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1992), pp. 73-98.
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1958), pp. 26-31.
Ibid., pp. 32-33.
Ibid., pp. 179-180.
²Î¼û Peter Fuss, "Hannah Arendt's Conception of Political Community,"
in Melvyn A.Hill ed., Hannah Arendt: The Recovery of the Public World (New
York: St. Martin's Press, 1979), pp. 172-173. Bhikhu Parekh, Hannah Arendt
and the Search for a New Political Philosophy (London: Macmillan, 1981), p.
177.
The Human Condition, p. 180.
Hannah Arendt, "Philosophy and Politics," Social Research 57: 1
(Spring, 1990), pp. 78.
Ibid., p. 80.
Ïê¼ûJ¨¹rgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An
Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, trans. by Thomas Burger (Cambridge:
MIT Press, 1989).
J¨¹rgen Habermas, "Hannah Arendt's Communications Concept of Power,"
Social Research 44:1 (Spring, 1977), pp.3-24.
J¨¹rgen Habermas, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, trans. by Christian
Lenhardt and Shierry Weber Nicholsen (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993), pp. 65-66.
ÁíÍ⣬¹þ²®Âê˹Ҳǿµ÷ÕâôÐÞÕýÖ®ºó£¬ÈËÃǵÄÐèÒªÓëÀûÒæ¶¼¿ÉÒÔ³ÉΪµÀµÂÅжϹý³ÌµÄÒªËØ£¬²»»áÒò"´¿´â¶¯»ú"µÄÒªÇó¶ø±»Ä®ÊÓ¡£Ibid.,
pp. 66-68.
Ibid., pp. 82-98.
Ibid., pp. 88. Áí¼ûHabermas, Justification and Application: Remarks on Discourse
Ethics, trans. by Ciaran Cronin (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993), pp. 56-58.
Habermas, Justification and Application, p. 59.
Isaiah Berlin, Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969),
pp. 169-172.
Isaiah Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity (New York: Vintage Books, 1992),
pp. 7-14, 79-80.
John Gray, "Where Pluralists and Liberals Part Company," in Maria
Baghramian and Attracta Ingram eds., Pluralism: the Philosophy and Politics
of Diversity (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 87-88. See also John Gray, Enlightenment's
Wake: Politics and Culture in the Close of the Modern Age (London: Routledge,
1995).
George Crowder, Liberalism and Value Pluralism (London: Continuum, 2002),
pp. 2-3, 49-54.
Berlin, The Crooked Timber, p. 11.
Crowder, Liberalism and Value Pluralism, pp. 45-46.
Berlin, The Crooked Timber, pp. 14, 18, 80.
Gray, "Where Pluralists and Liberals Part Company," pp. 86-87, 91,
93, 101. ¶ÔÓÚGray¹ÛµãµÄ·´²µ£¬¿É²Î¼ûCrowder, Liberalism and Value Pluralism, pp. 11-12.
Berlin, The Crooked Timber, pp. 77-78.