¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ |
ΩԸ¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈ罺ÓÌÏÌÏ£¡ |
¹«ÃñµÄ»Ø¹é£º¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ½ü×÷×ÛÊö
Íþ¶û¡¤¼ªÄ·Àû¿¨ ÍþÄᡤŵÂü
ëÐ˹ó Òë ÁõÇæ У
Ò»£®µ¼ÂÛ
ÕþÖÎÀíÂÛ¼Ò¶Ô¹«ÃñÉí·Ý£¨citizenship£©¸ÅÄîµÄÐËȤÒѾ¾çÔöÆðÀ´¡£ÔÚ1978Ä꣬ÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒÔºÜ×ÔÐŵØËµ£º¡°¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¸ÅÄîÔÚÕþÖÎ˼Ïë¼ÒÖÐÒѾ¹ýʱÁË¡£¡±£¨Van Gunsteren 1978£¬µÚ9 Ò³£©Ê®ÎåÄêºó£¬¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÓÖ³ÉÁ˳ָ÷ÖÖÕþÖÎÁ¢³¡µÄÕþÖÎ˼Ïë¼ÒÖÐÁ÷ÐеÄרҵÊõÓHeater 1990£¬µÚ293Ò³£» Vogel ºÍ Moran 1991£¬µÚ10Ò³£©¡£
ÈËÃǶԹ«ÃñÉí·ÝÎÊÌâµÄÐËȤÔÚ1990Äê´ú¸´ÐËÓÐÐí¶àÔÒò¡£¾ÍÀíÂÛ²ãÃæ¶øÑÔ£¬ÕâÊÇÕþÖλ°ÓïµÄ×ÔÈ»Ñݽø¡£ÒòΪ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¸ÅÄîËÆºõÒªÕûºÏÕýÒåµÄÐèÒªÓ빲ͬÌå³ÉÔ±×ʸñ(membership)µÄÐèÒª£¬ËüÃÇ·Ö±ðÊÇ1970Äê´úºÍ1980Äê´úÕþÖÎÕÜѧÖÐ×îºËÐĵĸÅÄî¡£¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÒ»·½ÃæÓë¸öÈËȨÀû¹ÛÄî½ôÃÜÏàÁª£¬ÁíÒ»·½ÃæÓÖÓë¶ÔÌØ¶¨¹²Í¬Ìå(community)µÄÁ¥Êô¹ÛÄîÃÜÇÐÏà¹Ø¡£Òò´Ë£¬ËüÓÐÖúÓÚ³ÎÇå×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÓëÉçȺÖ÷ÒåÕßµÄÕùÂÛÖÐÕæÕý½ôÒªµÄ¶«Î÷¡£
¶Ô¹«Ãñ×ʸñµÄÐËȤҲÓɽüÀ´È«ÊÀ½çµÄÕþÖÎʼþºÍ³±Á÷ËùÒý·¢¡£È磬ÃÀ¹úÈ˶ÔͶƱѡ¾ÙµÄÈÕÒæÀäÄ®ºÍ¶Ô¸£ÀûµÄ³¤ÆÚÒÀÀµ£¬¶«Å·Ãñ×åÖ÷ÒåÔ˶¯µÄ¸´ËÕ£¬Î÷Å·µÄÎÄ»¯ºÍÈËÖÖÈÕÒæ¶àÔª»¯ËùÖµĽôÕÅ״̬£¬ÈöÇжûʱ´úµÄÓ¢¹ú¶Ô¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÖÆ¶ÈµÄ·´µ¯£¬ÒÀÀµÓÚ¹«Ãñ×ÔÔ¸ºÏ×÷µÄ»·¾³Õþ²ßµÄʧ°Ü£¬Èç´ËµÈµÈ¡£
ÕâЩʼþ±íÃ÷£¬½¡È«ºÍÎȶ¨µÄÏÖ´úÃñÖ÷²»½ö½öÒÀÀµÓÚÆä¡°»ù±¾½á¹¹¡±µÄÕýÒ壬¶øÇÒ»¹ÒÀÀµÓÚÆä¹«ÃñµÄÆ·ÐÔ£¨qualities£©Óë̬¶È£¬[1]È磬¹«ÃñµÄÉí·Ý¸Ð£»ËûÃÇÈçºÎ¿´´ý¸÷ÖÖ¿ÉÄܾºÏàµÖ´¥µÄÃñ×åµÄ¡¢µØÓòµÄ¡¢ÖÖ×åµÄ»ò×ڽ̵ÄÉí·ÝÈÏͬÐÎʽ£»ËûÃǶÔÒ켺ÈËȺµÄ¿íÈÝÄÜÁ¦ÒÔ¼°ÓëÖ®ºÏ×÷µÄÄÜÁ¦£»ËûÃÇΪÁË´Ù½ø¹«¹²ÀûÒæÒÔ¼°´ÙʹÕþÖÎȨÍþ¸ºÔð¶ø²ÎÓëÕþÖιý³ÌµÄÔ¸Íû£»ÔÚ¾¼ÃÐèÒªºÍÔÚÓ°Ïì×ÔÉí½¡¿µÓë»·¾³µÄ¸öÈËÑ¡ÔñÖУ¬ËûÃDZíÏÖ×ÔÎÒ½ÚÖÆÓëµ£¸º¸öÈËÔðÈεÄÔ¸Íû¡£Èç¹ûûÓо߱¸ÕâЩƷÐԵĹ«Ãñ£¬ÃñÖ÷ÖÆ¾ÍÄÑÒÔͳÖΣ¬ÉõÖÁÊDz»Îȶ¨µÄ¡£[2]ÕýÈç¹þ±´Âí˹Ëù˵£º¡°ÏÜÕþ×ÔÓÉÖÆ¶ÈµÄ¼ÛÖµÔÚÓÚÈËÃǶÔÖÆ¶ÈµÄÔËÓᣡ±£¨ Habermas 1992£¬µÚ7Ò³£©
Òò´Ë£¬¶ÔÒ»Ì×¹Ø×¢¸öÌ幫ÃñµÄÉí·Ý£¨identity£©ÓëÐÐΪ£¨°üÀ¨ËûÃǵÄÔðÈΣ¬¡¢ÖҳϺÍ×÷Ó㩵Ĺ«ÃñÀíÂ۵ĺô»½Ö®ÉùÈÕÒæ¸ßÕǾͲ»×ãÎªÆæÁË¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖ̽Ë÷ÖÐÖÁÉÙÓÐÁ½ÖÖÆÕ±éÐÔΣÏÕ¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬¹«ÃñÀíÂ۵ķ¶Î§¿ÉÄÜÊÇÎÞÏ޵ġ£ÔÚÕþÖÎÕÜѧÖУ¬¼¸ºõËùÓеÄÎÊÌâ¶¼Éæ¼°µ½¹«ÃñÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ»ò¹«ÃñÓë¹ú¼ÒÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµ¡£ÔÚÕâÆª×ÛÊöÖУ¬ÎÒÃǽ«Í¨¹ý¼¯ÖÐÌÖÂÛÁ½¸öÆÕ±éÐÔÎÊÌâÀ´±ÜÃâÕâһΣÏÕ£¬¼´¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ£¨civic virtue£©Ó빫ÃñÉí·Ý£¨citizenship identity£©¡£[3]¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¼ÒÉù³Æ£¬ÓÉÓÚ½üÀ´ÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¹ý·ÖÇ¿µ÷½á¹¹ÓëÖÆ¶È£¬ÕâÁ½¸öÎÊÌâÒѾΪÈËËùºöÊÓ¡£ ¹«ÃñÀíÂ۵ĵڶþÖÖΣÏÕÔÚÓÚ£¬ÔÚÏà¹ØÌÖÂÛÖÐÓÐʱ½«Á½¸ö²»Í¬µÄ¸ÅÄî»ìΪһ̸ÁË£º¡°ÒÔ·¨ÂɵØÎ»À´½ç¶¨µÄ¹«Ãñ¹Û¡±£¨citizenship-as-legal-status£©£¬¼´ÔÚÌØ¶¨ÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåÖÐÍêÕûµÄ³ÉÔ±×ʸñ£»ÒÔ¼°¡°ÒÔºÏÒâÐÐΪÀ´½ç¶¨µÄ¹«Ãñ¹Û¡±£¨citizenship-as-desirable-activity£©£¬ÔÚ´Ë£¬¹«ÃñÊôÐԵķ¶Î§ÓëÖÊÁ¿ÊÇÖ¸¹«ÃñÔÚÕâ¸öÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåÖеIJÎÓë×÷Óá£
ÔÚÏÂÒ»½ÚµÄ·ÖÎöÖÐÎÒÃǽ«¿´µ½£¬´ó¶àÊýѧÕß¶¼ÈÏΪ£¬Ò»ÖÖÊʵ±µÄ¹«ÃñÀíÂÛÓ¦¸Ã¸ü¶àµØÇ¿µ÷ÔðÈÎÓëµÂÐÔ¡£È»¶ø£¬ºÜÉÙÓÐÂÛÕß»áÌáÒ飬ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÒÔ°þ¶áÏû¼«ÈËȺµÄ¹«Ãñ×ʸñÕâÀ෽ʽÀ´ÐÞÕýÄÇÖÖÒÔ·¨ÂɵØÎ»½ç¶¨¹«ÃñµÄÀíÂÛ¡£Ïà·´£¬ÕâЩÂÛÕßÒ»°ã¹Ø×¢µÄÊÇ×÷Ò»¸ö¡°ºÃ¹«Ãñ¡±µÄÌõ¼þ¡£ºÃ¹«ÃñµÄÀíÂÛÓ¦µ±Ïà¶Ô¶ÀÁ¢ÓÚÔÚ·¨ÂÉÒâÒåÉÏѯÎÊ¡°×÷Ϊһ¸ö¹«ÃñÒâζ×Åʲô¡±£»ÕýÈçÒ»ÖÖ¹ØÓÚºÃÈ˵ÄÀíÂÛ£¬Ó¦µ±²»Í¬ÓÚÔÚÐζøÉÏѧ£¨»ò·¨ÂÉ£©ÒâÒåÉÏ̽ÌÖ¡°×÷Ϊһ¸öÈËÒâζ×Åʲô¡±¡£¾¡¹Ü¶àÊýѧÕßÔÚ²û·¢ËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÀíÂÛʱ¶¼×¢Òâµ½ÕâÖÖÇø·Ö£¬µ«ÔÚÅúÆÀ±ðÈ˵Ĺ«ÃñÀíÂÛʱ£¬ÀýÈ磬ÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄÒÔÐÐΪ½ç¶¨¹«ÃñµÄ¡°·áºñ¡±¸ÅÄî¶ÔÕÕÂ۵еÄÒÔµØÎ»½ç¶¨¹«ÃñµÄ¡°µ¥±¡¡±¸ÅÄîʱ£¬ºöÊÓÕâÖÖÇø·ÖµÄÇãÏòÈ´Ï൱¹ã·º¡£ÎÒÃǽ«ÔÚµÚËIJ¿·ÖÖжԴ˽øÐÐÌÖÂÛ¡£
¶þ£®Õ½ºóµÄÕýͳ¹ÛÄî
ÔÚ½éÉܹØÓÚ¹«ÃñÎÊÌâµÄÐÂ×÷֮ǰ£¬ÓбØÒª¼òµ¥¹´»Ò»ÏÂÕ½ºóµÄÐí¶àÕþÖÎÀíÂÛÖÐËùÒþº¬µÄ¹ØÓÚ¹«ÃñÎÊÌâµÄ¹Ûµã£¬Ëü¼¸ºõÍêÈ«ÊÇÒÔȨÀûµÄ³ÖÓÐÀ´½ç¶¨µÄ¡£
¶ÔÕ½ºóÕâÖÖ×÷ΪȨÀûµÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¸ÅÄî×î¾ßÓ°ÏìÁ¦µÄ½âÊÍÊÇT.H.ÂíЪ¶ûдÓÚ1949ÄêµÄ¡¶¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÓëÉç»á½×²ã¡·¡£[4]ÔÚÂíЪ¶û¿´À´£¬¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÎÊÌâ´Ó±¾ÖÊÉϽ²ÔÚÓÚÈçºÎ±£Ö¤Ã¿¸öÈ˱»×÷ΪÍêÕû¶øÆ½µÈµÄÉç»á³ÉÔ±À´¶Ô´ý¡£Òª±£Ö¤ÕâÖÖÒâÒåÉϵijÉÔ±×ʸñ£¬¾Í±ØÐë²»¶ÏÔö¼Ó¹«ÃñȨÀû¡£
ÂíЪ¶û°Ñ¹«ÃñȨÀû·ÖΪÈýÖÖ¡£ËûÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚÓ¢¹ú£¬ÕâÈýÖÖȨÀûÊÇÔÚÈý¸öÁ¬ÐøµÄÊÀ¼ÍÏà¼ÌʵÏֵġ£ÊÐÃñȨÀû£¨civil rights£©£¬³öÏÖÓÚ18ÊÀ¼Í£»ÕþÖÎȨÀû£¬³öÏÖÓÚ19ÊÀ¼Í£»Éç»áȨÀû£¬Èç½ÓÊܹ«¹²½ÌÓýµÄȨÀû£¬ÏíÊÜÎÀÉú±£½¡£¨health care£©£¬¡¢Ê§Òµ±£ÏÕºÍÑøÀϸ§ÐôµÄȨÀûµÈ£¬ÕâЩȨÀûÊÇÔÚ±¾ÊÀ¼Í²ÅÈ·Á¢ÆðÀ´µÄ¡£[5]Ëû×¢Òâµ½£¬Ëæ×Ź«ÃñȨÀûµÄÀ©´ó£¬ÏíÓÐȨÀûµÄ¹«Ãñ½×²ãÒ²ËæÖ®Ôö¼Ó¡£±»ÏÞÖÆÓÚÓµÓвƲúµÄ¡¢ÐÅÑöн̵İ×É«ÈËÖÖµÄÊÐÃñȨÀûºÍÕþÖÎȨÀûÖð½¥µØÏò¸¾Å®¡¢¹¤È˽׼¶¡¢ÓÌÌ«ÈË¡¢ÌìÖ÷½Ìͽ¡¢ºÚÈËºÍÆäËûÒÔǰ±»ÅųýÔÚÍâµÄȺÌåÑÓÉì¡£
¶ÔÂíЪ¶ûÀ´Ëµ£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚ×ÔÓÉÃñÖ÷µÄ¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÖУ¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý²ÅÄܵõ½×îÍêÕûµÄÌåÏÖ¡£¸£Àû¹ú¼Òͨ¹ý±£ÕÏËùÓй«ÃñµÄÊÐÃñȨÀû¡¢ÕþÖÎȨÀûºÍÉç»áȨÀû£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹Ã¿Ò»Éç»á³ÉÔ±¸Ðµ½×Ô¼ºÊ®×ãµØÊÇÉç»áµÄ³ÉÔ±£¬²¢Äܹ»²Î¼ÓºÍÏíÊÜÉç»áµÄ¹²Í¬Éú»î¡£Ò»µ©ÕâЩȨÀûÖеÄÈκÎÒ»ÖÖ±»ÏÞÖÆ»òÇÖ·¸£¬ÈËÃñ¶¼½«±»±ßÔµ»¯²¢ÇÒ²»ÔÙÄܲμӹ²Í¬Éú»î¡£ Õâͨ³£±»³ÆÎª¡°Ïû¼«µÄ¹«ÃñȨ¡±»ò¡°Ë½ÐԵĹ«ÃñȨ¡±£¬ÒòΪËüÇ¿µ÷Ïû¼«µÄ×ʸñ (entitlement)£¬¶øÈ±·¦ÈκβÎÓ빫¹²Éú»îµÄÒåÎñ¡£ËüÈÔÈ»µÃµ½¹ã·ºµÄÖ§³Ö£¬[6]¶øÇÒÓкܺõÄÀíÓÉ£º¡°Ë½ÐÔ¹«ÃñȨµÄºÃ´¦ÊDz»¿ÉÇáÊӵģ¬Ëü¸³Ó輸ºõËùÓÐÈËijЩ»ù±¾µÄÈËÀàÀûÒæ£¨°²È«¡¢¸»×ãÓë×ÔÓÉ£©£¬Õâ¶ÔÈËÀàÀ´ËµÎÞÒìÓÚÒ»ÖÖ¾Þ´óµÄÊÕ»ñ¡£¡±£¨ Macedo 1990£¬µÚ39Ò³£©
È»¶ø£¬Õ½ºóÕâÖÖÕýͳµÄ¹«ÃñȨ¹ÛÄîÔÚ¹ýȥʮÄêÊܵ½Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÅúÆÀ¡£¾Í±¾ÎĵÄÄ¿µÄ¶øÑÔ£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ±æÊ¶Á½ÖÖÅúÆÀ¡£µÚÒ»ÖÖÅúÆÀÈÏΪ£¬ÓбØÒªÒÔÔðÈÎÓëµÂÐÔÀ´²¹³ä»ò´úÌæ¶Ô¹«ÃñȨµÄÏû¼«½ÓÊÜ£¬Õâ°üÀ¨¾¼Ã×ÔÁ¢£¬¡¢ÕþÖβÎÓ룬ÉõÖÁÎÄÃ÷Æ·ÖÊ£¨civility£©¡£ÕâЩÎÊÌ⽫ÔÚµÚÈý²¿·ÖÌÖÂÛ¡£
µÚ¶þÖÖÅúÆÀÈÏΪÓбØÒªÐ޸ĵ±Ç°µÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¶¨ÒåÒÔÊÊÓ¦ÏÖ´úÉç»áÖÐÈÕÒæÔö³¤µÄÉç»áÓëÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷Òå¡£¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÄÜ·ñΪÉç»á³ÉÔ±Ìṩ¹²Í¬µÄ¾Ñé¡¢Éí·ÝÓëÖҳϣ¿ËüÊÇ·ñ×ã¹»¼òµ¥ÒÔÖÁÓÚÄÜÔÚÆ½µÈµÄ»ù´¡ÉϰÑÄÇЩÀúÊ·Éϱ»ÅųýÔÚÍâµÄȺÌåÒ²°üÀ¨½øÈ¥£¿»òÕßΪ´ËÓÐʱºò»¹ÐèÒªÒ»Ð©ÌØÊâÕþ²ß£¿ÕâЩÎÊÌ⽫ÔÚµÚËIJ¿·ÖÌÖÂÛ¡£
Èý£®¹«ÃñµÄÔðÈÎÓëµÂÐÔ
1£® ÐÂÓÒÅɶÔÉç»á¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÓ븣Àû¹ú¼ÒµÄÅúÆÀ
ÔÚÕþÖÎÉÏ£¬¶ÔÕ½ºóÕýͳ¹ÛÄîµÚÒ»¸öÒ²ÊÇ×îÓÐÁ¦µÄÅúÆÀÀ´×ÔÐÂÓÒÅɶԡ°Éç»áȨÀû¡±¹ÛÄîµÄÅúÆÀ¡£ÕâЩȨÀû×ÜÊÇΪÓÒÅÉËù¾Ü¾ø£¬ÒòΪ£¨1£©ËüÃÇÓ루Ïû¼«£©×ÔÓɵĻò£¨ÒÔÓ¦µÃΪ»ù´¡µÄ£©ÕýÒåµÄÒªÇó²»Ò»Ö£»£¨2£©ËüÃÇÔÚ¾¼ÃÉÏûÓÐЧÂÊ£»£¨3£©ËüÃÇ×ßÉÏÁË¡°Í¨ÍùÅ«ÒÛ֮·¡±¡£µ«ÊÇÔÚ¹«ÖÚ¿´À´£¬ÕâЩÂÛ¾ÝҪô²»ºÏÀí£¬ÒªÃ´×ÜÊDZ»Éç»áÕýÒåµÄ¿¼ÂÇËùѹµ¹£¬ÒªÃ´±»ÂíЪ¶ûʽµÄÒÔ¹«ÃñȨÀûΪ»ù´¡µÄ¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒËùѹµ¹¡£
ÈöÇжû¡ªÀï¸ùʱ´úµÄ±£ÊØË¼Ïë×îÖØ´óµÄת±äÔÚÓÚËûÃÇÔ¸ÒâÓë×óÅɾ͹«ÃñÎÊÌâ½øÐÐÕùÂÛ¡£ÂíЪ¶ûÂÛ֤˵£¬Éç»áȨÀû¿ÉÒÔʹÉç»áµ×²ãµÄÈ˽øÈëÖ÷Á÷Éç»á£¬²¢ÓÐЧµØÐÐʹËûÃǵÄÊÐÃñȨÀûÓëÕþÖÎȨÀû¡£ÐÂÓÒÅÉÈ´ÈÏΪ£¬¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÖú³¤ÁËÆ¶À§½×²ãµÄÏû¼«ÐÔ£¬²¢ÇÒ´´Ôì³öÒ»ÖÖÒÀÀµÎÄ»¯£¬È´²¢Ã»ÓÐÔÚÊÂʵÉϸÄÉÆËûÃǵÄÉú»î»úÓö¡£Í¨¹ýʹ¹«ÃñÂÙΪ¹ÙÁÅÖÆ¶È¼à»¤ÏµÄÒÀÀµÕߣ¬¸£Àû¹ú¼Ò²»Êǽâ¾öÁËÕâÒ»ÎÊÌ⣬¶øÊÇʹ֮ÓÀ¾Ã»¯ÁË¡£¸ù¾ÝŵÂü¡¤°ÍÀûµÄ¹Ûµã£¬Ã»ÓÐÈκÎÖ¤¾Ý±íÃ÷¸£Àû¼Æ»®ÔÚÊÂʵÉÏ´Ù½øÁ˸üΪ»ý¼«µÄ¹«ÃñÐÔ£¨Norman Barry 1990£¬µÚ43-53Ò³£©¡£
ÐÂÓÒÅÉÈÏΪ£¬Ïû¼«¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄģʽûÓгä·Ö¹À¼Æµ½ÂÄÐÐijЩÒåÎñÊÇÒ»¸öÈ˱»½ÓÄÉΪÍêÕûµÄÉç»á³ÉÔ±µÄǰÌáÌõ¼þ¡£ÓÈÆäÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚûÓÐÂÄÐÐ×ÔÁ¦¸üÉúµÄÒåÎñ£¬³¤ÆÚʧҵÕßÊÇÉç»áµÄ³ÜÈ裬ҲÊÇ×Ô¼ºµÄ³ÜÈè¡£[7]ÕýÈçȱÉÙÆ½µÈµÄȨÀûÊÇÈ¡µÃÍêÕûÉç»á³ÉÔ±Éí·ÝµÄÕϰһÑù£¬²»ÄÜÂÄÐй²Í¬µÄÒåÎñͬÑùÊÇÈ¡µÃÍêÕû¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄÕϰ¡£ÔÚÕâЩÇé¿öÏ£¬¡°Ç¿ÆÈÒÀÀµÕßÏñÆäËûÈËÒ»ÑùÂÄÐÐÒåÎñ²¢²»ÊÇÎ¥±³Æ½µÈ¾«Éñ£¬¶øÊÇÆ½µÈËù±ØÐèµÄ¡£Ò»ÖÖÓÐЧµÄ¸£ÀûÕþ²ß±ØÐëÈýÓÊܰïÖúÕßÂÄÐй«ÃñµÄ¹²Í¬ÒåÎñ¶ø²»ÊǰÑËûÃÇÅųýÔÚÍ⡱£¨Mead 1986£¬µÚ12-13Ò³£©¡£
ÐÂÓÒÅÉÈÏΪ£¬ÎªÁ˱£Ö¤Æ¶À§½×²ãµÄÉç»áÓëÎÄ»¯µÄÕûÌåÐÔ£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐë¡°³¬Ô½×ʸñ¡±£¬×ª¶ø¼¯ÖÐÓÚËûÃÇıÉúµÄÔðÈΡ£ÓÉÓÚ¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÏû½âÁËÈËÃǵÄ×ÔÁ¢¾«Éñ£¬Òò´Ë±£ÕÏ´ëÊ©£¨safety net£©Ó¦µ±´óÁ¿Ï÷¼õ£¬¶øÇÒÈκα£ÁôÏÂÀ´µÄ¸£ÀûÐÔÀûÒæ¶¼Ó¦¸ÃÓи½¼ÓÐÔÒåÎñ¡£ÕâÕýÊÇ 1980 Äê´úÒ»³¡ÖØÒªµÄ¸£ÀûÖÆ¶È¸Ä¸ï±³ºóµÄ¹ÛÄî¡£Õⳡ¸Ä¸ï¼´¡°¹¤×÷¸£Àû¡±£¨workfare£©¼Æ»®£¬ËüÒªÇó¸£Àû½ÓÊÜÕßΪÆäÊÜÒæ¸¶³öÀͶ¯£¬Õâ¾Í¼ÓÇ¿Á˹«ÃñÓ¦µ±×ÔÁ¦¸üÉúµÄ¹ÛÄî¡£
ÐÂÓÒÅɵÄÕâÖÖ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¹Ûµã²¢·ÇÎÞи¿É»÷¡£È磬ËüÉù³ÆÊ§Òµ¶øÒÀÀµÓÚ¸£ÀûµÄϲã½×¼¶µÄÐËÆðÊÇÒòΪÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒԵõ½¸£Àû£¬Õâ¾ÍºöÊÓÁËÈ«Çò¾¼ÃÖØ×éµÄÓ°Ï죬²¢ÇÒÓëÏÂÊöÊÂʵ²»Ò»Ö£ºÔÚÓµÓм«Îª¹ã·ºµÄ¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÖУ¬Ðí¶à¹ú¼Ò£¨È磬±±Å·£©Ò»Ö±±£³Ö×Å×îµÍµÄʧҵÂÊ¡£
¶øÇÒ£¬ÅúÆÀÕß»¹¿ÉÒÔÖ¸³ö£¬ºÜÄÑÕÒµ½ÈκÎÖ¤¾ÝÖ¤Ã÷1980Äê´úµÄÐÂÓÒÅɸĸï´Ù½øÁ˹«ÃñµÄÔðÈθС£ÕâЩ¸Ä¸ïÖ¼ÔÚͨ¹ý×ÔÓÉóÒ×£¬³·Ïû¹ÜÖÆ£¬¼õ˰£¬Ï÷Èõ¹¤»á£¬½ôËõʧҵÕßÀûÒæµÈ´ëÊ©£¬ÔÚÈËÃÇÉú»îÖÐÀ©Õ¹Êг¡µÄ·¶Î§£¬ÁíÍ⣬ҲÊÇΪÁËÅàÑøÈËÃÇÖ÷¶¯¡¢×ÔÁ¢Óë×Ô×ãµÄµÂÐÔ£¨Mulgan 1991£¬µÚ43Ò³£©¡£
µ«ÊÇǡǡÏà·´£¬Ðí¶àÊг¡×ÔÓÉ»¯´ëÊ©¶¼Ôì³ÉÁËǰËùδÓеÄ̰À·ºÍ¾¼ÃÉϵIJ»¸ºÔðÈΡ£ÕâÒ»Çж¼ÎªÃÀ¹úµÄ´¢Ðî¡¢½è´ûºÍÀ¬»øÕ®È¯³óÎÅ£¨junk bond scandals£©ËùÖ¤Ã÷ (Mulgan 1991£¬µÚ39Ò³) ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬Ï÷¼õ¸£ÀûÐÔÀûÒæÒ²Ô¶²»ÄÜʹϲãÈËÃñÕñ×÷ÆðÀ´£¬·´¶øÊ¹Æä¶ÓÎé²»¶ÏÀ©´ó¡£½×¼¶µÄ²»Æ½µÈ¼Ó¾çÁË£¬Æ¶ÇîµÄÀ͹¤ºÍʧҵÕß±»ÓÐЧµØ°þ¶áÁËÑ¡¾ÙÒéÔ±µÄȨÀû£¬´Ó¶ø²»ÄܲÎÓëÐÂÓÒÅɵÄо¼Ã¡£[8]
Òò´Ë£¬Ðí¶àÈËÈÏΪ£¬¶ÔÐÂÓÒÅÉ×îÕýÈ·µÄ¿´·¨ÊÇ£¬Ëü²¢²»ÊÇÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖ¶Ô¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄ˵Ã÷£¬¶øÊǶԹ«ÃñÉí·ÝÔÔòµÄÅúÆÀ¡£ÕýÈçÆÕÀÊÌØËùÑÔ£º¡°ÏÖ´ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕß²¢²»°Ñ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý×÷ΪһÖÖÕþÖκÍÉç»áµØÎ»£¬ËûÃÇÊÔÍ¼ÖØÉêÊг¡µÄ×÷Ó㬶ø·´¶ÔÏÂÊö¹ÛÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¸³Ó蹫ÃñÒ»ÖÖ¶ÀÁ¢ÓÚ¾¼Ã×´¿öµÄµØÎ»¡£¡±£¨Plant 1991£¬µÚ52Ò³£»²ÎÔÄHeater 1990£¬µÚ303Ò³£»King 1987£¬µÚ196-198Ò³£©
2£® Éç»á¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÔÙ˼¿¼
¼øÓÚÐÂÓÒÅɶԸ£ÀûȨÀûµÄÅúÆÀËù´æÔÚµÄÕâЩÀ§ÄÑ£¬´ó¶àÊý×óÅÉÈËÊ¿¼ÌÐø¼á³ÖÍêÕûµÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý±ØÐë°üÀ¨Éç»áȨÀûÕâÒ»ÔÔò¡£ÂíЪ¶ûÈÏΪ£¬Ö»Óе±ÈËÃǵĻù±¾ÐèÒªµÃµ½ÁËÂú×㣬ËûÃDzÅÄܳÉΪÍêÕûµÄÉç»á³ÉÔ±²¢²ÎÓëÉç»á¹²Í¬Éú»î¡£¶Ô×óÅɶøÑÔ£¬ÂíЪ¶ûµÄÕâÒ»Â۵㡰ÏÖÔÚÓëÒÔǰͬÑùÓÐÁ¦¡±£¨Ignatieff 1989£¬µÚ72Ò³£©¡£È»¶øÐí¶à×óÅÉÈËʿҲÈÏʶµ½£¬ÏÖ´æµÄ¸£ÀûÖÆ¶ÈÊDz»ÊÜ»¶ÓµÄ£¬²¿·ÖÔÒòÔÚÓÚËüÃÇËÆºõÖú³¤ÁËÏû¼«ÐÔÓëÒÀÀµÐÔ£¬¡°´Ù³É´Ó¹«ÃñÐÔÏò˽ÈËÐԵĺóÍË£¨ privatist retreat£©£¬ÓÈÆä½«¹«Ãñ½ÇÉ«¡®Î¯Íл¯£¨clientalization£©¡¯ÁË¡£¡±£¨Habermas 1992£¬µÚ10-11Ò³£»²ÎÔÄKing 1987£¬µÚ45-46Ò³£©¡£
ÄÇô¹ú¼ÒÓ¦¸ÃÈçºÎÅàÑø×ÔÁ¢Óë¸öÈËÔðÈÎÄØ£¿×óÅɶԡ°¹¤×÷¸£Àû¡±ÎÊÌâ³Öì¶ÜµÄ̬¶È¡£Ò»·½Ã棬¸öÈËÔðÈÎÓëÉç»áÒåÎñÔÔòÒ»Ö±ÊÇÉç»áÖ÷ÒåµÄºËÐÄ£¨Mulgan 1991£¬µÚ39Ò³£©¡£±Ï¾¹£¬¹¤×÷µÄÒåÎñÄÚº¬ÓÚÂí¿Ë˼µÄÖøÃû¿ÚºÅ£º¡°¸÷¾¡ËùÄÜ£¬¸÷È¡ËùÐ衱¡£Òò´Ë£¬Èç¹û¹¤×÷¸£ÀûÄܹ»²úÉúÔðÈκÍÂÄÐÐÔðÈεÄÄÜÁ¦£¬Ò»Ð©×óÅÉÈËÊ¿»áÓÐÏ޶ȵؽÓÊÜËü£¨ Mulgan 1991£¬µÚ46Ò³£©¡£
ÁíÒ»·½Ã棬¹¤×÷¸£Àû°ÑÇ¿¼ÓÒåÎñ×÷ΪһÖÖÉç»áÕþ²ß¡£´ó¶àÊý×óÅÉÈËÊ¿¶Ô´Ë¸Ðµ½²»°²¡£ËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬ÒÀÀµÕßÖ®ËùÒÔ±»ÅųýÔÚÖ÷Á÷Éç»áÖ®Í⣬¾ø²»ÊÇÒòΪËûÃÇÏëÌӱܹ¤×÷£¬¶øÊÇÒòΪËûÃÇȱÉÙ»ú»á£¬È繤×÷µÄ»ú»á£¬½ÓÊܽÌÓýºÍÅàѵµÄ»ú»á¡£Èç¹ûÕæÕýȱÉÙ»ú»á£¬Ç¿¼ÓÒåÎñҲûÓÐÓã»¶øÈç¹ûÓлú»á£¬Ç¿¼ÓÒåÎñÓÖûÓбØÒªÁË£¬ÒòΪ¾ø´ó¶àÊýÒÀÀµÓÚ¸£ÀûµÄÈËÒ²²»Ô¸ÒâÈç´Ë£¨King 1987£¬µÚ186-191Ò³£»Fullinwider 1988£¬µÚ270-278Ò³£©¡£×óÅÉÄþԸͨ¹ý¹¤ÈËÅàѵ¼Æ»®µÈ´ëÊ©¾¡Á¦ÊµÏÖ³ä·Ö¾ÍÒµ£¬¶ø²»Ô¸Ç¿¼Ó¸øÈ˹¤×÷µÄÒåÎñ¡£Òò´Ë£¬¾¡¹Ü×óÅÉÒ²½ÓÊܹ«ÃñÉí·Ý¼È°üÀ¨È¨ÀûÒ²°üÀ¨ÔðÈÎÕâÒ»ÆÕ±éÔÔò£¬µ«ÊÇËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬ÔÚijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ£¬²ÎÓ빲ͬÌåÉú»îµÄȨÀû±ØÐëÓÅÏÈÓÚÔðÈΡ£Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚ²ÎÓëȨµÃµ½±£ÕÏÒÔºó£¬Ìá³öÂÄÐÐÔðÈεÄÒªÇó²ÅÊÇÇ¡µ±µÄ¡£ ÔÚ×î½üŮȨÖ÷ÒåÕß¶Ô¹«Ãñ×ʸñµÄÌÖÂÛÖпÉÒÔÕÒµ½Ò»ÖÖÓë´ËÏàËÆµÄ·´¶ÔÓÒÅɵĹ۵㡣Ðí¶àŮȨÖ÷ÒåÕßÒ²ÈÏΪȨÀûÓëÔðÈÎµÄÆ½ºâºÜÖØÒª¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¿¨ÂÞ?¼ªÀû¸ÊµÄµ÷²é½á¹û±íÃ÷£¬Å®ÐÔÔÚÆäÈÕ³£µÄµÀµÂÍÆÀíÖиüϲ»¶ÔðÈÎÓïÑÔ¶ø²»ÊÇȨÀûÓïÑÔ£¨Carol Gilligan 1982 £¬µÚ19Ò³£©¡£µ«ÊÇŮȨÖ÷ÒåÕß¶ÔÐÂÓÒÅɾ¼Ã×Ô×ãµÄ»¨ÑÔÇÉÓïÉî±í»³ÒÉ¡£¶Ô¡°×ÔÁ¢¡±×÷ÐÔ±ðÖÐÁ¢µØÌÖÂÛÍùÍù°µÊ¾×ÅÕâÑùµÄ¹Ûµã£ºÄÐÐÔÓ¦¸Ã´Ó²ÆÁ¦ÉÏÖ§³Å¼ÒÍ¥£¬¶ø¸¾Å®ÔòÓ¦¸ÃÁÏÀí¼ÒÎñ£¬ÕÕ¹ËÀÏÈõ²¡Óס£Õâ¾Í¼Ó¾ç¶ø·ÇÈ¡ÏûÁ˸¾Å®³ä·Ö²ÎÓëÉç»áÉú»îµÄÕϰ¡£[9]
ÐÂÓÒÅÉ̸µ½×ÔÁ¢Ê±£¬ÕâÀïµÄ¡°×Ô¡±°üÀ¨Á˼ÒÍ¥£¬ÊǼÒÍ¥Ó¦µ±×ÔÁ¢¡£ÕâÑù£¬Ô½ÊÇ×ÔÁ¢£¬¼ÒÍ¥ÄÚ²¿µÄÒÀÀµÔ½Éõ£»¸ü´ó³Ì¶ÈµÄ×ÔÁ¢¾ÍÒªÇó¼ÒÍ¥ÄÚ²¿¸ü´ó³Ì¶ÈµÄÒÀÀµ¡£È»¶ø£¬¼ÒÍ¥À︾ٶÔÄÐÐÔµÄÒÀÀµÓ븣ÀûÒÀÀµÍ¬ÑùµØÓк¦£¬ÒòΪËüÔÊÐíÄÐÈ˸üÓÐȨÔÚÐÔ¡¢ÉúÓý¡¢Ïû·Ñ¡¢ÐÝÏÐÎÊÌâÉÏ×ö¾ö¶¨£¨King 1987£¬µÚ47Ò³£»Okin 1989£¬µÚ128-129Ò³£©¡£
ÓÉÓÚ¶ÔÔðÈεĸÐÊܲ»Æ½µÈµØÂäÔÚÅ®ÐÔÉíÉÏ£¬Ðí¶àŮȨÖ÷ÒåÕß¶¼ÔÞͬ×óÅɵĹ۵㣬ÈÏΪÔÚijÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ£¬²ÎÓëȨ±ØÐëÓÅÏÈÓÚÔðÈΡ£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬Å®È¨Ö÷ÒåÕßÏ£ÍûÔö¼ÓÉç»áȨÀûÒÔ±ã½â¾ö¸¾Å®×÷Ϊ¹«ÃñÍêÕûµØ²ÎÓëÉç»áÉú»îµÄ½á¹¹ÐÔÕϰ£¬µ±Ç°µÄ¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒºöÂÔÉõÖÁ¼Ó¾çÁËÕâЩÕϰ£¬Èç¼ÒÍ¥ÔðÈεIJ»Æ½µÈ·ÖÅ䣨Phillips 1991a£¬1991b£»Okin 1992£©¡£¼øÓÚ½«¼ÒÍ¥ÔðÈÎÓ빫ÎñÔðÈνáºÏÆðÀ´Ëù´æÔÚµÄÀ§ÄÑ£¬Ö»Óе½ÖØÐ°²Åʤ³¡ÓëÖ°ÒµÔ¤ÆÚÒÔ±ãΪ¼ÒÍ¥ÔðÈÎÁôϸü¶àµÄ¿Õ¼ä£¬²¢ÇÒÄÐÈ˽ÓÊÜÁËËûÃÇÄÇÒ»·Ý¼ÒÍ¥ÔðÈεÄʱºò£¬¸¾Å®µÄƽµÈ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý²ÅÓпÉÄÜ£¨Okin 1989£¬µÚ175-177Ò³£©¡£
È»¶ø£¬Èç¹ûȨÀû±ØÐëÓÅÏÈÓÚÔðÈΣ¬ÎÒÃÇËÆºõÓֻص½Á˸ղÅÄÇÖÖÏû¼«¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¹ÛµãÉÏ¡£ÎÞÂÛÊÇ×óÅÉ»¹ÊÇÓÒÅɶ¼ÈÏΪÓбä¸ïµÄ±ØÒª¡£×îΪÆÕ±éµÄ½¨ÒéÊÇ£¬Í¨¹ý¸øÓèµØ·½¸£Àû»ú¹¹¸ü¶àµÄȨÁ¦²¢Ê¹Ëü¶ÔÆäίÍÐÈ˸ºÔðµÈ·½Ê½£¬Ê¹¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒÃñÖ÷»¯²¢·ÖÉ¢ÆäȨÁ¦£¨Pierson 1991£¬µÚ200-207Ò³£©¡£Õâ¾ÍÊÇÏÖÔÚÒѾΪÈËËùÊìϤµÄÒ»¸ö˵·¨£¬¼´¡°ÊÚȨ¡±¸ø¸£Àû½ÓÊÜÕߣ¬Æä·½·¨ÊÇÔÚ¸£ÀûÊÂÒµ¹ÜÀíÖÐÒÔÃñÖ÷²ÎÓëȨÀ´²¹³ä¸£ÀûȨ¡£
ÕâÊǵ±½ñ×óÅÉÉç»á¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¹ÛµÄÖ÷Ìâ¡£[10]ËüÊÇ·ñÄܹ»ÓÐЧµØ¿Ë·þ¸£ÀûÒÀÀµ»¹ºÜÄѽ²¡£¶ÔÓÚ¼ÓÇ¿¸£Àû¹¤×÷ÔðÈÎÐÔµÄÖÖÖÖ³¢ÊÔ£¬¹¤×÷ÈËÔ±ÍùÍùºÜµÖ´¥£¨Rustin 1991£¬µÚ231Ò³£»Pierson 1991£¬µÚ206-207Ò³£©¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÔÚÔö¼Ó¶ÔµØ·½ÐÔ¹²Í¬ÌåµÄÃñÖ÷ÔðÈÎÓëÔö¼Ó¶ÔÈËÃñµÄÔðÈÎÖ®¼ä»¹ÓÐЩÕÅÁ¦£¨Plant 1990£¬µÚίÍÐÈ˵ÄÔðÈÎÖ®¼ä»¹ÓÐЩÕÅÁ¦£¨Plant 1990£¬µÚ30Ò³£©¡£ÕýÈçÎÒÃÇÔÚÏÂÒ»½Ú½«ÒªÌÖÂÛµÄÒ»Ñù£¬×óÅÉÒ²Ðí¶ÔÃñÖ÷²ÎÓëȨ½â¾ö¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÎÊÌâµÄÄÜÁ¦ÏàÐŹýÍ·ÁË¡£
3. ¹«ÃñµÂÐԵıØÒªÐÔ
Ðí¶à¹Åµä×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÈÏΪ£¬¼´Ê¹Ã»ÓÐÆ·ÐÔÌØ±ðºÃµÄ¹«Ãñ£¬Ò²¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÖÆÔ¼ÓëÆ½ºâ¶øÊ¹×ÔÓÉÃñÖ÷±£³ÖÎȶ¨¡£ÖîÈçȨÁ¦·ÖÁ¢¡¢Á½ÔºÁ¢·¨ÖƺÍÁª°îÖ÷ÒåÕâÑùµÄÖÆ¶ÈÐÔ»ò³ÌÐòÐÔÉè¼ÆÒ²×ÜÊÇÄܹ»×èÖ¹±©¾ýµÄ²úÉú¡£¼´Ê¹Ã¿¸öÈ˶¼×·ÇóÆä˽Àû¶øÖù«ÒæÓÚ²»¹Ë£¬Ò»ÖÖ˽ÈËÀûÒæÒ²»áÖÆÔ¼ÁíÍâÒ»ÖÖ˽ÈËÀûÒæ¡£[11]µ«ÊÇÓóÌÐòÓëÖÆ¶ÈµÄ·½·¨È¥Æ½ºâ¸öÈËÀûÒæÊDz»¹»µÄ¡£Ò»¶¨µÄ¹«ÃñµÂÐÔÓ빫¹²¾«ÉñÒæ¾«Éñ£¨public-spiritedness£©ÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬ÕâÒѾºÜÃ÷ÏÔ£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ217¡¢244Ò³£» Macedo 1990£¬µÚ138-139Ò³£©¡£
¹«¹²Õþ²ßÔÚºÜ¶à·½Ãæ¶¼ÒÀÀµÓÚ¸öÈËÉú»î·½Ê½ÖиºÔðÈεľö¶¨¡£Èç¹û¹«ÃñÔÚ¸öÈ˽¡¿µ·½Ã棨ÈçÒûʳ£¬¶ÍÁ¶£¬³éÑÌ£¬Ðï¾ÆµÈÎÊÌ⣩²»¶Ô×Ô¼º¸ºÔ𣬹ú¼Ò¾Í²»ÄÜÌṩÊʵ±µÄ½¡¿µ·þÎñ£»Èç¹û¹«Ãñ²»Ô¸Òâͨ¹ý¸øÓèÆäÇ×ÊôÒ»¶¨µÄÕÕ¹ËÀ´·Öµ£ËûÃǶԶùͯ¡¢ÀÏÈ˺Ͳм²È˵ÄÔðÈΣ¬ÄÇô¹ú¼Ò¾Í²»ÄÜÂú×ãÕâЩÈ˵ÄÐèÒª£»Èç¹û¹«Ãñ²»Ô¸ÔÚ×Ô¼º¼ÒÀï½ÚÔ¼£¬ÔÙÀûÓò¢»ØÊÕ×ÊÔ´£¬¹ú¼Ò¾Í²»Äܱ£»¤»·¾³£»Èç¹û¹«ÃñÎÞ½ÚÖÆµÄ½è´û»òÒªÇó¹¤×ʹý¶àµÄÔö¼Ó£¬Õþ¸®µ÷¿Ø¾¼ÃµÄÄÜÁ¦¾Í»áÊܵ½Ï÷Èõ£»Èç¹û¹«Ãñϰ¹ßÐԵز»ÄÜ¿íÈݲîÒì¡¢²¢ÇÒÆÕ±éȱ·¦ÂÞ¶û˹Ëù˵µÄÕýÒå¸Ð£¨Rawls 1971£¬µÚ114-116¡¢335Ò³£©£¬Òª´´ÔìÒ»¸ö½ÏΪ¹«Æ½µÄÉç»á¾Í¾Ù²½Î¬¼è¡£ÔÚÕâЩÁìÓòÖУ¬Èç¹ûûÓкÏ×÷Óë×ÔÖÆ£¬¡°×ÔÓÉÉç»á³É¹¦ÔËתµÄÄÜÁ¦½«³ÖÐø¼õÈõ¡±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ220Ò³£»Macedo 1990£¬µÚ39Ò³£©¡£
¼ò¶øÑÔÖ®£¬ÎÒÃÇÐèÒª¡°¸üÍêÕû¡¢¸ü·á¸»Ò²¸ü¾«Ï¸µØÀí½âºÍʵ¼ù¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡±£¬ÒòΪ¡°¹ú¼Ò´Ó¹«ÃñÄÇÀïÐèÒªµÄ¶«Î÷²»ÄÜͨ¹ýÇ¿ÖÆµÃµ½£¬¶øÖ»ÄܽèÖúÓÚ¸öÈËȨÁ¦ÐÐʹÖеĺÏ×÷Óë×ÔÖÆ¡±£¨CairnsÓëWilliams 1985£¬µÚ43Ò³£©¡£È»¶øÓÐÈËÔ½À´Ô½µ£ÐÄ×ÔÓÉÃñÖ÷ÏµĹ«ÃñÎÄÃ÷Æ·ÖÊÓë¹«Òæ¾«Éñ»áÑÏÖØË¥Â䣨Walzer 1992£¬µÚ90Ò³£©¡£[12]
Òò´Ë£¬Ç¡µ±µÄ¹«Ãñ¸ÅÄîËÆºõÒªÇóȨÀûÓëÔðÈÎµÄÆ½ºâ¡£ÎÒÃÇ´ÓÄÄÀïϰµÃÕâЩµÂÐÔÄØ£¿ÐÂÓÒÅÉÈÏΪÖ÷ÒªÒÀ¿¿Êг¡ÕâËùµÂÐÔµÄѧУ¡£µ«ÊǶԴ˻¹Óв»Í¬µÄ»Ø´ð¡£
£¨1£©×óÅÉÓë²ÎÓëÃñÖ÷
ÕýÈçÎÒÃǸղÅËùÖ¸³ö£¬×óÅɶԹ«ÃñÏû¼«ÐÔÎÊÌâËù×÷µÄ·´Ó¦ÔÚÓÚ£¬Í¨¹ý¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒµÄÃñÖ÷»¯£¬»òÕ߸üΪ¹ã·ºµÄ×ö·¨ÊÇ£¬Í¨¹ý½èÖúÓڵط½ÃñÖ÷ÖÆ¶È£¬µØÇøÐÔ¼¯»áºÍ˾·¨È¨Àû£¨¿ÉÉóÅеÄȨÀû£©·ÖÉ¢¹ú¼ÒȨÁ¦£¬´Ó¶øÊÚÓ蹫ÃñȨÁ¦¡£È»¶ø£¬Ç¿µ÷²ÎÓëÈÔȻûÓÐ˵Ã÷ÈçºÎ±£Ö¤¹«Ãñ¸ºÔðµØ²ÎÓ룬¼´»³×Ź«Ò澫Éñ¶ø·Ç×ÔÀû»òÆ«¼ûÈ¥²ÎÓëµÄÎÊÌâ¡£
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÕýÈçÂí¶û¸ÊËùÑÔ£º¡°ÓÉÓÚÆ¬Ã漯ÖÐÓÚ·ÖȨµÄ±ØÒªÐÔºÍ×ÔÓɵĵÂÐÔ£¬ÔðÈεÄÎÊÌâ¾Í±»¸éÖÃÆðÀ´ÁË¡£¡±£¨Mulgan 1991£¬µÚ40-41Ò³£©±»ÊÚȨµÄ¹«Ãñ¿ÉÄܻ᲻¸ºÔðÈεØÐÐʹËûÃǵÄȨÁ¦£¬È磬׷ÇóËûÃÇ×îÖÕ¶¼ÎÞÁ¦Ö§¸¶µÄÀûÒæ»òȨÀû£»»òÕßÑ¡ÔñÃâ˰µÄ·½°¸²¢Ï÷¼õ¶ÔƶÀ§ÈËȺµÄ·ö³Ö£»»òÕß¡°Ñ°ÕÒÀÁ¶èµÄÇîÈËÖеÄÌæ×ïÑò£¬Ñ°ÕÒÉÙÊýÃñ×åµÄÆæÒìÐÔ£¬»òѰÕÒÏÖ´ú¸¾Å®µÄ°ÁÂýÓë²»¸ºÔðÈΡ±£¨Fierlbeck 1991£¬µÚ592Ò³£©¡£
Ðí¶àÏÖ´úµÄ²ÎÓëÃñÖ÷Ö÷ÒåÕß¶¼×·ËæÂ¬ËóºÍÃܶû£¬ÈÏΪÕþÖβÎÓë±¾Éí½«ÅàÑøÈËÃǵÄÔðÈÎÓë¿íÈÝ¡£ÕýÈçÅ·µÂ·Ñ¶ûµÂËùÖ¸³ö£¬ËûÃÇÏàÐŲÎÓë»î¶¯¡°×÷ΪһÖÖÊֶΣ¬½èÖúÓÚËü£¬¸öÈ˽«Ï°¹ßÓÚÂÄÐй«ÃñÒåÎñ¡£ÕþÖβÎÓ뽫¿ªÀ«¸öÈ˵Ä˼ά£¬Ê¹ËûÃÇÊìϤÄÇЩ³¬Ô½ÓÚ¸öÈË»·¾³µÄ¼´Ê±ÐÔµÄÀûÒæ£¬¹ÄÀøËûÃÇÈ¥³ÐÈÏ£¬¹«¹²ÊÂÎñ²ÅÊÇËûÃÇÓ¦µ±¼ÓÒÔ¹Ø×¢µÄ¡±£¨Oldfield 1990b£¬µÚ184Ò³£©¡£
Ðí¶à×óÅÉÈËÊ¿¶¼ÊÔͼ¡°Í¨¹ý½«¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄÔðÈÎÎÊÌâÈÜÓÚÃñÖ÷±¾ÉíµÄÎÊÌâÖ®ÖС±´Ó¶øÈÆ¿ªËü£¬Õâ·´¹ýÀ´µ¼Ö¡°ÈËÃǰѼ¯Ìå¾ö²ßµ±×÷½â¾öËùÓй«ÃñÉí·ÝÎÊÌâµÄÊÖ¶ÎÀ´Ö§³Ö¡±£¨Held 1991£¬µÚ23Ò³£»²ÎÔÄPierson 1991£¬µÚ202Ò³£©¡£[13]²»ÐÒµÄÊÇ£¬ÕâÖÖ¶Ô²ÎÓë»î¶¯½ÌÓý¹¦ÄܵÄÐÅÐÄËÆºõ¹ýÓÚÀÖ¹ÛÁË£¨Oldfield 1990b£¬µÚ184Ò³£»Mead 1986£¬µÚ247Ò³£»Andrews 1991£¬µÚ216Ò³£©¡£
Òò´Ë£¬Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÈ˳ÐÈÏ£¬¹«ÃñÔðÈÎÓ¦¸Ã¸üÃ÷È·µØ±»ÄÉÈë×óÒíÀíÂÛµ±ÖУ¨HooveÓëPlant 1988£¬µÚ289-291Ò³£»VogelÓëMoran 1991£¬Ç°ÑÔµÚ15Ò³£»Mouffe 1992b£©¡£µ«ÊÇ×óÅÉËÆºõ»¹Ã»ÓÐÕÒµ½Ò»ÖÖÓëÕâЩÔðÈÎÏàÊÊÓ¦µÄÓïÑÔ£¬Ò²Ã»ÓÐÕÒµ½Ò»Ì×¾ßÌåµÄÕþ²ßÀ´´Ù½øÕâЩÔðÈΡ£[14]
£¨2£©¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷Ò壨civic republicanism£©
ÏÖ´ú¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷Ò崫ͳÊDzÎÓëÃñÖ÷£¨Ö÷ÒªÊÜÂí»ùÑÅάÀûºÍ¬ËóµÄÆô·¢£¬ËûÃÇ·Ö±ð¶Ô¹ÅÏ£À°È˺͹ÅÂÞÂíÈËÇéÓжÀÖÓ£©µÄ¼«¶ËÐÎʽ¡£½üÀ´¶Ô¹«ÃñÎÊÌâµÄÐËȤ¸ßÕÇʹ¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÊܵ½¸üΪ¹ã·ºµÄ¹Ø×¢£¬Õâ²¢²»ÒâÍâ¡£
¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÕßÇø±ðÓë±ðµÄ²ÎÓëÖ÷ÒåÕߣ¨ÈçÉÏÊö×óÒíÀíÂÛ¼Ò£©µÄÌØÕ÷ÔÚÓÚ£¬ËûÃÇÇ¿µ÷ÕþÖβÎÓë¶Ô²ÎÓëÕß±¾ÈËËù¾ßÓеÄÄÚÔÚ¼ÛÖµ¡£ÓÃÅ·µÂ·Ñ¶ûµÂµÄ»°Ëµ£¬ÕâÖÖ²ÎÓëÊÇ¡°¶àÊýÈËËù¿ÊÍûµÄÈËÀ๲´æµÄ×î¸ßÐÎʽ¡±£¨Oldfield 1990£¬µÚ6Ò³£©£¬ÔÚÕâÖֹ۵㿴À´£¬ÕþÖÎÉú»î¸ßÓÚ¼ÒÍ¥£¬¡¢ÁÚÀïºÍÖ°ÒµÉú»îÖд¿´â˽È˵ÄÀÖȤ£¬Òò¶øÓ¦¸Ã³ÉΪÈËÃÇÉú»îµÄÖÐÐÄ¡£²»²ÎÓëÕþÖν«Ê¹Ò»¸öÈ˳ÉΪ¡°¼«Îª²»ÍêÕû¶ø·¢Óý²»ÍêÈ«µÄÈË¡±£¨Oldfield 1990b£¬µÚ187Ò³£»²ÎÔÄPocock 1992£¬µÚ45¡¢53Ò³£»Skinner 1992£»Beiner 1992£©¡£
È»¶ø£¬ÕýÈçÆäÖ§³ÖÕßÒ²³ÐÈϵÄÄÇÑù£¬ÕâÖÖ¹ÛÄîÓëÏÖ´úÊÀ½çÖдó¶àÊýÈ˶Թ«ÃñÓëÁ¼ºÃÉú»îµÄÀí½â·½Ê½Ã÷ÏÔÏàµÖ´¥¡£´ó¶àÊýÈËÊÇÔÚËûÃǵļÒÍ¥¡¢¹¤×÷Óë×Ú½ÌÉú»î»òÏÐϾÖжø²»ÊÇÔÚÕþÖÎÖеõ½×î´óµÄÐÒ¸£¡£ÕþÖβÎÓë±»¿´×÷ÊÇÒ»ÖÖżȻµÄ¶øÇÒͨ³£»¹ÊÇÁîÈËÄÑÒԳе£µÄ»î¶¯£¬ËüÖ»ÊǶÔÓÚ±£Ö¤Õþ¸®È¥×ðÖØ²¢Ö§³Ö¹«Ãñ×·ÇóÕâЩ¸öÈËÏûDzÓë¸ÐÇéµÄ×ÔÓÉÀ´Ëµ²ÅÊDZØÒªµÄ¡£°ÑÕþÖο´×÷˽ÈËÉú»îµÄÊÖ¶ÎÕâÖÖ¹ÛµãΪ´ó¶àÊý×óÅÉÈËÊ¿£¨Ignatieff 1989£¬µÚ72-73Ò³£©ºÍÓÒÅÉÈËÊ¿£¨Mead 1986£¬µÚ254Ò³£©Ëù¹²ÓУ¬Ò²Îª×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕߣ¨Rawls 1971£¬µÚ229-230Ò³£©£¬¡¢¹«ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛ¼Ò£¨Walzer 1989£¬µÚ215Ò³£©ºÍŮȨÖ÷ÒåÕߣ¨Elshtain 1981£¬µÚ327Ò³£©ËùÖ§³Ö£¬Ëü¹æ¶¨ÁËÏÖ´úµÄ¹«Ãñ¹Û¡£
ΪÁ˽âÊÍÏÖ´úÈ˶ÔÕþÖβÎÓëµÄÀäÄ®£¬¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÕßͨ³£ÂÛ֤˵£¬½ñÌìµÄÕþÖÎÉú»îÓë¹ÅÏ£À°Ê±ÆÚ»ý¼«¹«ÃñÌõ¼þϵÄÕþÖÎÉú»îÏà±ÈÒѾƶñ¤ÁË¡£ÕþÖÎÕùÂÛÒѾ²»ÔÙÓÐÒâÒ壬¹«ÃñҲȱ·¦ÓÐЧ²ÎÕþµÄÇþµÀ¡£ µ«ÊÇ£¬°ÑÎÒÃǶÔ˽ÈËÉú»îµÄ¾ìÁµ¹éÒòÓÚ˽ÈËÉú»îµÄ·á¸»¶ø²»Êǹ«¹²Éú»îµÄƶñ¤£¬ÕâÈ´¸üÓеÀÀí¡£ÎÒÃDz»ÔÙ´ÓÕþÖÎÖÐѰÇó¿ìÀÖ£¬ÒòΪÎÒÃǵÄ˽ÈËÉú»îÓëÉç»áÉú»î±È¹ÅÏ£À°È˷ḻ¶àÁË¡£ÕâÖÖÀúÊ·ÐԸıäÓÐÖî¶àÔÒò£¬°üÀ¨ÂÞÂüµÙ¿ËʽµÄ°®ÇéÓëºËÐļÒÍ¥£¨ËüÇ¿µ÷Ç×ÃÜÐÐΪÓë¸öÈË×ÔÓÉ£©µÄÐËÆð£»´ó»ñÔö³¤µÄ¸»×㣨ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´¸üΪ·á¸»µÄÏû·ÑÓëÐÝÏз½Ê½£©£»»ù¶½Í½ÊÓÀͶ¯ÎªÌìÖ°£¨¹ÅÏ£À°ÈËǡǡ±ÉÊÓÀͶ¯£©£»²»¶ÏÔö¼ÓµÄ¶ÔÕ½ÕùµÄÑáÆú£¨¶ø¹ÅÏ£À°ÈËÈ´ºÜ³çÉÐÕ½Õù£©¡£ ÄÇЩϲ»¶¼ÒÍ¥ÓëÖ°ÒµÖеÄÀÖȤÉõÓÚÕþÖÎÒåÎñµÄÏû¼«¹«Ãñδ±Ø¾ÍÊÇÊÜÁËÎ󵼡£ÕýÈç¸Ê¶û˹ָͨ³ö£¬ÄÇЩ°Ñ˽ÈËÉú»î±áµÍΪµ¥µ÷·¦Î¶Óë×ÔÎÒÌÕ×íµÄ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÕß¶ÔÕæÕýµÄÈËÀ๲ͬÌå²¢²»¸ÐÐËȤ£¬ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ËûÃÇ¡°±ÉÊÓÈÕ³£Éú»î¡±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ58-63Ò³£©¡£[15]
£¨3£©¹«ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛ¼Ò
ÎÒÃǽ«Óá°¹«ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛ¼Ò¡±£¨civil society theorists£©ÕâÒ»ÊõÓïÀ´Ö¸³Æ1980Äê´úÔ´×ÔÉçȺÖ÷Òå˼ÏëµÄÒ»ÖÖз¢Õ¹¡£ÕâЩÀíÂÛ¼ÒÇ¿µ÷ÎÄÃ÷Æ·ÖÊÓë×ÔÎÒÔ¼Êø¶Ô½¡È«ÃñÖ÷µÄ±ØÒªÐÔ£¬µ«ÊÇÈ´ÈÏΪÊг¡ÓëÕþÖβÎÓë¶¼²»×ãÒÔÅàÑøÕâЩµÂÐÔ¡£Ïà·´£¬ÎÒÃÇÊÇÔÚ¹«ÃñÉç»áµÄ×ÔÔ¸×éÖ¯£¨Èç½Ì»á¡¢¼ÒÍ¥¡¢ÁªºÏ»á¡¢ÖÖ×åÍÅÌå¡¢ºÏ×÷×éÖ¯¡¢»·¾³ÈºÌå¡¢ÁÚ¾ÓÉçÍÅ¡¢¸¾Å®·ö³ÖÍÅÌå¡¢´ÈÉÆ»ú¹¹µÈ£©ÖÐϰµÃ¹²Í¬ÒåÎñ¸ÐÕâÖÖµÂÐԵġ£ÎÖ¶ûÔóÖ¸³ö£º¡°Ê¹ÃñÖ÷ÕþÖγÉΪ¿ÉÄܵÄÎÄÃ÷Æ·ÖÊÖ»ÓÐÔÚ¹«ÃñÉç»áµÄÍÅÌå(association)ÍøÂç²ÅÄÜϰµÃ¡±¡££¨Walzer 1992£¬µÚ104Ò³£©
ÒòΪÕâЩÍÅÌåÊÇ×ÔÔ¸×é³ÉµÄ£¬Î´ÄÜÂÄÐÐÆä¹æ¶¨µÄÔðÈÎͨ³£Ö»»áÒýÆð·´¶Ô¶ø²»ÊÇ·¨Âɳͷ£¡£È»¶ø£¬ÓÉÓÚÕâÖÖ·´¶ÔÀ´×Ô¼ÒÍ¥¡¢ÅóÓÑ¡¢Í¬Ê»òͬ־£¬ÔÚÐí¶à·½Ã棬Ëü¶¼½«±ÈÀ´×ÔûÓÐÈËÇéζµÄ¹ú¼Ò³Í·£¸üÓÐÁ¦µØ¼¤Æð¸ºÔðÈεÄÐÐΪ¡£ÕýÊÇÔÚÕâÀ¡°¸öÈË×÷Ϊ¹«ÃñÓ¦ÓÐµÄÆ·ÐÔ£¬ÄÜÁ¦Óë×ÊÖʲŵÃÒÔÐγɡ±£¬ÒòΪÕýÊÇÔÚÕâÀÎÒÃDzŽ«¸öÈËÔðÈÎÓ빲ͬÒåÎñµÄ¹ÛÄîÄÚ»¯£¬²ÅϰµÃ×ÔÔ¸µÄ×ÔÖÆ£¬Õâ¶ÔÓÚ×öÒ»ÃûÕæÕý¸ºÔðÈεĹ«Ãñ¶øÑÔÊDZز»¿ÉÉÙ£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ109Ò³£©¡£
Òò´Ë£¬¹«ÃñµÄÊ×ÒªÒåÎñÖ®Ò»±ãÊDzÎÓ빫ÃñÉç»á¡£ÎÖ¶ûÔóÖ¸³ö£¬¡°¼ÓÈëÄãËùÑ¡ÔñµÄÍÅÌ壬Õâ²¢²»ÊÇÒ»¾äÕñ·ÜÕþÖκö··Ö×ӵĿںţ¬¶øÊǹ«ÃñÉç»áµÄÒªÇó¡±£¨Walzer 1992£¬µÚ106Ò³£©¡£
¹«ÃñÉç»áÊÇ¡°ÅàÑø¹«ÃñµÂÐÔµÄÃçÆÔ¡±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ109Ò³£©£¬ÕâÒ»Ö÷ÕÅ´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏ˵ÊǸö¾ÑéÐÔ£¬ÒòΪÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬ÒªÖ¤Ã÷Ëü¶¼²»À§ÄÑ¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¹ÅÀ϶øÖµµÃ×𾴵Ĺ۵㣬µ«ÊǺÜÏÔÈ»£¬Ëü²¢²»ÊÇÕæÀí¡£ÔÚÁÚÀï¹ØÏµÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇÒ²Ðí»áѧ»á×÷ºÃÁÚ¾Ó£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÉæ¼°µ½ÍÅÌå»ú¹¹µÄλÖú͹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄʱºò£¬ÁÚÀïÃüÌ⣬ÒòΪÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬ÒªÖ¤Ã÷Ëü¶¼²»À§ÄÑ¡£ÕâÊÇÒ»ÖÖ¹ÅÀ϶øÖµµÃ×𾴵Ĺ۵㣬µ«ÊǺÜÏÔÈ»£¬Ëü²¢²»ÊÇÕæÀí¡£ÔÚÁÚÀï¹ØÏµÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇÒ²Ðí»áѧ»á×÷ºÃÁÚ¾Ó£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÉæ¼°µ½ÍÅÌå»ú¹¹µÄλÖú͹«¹²ÊÂÎñµÄʱºò£¬ÁÚÀï¹ØÏµÒ²½Ì»áÈËÃǰ´ÕÕ¡°¸÷ɨÃÅǰѩ¡±µÄÔÔò²ÎÓëºÏ×÷£»Í¬ÑùµØ£¬¼ÒÍ¥ÍùÍùÊÇ¡°Ò»Ëù±©ÕþµÄѧУ¡±£¬Ëü½Ì»áÄÐÈËȥͳÖÎÅ®ÈË£¨Okin 1992£¬µÚ65Ò³£©£»½Ì»áÔÚÈÃÈËÃÇѧ»á×ðÖØÈ¨ÍþµÄͬʱÍùÍùÒ²ÈÃÈËÃÇѧ»áÁ˶ÔÒì½ÌµÄ²»¿íÈÝ£»ÖÖ×åÍÅÌåÍùÍù½Ì»áÈËÃÇ¶ÔÆäËûÈËÖֵ᫼û£»Èç´ËµÈµÈ¡£
ÎÖ¶ûÔóÈÏʶµ½£¬´ó¶àÊýÈ˶¼¡°Éí´¦Ä³ÖÖ´ÓÊô¹ØÏµÖ®ÖУ¬ÔÚÕâÖÖ¹ØÏµÖУ¬ÈËÃÇϰµÃµÄ¡®ÎÄÃ÷Æ·ÖÊ¡¯ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ³öÓÚ×ð¾´µÄ˳´Ó£¬¶ø²»ÊǶÀÁ¢µÄ»òÖ÷¶¯µÄÐÐΪ¡±¡£Ëû˵£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬ÎÒÃDZØÐë¡°¸ù¾Ý×ÔÓÉÓëÆ½µÈµÄÐÂÇé¿öÖØ½¨¡±ÍÅÌåÍøÂ硣ͬÑùµØ£¬Èç¹ûijЩÍÅÌåµÄ»î¶¯¡°¹ýÓÚÆ«ÏÁ¶øÌØÊ⻯£¨particularist£©£¬ÔÚ¹¹Ë¼ÉϹýÓÚÏÁ°¯¡±£¬ÄÇô¡°ËüÃǾͱØÐë±£³ÖÕþÖÎÕýÈ·ÐÔ¡±¡£ÎÖ¶ûÔó°ÑËûµÄ¹Ûµã³ÆÎª¡°ÅúÅеÄÍÅÌåÖ÷Ò塱£¬Ëü±íÃ÷¹«ÃñÉç»áÖеÄÍÅÌåÒ²ÐíÐèÒª¸ù¾Ý¹«ÃñȨÀûÔÔò¼ÓÒÔ¸ÄÔ죨Walzer 1992£¬µÚ106-107Ò³£©¡£
µ«ÊÇÔÚÁíÒ»·½ÃæÕâÈ´¿ÉÄÜÌ«¹ýÍ·ÁË¡£ÕâÖÖ·½·¨Ò²Ðí»áÔÚÎÞÒâÖÐʹµÃ¶Ô×ÔÔ¸ÍÅÌåµÄ´ó¹æÄ£¸ÉÔ¤ºÏ·¨»¯£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÔÚÖ§³ÖËü¡£Èç¹ûÍÅÌåÄÚ²¿»òÍⲿµÄ¹«ÃñȨÀûÊܵ½ÁËÍþв£¬ÄÇôÕþ¸®µ±È»±ØÐë¼ÓÒÔ¸ÉÔ¤ÒÔ±£»¤ÕâЩȨÀû¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÎªÁËʹ½Ì»áÄÚ²¿¸ü¼ÓÃñÖ÷»òÕßΪÁ˱£Ö¤½Ìͽѧ»á¶ÀÁ¢¶ø²»ÔÙ˳´Ó£¬ÄѵÀÎÒÃÇÕæÏ£ÍûÕþ¸®È¥Öؽ¨ËüÂ𣿶øÇÒÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬Öؽ¨½Ì»á¡¢¼ÒÍ¥»òÁªºÏ»áÒÔ±ãʹÆäÄÚ²¿¸üÃñÖ÷£¬ÕâÖÖ×ö·¨Æñ²»ÊÇ»áÏ÷ÈõËüÃÇ×ÔÔ¸µÄ¶ø·ÇÇ¿ÆÈµÄÕâÒ»±¾ÖÊÌØµãÂð£¿ÕýÊÇÕâÒ»ÌØµã²ÅʹËüÃdzÉΪ¹«ÃñµÂÐÔµÄÃçÆÔ¡£ ¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÕâЩ×ÔÔ¸ÍÅÌå³ÉΪ¶ÍÔìÃñÖ÷¹«ÃñµÄÖ÷ҪѧУ»òСÐÍÄ£¾ß¡£ÔÚÕâ·½Ãæ£¬ËûÃǶÔÕâЩÍÅÌåÒªÇó¹ý¶àÁË¡£¾¡¹ÜÕâЩÍÅÌå¿ÉÄÜ»áÅàÑøÆð¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ£¬µ«ÕâÈ´²¢²»ÊÇËüÃǵÄÄ¿µÄ¡£ÈËÃǼÓÈë½Ì»á¡¢¼ÒÍ¥»òÖÖ×å×éÖ¯Ò²²¢²»ÊÇΪÁËѧϰ¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ£¬¶øÖ»ÊÇÒòΪËûÃÇ×ð֨ijÖÖ¼ÛÖµ£¬²¢ÒªÏíÊÜijÖÖÈËÀàÀûÒæ¡£ÕâЩ¶¯»úÒ²ÐíÓë´Ù½ø¹«ÃñÐÔ²¢Ã»ÓÐÌ«´ó¹ØÏµ¡£ ¼ÓÈëÒ»¸ö×ڽ̻òÖÖ×åÍÅÌåÒ²Ðí¸ü¶àµÄÊÇÒâζ×ÅÍ˳öÖ÷Á÷Éç»á£¬¶ø²»ÊÇѧϰÈçºÎ²ÎÓëËü¡£Ö¸Íû¸¸Ä¸£¬ÉñÖ°ÈËÔ±»òÍÅÌå³ÉԱΪÁË×î´óÏ޶ȵشٽø¹«ÃñÐÔ¶øÈ¥×éÖ¯ÆäÍÅÌåµÄÄÚ²¿Éú»î£¬ÕâÊ×ÏȾͺöÊÓÁËÕâЩÍÅÌå´æÔÚµÄÀíÓÉ£¨Ä³Ð©ÍÅÌ壬Èçͯ×Ó¾ü£¬µÄÈ·ÊDZ»Éè¼ÆÀ´´Ù½ø¹«ÃñÐԵ쬵«ËüÃÇÊÇÀýÍâ¶ø²¢·ÇÆÕ±é£©¡£[16]
¡°Ä¸°®Ê½¡±£¨maternal£©¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃæÁÙ×ÅÏàËÆµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ËûÃǰÑ×¢ÒâÁ¦¼¯ÖÐÓÚ¼ÒÍ¥ÓÈÆäÊÇĸÐÔ£¨mothering£©£¬ÈÏΪËü¿ÉÒÔÅàÑøÆðÔðÈÎÓëµÂÐÔ¡£¸ù¾Ý°¬¶ûϣ̩ÒòºÍ³µÏ¿ËµÄ¹Ûµã£¬Ä¸ÐԽ̻Ḿٱ£»¤ÉúÃüºÍÈõÕßµÄÔðÈΣ¬ÕâÖÖ½ÌÓýÒ²Ó¦¸Ã³ÉΪÕþÖÎÉú»îµÄÖ¸µ¼ÔÔò¡£È磬ĸÐÔ°üº¬ÁËÒ»ÖÖ¡°Î¬³Ö¡±£¨holding£©µÄ¡°ÐζøÉÏѧ̬¶È¡±£¬Ëü¶ÔÏÖÓйØÏµµÄ±£»¤ÓÅÏÈÓÚ»ñµÃеÄÀûÒæ£¨Jean Elshtain 1981£¬µÚ326-327Ò³£»Sara Ruddick 1987£¬µÚ242Ò³£©¡£Õâ¶ÔÓÚÔÚÕ½Õù»ò»·¾³ÎÊÌâÉϵľö²ßÓÐÃ÷ÏÔµÄÒâÒå¡£
È»¶ø£¬Ò»Ð©ÅúÆÀÕßÖ¸³ö£¬Ä¸ÐÔ²¢²»°üº¬Ó빫ÃñÊôÐÔÏàͬµÄÌØÕ÷»òµÂÐÔ£¬²¢Ã»ÓÐÖ¤¾Ý±íÃ÷Ïñ¡°Î¬³Ö¡±ÕâÑùµÄĸ°®Ê½Ì¬¶È´Ù½øÁËÃñÖ÷µÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬Èç¡°¹«ÃñµÄ»ý¼«ÐÔ£¬×ÔÖΣ¬¡¢×ÔÖΡ¢Æ½µÈÖ÷ÒåÒÔ¼°×ÔÓÉȨµÄÐÐʹ¡±£¨Dietz 1985£¬µÚ30Ò³£»Nauta 1992£¬µÚ31Ò³£©¡£´÷´ÄÖ¸³ö£¬¡°¿ªÃ÷׍֯Ö÷ÒåÕß¡¢¸£Àû¹ú¼Ò¡¢Ò»µ³ÖÆÒÔ¼°ÃñÖ÷¹²ºÍ¹ú¶¼¿ÉÄÜ×ð֨ďÇ×£¬±£»¤¶ùͯ²¢Í¬ÇéÈõÕß¡£¡±£¨Dietz 1992£¬µÚ76Ò³£©
ÕâÖÖÅúÆÀÓë¶Ô¹«ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛµÄÅúÆÀÏàËÆ¡£Ä¸°®Ê½µÄŮȨÖ÷ÒåÕßÓ빫ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛ¼Ò¶¼ÊǸù¾Ý˽ÈËÁìÓòµÄµÂÐÔÀ´ËµÃ÷¹«ÃñÊôÐԵġ£¾¡¹ÜÓÐʱºòÕâЩµÂÐÔ¶ÔÓÚ×öÒ»¸öºÃ¹«Ãñ¶øÑÔÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬µ«ÊÇËüÃDz¢²»Êdzä·ÖµÄ£¬¶øÇÒÓÐʱºò»¹¿ÉÄÜ»áÊÊµÃÆä·´¡£
£¨4£©×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄµÂÐÔÀíÂÛ
×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕß¾³£ÒòΪµ±Ç°È¨ÀûÓëÔðÈεIJ»Æ½ºâ¶øÊܵ½Ö¸Ôð£¬Õâ²¢²»ÊÇûÓÐÀíÓɵġ£1970Óë1980Äê´úµÄ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÀíÂÛ¼Ò¼¸ºõ¶¼×¨×¢ÓÚȨÀûÓëÖÆ¶ÈµÄÕýµ±ÐÔÖ¤Ã÷£¬ÒԱ㱣ÕÏÕâЩȨÀû¡£µ«ÊÇËûÃÇûÓÐ×¢Òâµ½¹«ÃñµÄÔðÈÎÎÊÌâ¡£Ðí¶àÅúÆÀÕßÈÏΪ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßûÓÐÄÜÁ¦¾ÀÕýÕâÖÖ²»Æ½ºâ£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÖÂÁ¦ÓÚ×ÔÓÉ£¬¡¢ÖÐÁ¢ÐÔÓë¸öÈËÖ÷Ò壬Õâ¾ÍʹµÃ¹«ÃñµÂÐԵĹÛÄîÄÑÒÔΪÈ˽ÓÊÜ£¨Mouffe 1992b£©¡£
È»¶øÔÚ¹ØÓÚ¹«ÃñµÂÐÔµÄÂÛÊöÖУ¬ÓÐЩ×îÓÐȤµÄÖø×÷È´³ö×ÔijЩ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÖ®ÊÖ£¬Èç°¢ÃÜ¡¤¸ÁÌØÂü£¨Amy Gutmann £©¡¢Ë¹µÙ·Ò?ÂíÈû¶à£¨Stephen Macedo£©ÒÔ¼°ÍþÁ®?¸Ê¶û˹ͨ£¨William Galston£©¡£Ôڸʶû˹ͨ¿´À´£¬¹«ÃñÔðÈÎËùÒªÇóµÄµÂÐÔ¿ÉÒÔ·ÖΪËÄÖÖ£º¢ÙÒ»°ãµÂÐÔ£ºÓÂÆø£¬×ñ¼ÍÊØ·¨£¬Öҳϣ»¢ÚÉç»áµÂÐÔ£º¶ÀÁ¢ÐÔ£¬¿ª·Å¾«Éñ£»¢Û¾¼ÃµÂÐÔ£ºÖ°ÒµÂ×Àí£¬ÔÝ»º×ÔÎÒÂú×ãµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬¶Ô¾¼ÃÓë¼¼Êõ±ä¸ïµÄÊÊÓ¦ÐÔ£»¢ÜÕþÖεÂÐÔ£º±æÃ÷²¢×ðÖØËûÈËȨÀûµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬Ô¸ÒâÖ»Âú×ãÓÚÖ§¸¶µÃÆðµÄ¶«Î÷£¬ÆÀ¼Û¹«Ö°ÈËÔ±±íÏÖµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬´Óʹ«¹²ÌÖÂÛµÄÒâÔ¸£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ221-224Ò³£©¡£
ÕýÊǺóÁ½ÖÖµÂÐÔ£¬¼´ÖÊÒÉȨÍþµÄÄÜÁ¦¼°´Óʹ«¹²ÌÖÂÛµÄÒâÔ¸£¬¹¹³ÉÁË×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÂÐÔÀíÂÛ×îÖØÒªµÄÌØµã¡£ÖÊÒÉȨÍþÖ®ËùÒÔÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬²¿·ÖÔÒòÔÚÓÚÈçÏÂÒ»¸öÊÂʵ£º´úÒéÖÆÃñÖ÷ÏµĹ«ÃñÑ¡¾Ù³öÒÔËûÃǵÄÃûÒå½øÐÐͳÖεĴú±í¡£Òò´Ë£¬¹«ÃñµÄÒ»¸öÖØÒªÔðÈξÍÊǼලÕâЩ¹ÙÔ±²¢ÆÀÅÐËûÃǵÄÐÐΪ¡£
¶ø´Óʹ«¹²ÌÖÂÛÖ®ËùÒÔ±ØÒª£¬ÊÇÒòΪÃñÖ÷Õþ¸®Ó¦¸Ãͨ¹ý×ÔÓɶø¿ª·ÅµÄÌÖÂÛ¹«¿ªµØ×÷³ö¾ö²ß¡£µ«ÊÇÕýÈç¸Ê¶û˹ͨËùÖ¸³ö£¬¹«¹²ÌÖÂÛÕâÖÖµÂÐÔ²¢²»½ö½öÊDzÎÓëÕþÖεÄÒâÔ¸»ò¹«¿ª×Ô¼º¹ÛµãµÄÒâÔ¸£¬¶øÇÒ£¬Ëü¡°»¹°üÀ¨ÈÏÕæÌýÈ¡¸÷ÖÖ¹ÛµãµÄÒâÔ¸£¨¼øÓÚ×ÔÓÉÉç»áÖеĶàÑùÐÔ£¬ÔÚÕâЩ¹ÛµãÖУ¬ÌýÕßÒ»¶¨»á·¢ÏÖÓÐЩ¹ÛµãÏ¡Ææ¹Å¹ÖÉõÖÁÁîÈËÌÖÑᣩÒÔ¼°Ì¹ÂʶøÓÖÄÜΪÈËÀí½âµØ·¢±í×Ô¼ºµÄ¹ÛµãÒâÔ¸£¨ÕâÊÇ˵·þÕþÖεĻù´¡£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÊÖ¶ÎÕþÖλòÇ¿ÖÆÕþÖεĻù´¡£©¡±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ227Ò³£©¡£
ÂíÈû¶à½«Ö®³ÆÎª¡°·ûºÏ¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ¡±£¨public reasonableness£©µÄµÂÐÔ¡£×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò幫Ãñ±ØÐëΪÆäÕþÖÎÒªÇóÕÒµ½ÀíÓÉ£¬¶ø²»Êǽö½ö˵³ö×Ô¼ºµÄÆ«ºÃ»òʵÐÐÍþв¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÕâЩÀíÓÉ»¹±ØÐë·ûºÏ¹«¹²ÀíÐÔ£¬¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ËüÃDZØÐëÄܹ»Ëµ·þ²»Í¬ÐÅÑöºÍ²»Í¬Ãñ×åµÄÈË¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÇóÖúÓÚÊ¥¾»ò´«Í³ÊDz»¹»µÄ¡£[17]
×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò幫Ãñ±ØÐëÖ¤Ã÷ÆäÕþÖÎÒªÇóµÄÕýµ±ÐÔ£¬ÒÔʹÆäͬ°û¹«ÃñÀí½âºÍ½ÓÊÜËü£¬²¢ÇÒÈÃËûÃÇÈÏΪÕâЩҪÇóÓëËûÃÇ×÷Ϊ×ÔÓÉ¡¢Æ½µÈ¹«ÃñµÄµØÎ»ÊÇÒ»Öµġ£Õâ¾ÍÒªÇóŬÁ¦µØ°Ñ´¿Êô¸öÈËÐÅÑöÎÊÌâµÄÐÅÄîͬÄÇЩÄܵõ½¹«ÖÚÖ§³ÖµÄÐÅÄîÇø±ð¿ªÀ´£¬²¢´Ó²»Í¬×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöÓëÎÄ»¯±³¾°µÄÈ˵Ĺ۵ãÈ¥¿´ÎÊÌ⣨²ÎÔÄPhillips 1991b£¬µÚ57-59Ò³£©¡£[18]
ÎÒÃÇ´ÓÄÄÀïϰµÃÕâЩµÂÐÔÄØ£¿ÎÒÃÇÒѾ¿¼²é¹ýµÄÆäËûÀíÂÛ¼ÒÒÀÀµÓÚÊг¡¡¢¼ÒÍ¥»ò¹«ÃñÉç»áÖеÄÍÅÌåÀ´ÅàÑø¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ¡£µ«ÊǺÜÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ÔÚÉÏÊöÈκÎÁìÓòÖУ¬¹«Ãñ¶¼²»»á×Ô¾õµØÈ¥Ñ§Ï°´Óʹ«¹²ÌÖÂÛ»òÖÊÎÊȨÍþ£¬ÒòΪÕâЩÁìÓòÍùÍùÒªÇó˽ÈËÐÔµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬ÒªÇó×ðÖØÈ¨Íþ¡£
ÔÚÐí¶à×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÂÐÔÀíÂÛ¼Ò¿´À´£¬Ó¦¸Ã´Ó½ÌÓýϵͳÖÐϰµÃÕâЩµÂÐÔ¡£Ñ§Ð£±ØÐë½Ì»áѧÉú½øÐÐÅúÅÐÐÔµÄ˼¿¼£¬²¢½Ì¸øËûÃÇһЩµÀµÂ¹Ûµãȥȷ¶¨Ê²Ã´ÊÇ·ûºÏ¹«¹²ÀíÐԵġ£¸ÁÌØÂüÖ¸³ö£¬¡°Èç¹ûÒª¶ùͯÔÚ³ÉΪ¹«ÃñºóÄÜʵÏÖ·ÖÏíÕþÖÎÖ÷ȨÕâÒ»ÃñÖ÷ÀíÏ롱£¬ÄÇôÔÚѧУʱËûÃǾ͡°²»½ö±ØÐëѧ»áÒÀÕÕȨÍþ¶øÐÐΪ£¬¶øÇÒҪѧ»á¶ÔȨÍþ×÷ÅúÅÐÐÔ˼¿¼¡±¡£¡°½ö½öÊÜϰ¹ßÓëȨÍþÖ§ÅäµÄÈ˲»ÄÜ×é³ÉÒ»¸öÓÉÖ÷Ȩ¹«ÃñËù¹¹³ÉµÄÉç»á (society of sovereign citizens)¡£¡±£¨Gutmann 1987£¬µÚ51Ò³£©[19]
È»¶ø£¬ÕâÖÖÈÏΪѧУӦ¸Ã½Ì»áѧÉú¶ÔÕþÖÎȨÍþ³Ö»³ÒÉ̬¶È²¢ÔÚ¹«¹²ÌÖÂÛÖжÔ×Ô¼ºµÄÎÄ»¯´«Í³±£³Ö¾àÀëµÄ¹ÛµãÊÇÓÐÕùÒéµÄ¡£´«Í³Ö÷Òå·´¶ÔÕâÖֹ۵㣬ÒòΪËüºÜÃ÷ÏԻᵼÖ¶ùͯÔÚ˽ÈËÉú»îÖжԴ«Í³¡¢¼Ò³¤È¨ÍþºÍ×Ú½ÌȨÍþÌá³öÖÊÒÉ¡£Õ⵱Ȼ²¢Ã»Ê²Ã´²»¶Ô¡£¸ÁÌØÂü³ÐÈÏ£¬ÒªÅàÑøÃñÖ÷µÄ¹«Ãñ£¬½ÌÓý¾Í±ØÈ»Òª¡°ÅàÑøÑ§Éú±ØÒªµÄ˼¿¼ÄÜÁ¦£¬ÒÔ´ËÆÀ¹À²»Í¬ÓÚÆä¸¸±²µÄÉú»î·½Ê½¡±£¬ÒòΪ¡°Ðí¶à£¨Èç¹û²»ÊÇËùÓеϰ£©¶ÔÓÚÑ¡ÔñÁ¼ÉÆÉú»îÊDZØÒªµÄÄÜÁ¦£¬¶ÔÓÚÑ¡ÔñÁ¼ÉÆÉç»áÒ²ÊDZØÒªµÄ¡±£¨Gutmann 1987£¬µÚ30¡¢40Ò³£©¡£
Òò´Ë£¬ÄÇЩ¸ñÍâä´ÓÓÚ´«Í³ºÍȨÍþµÄȺÌ壬¾¡¹ÜûÓб»ÑϸñµØÅųýÔÚÍ⣬µ«×ÔÓÉÖ÷Òå½ÌÓýËù¹ÄÀøµÄ¡°×ÔÓÉ¡¢¿ª·Å¡¢¶àÔªºÍ½ø²½¡±Ì¬¶ÈÒ²¡°Ò»¶¨»áÁîËûÃǾÚÉ¥¡±£¨Macedo 1990£¬µÚ53-54Ò³£©¡£ÕýÒòΪÈç´Ë£¬Ïñ°¢Ã×Î÷(Amish)[¢Ù]ÕâÑùµÄȺÌå²Å»áÉè·¨ÈÃÆä×ÓÅ®ÍËѧ¡£
ÕâÔì³ÉÁË×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßµÄÁ½ÄѾ³µØ¡£Ðí¶à×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕß¶¼ÏëǨ¾ÍÏñ°¢Ã×Î÷ÕâÑùµÄÊØ·¨ÈºÌå¡£ÓеÄ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÈÏΪ£¬ÕâÖÖȺÌåµÄÏûÍöÊÇÒ»¼þÁîÈËÒź¶µÄÊ£¬µ«ÊÇÔÚÒ»¸öÃñÖ÷Éç»á£¬ÓÐʱºòÕâÓÖÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ£¨Rawls 1975£¬µÚ551Ò³£»Ò²¼ûRawls 1988£¬µÚ267-268Ò³£©¡£ÓÐЩ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÏ£Íûµ÷Õû¹«Ãñ½ÌÓý£¬Ê¹Æä¶Ô¼Ò³¤µÄºÍ×ڽ̵ÄȨÍþµÄÓ°Ïì½µÖÁ×îС¡£È磬¸Ê¶û˹ͨ¾ÍÈÏΪ£¬½ÌÓýº¢×ÓÈçºÎ´Óʹ«¹²ÌÖÂÛºÍÆÀÅÐÕþÖÎÁìÐäËäÓбØÒª£¬µ«Õâ¡°²¢²»Òâζ׏ú¼Ò±ØÐ루»ò¿ÉÒÔ£©×éÖ¯¹«¹²½ÌÓýÈ¥ÅàÑøÑ§Éú¶Ô³ÐÏ®×ÔÆä¸¸±²ºÍµ±µØÉç»áµÄÉú»î·½Ê½×÷»³ÒÉÐԵķ´Ë¼¡±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ253Ò³£©¡£µ«ÊÇËû³ÐÈÏ£¬¶ÔѧУ¶øÑÔ£¬¼ÈÒª´Ù½øÑ§ÉúÖÊÒÉÕþÖÎȨÍþµÄÒâÔ¸¶øÓÖ²»Ï÷ÈõËûÃǶԸ¸±²Éú»î·½Ê½ÕýÈ·ÐԵļᶨÐÅÄÕâ²¢·ÇÒ×Ê¡£
ÕâÓ빫ÃñÉç»áµÄÀíÂÛ¼ÒËùÃæÁÙµÄÁ½ÄѾ³µØºÜÏàËÆ¡£¹«ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃæÁÙµÄÎÊÌâÔÚÓÚ£¬ºÎʱӦ¸Ã¶Ô˽ÈËȺÌå½øÐиÉÔ¤£¬Ê¹Ö®¸üÓÐЧµØÅàÓý¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ£»¶ø×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÂÐÔÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃæÁÙµÄÎÊÌâÔòÊÇ£¬ºÎʱӦ¸Ãµ÷ÕûѧУµÄ¹«Ãñ½ÌÓý£¬´Ó¶øÏÞÖÆËü¶Ô˽ÈËÍÅÌåµÄÓ°Ïì¡£Ö±µ½½ñÌ죬ËûÃǶ¼»¹Ã»Óгä·ÖµØÈÏÕæ¶Ô´ýÕâЩÎÊÌâ¡£
4£®½áÂÛ£º¹«ÃñÔðÈÎÓ빫¹²Õþ²ß
ÔÚ´ó¶àÊýÕ½ºóµÄÕþÖÎÀíÂÛÖУ¬»ù±¾µÄ¹æ·¶ÐÔ¸ÅÄî¶¼ÊÇÃñÖ÷£¨ÓÃÒÔÆÀÅгÌÐò£©ÓëÕýÒ壨ÓÃÒÔÆÀÅнá¹û£©¡£¼´Ê¹ÔÚijÖ̶ֳÈÉÏÌÖÂÛ¹ý¹«ÃñÊôÐÔ£¬ËüҲͨ³£±»¿´×÷ÃñÖ÷ÎÊÌâÓëÕýÒåÎÊÌâµÄÅÉÉúÎï¡£¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬¹«ÃñÊǾßÓÐÃñÖ÷ȨÀûÓëÕýÒåËßÇóµÄÈË¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬À´×Ô¸÷ÖÖÕþÖÎÁ¢³¡µÄ¹Ûµã¶¼¸üΪͬÒ⣺ÔÚÈκÎÒ»ÖÖºÏÀíµÄÕþÖÎÀíÂÛÖУ¬¹«ÃñÐÔÎÊÌâ¶¼±ØÐë°çÑÝÒ»Öֹ淶ÐÔ½ÇÉ«£¬¶øÇÒÔöÇ¿¹«ÃñÔðÈÎÊǹ«¹²Õþ²ßµÄÒ»¸ö½ôÆÈÄ¿±ê¡£
È»¶øµ±Ç°ÕùÂÛµÄÒ»¸öÏÔÖøÌØµãÔÚÓÚ£¬Ñ§ÕßÃǶ¼²»¸Ò½«Æä¹«ÃñÀíÂÛÓÃÓÚ¹«¹²Õþ²ßÎÊÌâ¡£ÕýÈçÎÒÃÇÒѾ¿´µ½µÄ£¬ÓÐһЩÔÚÖÆ¶È»òÕþ²ß·½ÃæµÄ½¨Ò飬¿ÉÄܽ«»á´Ù½ø»ò¼ÓÇ¿Á¼ºÃµÄ¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ»òÔðÈΡ£µ«ÊÇÕâЩ½¨ÒéËùÍÆ³öµÄÕþ²ßÓëÄÇЩ³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´ÒÔÃñÖ÷ÓëÕýÒåΪ¸ù¾ÝËùά»¤µÄÕþ²ßÇ÷ÓÚÒ»Ö¡£ÔÚÌÖÂÛ¹«ÃñÎÊÌâºÜ¾ÃÒÔǰ£¬×óÅɾÍÖ§³Ö¸£Àû¹ú¼ÒµÄÃñÖ÷»¯£»Í¬Ñù£¬Å®È¨Ö÷ÒåÕßÒ²ÔÚ´ËǰºÜ¾Ã¾ÍÖ§³ÖÍжùËù£¬ÐÂÓÒÅÉÒ²ÊÇÔںܾÃÒÔǰ¾Í·´¶Ô¸£Àû¹ú¼Ò¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÒÃÇÈÔÈ»²»Çå³þ£¬´Ó¹«ÃñÎÊÌâµÄ½Ç¶È³ö·¢Õ¹¿ªÌÖÂÛÓë´Ëǰ¸üΪÈËËùÊìϤµÄÃñÖ÷ÓëÕýÒåµÄ½Ç¶ÈÏà±È£¬ÊÇ·ñÕæµÄ»áµ¼Ö²»Í¬µÄÕþ²ß½á¹û¡£
ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÉèÏë¸üΪ¼¤½øµÄÌáÉý¹«ÃñËØÖʵĽ¨Òé¡£Èç¹ûÎÄÃ÷Æ·ÖÊÊÇÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´²»ÏñÐí¶àÅ·ÖÞ¹ú¼ÒÄÇÑùͨ¹ý¡°Ö÷¶¯¼±¾È·¨°¸¡±£¨Good Samaritan laws£©£¿Èç¹ûÕþÖβÎÓëÊÇÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´²»Ïñ°Ä´óÀûÑÇ»ò±ÈÀûʱÄÇÑùÒªÇóÒåÎñÑ¡¾Ù£¿Èç¹û¹«Ò澫ÉñÊÇÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´²»Ïñ´ó¶àÊýÅ·ÖÞ¹ú¼ÒÄÇÑùÒªÇóÒ»¶Îʱ¼äµÄÒåÎñ±øÒÛ£¿Èç¹û¹«Á¢Ñ§Ð£ÓÐÖúÓÚÅàÑø¹«ÃñµÄÔðÈθУ¨ÒòΪËüÒªÇóÊôÓÚ²»Í¬ÈËÖÖÓë×ڽ̵ÄѧÉú×øÔÚÒ»Æð²¢Ñ§»á»¥Ïà×ðÖØ£©£¬ÄÇôΪʲô²»½ûֹ˽Á¢Ñ§Ð££¿
ÕâЩÕþ²ßרÃŵعØ×¢ÓÚ´Ù½ø¹«ÃñÐÔ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÕýÒå»òÃñÖ÷¡£µ«ÊǼ¸ºõûÓÐÈË¿¼ÂÇÕâЩ½¨Òé¡£Ïà·´£¬´ó¶àÊý¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¼ÒҪôÈÃÈçºÎ´Ù½ø¹«ÃñÐÔÎÊÌâÐü¶øÎ´¾ö£¨Glendon 1991£¬µÚ138Ò³£©£¬ÒªÃ´¼¯ÖÐÓÚ¡°ÊÊÖеġ±»ò¡°ÎºÍÇÒÏà¶Ô½÷É÷µÄ£¨unobtrusive£©·½Ê½¡±È¥´Ù½ø¹«ÃñµÂÐÔ£¨Macedo 1990£¬µÚ234¡¢253Ò³£©¡£[20]¾¡¹Ü¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¼Ò±§Ô¹È¨ÀûÊܵ½¹ý¶àµÄ¹Ø×¢£¬ËûÃÇÈ´ËÆºõ²»Ô¸ÒâÌá³öÈκÎÏÞÖÆÕâЩȨÀûµÄÕþ²ß¡£
Ò²ÐíÕâÖÖÇÓųÓкܺõÄÀíÓÉ£¬µ«ËüÈ´ÓëÏÂÊö˵·¨²»Ò»Ö£ºÎÒÃÇÃæÁÙÒ»³¡¹«ÃñÉí·ÝΣ»ú£¬ÎÒÃǼ±ÐèÒ»ÖÖ¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¡£½á¹û£¬Ðí¶à¹ØÓÚ¹«ÃñµÂÐԵĽü×÷ËÆºõÑÔÖ®ÎÞÎï¡£ÓÉÓÚûÓжԴٽø»ò¼ÓÇ¿Á¼ºÃ¹«ÃñÐԵĺϷ¨»ò·Ç·¨·½Ê½×÷³ö˵Ã÷£¬Ðí¶à¹«ÃñÀíÂÛÖø×÷¶¼ÏÝÈëÁËÒ»ÖÖÀÏÉú³£Ì¸£¬¼´£¬Èç¹ûÈËÃÇÔÙÉÆÁ¼Ð©£¬ÔÙÌåÌùЩ£¬ÄÇôÎÒÃÇÕâ¸öÉç»á¾Í»á±äµÃ¸ü¼ÓÃÀºÃ¡£[21]
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬´Ù½øÁ¼ºÃ¹«ÃñÆ·ÖʵıØÒªÐÔµ½µ×Óжà½ôÆÈ²¢²»Çå³þ¡£¹«ÃñÀíÂÛÎÄÏ×ÂúÊÇ¿ÉÅµĹØÓÚµÂÐÔË¥ÂäµÄÔ¤ÑÔ¡£µ«ÊÇÕýÈç¸Ê¶û˹ͨËùÈÏΪµÄÒ»Ñù£¬¡°ÎÄ»¯±¯¹ÛÖ÷ÒåÆÕ±é´æÔÚÓÚÈËÀàÀúÊ·Ö®ÖУ¬ÉõÖÁÆÕ±é´æÔÚÓÚÿһ´úÈËÖ®ÖС±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ237Ò³£©¡£[22]¼´Ê¹·¸×ïÂÊÉÏÉý¶øÇÒÑ¡¾ÙÂÊϽµÁË£¬ÓëǰÈËÏà±È£¬ÎÒÃÇͬÑùÓпÉÄܸü¿íÈÝÁË£¬¸ü×ðÖØËûÈ˵ÄȨÀûÁË£¬¶øÇÒ¸üÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÃñÖ÷ÓëÏÜÕþÁË£¨Macedo 1990£¬µÚ6-7Ò³£©¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÈçºÎ´Ù½øÁ¼ºÃµÄ¹«ÃñÆ·ÖÊÒÔ¼°Õâµ½µ×Óжà½ôÆÈ£¬ÈÔÈ»²»Çå³þ¡£
ËÄ£®¹«ÃñÐÔ¡¢Éí·ÝÓë²îÒì
ÓÉһϵÁÐȨÀûÓëÔðÈι涨³öÀ´µÄ¹«ÃñÆ·Öʲ»½ö½öÊÇÒ»ÖÖµØÎ»£¬ËüÒ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÉí·ÝÈÏͬ£¬±íÃ÷ÁËÒ»¸öÈËÊÇÒ»¶¨ÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£ÂíЪ¶û°Ñ¹«Ãñ¿´×÷Ò»ÖÖ¹²Í¬Éí·Ý£¬Ëü½«°ÑÒÔǰ±»ÅųýÔÚÍâµÄȺÌåÕûºÏÔÚÓ¢¹úÉç»áÖ®ÖУ¬ÎªÃñ×åͳһÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ×ÊÔ´¡£ËûÓÈÆä¹ØÐÄÀͶ¯½×¼¶µÄÕûºÏÎÊÌ⣬ÓÉÓÚËûÃÇ×ʸñ²»½ö½öÊÇÒ»ÖÖµØÎ»£¬ËüÒ²ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÉí·ÝÈÏͬ£¬±íÃ÷ÁËÒ»¸öÈËÊÇÒ»¶¨ÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåµÄ³ÉÔ±¡£ÂíЪ¶û°Ñ¹«Ãñ¿´×÷Ò»ÖÖ¹²Í¬Éí·Ý£¬Ëü½«°ÑÒÔǰ±»ÅųýÔÚÍâµÄȺÌåÕûºÏÔÚÓ¢¹úÉç»áÖ®ÖУ¬ÎªÃñ×åͳһÌṩÁËÒ»ÖÖ×ÊÔ´¡£ËûÓÈÆä¹ØÐÄÀͶ¯½×¼¶µÄÕûºÏÎÊÌ⣬ËûÃÇÓÉÓÚȱ·¦½ÌÓýÓë¾¼Ã×ÊÔ´¶ø±»ÅųýÔÚ¡°¹²Í¬ÎÄ»¯¡±Ö®Í⣬¶øÕâÖÖ¹²Í¬ÎÄ»¯±¾Ó¦ÊÇ¡°¹²Í¬²Æ²ú»òÒŲú¡±(Marshall 1965£¬µÚ101-102Ò³) ¡£[23]
¶ÔÐí¶àȺÌ塪¡ªºÚÈË¡¢¸¾Å®¡¢ÍÁÖø¾ÓÃñ¡¢ÉÙÊýÃñ×å¡¢×Ú½ÌÉÙÊýÅÉ¡¢Í¬ÐÔÁµÈºÌ塪¡ª¶øÑÔ£¬¾¡¹ÜËûÃÇÒ²ÓµÓй²Í¬µÄ¹«Ãñ×ʸñ£¬µ«ÈÔÈ»¸Ðµ½×Ô¼º±»ÅųýÔÚ¡°¹²Í¬ÎÄ»¯¡±Ö®Í⣬ÕâÒѾºÜÇå³þ¡£ÕâЩȺÌåµÄ³ÉÔ±Ö®ËùÒԸе½±»Åų⣬²»½ö½öÓÉÓÚËûÃǵÄÉç»á¾¼ÃµØÎ»£¬¶øÇÒÒòΪËûÃǵÄÉç»áÎÄ»¯Éí·Ý£¬¼´ËûÃǵġ°²îÒìÐÔ¡±¡£ Ô½À´Ô½¶àµÄÀíÂÛ¼ÒÈÏΪ£¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý±ØÐ뿼Âǵ½²îÒìÐÔ¡£ÎÒÃdzÆÕâЩÀíÂÛ¼ÒΪ¡°ÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕß¡±¡£ÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßÈÏΪ£¬Æð³õÓɰ×ÈËΪ×Ô¼º¹æ¶¨µÄÄÇЩ¹²Í¬µÄ¹«ÃñȨÀû²¢Ã»Óп¼Âǵ½ÉÙÊýȺÌåµÄÌØÊâÐèÒª¡£Ö»ÓвÉÈ¡°¬Àû˹¡¤ÂíÈð¶÷¡¤ÑîËù˵µÄ¡°²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡±£¨differentiated citizenship£©£¨Iris Marion Young 1989£¬µÚ258Ò³£©£¬²ÅÄܰÑÕâЩȺÌåÕûºÏµ½¹²Í¬ÎÄ»¯ÖÐÈ¥¡£
¸ù¾ÝÕâÖֹ۵㣬Ҫ°ÑijЩȺÌåµÄ³ÉÔ±ÕûºÏ½øÒ»¶¨µÄÕþÖι²Í¬Ì壬ËûÃǾͲ»½öÒª×÷Ϊһ¸ö¸öÈËÌå±»ÕûºÏ£¬¶øÇÒ»¹Òª×÷Ϊһ¸öȺÌå±»ÕûºÏ¡£ËûÃǵÄȨÀû½«²¿·ÖµØÒÀÀµÓÚÆäȺÌåµÄ³ÉÔ±Éí·Ý¡£±ÈÈç£¬Ä³Ð©ÒÆÃñȺÌåÒªÇóÌØÊâµÄȨÀûÓë»íÃâÒÔ˳ӦÆä×Ú½ÌÉú»î£»ÓÉÓÚÀúÊ·ÔÒò¶ø´¦¾³²»ÀûµÄȺÌ壨È績ŮºÍºÚÈË£©ÒªÇóÔÚÕþÖιý³ÌÖÐÓÐÌØÊâµÄ´ú±í£»Ðí¶àÉÙÊýÃñ×壨Èç¿ý±±¿Ë£¬¿â¶ûµÂ£¬¼Ó̩¡ÈË£©¼´Ê¹²»ÒªÇó³¹µ×¶ÀÁ¢£¬Ò²»áѰÇó¸ü´óµÄ×ÔÖÎȨ¡£
¡°²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡±¶ÔÕ¼Ö÷µ¼µØÎ»µÄ¹«Ãñ¹ÛÄî¹¹³ÉÁËÑÏÖØÌôÕ½¡£Ðí¶àÈËÈÏΪ²îÒìÐÔȺÌåµÄ¹«ÃñÀíÄîÊÇÒ»¸öì¶ÜµÄÊõÓï¸ÅÄî¡£ÔÚÕýͳ¹ÛÄî¿´À´£¬¸ù¾Ý¶¨Ò壬¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÊÇÒ»¸öÔÚ·¨ÂÉÖ®ÏÂÆ½µÈµÄȨÀûÈ¥¶Ô´ý¸öÈ˵ÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÕýÊÇÕâÒ»µãÇø·ÖÁËÃñÖ÷µÄ¹«Ãñ¸ÅÄîÓë·â½¨µÄ»òÆäËûǰÏÖ´úµÄ¹Ûµã£¬ÒòΪºóÕ߸ù¾ÝÈËÃǸÅÄî¡£ÔÚÕýͳ¹ÛÄî¿´À´£¬¸ù¾Ý¶¨Ò壬¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÊÇÒ»¸öÓ÷¨ÂÉÖ®ÏÂµÄÆ½µÈȨÀûÈ¥¶Ô´ý¸öÈ˵ÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÕýÊÇÕâÒ»µãÇø·ÖÁËÃñÖ÷µÄ¹«Ãñ¸ÅÄîÓë·â½¨µÄ»òÆäËûǰÏÖ´úµÄ¹Ûµã£¬ÒòΪºóÕ߸ù¾ÝÈËÃǵÄ×ÚµÄ×ڽ̡¢ÖÖ×å»ò½×¼¶Éí·ÝÀ´¾ö¶¨ÆäÕþÖεØÎ»¡£Òò´Ë£¬¡°ÒÔÔ´×ÔȺÌå³ÉÔ±Éí·ÝµÄȨÀû»òËßÇóΪ»ù´¡µÄÉç»á×éÖ¯£¬Óë»ùÓÚ¹«ÃñµÄÉç»á¹ÛÄîÐγÉÏÊÃ÷µÄ¶ÔÁ¢¡±¡££¨Porter 1987£¬µÚ128Ò³£©Òò´Ë£¬²îÒìÐÔ¹«Ãñ¹ÛÊǹ«ÃñÀíÂÛÖÐÒ»¸ö¼¤½øµÄ·¢Õ¹¡£
ÑîÊÇ×ӰÏìÁ¦µÄ¶àÔªÎÄ»¯ÀíÂÛ¼ÒÖ®Ò»¡£ËýÈÏΪ£¬ÊÔͼ´´ÔìÒ»¸öÆÕÊʵġ¢³¬Ô½ÈºÌå²îÒìµÄ¹«Ãñ¸ÅÄî¸ù±¾¾ÍÊDz»ÕýÒåµÄ£¬ÒòΪÕâÑ¹ÖÆÁËÀúÊ·ÉÏÊÜÅųâµÄȺÌå¡£¡°ÔÚÒ»¸öijЩȺÌåÏíÊÜÌØÈ¨¶øÆäËûȺÌåÈ´Êܵ½Ñ¹ÖƵÄÉç»áÖУ¬Èç¹û¼á³ÖÈËÃÇ×÷Ϊ¹«ÃñÓ¦µ±Å׿ªËûÃǶÀÌØµÄÁ¥Êô¹ØÏµºÍ¾Ñé¡¢¶ø²ÉÄÉÒ»ÖÖÆÕ±éµÄ¹Û¶ø²ÉÄÉÒ»ÖÖÆÕ±éµÄ¹ÛÄÄ¾ÍÖ»»á¼ÓÇ¿ÌØÈ¨¡£ÒòÎªÌØÈ¨ÕߵĹ۵ãºÍÀûÒæ»áÔÚͳһµÄ¹«ÖÚÖÐÕ¼¾ÝÖ§ÅäµØÎ»£¬¶øÆäËûȺÌåµÄ¹ÛµãºÍÀûÒæÈ´»á±»±ßÔµ»¯¶øÃ»Óз¢ÑÔȨ¡£¡±£¨Young 1989£¬µÚ257Ò³£©[24]ÑîÌá³öÁËÁ½ÌõÀíÓÉÀ´ËµÃ÷ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕæÕýµÄƽµÈÒªÇó³ÐÈÏȺÌå²îÒì¶ø²»ÊÇÄ®ÊÓËü¡£µÚÒ»£¬ÎÄ»¯Éϱ»ÅųâµÄȺÌåÔÚÕþÖιý³ÌÖд¦ÓÚ²»ÀûµØÎ»¡£¡°Òª½â¡°Òª½â¾öÕâÒ»ÎÊÌ⣬ÖÁÉÙÒªÌá¹©ÖÆ¶ÈÊÖ¶ÎÈ¥½â¾öÊÜÑ¹ÖÆÈºÌåµÄ±»³ÐÈÏÎÊÌâºÍ´ú±íÎÊÌâ¡£¡±(Young 1989£¬µÚ259Ò³)ÕâЩ³ÌÐòÐÔÊÖ¶ÎÓ¦¸Ã°üÀ¨£ºÓÃÓÚÖ§³ÖÕâЩȺÌåµÄ¹«¹²»ù½ð£¬ÕþÖÎʵÌåÖеõ½±£Ö¤µÄ´ú±í£¬ÒÔ¼°ÔÚÖ±½ÓÓ°ÏìÕâЩȺÌåµÄÌØÊâÕþ²ßÎÊÌâÉϵķñ¾öȨ£¨Young 1989£¬µÚ261-262Ò³£»1990£¬µÚ183-191Ò³£©¡£
Ò³£©¡£
Ò³£©¡£
µÚ¶þ£¬ÔÚÎÄ»¯Éϱ»ÅųâµÄȺÌåͨ³£ÓжÀÌØµÄÐèÒª¡£ÕâЩÐèÒªÖ»ÓÐͨ¹ý¿¼ÂÇÁËȺÌå²îÒìµÄÕþ²ß²ÅÄܵõ½Âú×ã¡£Ëü°üÀ¨Î÷°àÑÀÓïÈ˵ÄÓïÑÔȨÀû£¬ÍÁÖø¾ÓÃñµÄÍÁµØÈ¨ÀûÒÔ¼°¸¾Å®µÄÉúÓýȨÀû£¨Young 1990£¬µÚ175-183Ò³£©¡£ÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßËùÖ§³ÖµÄÆäËüÕþ²ß»¹°üÀ¨£¬±£»¤¸¾Å®»òÄÂ˹Áֵġ°ÈºÌå·Ì°ù·¨¡±£¨group libel laws£©£»ÎªÄ³Ð©×Ú½ÌÉÙÊýÅɽ¨Á¢µÄÊܹ«¹²²ÆÕþ×ÊÖúµÄѧУ£»ÃâÊܸÉÉæ×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöµÄ·¨Âɳͷ££¬ÈçÓÌÌ«ÈËÓëÄÂ˹ÁÖÖ®ÓÚ¡°ÖÜÄ©±ÕÊС±£¨Sunday closing£©¼°¶¯ÎïÍÀɱ·¨£¬Îý¿Ë½Ìͽ֮ÓÚ¡°»ú¶¯³µÍ·¿ø·¨¡±£¨Parekh 1990£¬µÚ705Ò³£»1991£¬µÚ197-204Ò³£»Modood 1992£©¡£
¶ÔÓÚÕâЩȨÀûµÄÕýµ±ÐÔÖ¤Ã÷ÒÔ¼°ËüÃÇÈçºÎÓë¸ü¹ã·ºµÄÕýÒåÓëÃñÖ÷ÀíÂÛÏàÁªÏµ£¬ÂÛÊöÒѾÏ൱¶àÁË¡£Ñî×Ô¼ºÔò°ÑÕâЩȨÀûÊÓ×÷¶Ô¡°Ñ¹ÖÆ¡±µÄ·´Ó¦À´ÎªÖ®±ç»¤¡£Ëý½«ÕâÖÖÑ¹ÖÆ·ÖΪÎåÖÖ£º°þÏ÷£¬±ßÔµ»¯£¬ÎÞȨÁ¦×´Ì¬£¬ÎÄ»¯µÛ¹úÖ÷Ò壬ÒÔ¼°¡°ÓÉȺÌåÔ÷ºÞ»ò¿Ö¾å¼¤ÆðµÄÀÄÓñ©Á¦»òÈÎÒâɧÈÅ¡±£¨Young 1989£¬µÚ216Ò³£©¡£Òª·Ö±ð¿¼²é¶ÔÕâЩ·´Ó¦µÄ±ç»¤»ò¸÷ÖÖ·´¶ÔÒâ¼û½«Ê¹ÎÒÃÇ×ßµÃ̫Զ¡£[25]ÎÒÃǽ«Ö»¼¯Öп¼ÂÇÕâЩȨÀû¶Ô¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄÓ°Ïì¡£
²îÒìÐÔ¹«Ãñ¹ÛµÄÅúÆÀÕßµ£ÐÄ£¬Èç¹ûȺÌå¶¼ÊÜÕâÖÖ¹«Ãñ¹ÛÄîµÄËËÓÁת¶ø¹Ø×¢×Ô¼ºÄÚ²¿µÄ¡°²îÒìÐÔ¡±£¨ÖÖ×åµÄ¡¢Ãñ×åµÄ¡¢×ڽ̵ġ¢ÐÔ±ðµÄ»òÆäËü·½ÃæµÄ²îÒìÐÔ£©£¬ÄÇô¡°¾Í±ØÐë·ÅÆúÓÉËùÓÐÃÀ¹úÈË×é³ÉÒ»¸ö¸ü´óµÄȺÌåÕâһϣÍû¡±£¨Glazer 1983£¬µÚ227Ò³£©¡£¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÒ²²»ÔÙÊÇ¡°Ò»ÖÖÅàÑøÉçȺ¸ÐÓ빲ͬĿµÄ¸ÐµÄ¹¤¾ß¡±£¨Heater 1990£¬µÚ295Ò³£»Kristeva 1993£¬µÚ7Ò³£»Cairns 1993£©¡£Ã»ÓÐÈκζ«Î÷Äܹ»°Ñ¸÷ÖÖÉç»áȺÌå½áºÏÔÚÒ»Æð¶øÓÖ×èÖ¹Ï໥¼äµÄ²»ÐÅÈÎÓë³åÍ»µÄ´«²¥£¨Kukathas 1993£¬µÚ156Ò³£©¡£
ÅúÆÀÕß»¹µ£ÐIJîÒìÐÔ¹«Ãñ¹Û½«Ôì³ÉÒ»ÖÖ¡°Ô¹ºÞÕþÖΡ±£¨politics of grievance£©¡£Èç¹ûÈçÑîËù°µÊ¾µÄÄÇÑù£¬½ö½öÊÚÓèÊÜÑ¹ÖÆÈºÌå²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý£¬Õ⽫¹ÄÀøÈºÌåÁìÐ佫ÆäÕþÖξ«Á¦ÓÃÓÚ·¢ÏÖ²»ÀûÒòËØÒԱ㱣ÕÏËûÃÇËùÒªÇóµÄȺÌåȨÀû£¬¶ø²»ÊÇŬÁ¦È¥¿Ë·þËü¡£
ÕâЩ¶¼ÊǺÜÑÏËàµÄÎÊÌ⡣Ȼ¶ø£¬ÔÚÆÀÅÐËüÃÇʱ£¬ÎÒÃÇÐè񻂿·ÖÈýÖÖ²»Í¬µÄȺÌåȨÀû£¬Ñî¼°ÆäÅúÆÀÕß¶¼×÷¹ýÕâÖÖÇø·Ö¡£¢ÙÌØÊâ´ú±íȨ£¨Õë¶Ô²»ÀûȺÌ壩£»¢Ú¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨£¨Õë¶ÔÒÆÃñÓë×Ú½ÌȺÌ壩£»¢Û×ÔÖÎȨ£¨Õë¶ÔÉÙÊýÃñ×壩¡£ËüÃǶ¼ÓжԹ«ÃñÉí·Ý¼«Îª²»Í¬µÄÒâÒå¡£
ÌØÊâ´ú±íȨ¡£¶ÔÓÚÑîËùÁгöµÄÐí¶àȺÌå¶øÑÔ£¬ÈçÆ¶À§½×²ã¡¢ÀÏÄêȺÌå¡¢ÃÀ¹úºÚÈËȺÌ塢ͬÐÔÁµÈºÌ壬ËûÃǶÔȺÌåȨÀûµÄËßÇó¶¼ÔÚÓÚÒªÇóÔÚÉç»áÕþÖιý³ÌÖÐÓÐÌØÊâµÄ´ú±í¡£ÓÉÓÚÑîÈÏΪÕâЩȨÀûÊǶÔÊÜÑ¹ÖÆ×´Ì¬µÄ·´Ó¦£¬ËùÒÔËüÃÇ×îºÃ±»¿´×÷ÊÇͨÍùÒ»¸ö²»ÔÙÐèÒªÌØÊâ´ú±íµÄÉç»á֮·ÉϵÄȨÒËÖ®¼Æ¡£Éç»áÓ¦µ±ÊÔͼȡÏûÕâÐ©Ñ¹ÖÆ£¬´Ó¶øÏû³ýÕâÖÖȨÀûµÄ±ØÒªÐÔ¡£
×ÔÖÎȨ¡£ÔÚÑîËù¾ÙµÄijЩÀý×ÓÖУ¬ÈçÃÀÖÞÓ¡µÚ°²È˾ÓסµØ±£ÁôÖÆ¶ÈÕâÒ»Àý×Ó£¬ÈºÌåËùÒªÇóµÄȨÀû²»Äܱ»¿´×÷Ò»ÖÖȨÒËÖ®¼Æ¡£ÔÚÕâÀ°ÑȺÌåȨÀû¿´×÷¶ÔijÖÖÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÓг¯Ò»ÈÕ±»È¡ÏûµÄÑ¹ÖÆ·´Ó¦ÊDz»¶ÔµÄ¡£ÍÁÖø¾ÓÃñ¼°ÆäËüÈç¿ý±±¿Ë»òËÕ¸ñÀ¼ÈËÕâÑùµÄÉÙÊýÃñ×彫¸ù¾Ý×Ô¾öÔÔòÒªÇóÓÀ¾Ã¶ø¹ÌÓеÄȨÀû¡£×÷ΪÀúÊ·ÐÔµÄÉçȺ£¬ËûÃÇ»ò¶à»òÉÙÔÚÖÆ¶ÈÉÏÊÇÍêÕûµÄ£¬¶øÇÒÕ¼¾ÝÁËÒ»¶¨µÄ¹úÍÁ»òÁìÍÁ£¬ÓÖÓµÓжÀÌØµÄÓïÑÔÓëÀúÊ·£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ£¬ÕâЩȺÌå¹¹³ÉÁËÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÎÄ»¯¡±¡¢¡°ÖÖ×塱£¨ethnic£©»ò¡°Ãñ×塱£¨nation£©¡£ÕâЩÃñ×åÉí´¦Ò»¸ö¸ü´óµÄÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåµÄ½®½çÖ®ÄÚ£¬µ«ÊÇËûÃÇÒªÇóÓµÓÐÔÚijЩ¹Ø¼üÎÊÌâÉϽøÐÐ×ÔÖεÄȨÀû£¬ÒԱ㱣֤ÆäÎÄ»¯ÍêÕû¶ø×ÔÓɵط¢Õ¹£¬±£ÕÏÆäÈËÃñµÄ×î´óÀûÒæ¡£ÕâЩÉÙÊýÃñ×åÏëÒªµÄ²¢²»ÊÇÔÚÖÐÑëÕþ¸®ÖиüºÃµÄ±»´ú±í£¬¶øÊÇȨÁ¦ÓëÁ¢·¨È¨´ÓÖÐÑëÕþ¸®×ªÒƵ½ËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄȺÌåÖС£
¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨Àû¡£ÃÀ¹úµÄÎ÷°àÑÀÓïÈËºÍÆäËûÒÆÃñȺÌåµÄÇé¿öÓÖÓë±ðµÄȺÌåÓÐËù²»Í¬¡£ËûÃÇÒªÇó¹«ÖÚÖ§³ÖѧУÀïµÄË«Óï½ÌѧºÍÃñ×åÑо¿£»²¢¼øÓÚËûÃǵÄ×ڽ̻£¬Ö§³ÖËûÃÇ´Ó²»ÀûÓÚËûÃÇËßÇó¿´×÷¶ÔijÖÖÎÒÃÇÏ£ÍûÓг¯Ò»ÈÕ±»È¡ÏûµÄÑ¹ÖÆËù×ö³öµÄ·´Ó¦ÊDz»¶ÔµÄ¡£ÍÁÖø¾ÓÃñ¼°ÆäËüÈç¿ý±±¿Ë»òËÕ¸ñÀ¼ÈËÕâÑùµÄÉÙÊýÃñ×彫¸ù¾Ý×Ô¾öÔÔòÒªÇóÓÀ¾Ã¶ø¹ÌÓеÄȨÀû¡£×÷ΪÀúÊ·ÐÔµÄÉçȺ£¬ËûÃÇ»ò¶à»òÉÙÔÚÖÆ¶ÈÉÏÊÇÍêÕûµÄ£¬¶øÇÒÕ¼¾ÝÁËÒ»¶¨µÄ¹úÍÁ»òÁìÍÁ£¬ÓÖÓµÓжÀÌØµÄÓïÑÔÓëÀúÊ·£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ£¬ÕâЩȺÌå¹¹³ÉÁËÒ»ÖÖ¡°ÎÄ»¯¡±¡¢¡°ÖÖ×塱£¨ethnic£©»ò¡°Ãñ×塱£¨nation£©¡£ÕâЩÃñ×åÉí´¦Ò»¸ö¸ü´óµÄÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåµÄ½®½çÖ®ÄÚ£¬µ«ÊÇËûÃÇÒªÇóÓµÓÐÔÚijЩ¹Ø¼üÎÊÌâÉϽøÐÐ×ÔÖεÄȨÀû£¬ÒԱ㱣֤ÆäÎÄ»¯ÍêÕû¶ø×ÔÓɵط¢Õ¹£¬±£ÕÏÆäÈËÃñµÄ×î´óÀûÒæ¡£ÕâЩÉÙÊýÃñ×åÏëÒªµÄ²¢²»ÊÇÔÚÖÐÑëÕþ¸®ÖиüºÃµÄ±»´ú±í£¬¶øÊÇȨÁ¦ÓëÁ¢·¨È¨´ÓÖÐÑëÕþ¸®×ªÒƵ½ËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄȺÌåÖС£
¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨Àû¡£ÃÀ¹úµÄÎ÷°àÑÀÓïÈËºÍÆäËûÒÆÃñȺÌåµÄÇé¿öÓÖÓë±ðµÄȺÌåÓÐËù²»Í¬¡£ËûÃÇÒªÇó¹«ÖÚÖ§³ÖѧУÀïµÄË«Óï½ÌѧºÍÃñ×åÑо¿£»²¢¼øÓÚËûÃǵÄ×ڽ̻£¬Ö§³ÖËûÃÇ´Ó²»ÀûÓÚËûÃǵķ¨ÂÉÖлíÃâ¡£ÕâЩ°ì·¨Ö¼ÔÚ°ïÖúÒÆÃñÌåÏÖÆäÎÄ»¯ÉϵĶÀÌØÐÔÓë×ÔºÀ¸Ð£¬È´²¢²»Òò´Ë¶ø×è°ËûÃÇÔÚÖ÷Á÷Éç»áµÄ¾¼ÃÓëÕþÖÎÖÆ¶ÈÖлñÈ¡³É¹¦¡£Óë×ÔÖÎȨһÑù£¬ÕâЩȨÀûÒ²²»ÄÜÖ»ÊÇÔÝʱÐԵģ¬ÒòΪËüÃÇËùÖ§³ÖµÄÎÄ»¯²îÒì²¢²»ÊÇÎÒÃÇËùÏ£ÍûÈ¡ÏûµÄ¡£µ«Óë×ÔÖÎȨ²»Í¬µÄÊÇ£¬¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨ÀûÖ¼ÔÚ´Ù½øÕû¸öÉç»áµÄÈں϶ø·Ç×ÔÖΡ£
ijЩȺÌå¿ÉÒÔÒªÇó²»Ö¹Ò»ÖÖȺÌåȨÀû¡£ºÜÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ÔÚÕâÖÖÒâÒåÉÏ£¬ÕâÈýÖÖȨÀûÊÇ¿ÉÒÔ½»²æµÄ¡£
Èç¹û²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñËùÖ¸µÄÊDzÉÄÉÉÏÊö²îÒìÐÔȨÀûÖеÄÒ»ÖÖ»ò¶àÖÖ£¬ÄÇôʵ¼ÊÉÏÈκÎÒ»ÖÖÏÖ´úÃñÖ÷¶¼»á³ÐÈÏËüµÄijÖÖÐÎʽ¡£½ñÌìµÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡°±ÈÕþÖÎÀíÂÛ¼ÒÔÏÈËùÉèÏëµÄ¸ÅÄî¾ßÓÐԶΪ¸ü¶àµÄ²îÒìÐԺ͸üÉÙµÄͬÖÊÐÔ¡±£¨Parekh 1990£¬µÚ702Ò³£©¡£È»¶ø£¬´ó¶àÊýÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßËùÒªÇóµÄ²îÒìÐԳ̶ÈÔÚµ±½ñÈκÎÒ»¸ö·¢´ïÃñÖ÷ÖÆÏ¶¼»¹Î´ÄÜ´ïµ½¡£
²ÉÄÉÒ»ÖÖ»ò¶àÖÖÉÏÊöȺÌåȨÀû»áÏ÷Èõ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄÕûºÏ¹¦ÄÜÂ𣿶ÔÈýÖÖȨÀûµÄÌØÖÊ×÷¸ü½üµÄ¹Û²ì½«±íÃ÷ÕâÖÖµ£ÐÄÓôíÁ˵ط½¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬×ܵØËµÀ´£¬¶Ô´ú±íȨÓë¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨µÄÒªÇóÊÇÒ»ÖÖ±»ÄÉÈëµÄÒªÇó¡£ÄÇЩ¸Ðµ½±»ÅųâµÄȺÌåÏ£Íû±»ÄÉÈë¸ü´óµÄÉç»á£¬¶ø³ÐÈϲ¢Ë³Ó¦ËûÃǵġ°²îÒìÐÔ¡±Ö¼ÔÚ´Ù³ÉÕâÖÖÒªÇó¡£
ÌØÊâ´ú±íȨֻÊÇÒ»¸ö¾É¹ÛÄîµÄз¢Õ¹¡£ÖÚËùÖÜÖª£¬¶àÊýÂÛÃñÖ÷£¨majoritarian democracy£©»á´ÓÖÆ¶ÈÉϺöÂÔÉÙÊýÅɵÄÉùÒô¡£µ±ÉÙÊý´¦ÓÚ¶àÊýÖ®ÖжøÓÖÔÚµØÓòÉÏÏà¶Ô¼¯ÖÐʱ£¬ÃñÖ÷Õþ¸®Ò²¶Ô´Ë×÷³öÁË·´Ó¦¡£ËüÓÐÒâʶµØ»®¶¨Áª°îµ¥Î»µÄ±ß½ç»òµ¥¸öÑ¡ÇøµÄ±ß½çÒÔ±ãΪÉÙÊýÅÉ´´ÔìÒéϯ£¨Beitz 1989£¬µÚ7Õ£©¡£ÎÄ»¯¶àÔªÖ÷ÒåÕßÖ»Êǽ«ÕâÒ»Âß¼ÑÓÉìÖÁ·ÇµØÓòȺÌ壬ÕâЩȺÌ壨È績ŮȺÌå¡¢²Ð¼²ÈËȺÌå»òͬÐÔÁµÈºÌ壩ͬÑùÐèÒª´ú±í¡£
ÕâÒ»½¨ÒéÓÐÐí¶àÏÖʵÕϰ¡£ÀýÈ磬ÎÒÃÇÈçºÎ¾ö¶¨ÄÄЩȺÌåÓÐȨ»ñµÃÌØÊâ´ú±íȨ£¿[26]ÎÒÃÇÓÖÈçºÎ±£Ö¤ËûÃǵĴú±íʵ¼ÊÉÏ»á¶ÔËûÃǸºÔð£¿[27]µ«ÊÇ£¬´ú±íȨ±³ºóµÄ»ù±¾Ïë·¨ÊÇÕûºÏ¶ø²»ÊÇ·ÖÁÑ¡£
ͬÑù£¬´ó¶àÊý¶Ô¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨ÀûµÄÒªÇó¶¼±íÃ÷ÁËÉÙÊýÅÉȺÌå³ÉÔ±ÏëÒª½øÈëÖ÷Á÷Éç»áµÄÔ¸Íû¡£¿¼ÂÇһϼÓÄôóÎý¿Ë½ÌͽµÄÇé¿ö£¬ËûÃÇÆäʵºÜÏë¼ÓÈë¼ÓÄôó»Ê¼ÒÆï¾¯¶Ó£¨Royal Canadian Mounted Police£©¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚËûÃǵÄ×Ú½ÌÒªÇóËûÃÇ´÷Í·½í£¬Èç¹ûËûÃDz»¸Ä±äͨ³£µÄ·þÊÎÀñÒÇ£¬ËûÃǾͲ»¿ÉÄܼÓÈë¡£ÕâЩÈËÏ£Íû³ÉΪ×÷Ϊ¼ÓÄôó¡°Ãñ×åµÄÏóÕ÷¡±µÄ»Ê¼ÒÆï¾¯¶ÓµÄÒ»·Ý×Ó£¬ÕâÒ»ÊÂʵ¾Í×ãÒÔÖ¤Ã÷ËûÃÇÏëÒª²ÎÓëµ½Ò»¸ö¸ü´óȺÌåÖеÄÔ¸Íû¡£ËûÃÇËùÒªÇóµÄÌØÊâȨÀûÖ»Äܱ»¿´×÷ÊǶÔͳһµÄ´Ù½ø¶ø²»ÊÇ×è°¡£[28]
ÓÐÈ˵£ÐÄ£¬¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨Àû×è°ÁËÒÆÃñµÄÕûºÏ¹ý³Ì£¬ÒòΪËüÔÚËûÃǾɵÄÃñ×åÉí·ÝÓëÐµĹ«ÃñÉí·ÝÖ®¼ä´´ÔìÁËÒ»ÖÖÁîÈËÄÑÒÔÀí½âµÄÍ×з½°¸¡£µ«ÊÇÕâÖÖµ£ÓÇËÆºõ²¢Ã»ÓоÑé¸ù¾Ý¡£ÔÚÏñ¼ÓÄôóºÍ°Ä´óÀûÑÇÕâÑùµÄ¾ßÓй㷺¶àÔªÎÄ»¯·½°¸µÄ¹ú¼ÒÖУ¬¾Ñé±íÃ÷£¬µÚÒ»´úºÍµÚ¶þ´úÒÆÃñËäÈ»ÈÔ¶ÔÆäËù¼Ì³ÐµÄ¶«Î÷¸Ðµ½×ÔºÀ£¬µ«ÔÚËûÃÇеĹú¼ÒÀËûÃÇÒ²ÊôÓÚ×î°®¹úµÄ¹«ÃñȺÌ壨Kruhlak 1992£©¡£[29]¶øÇÒ£¬ËûÃǶÔйú¼ÒµÄÇ¿ÁÒ¸ÐÇ飬Ö÷Òª½¨Á¢ÔÚÕâ¸ö¹ú¼Ò¶ÔËûÃÇÎÄ»¯²îÒì²»½ö¿íÈݶøÇÒ±íʾ»¶ÓÕâÑùµÄ»ù´¡Ö®ÉÏ¡£[30]
È»¶ø£¬×ÔÖÎȨµÄÈ·¶Ô´«Í³¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¹ÛÄîÌá³öÁËÉî¿ÌµÄÎÊÌâ¡£´ú±íȨÓë¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨¶¼³ÐÈÏÒ»¸ö¸ü´óµÄÕþÖÎȺÌ壬²¢ÊÔͼ¸ü´ó³Ì¶ÈµØÈںϽøÈ¥¡£¶ø×ÔÖεÄÒªÇóÈ´·´Ó³³öÒ»ÖÖÏëÒªÏ÷Èõͬ¸ü´óȺÌåÁªÏµµÄÆóͼ£¬ÉõÖÁÏëÒªÖÊÒÉÆä±¾ÖÊ¡¢È¨ÍþÓëÓÀºãÐÔ¡£Èç¹ûÃñÖ÷ÕæµÄÒâζ×ÅÈËÃñµÄͳÖΣ¬ÄÇôȺÌå×Ô¾ö¾ÍÌá³öÁ˵½µ×ËÊÇÕæÕýµÄ¡°ÈËÃñ¡±Õâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£ÉÙÊýÃñ×åÉù³ÆËûÃÇÊDz»Í¬µÄÃñ×壬ӵÓйÌÓеÄ×Ô¾öȨÀû£¬ÕâÖÖȨÀû²»»áÒòΪÓëÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÖбðµÄÃñ×åÁªºÏ£¨ÓÐʱÊDZ»ÆÈµÄ£©¾Í±»ÈöɳöÀ´¡£µÄÈ·£¬È·¶¨ÁªÃËÌõ¼þÄÇЩÌõÔ¼»òÏÜ·¨ÐÔÐÒéÍùÍù¶¼¶ÔijЩȨÀû×÷³öÁËÃ÷È·µÄ±£Áô¡£
Òò´Ë£¬×ÔÖÎȨÊDzîÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý×î³¹µ×µÄÀý×Ó£¬ÒòΪËü½«ÈËÃÇ»®·ÖΪ²»Í¬µÄÃñ×壬ÿһ¸öÃñ×å¶¼ÓÐËý×Ô¼ºµÄÀúÊ·ÐÔȨÀû¡¢ÁìÍÁÒÔ¼°×ÔÖÎȨÁ¦£¬´Ó¶ø¶¼ÓÐ×Ô¼ºµÄÕþÖι²Í¬Ìå¡£
ÔÚÕâÖÖÓᄈϣ¬²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñËÆºõ²»ÄÜ·¢»ÓÕûºÏ¹¦ÄÜ¡£Èç¹û¹«ÃñÊÇÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåÖеijÉÔ±Éí·Ý£¬ÄÇô×ÔÖÎȨÀûÔÚ´´Ôì³ö½»²æµÄÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåµÄͬʱ£¬±ØÈ»µ¼ÖÂÒ»ÖÖË«ÖØ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý£¬²¢ÇÒÔÚ¹«Ãñ×îÈÏͬÄÄÒ»¸ö¹²Í¬ÌåµÄÎÊÌâÉϵ¼ÖÂDZÔڵijåÍ»(Vernon 1988 )¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÕâÑùÒ»À´£¬¸ü´óµÄ×ÔÖκôÉù¾Í»áÓÀÎÞÐÝÖ¹¡£Èç¹ûÊÚÓèÁËÓÐÏÞ×ÔÖÎȨ£¬Õâ¿ÉÄÜÖ»»áÔö¼ÓÃñ×åÖ÷ÒåÁìÐäµÄÒ°ÐÄ£¬ËûÃǵ¹ÊǶԳÉÁ¢×Ô¼ºµÄÃñ×å¹ú¼ÒºÜÂúÒâ¡£ÕâÑù£¬¶àÃñ×å¹ú¼Ò´ÓÆäÄÚ²¿¶øÑÔ½«ÊDz»Îȶ¨µÄ¡£
Òò´Ë£¬ºöÊÓÉÙÊýÃñ×åµÄÒªÇó£¬ÔÚÏÜ·¨Öв»Éæ¼°ÈκÎÌØÊâȺÌåȨÀûÎÊÌ⣬¼á³ÖÈÏΪ¹«ÃñÊÇËùÓÐÈ˵Ĺ²Í¬Éí·Ý¶øÓëȺÌåµÄ³ÉÔ±Éí·ÝÎ޹أ¬ÕâЩ×ö·¨Ëƺõ¶¼ºÜÓÐÎüÒýÁ¦¡£ÕâÖÖ´¦Àí¶àÔªÎÄ»¯µÄ·½·¨Í¨³£±»³ÆÎªÃÀ¹úʽ²ßÂÔ¡£µ«ÊǾÍÃÀ¹ú¶øÑÔ£¬³ýÁËһЩÀýÍ⣬È磬¼¸ºõÔ¶Àë³ÇÊлòÓëÊÀ¸ô¾øµÄÃÀÖÞÓ¡µÚ°²ÈË¡¢°®Ë¹»ùĦÈË¡¢²¨¶àÀè¸÷ÈËÒÔ¼°ÏÄÍþÒı¾µØ¾ÓÃñ£¬ÃÀ¹ú²¢²»ÊÇÒ»¸ö¶àÃñ×å¹ú¼Ò¡£ËýËùÃæÁÙµÄÎÊÌâÊÇͬ»¯ÄÇЩ×ÔÔ¸¼ÓÈëÃÀ¹úµÄÒÆÃñ£¬¶ø²»ÊÇͳһÄÇÖÖÀúÊ·ÉÏÊÇ×ÔÖεġ¢ºóÀ´ÆäÁìÍÁÓÖ³ÉΪÁËÃÀ¹úµÄÒ»²¿·ÖµÄÄÇÖÖȺÌå¡£½«¡°¹²Í¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡±ÓÃÓÚÉÙÊýÃñ×壬ÈçÃÀÖÞÓ¡µÚ°²ÈË£¬³£³£»áÒԲҰܸæÖÕ£¬ÉõÖÁÆäÖ§³ÖÕßÒ²³ÐȺÌå¡£½«¡°¹²Í¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡±ÓÃÓÚÉÙÊýÃñ×壬ÈçÃÀÖÞÓ¡µÚ°²ÈË£¬³£³£»áÒԲҰܸæÖÕ£¬ÉõÖÁÆäÖ§³ÖÕßÒ²³ÐÈÏÕâÈÏÕâÒ»µã£¨Walzer 1982£¬µÚ27Ò³£»²ÎÔÄKymlicka 1991£©¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚ½ñÌìµÄÃÀ¹ú£¬Ðí¶àÕâÀàȺÌå¶¼±»ÊÚÓèÁË×ÔÖÎȨÀû¡£
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¼«ÉÙÓжàÃñ×å¹ú¼Ò·îÐÐÑϸñµÄ¡°¹²Í¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡±²ßÂÔ¡£Õâ²¢²»×ãÎªÆæ£¬ÒòΪ¾Ü¾ø×ÔÖÎȨֻ»á¼Ó¾çÕâЩȺÌåµÄÊèÔ¶¸Ð´Ó¶øÔö¼ÓËûÃǶÀÁ¢µÄÔ¸Íû£¨Taylor 1992b£¬µÚ64Ò³£©¡£[31]
ÕâÑù£¬×ÔÖεÄËßÇó¾Í¼ÈΪ¹²Í¬¹«Ãñ¹ÛµÄÖ§³ÖÕßҲΪ²îÒìÐÔ¹«Ãñ¹ÛµÄÖ§³ÖÕßÌá³öÁËÄÑÌ⡣Ȼ¶ø£¬ÎÞÂÛÊÇÖ§³ÖÕß»¹ÊÇÅúÆÀÕߣ¬ËûÃǼ¸ºõ¶¼Ã»ÓÐ×¢Òâµ½²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄÕâÖÖÐÎʽ£¨»ò×¢Òâµ½´¦Àí×ÔÖÎȨÀû×î³£¼ûµÄ°²ÅÅ£¬¼´Áª°îÖ÷Ò壩¡£[32]
ÄÇô£¬¶àÃñ×å¹ú¼ÒµÄͳһÀ´×Ժδ¦ÄØ£¿ÂÞ¶û˹Éù³Æ£¬ÏÖ´úÉç»áµÄͳһÀ´×Ô¹²Í¬µÄÕýÒå¹ÛÄ¡°¾¡¹ÜÒ»¸ö×éÖ¯Á¼ºÃµÄÉç»áÊÇ·Ö¸î³É²¿·Ö¶øÓÖ¶àÔªµÄ¡¡µ«Êǹ«ÖÚÔÚÕþÖÎÓëÉç»áÕýÒåÎÊÌâÉϵÄÒ»ÖÂÒâ¼ûÖ§³Å׏«ÃñÓÑÒêÖ®Á´£¬Î¬Ïµ×ÅÍÅÌåÖ®¼äµÄÁªÏµ¡£¡±£¨Rawls 1980£¬µÚ540Ò³£©µ«ÊÇ£¬Á½¸öÃñ×å³ÖÓй²Í¬µÄÕýÒåÔÔòÕâÒ»ÊÂʵδ±Ø¾Í¸øÁËËûÃǺܺõÄÀíÓÉÈ¥ÁªºÏÆðÀ´¶ø²»ÊÇÈÔÈ»×÷ΪÁ½¸ö¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¹ú¼Ò£¬»ò¼ÌÐøÁªºÏ¶ø²»ÊÇ·ÖÁÑΪÁ½¸ö¶ÀÁ¢µÄ¹ú¼Ò¡£Å²ÍþÈËÃñÓëÈðµäÈËÃñ³ÖÓй²Í¬µÄÕýÒåÔÔò£¬µ«ËûÃDz¢²»Òò´Ë¶ø¶Ô1905ÄêŲÍþµÄ¶ÀÁ¢¸Ðµ½Òź¶¡£Í¬Ñù£¬ÔÚ¼ÓÄôó£¬ËµÓ¢ÓïµÄÈËÓë˵·¨ÓïµÄÈ˳ÖÓй²Í¬µÄÕýÒåÔÔò£¬µ«ÕâÒ»ÊÂʵ²¢²»ÊÇËûÃǼÌÐøÁªºÏµÄÔÒò£¬ÒòΪ¿ý±±¿ËÈ˳ÐÈÏ£¬ËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄÃñ×å¹ú¼ÒÒ²¿ÉÒÔ×ðÖØÍ¬ÑùµÄÔÔò¡£ÔÚÒ»¸öÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåÀ¹²Í¬µÄÕýÒå¹ÛÄî²»Ò»¶¨²úÉú¹²Í¬µÄÉí·Ý£¬¸ü±ð˵Äܹ»´úÌæÒÔÃñ×åΪ»ù´¡µÄ¸÷ÖֵжÔÉí·ÝµÄ¹²Í¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý£¨Nickel 1990£»Norman 1993£©¡£[33]
ºÜÃ÷ÏÔ£¬ÕýÊÇÔÚÕâÀÎÒÃDzÅȷʵÐèÒªÒ»ÖÖ¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ£¬¶ø²»½öÊÇÃñÖ÷ÀíÂÛ»òÕýÒåÀíÂÛ¡£ÔÚÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÖУ¬ÈËÃDz»½öÊôÓÚ²»Í¬µÄÕþÖι²Í¬Ì壬¶øÇÒÊÇÒÔ²»Í¬µÄ·½Ê½ÊôÓÚËü£¬Ò²¾ÍÊÇ˵£¬ÓеÄÈËÊÇ×÷Ϊ¸öÈ˶ø±»°üÀ¨½øÈ¥µÄ£¬¶øÓеÄÈËÔòÊÇͨ¹ýÒ»¸öȺÌåÄڵijÉÔ±Éí·Ý¶ø½øÈëµÄ¡£Ì©ÀÕ½«´Ë³ÆÎª¡°Éî²ãµÄ¶àÑù»¯¡±£¬²¢¼á³ÖÈÏΪÕâÊǶàÃñ×å¹ú¼Ò±£³ÖͳһµÄ¡°Î¨Ò»°ì·¨¡±£¨Taylor 1991£©¡£ÔÚÕâÑùÒ»¸ö¹ú¼ÒÖУ¬ÎÒÃÇÈçºÎ²ÅÄܽ¨Á¢Æä¹²Í¬µÄÉí·Ý£¿Ì©ÀÕ³ÐÈÏ£¬ÊÇʲôµÃÒÔʹÕâÑùÒ»¸ö¹ú¼Ò±£³ÖÍŽáµÄÎÊÌⲢûÓнâ¾ö¡£[34]
ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬¶àÃñ×å¹ú¼ÒÔÚÀúÊ·¡¢ÎÄ»¯ÓëÕþÖÎÁìÓòÖеľ޴óì¶Ü±íÃ÷£¬ÈκÎÒ»ÖÖ¶ÔÕâÒ»ÎÊÌâµÄÆÕ±éÐԻش𶼿ÉÄÜÑÔ¹ýÆäʵ¡£Ò²Ðí£¬ÒÔΪÄܹ»·¢Õ¹³öÒ»ÖÖÆÕ±éÀíÂÛÀ´½âÊ͹²Í¬¹«ÃñÉí·Ý»ò²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÔÚ´Ù½ø»ò×è°Ãñ×åͳһÖеÄ×÷Óã¬ÕâÖÖÉèÏë±¾Éí¾ÍÊÇ´íÎóµÄ£¨Taylor 1992b£¬µÚ65-66Ò³£©¡£ÔÚÕâÒ»µãÉÏ£¬ÈçͬÎÒÃÇÔÚ±¾ÎÄÖп¼²é¹ýµÄÆäËüÎÊÌâÒ»Ñù£¬ÎÒÃǾ¿¾¹Äܹ»¶ÔÒ»ÖÖ¡°¹«ÃñÀíÂÛ¡±ÆÚ´ýЩʲôÈÔÈ»²»Çå³þ¡£
²Î¿¼ÎÄÏ×
Andrews£¬ Geoff. 1991. Citizenship. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
Arneson£¬ Richard. 1992. Is socialism Dead? A Comment on Market Socialism and Basic Income Capitalism. Ethics vol.102: pp.485-511.
Audi£¬ Robert. 1989. The Separation of Church and State and the Obligations of Citizenship: Philosophy and Public Affairs vol.18: pp. 259-296.
Barbalet£¬ J.M. 1988. Citizenship: Rights£¬ Struggle and Class Inequlity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Barry£¬ Norman. 1990. Markets£¬ Citizenship and the Welfare State: Some Critical Reflections. In Raymond Plant and Norman Barry£¬ Citizenship and Rights in Thatcher¡¯s Britain: Two Views. London: IEA Health and Welfare Unit.
Beiner£¬ Ronald. 1992. Citizenship. In What¡¯s the Matter With Liberalism? Berkeley: University of California Press.
Beitz£¬ Charles. 1989. Political Equality. Princeton£¬ N. J.: Princeton University Press.
Berten£¬ Andr¨¦. 1992. Identit¨¦ Europ¨¦enne£¬ Une ou Multiple? In L¨@Europe au soir du si¨¨cle: Identit¨¦ et d¨¦mocratie£¬ ed. Jacques Lenoble and Nicole Dewandre. Paris: ¨¦ditions Esprit.
Brubaker£¬ William Rogers£¬ ed. 1989. Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Europe and North America. Lanham£¬ Md: University Press of America.
Cairns£¬ Alan. 1993. The Fragmentation of Canadian Citizenship. In Belonging: The Meaning and Future of Canadian Citizenship£¬ ed. Willian Kaplan. Montreal: McGill-Queen¡¯s Press.
Cairns£¬ Alan£¬ and Williams£¬ Cynthia. 1985. Constitutionalism£¬ Citizenship£¬ and Society in Canada. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Carens£¬ Joseph. 1986£¬ Rights and Duties in an Egalitarian Society. Political Theory vol.14: pp.31-49.
Conover£¬ Pamela; Crewe£¬ Ivor; and Searing£¬ Donald. 1991. The Nature of Citizenship in the United States and Great Britain: Empirical Comments on Theoretical Themes. Journal of Politics vol.53: pp.800-832.
Deigh£¬ John. 1988. On Rights and Responsibilities. Law and Philosophy vol.7: pp.147-178.
Dieta£¬ Mary. 1985. Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking. Political Theory vol.13: pp19-35.
1992. Context is All: Feminism and Theorise of Citizenship. In Mouffe. Dimensions of Radical Democracy.
Dworkin£¬ Ronald. 1989. Liberal Community. California Law Review vol.77: pp.479-504.
1992. Deux Conceptions de la D¨¦mocratie. In L¨@Europe au soir du si¨¨cle: Identit¨¦ et d¨¦mocratie£¬ ed. Jacques Lenoble and Nicole Dewandre. Paris: ¨¦ditions Esprit.
Elshtain£¬ Jean Bethke. 1981. Public Man£¬ Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought. Princeton£¬ N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Ferry£¬ Jean-Marc. 1992. Identit¨¦ et Citoyennet¨¦ Europ¨¦ennes. In L¨@Europe au soir du si¨¨cle: Identit¨¦ et d¨¦mocratie£¬ ed. Jacques Lenoble and Nicole Dewandre. Paris: ¨¦ditions Esprit.
Fierlbeck£¬ Katherine. 1991. Redefining Responsibilities: The Politics of Citizenship in the United Kingdom. Canadian Journal of Political Science vol.24: pp.575-593.
Fullinwider£¬ Robert. 1988. Citizenship and Welfare. In Democracy and the Welfare State£¬ ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton£¬ N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Galston£¬ William. 1991. Liberal Purposes: Goods£¬ Virtues£¬ and Duties in the Liberal State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gilligan£¬ Carol. 1982. In a different Voice: Psychological Theory and Moral Development. Cambridge£¬ Mass.: Harvard Universiy Press.
Glazer£¬ Nathan. 1983. Ethnic Dilemmas: 1964-1982. Cambridge£¬ Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Glendon£¬ Mary Ann. 1991. Rights Talk: The Impoverishment of Political Discourse. New York: Free Press.
Gutmann£¬ Amy. 1987. Democratic Education. Princeton£¬ N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Habermas£¬ J¨¹rgen. 1992. Citizenship and National Identity: Some Reflections on the Future of Europe. Praxis International vol.12: pp.1-19.
Heater£¬ Derek. 1990. Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in Workd History£¬ Politics£¬ and Education. London: Longman.
Held£¬ David. 1989. Citizenship and Autonomy. In Polical Theory and the Modern State. Stanford£¬ Calif.: Stanford Universiy Press.
1991. Between State and Civil Society: Citizenship. In Andrews. Citizenship 1991£¬ pp.19-25.
Hill£¬ Greg. 1993. Citizenship and Ontology in the Liberal State. Review of Politics vol.51: pp.67-84.
Hindess£¬ Bary. 1993. Multiculturalism and Citizenship. In Multicultural Citizens: The Philosophy and Politics of Identity£¬ ed. Chandran Kukathas. St. Leonard¡¯s: Centre for Independent Studies.
Hoover£¬ K.£¬ and Plant£¬ R. 1988. Conservative Capitalism in Britain and the United States. London: Routledge.
Ignatieff£¬ Michael. 1989. Citizenship and Moral Narcissism. Political Quarterly vol.60: pp.63-74. Reprinted in Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.26-37.
James£¬ Susan. 1992. The Good-Enough Citizen: Citizenship and Independence. In Beyond Equality and difference: Citizenship£¬ Feminist Politics£¬ and Female Subjuectivity£¬ ed. Gisela Bock and Susan James. London: Routledge.
King£¬ Desmond. 1987. The New Right: Politics£¬ Markets and Citizenship. London: Macmillan.
King£¬ Desmond£¬ and Waldron£¬ Jeremy. 1988. Citizenship£¬ Social Citizenship and the Defence of the Welfare State. British Journal of Political Science vol.18: pp.415-443.
Kristeva£¬ Julia. 1993. Nations without Nationalism£¬ trans. Leon S.Roudiez. New York: Columbia Universiry Press.
Kruhlak£¬ Orest. 1992. Multiticulturalism: Myth versus Reality. Institute for Research on Public Policy£¬ Montreal£¬ typescript.
Kukathas£¬ Chandran. 1992. Are There Any Culrural Rights? Political Theory vol.20: pp.105-139.
1993. Multiculturalism and the Idea of an Australian Identity. In Multicultural Citizens: The Philosophy and Politics of Identity£¬ ed. Chandran Kukathas. St. Leonard¡¯s: Centre for Independent Studies.
Kymlicka£¬ Will. 1989. Liberalism£¬ Community£¬ and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1991. Liberalism and the Politicization of Ethnicity. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence vol.4: pp.239-256.
1992. The Rights of Minority Cultures: Reply to Kukathas. Political Theory vol.20: pp.140-146.
Lenoble£¬ Jacques. 1992. Penser l¨@identit¨¦ et la d¨¦mocratie en Europe. In L¨@Europe au soir du si¨¨cle: Identit¨¦ et d¨¦mocratie£¬ ed. Jacques Lenoble and Nicole Dewandre. Paris: ¨¦ditions Esprit.
Macedo£¬ Stephen. 1990. Liberal Virtues: Citizenship£¬ Virtue£¬ and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marshall£¬ T.H. 1965. Class£¬ Citizenship and Social Development. New Youk: Anchor.
Mead£¬ Lawrence. 1986. Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship. New Youk: Free Press.
Modood£¬ Tariq. 1992. Not Easy Being British: Colour£¬ Culture and Citizenship. London: Trentham.
Moon£¬ J. Donald. 1988. The Moral Basis of the democratic Welfare State. In Democracy and the Welfare State£¬ ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton£¬ N. J.: Princeton University Press.
Mouffe£¬ Chantal. 1992a. Dimensions of Radical Demcracy: Pluralism£¬ Citizenship and Community. London: Routledge.
1992b. Democratic Citizenship and the Political Community. In Mouffe. Dimensions of Radical Democracy.
Mulgan£¬ Geoff. 1991. Citizens and Responsibilities. In Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.37-49.
Nauta£¬ Lolle. 1992. Changing Conceptions of Citizenship. Praxis International vol.12: pp. 20-34.
Nickel£¬ James. 1990. Rawls on Political Community and Principles of Justice. Law and Philosophy vol.9: pp.205-16.
Norman£¬ Wayne. 1993a. The Ideology of Shared Values. University of Ottawa£¬ Department of Philosophy£¬ typescript.
1993b. Toward a Philosophy of Federalism. In Group Rights£¬ ed. Judith Baker. Toronto: University of Toronto Press£¬ in press.
Okin£¬ Susan. 1989. Justice£¬ Gender£¬ and the Family. New York: Basic.
1992. Women£¬ Equqlity and Citizenship. Queen¡¯s Quarterly vol.99: pp.56-71.
Oldfield£¬ Adrian. 1990a. Citizenship and Community: Civic Republicanism and the Modern World. London: Routledge.
1990b. Citizenship: An Unnatural Practice? Political Quarterly vol.61: pp.177-187.
Parekh£¬ Bhiku. 1990. The Rushdie Affair: Research Agenda for Political Philosophy. Political Studies vol.38: pp.695-709.
1991. British Citizenship and Cultural Difference. In Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.183-204.
Parry£¬ Geraint. 1991. Paths to Citizenship. In Vogel and Moran£¬ The Frontiers of Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.167-196.
Pateman£¬ Carole. 1988. The Patriarchal Welfare State. In Democracy and the Welfare State£¬ ed. Amy Gutmann. Princeton£¬ N. J.: Princeton University Press.
1992. Equality£¬ Difference and Subordination: The Politics of Motherhood and Women¡¯s Citizenship. In Beyond Eqality and Difference: Citizenship£¬ Feminist Politics£¬ and Female Subjectivity£¬ ed. Gisela Bock and Susan James. London: Routledge.
Phillips£¬ Anne.1991a. Citizenship and Feminist Theory. In Andrews. Citizenship.1991£¬ pp.76-88.
1992b. Engendering Democracy. University Park£¬ Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.
1992. Democracy and Difference: Some Problems for Feminist Theory. Political Quarterly vol.63: pp.79-90.
Pierson£¬ Christopher. 1991. Boyond the Welfare State: The New Political Economy of Welfare. University Park£¬ Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press.
Plant£¬ Raymond. 1990. Citizenship and Rights. In Citizenship and Rights in Thatcher¡¯s Britain: Two Views. London: IEA Health and Welfare Unit.
1991. Social Rights and the Reconstruction of Welfare. In Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.50-64.
Pocock£¬ J.G.A. 1992. The Ideal of Citizenship since Classical Times. Queen¡¯s Quarterly vol.99: pp.33-55.
Porter£¬ John. 1987. The Measure of Canadian Society£¬ Carleton University Press.
Rawls£¬ John. 1971. A Theory of Justice. London: Oxford University Press.
1975. Fairness to Goodness. Philosophical Review vol.84: pp.536-554.
1980. Kantian Constructivism in Moral Theory. Journal of Philosophy vol.77: pp.515-572.
1988. The Priority of Right and Ideals of the Good. Philosophy and Public Affairs vol.17: pp.251-276.
1993. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ruddick£¬ Sara.1987. Remarks on the Sexual Politics of Reason. In Women and Moral Theory£¬ ed. Eva Kittay and Diana Meyers. Totowa£¬ N.J.: Rowman & Allanheld.
Rustin£¬ Michael. 1991. Whose Rights of Citizenship? In Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.228-234.
Sedley£¬ Stephen. 1991. Charter 88: Wrongs and Rights. In Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.219-227.
Selbourne£¬ David. 1991. Who Would Be a Socialist Citizen? In Andrews. Citizenship. 1991£¬ pp.91-104.
Shkar£¬ Judith. 1991. American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values£¬ Vol.10 pp: 386-439.Cambridge£¬ Mass: Harvard University Press.
Sinopoli£¬ Richard. 1992. On Justice£¬ the Common Good and the Priority of Liberty. In Mouffe. Dimensions of Radical Democracy. pp.211-224.
Smith£¬ Rogers. 1993. American Conceptions of Citizenship and National Service. The Responsive Community vol.3: pp.14-27.
Taylor£¬ Charles. 1989. The Liberal-Communitarian Debate. In Liberalism and the Moral Life£¬ ed. N.Rosenbulm. Cambridge£¬ Mass: Harvard University Press.
1991. Shared and Divergent Values. In Options for a New Canada£¬ ed. R.L.Watts and D.G.Brown. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
1992a. Multculturalism and ¡°The Politics of Recognition¡±£¬ ed. Amy Gtmann.Princeton£¬ N.J.: Princeton University Press.
1992b. Quel Principe d¨@identit¨¦ collective. In L¨@Europe au soir du si¨¨cle:Identit¨¦ et d¨¨mocratie£¬ ed. Jacques Lenoble and Nicol Dewandre. Paris: ¨¦dition Esprit.
Turner£¬ Bryan. 1989. Outline of a Theory of Citizenship. Sociology vol.24: pp.189-217.
Van Dyke£¬ Vernon. 1985. Human Rights£¬ Ethnicity£¬ and Discrimination. Westport£¬ Conn.: Greenwood.
van Gunsteren£¬ Herman. 1978. Notes towards a Theory of Citizenship. In From Contract to Community£¬ ed. F.Dallmayr. New York: Marcel Decker.
1988. Admission to Citizenship. Ethics vol.98: pp731-741.
Vernon£¬ Richard. 1988. The Federal Citizen. In Perspectives On Canadian Federalism£¬ ed. R.D.Olling and M.Westmacott. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall.
Vincent£¬ Andrew£¬ and Plant£¬ R.1984. Philosophy£¬ Politics£¬ and Citizenship: The Life and Thought of British Idealists. Oxford: Blackwell.
Vogel£¬ Ursula£¬ and Moran£¬ Michael. 1991. The Frontiers of Citizenship. New York: St. Martin¡¯s Press.
1991. Is Citizenship Gender-Specific? In Vogel and Moran 1991.
Walzer£¬ Michael. 1982. Pluralism in Political Perspective. In The Politics of Ethnicity. Cambridge£¬ Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1989.Citizenship. In Political Innovation and Conceptual Change£¬ ed. T.Ball and J.Farr. Cambridge University Press.
1992. The Civil Society Argument. In Mouffe. Dimensions of Radical Democracy.
Wolin£¬ Sheldon. 1992. What Revolutionary Action Means Today. In Mouffe. Dimensions of Radical Democracy.
Young£¬ Iris Marion. 1989. Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship. Ethics vol.99: pp.250-274.
1990. Justice and the Politics of Difference. Princeton£¬ N.J: Princeton University Press.
×¢ ÊÍ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
±¾ÎĵķÒëµÃµ½ÁõÇæÀÏʦµÄϤÐÄÖ¸µ¼£¬Ôڴ˱íʾ³ÏÖ¿µÄлÒ⣡ÎÄÖеĴíÎóºÍç¢Â©Ö®´¦ÀíÓ¦ÓÉÒëÕß×Ô¼º¸ºÔð¡£
[¢Ù] °¢Ã×Î÷ÊÇÃÀÖÞµÄÒ»¸öµÂÒᲿÂä¡£ËûÃÇ»ù±¾±£³Ö×Å200¶àÄêǰµÂ¹úÅ©´åµÄ´«Í³Ï°Ë׺ÍÉú»î·½Ê½£¬¼á³Ö¼ÝÂí³µ¡¢²»Óõ硢×Ô¼º¸ûÖֵȡ£´ÓÆä´©×Å´ò°ç¡¢Éú»î·½Ê½µ½×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöÉõÖÁËûÃǵÄסËù¶¼¹¹³ÉÁ˶ÀÌØµÄÎÄ»¯¾°¹Û¡ª¡ªÒë×¢¡£
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] ÂÞ¶û˹˵£¬Éç»áµÄ¡°»ù±¾½á¹¹¡±ÊÇÕýÒåÀíÂÛµÄÊ×ÒªÖ÷Ì⣨Rawls 1993£¬µÚ257-289Ò³£©¡£
[2] Õâ¿ÉÒÔ½âÊͽüÀ´Õþ¸®¶Ô¸ÄÉÆ¹«ÃñÊôÐÔµÄÐËȤ£¨È磬Ӣ¹ú¹«ÃñίԱ»áµÄ¡¶´Ù½ø¹«ÃñÊôÐÔ¡·£¨1990£©£¬°Ä´óÀûÑDzÎÒéÔº°ä²¼µÄ¡¶»ý¼«¹«ÃñÊôÐÔÐÞÕý°¸¡·£¨1991£©£»¼ÓÄôó²ÎÒéÔº°ä²¼µÄ¡¶¼ÓÄôó¹«ÃñÊôÐÔ£º¹²µ£ÔðÈΡ·£¨1993£©¡£
[3] »¹ÓÐÒ»¸öÎÊÌâÎÒÃDz»ÌÖÂÛ£¬¼´ÒÆÃñÓë×ÔÈ»»¯Õþ²ß£¨È磬Brubaker 1989£»Van Gunsteren£¬1988£©¡£
[4] ÖØÓ¡ÓÚMarshall(1965)¡£¹ØÓÚ¹«Ãñ×ʸñÀúÊ·µÄÏêϸ½éÉÜ£¬¼ûHeater(1990)£¬Walzer£¨1989£©¡£
[5] ÈËÃǾ³£»á·¢ÏÖÓ¢¹úµÄÕâÖÖÀúÊ·ÊǶàôµØ¶ÀÌØ¡£ÔÚÐí¶àÅ·ÖÞ¹ú¼Ò£¬ÕâÒ»½ø³ÌµÄ´ó²¿·Ö½ö½öÔÚ¹ýȥʮÎåÄê²Å³öÏÖ£¬¶øÇÒͨ³£ÊÇÒÔÏà·´µÄ˳Ðò³öÏÖ¡£¼´Ê¹ÔÚÓ¢¹ú£¬ÀúÊ·Ò²Ö¤Ã÷¹«ÃñȨÀûµÄģʽÊǵøµ´Æð·üµÄ¶ø·ÇÏßÐԵģ¨Heater 1990£¬µÚ271Ò³£»Parry 1991£¬µÚ167Ò³£»Held 1989£¬µÚ193Ò³£»Turner£¬1989£©¡£
[6] µ±±»Îʼ°¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÒâζ×Åʲôʱ£¬ÈËÃÇ̸µÃ¸ü¶àµÄ¿ÉÄÜÊÇȨÀû¶ø²»ÊÇÔðÈΡ£ÕâÔÚÓ¢¹úºÍÃÀ¹úͬÑùÕýÈ·£¬¾¡¹ÜÓ¢¹úÈË»áÇ¿µ÷Éç»áȨÀû£¨È磬½ÓÊܹ«¹²½ÌÓýµÄȨÀûºÍÎÀÉú±£½¡µÄȨÀû£©£¬¶øÃÀ¹úÈËͨ³£Ç¿µ÷ÊÐÃñȨÀû£¨È磬ÑÔÂÛ×ÔÓÉÓë×Ú½Ì×ÔÓÉ£©£¨KingÓëWaldron 1988:ConoverµÈ£¬1991£¬µÚ804Ò³£©¡£¶Ô´ó¶àÊýÈ˶øÑÔ£¬ÕýÈçÃÀ¹ú×î¸ß·¨ÔºÔø¾Ö¸³öµÄÒ»Ñù£¬¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÊÇ¡°ÓµÓÐȨÀûµÄȨÀû¡±£¨¼ûTropËßDulles°¸£¬356 U.S.86£¬102[1958]£©¡£
[7] ÃÀ¹úÈ˱˴ËÖ®¼äÒÔ¼°¶ÔËûÃÇ×Ô¼º¶¼ÓÐÐí¶àÆÚÍû¡£Èç¹ûËûÃDZ»¿´×÷Éç»áµÄÍêÕû³ÉÔ±£¬ÄÇôÕâЩÆÚÍû¾Í±ØÐëµÃµ½Âú×ã¡£¹ØÓÚÕâÒ»µãµÄÖ¤¾Ý£¬¼ûMead£¨1986£¬µÚ243Ò³£©£»Shklar£¨1991£¬µÚ413Ò³£©£»Moon£¨1988£¬µÚ34-35Ò³£©£»Dworkin£¨1992£¬µÚ131Ò³£©¡£
[8] Fierlbeck 1991£¬µÚ579Ò³£»Hoover ÓëPlant 1988£¬µÚ12Õ¡£Ä³Ð©ÓÒÅÉÈËÊ¿ÒѾÈÏʶµ½´¿´âÒÔÊг¡Îª»ù´¡µÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¸ÅÄîËù´æÔÚµÄÕâÖÖΣÏÕ¡£ËûÃÇÊÔͼͨ¹ýÇ¿µ÷×ÔÔ¸Ö÷ÒåºÍ´ÈÉÆÊÂÒµÀ´²¹³äÕâÒ»¸ÅÄî¡£Ó¢¹ú±£Êص³¶Ô¹«ÃñÉí·Ý»¨ÑÔÇÉÓïµØÌÖÂÛ£¬¼ûFierlbeck 1991£¬µÚ589Ò³£»Andrews 1991£¬µÚ13Ò³£»Heater 1990£¬µÚ303Ò³¡£
[9] ÐÂÓÒÅÉÇ¿µ÷×ÔÁ¢£¬Õâ¾Í°ÑÅ®ÐÔÅ×ÈëË«ÖØÔ¼ÊøÖ®ÖС£Èç¹ûËýÃÇ´ôÔÚ¼ÒÀïÕÕ¹ËСº¢£¬¾Í»á±»Ö¸ÔðδÄÜÂÄÐÐ×ÔÁ¦¸üÉúµÄÒåÎñ£¬´Ó¶ø³ÉΪ²»¸ºÔðÈεĸ£ÀûĸÇ×£»Èç¹ûËýÃÇÊÔͼ×ÔıÉú·£¬ÄÇôÓÖ»áÓÐÈËÖ¸ÔðËýÃÇδÄܾ¡µ½¶Ô¼ÒÍ¥µÄÔðÈΡ£
[10] ×î½ü×óÅÉÔÚ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÎÊÌâÉϵÄÁíÍâÒ»¸öÖ÷ÌâÊÇÖÆ¶ÈÐÔȨÀûµÄÖØÒªÐÔÎÊÌâ¡£ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬×óÅÉͬ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄȨÀûµÄºÍ½â¡°ÊÇÎÒÃÇʱ´úµÄÒ»¸öÖ÷ÒªÀíÂÛÏÖÏó¡±£¨Philiips 1991b£¬µÚ13Ò³£»Andrews 1991£¬µÚ207-211Ò³£»Sedley 1991£¬µÚ226Ò³£©¡£
[11] ¿µµÂÈÏΪ¡£¡°¼´Ê¹¶ÔÓÚһȺ¶ñħ¶øÑÔ¡±£¬½¨Á¢ºÃÕþ¸®µÄÎÊÌâ¡°¶¼¿ÉÒԵõ½½â¾ö¡±£¨×ªÒý×ÔDalston 1991£¬µÚ215Ò³£©¡£µ±È»£¬ÓеÄ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÒ²ÈÏʶµ½Á˹«ÃñµÂÐԵıØÒªÐÔ£¬°üÀ¨Âå¿Ë¡¢ÃܶûÒÔ¼°Ó¢¹úΨÐÄÖ÷ÒåÕߣ¨¼ûVincentÓëPlant 1984£¬µÚÒ»Õ£©¡£Ò²¼ûCarens(1986)ºÍDeigh(1988)£¬ËûÃÇÈÏΪ£¬»ù±¾µÄ×ÔÓÉȨÀûÓëÔÔòΪÏ൱¹ã·ºµÄÉç»áÒåÎñÓëÔðÈε춨ÁË»ù´¡£¬ÕâЩÒåÎñ°üÀ¨³ä·Ö·¢»Ó×Ô¼º´ÏÃ÷²ÅÖǵÄÒåÎñ£¬ÂÄÐй«Ö°µÄÒåÎñ£¬²ÎÓë¹ú·ÀµÄÒåÎñ£¬Ñ¡¾ÙµÄÒåÎñÒÔ¼°±£»¤²¢½ÌÓý×ÓÅ®µÄÒåÎñ¡£
[12] ¸ù¾ÝÒ»·Ý×î½üµÄµ÷²é£¬½öÓÐ12%µÄÃÀ¹úÇàÉÙÄêÈÏΪѡ¾Ù¶ÔÓÚ×öÒ»¸öºÃ¹«Ãñ¶øÑÔÊÇÖØÒªµÄ¡£¶øÇÒ£¬ÕâÖÖÀäÄ®»¹²»½ö½öÊÇÄêÇáÈ˵Ä×÷Ó᣽«ÕâÒ»µ÷²éÓëÁíÒ»Ïî¸ù¾ÝǰÎåÊ®ÄêµÄÇé¿öËù×öµÄÏàËÆµÄµ÷²é×÷Ò»¶Ô±È£¬½á¹û±íÃ÷¡°ÏÖÔÚµÄÈ˱ȹýÈ¥ÎåÊ®ÄêÖÐÈκÎʱºòµÄÄêÇáÈ˶¼ÖªµÀµÃÉÙ¡¢¹ØÐĵÃÉÙ¡¢¸üÉٵزÎÓëÑ¡¾Ù£¬¶ÔÁìÐäºÍÖÆ¶È¸üÉÙÅúÅÐÐÔ¡±£¨Galston 1991£¬µÚ129Ò³£©¡£À´×ÔÓ¢¹úµÄÖ¤¾ÝÒ²Óë´ËÏàËÆ£¨Heater 1990£¬µÚ215Ò³£©¡£
[13]¹ØÓÚÃñÖ÷³ÌÐòÓëÉç»á×¢ÒâÄ¿±êֻһϵÁÐDZÔڵijåÍ»£¬¼ûArneson£¨1992£¬µÚ488-492Ò³£©¡£ÕýÈçµÂÎÖ½ðËùÖ¸³ö£¬´æÔÚÒ»ÖÖ°ÑÃñÖ÷±äΪ¡°Ò»¸öºÚ¶´¡±µÄΣÏÕ£¬¡°ÔÚÆäÖУ¬ËùÓÐÕþÖεÂÐÔ¶¼±ÀÀ£ÁË¡±£¨Dworkin 1992£¬µÚ132Ò³£©¡£
[14] ¼¸Ê®ÄêÀ´£¬×óÅÉÒ»Ö±ºöÊÓÁËÐí¶àÕâÑùµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÒòΪËûÃÇÈÏΪ¶Ô¹«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄ¹Ø×¢ÊÇÒ»ÖÖ×ʲú½×¼¶ÒâʶÐÎ̬£¬Ö»ÓС°Íâ¹úÈË¡±²ÅÉæ¼°µ½¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÎÊÌ⣨Selbourne 1991£¬µÚ94Ò³£»Van Gunsteren 1978£¬µÚ9Ò³£»Dietz 1992£¬µÚ70Ò³£»Wolin 1992£¬µÚ241Ò³£»Andrews 1991£¬µÚ13Ò³£©¡£
[15] ¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÕߺÜÉÙÏêϸµØÎªÆä¼ÛÖµ¹Û×÷±ç»¤¡£È磬ÔÚÐû³ÆÕþÖÎÉú»îÊÇ¡°¶àÊýÈËËù¿ÊÍûµÄÈËÀ๲´æµÄ×î¸ßÐÎʽ¡±ºó£¬Å·µÂ·Ñ¶ûµÂ¼ÌÐøËµ£¬¡°ÎÒ²»»áΪÕâÒ»µÀµÂ¹Ûµã×÷ÂÛÖ¤¡£ÔÚÈκÎÒ»ÖÖ¹«Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåµÄ×ÊÁÏÖУ¬Ëü¶¼µÃµ½Á˶à´ÎµÄÂÛÖ¤¡£¡±£¨Oldfield 1990a£¬µÚ6Ò³£©µ«ÊÇÐí¶àÅúÆÀÕßÒѾָ³ö£¬ÕâЩÔçÆÚµÄ±ç»¤ÒÀÀµÓÚ¶Ô¸¾Å®µÄÐÔ±ðÆçÊӺͶÔ˽ÈËÁìÓòµÄ±áµÍ£¨ÈçVogel 1991£¬µÚ68Ò³£»Young 1989£¬µÚ253Ò³£»Phillips 1991b£¬µÚ49Ò³£©£¬»òÕßÒÀÀµÓÚÖÖ×åÅÅÍâÖ÷Ò壨Habermas 1992£¬µÚ8Ò³£©¡£Ë¹½ðÄÉÈÏΪ£¬¾¡¹ÜÕþÖβÎÓë¶Ô´ó¶àÊýÈ˶øÑÔÖ»ÓÐ×÷ΪÊֶεļÛÖµ£¬µ«ÊÇÎÒÃDZØÐëʹ¹«Ãñ°ÑËü¿´×÷ÊǾßÓÐÄÚÔÚ¼ÛÖµ£¬·ñÔòËûÃǽ«¾Êܲ»ÆðÀ´×ÔÄÚ²¿»òÍⲿµÄ¶ÔÃñÖ÷µÄÍþв£¨Skinner 1992£¬µÚ219-221Ò³£©¡£¹ØÓÚ¹²ºÍÖ÷ÒåÕßÔÚÉÆµÄ¹ÛÄîÉÏÓë×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÖ®¼äµÄ¹ØÏµµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬¼ûDworkin£¨1989£¬µÚ499-504Ò³£©£¬Taylor£¨1989£¬µÚ177-181Ò³£©£»Hill£¨1993£¬µÚ163-171Ò³£©¡£
[16] ¶øÇÒ£¬¼´Ê¹ÊÇÖØ½¨¹ýµÄÍÅÌ壬ÎÒÃÇÒ²ºÜÄÑ·¢ÏÖËüÃǾÍÄܹ»½Ì»áÒ»¸öÈË×÷Ϊ¹«ÃñËù²»¿ÉȱÉٵĵÂÐÔ£¬¼´¹²Í¬Éí·ÝºÍÄ¿µÄ¸Ð£¨Phillips 1991b£¬µÚ117-118Ò³£©¡£ÎÒÃǽ«ÔÚµÚËĽÚÌÖÂÛÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£
[17] ¼ûAudiÔÚ¡°ÊÀË×¶¯»úÔÔò¡±£¨principle of secular motivation£©ÖеÄÌÖÂÛ£¨1989£¬µÚ284Ò³£©¡£
[18] Õâ¿ÉÒÔ˵Ã÷ΪʲôÈËÃÇ»áÎó½â¹«ÃñÉç»áÀíÂÛ¼Ò£¬ÒÔΪËûÃÇÈÏΪÁ¼ºÃµÄ¹«ÃñÊôÐÔ¿ÉÒÔµì»ùÓÚ´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏ˵ÊôÓÚ˽ÈËÁìÓòµÄµÂÐÔ¡£ÔÚ˽ÈËÁìÓòÖУ¬ÕþÖÎÌÖÂÛÖÐÄÇÖÖ·ûºÏ¹«¹²ÀíÐÔµÄÒªÇóÊDz»±ØÒªµÄ£¬Ò²²»ÊÜÈË»¶Ó¡£ÒªÇó½ÌͽÔÚ¾ö¶¨½Ì»áµÄÔËÐÐʱ²»ÄÜÇóÖúÓÚÊ¥¾ÊÇ»ÄÌÆµÄ¡£
[19] ¹«Á¢Ñ§Ð£²»½öͨ¹ý¿Î³ÌÀ´ÅàÑøÕâЩµÂÐÔ£¬¶øÇÒ»¹¡°Í¨¹ýÈÃѧÉú×øÔÚ×ùλÉÏ£¨Ó벻ͬÖÖ×åÓë×Ú½ÌÐÅÑöµÄͬѧÏàÁÚ£©£¬·¢ÑÔÏȾÙÊÖ£¬°´Ê±½»×÷Òµ¡¡ÔÚ²Ù³¡ÉÏÒª¼þÔ˶¯¹æÔòµÈ·½Ê½¡±£¨Gutmann 1987£¬µÚ53Ò³£©¡£
[20] ¹ØÓÚ¡°½÷É÷µØ¡±´Ù½ø¹«ÃñÊôÐÔµÄÆäËü˵Ã÷£¬¼ûHabermas£¨1992£¬µÚ6-7Ò³£©£¬Hill£¨1993£©ÒÔ¼°Rawls£¨1993£¬µÚ216-220Ò³£©¡£
[21] ÀýÈ磬IJ·Æ¾ÍÅúÆÀ×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò壬ÒòΪËü¡°³ÂÊö¸öÈËËù³ÖÓеķ´¶Ô¹ú¼ÒµÄȨÀûµÄͬʱ¡±£¬°Ñ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý½ö½ö¹é½áΪ¡°·¨ÂɵØÎ»¡±£¨Mouffe 1992b£¬µÚ227Ò³£©¡£ËýÊÔͼ¡°Öؽ¨Â×ÀíѧÓëÕþÖÎѧ֮¼äÒѾʧȥµÄÁªÏµ¡±£¬Í¨¹ý½«¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÀí½âΪһÖÖ¡°²úÉúÓÚ¶Ô¹²ºÍ¹úµÄÖ§³ÖµÄÕþÖÎÉí·Ý¡±£¨µÚ230Ò³£©¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬¶ÔÓÚÈçºÎ´Ù½ø»ò¼¤·¢ÆðÕâÖÖ³öÓÚ¹«Ò澫ÉñµÄ²ÎÓ룬ËýûÓÐÌá³öÈκν¨Òé¡£Ó빫Ãñ¹²ºÍÖ÷Ò岻ͬ£¬ËýÈÏΪ¹«Ãñ±ØÐë×ÔÓɵØÑ¡Ôñ²»¸øÓèÆäÕþÖλÒÔÓÅÏÈÐÔ¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ëý¶Ô×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄÅúÆÀËÆºõ¿ÉÒÔ»¹ÔΪÏÂÊöÂÛ¶Ï£º×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßËùºÁ²»ÓÌÔ¥µØ½ÓÊܵÄ×÷Ϊ·¨ÂɵØÎ»µÄ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¹ÛÄî²¢²»Ç¡µ±¡£Ðí¶à¶Ô×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò幫Ãñ¹ÛµÄÅúÆÀÓëÕâ¸öÎÞÖªµÄÂÛ¶ÏûÓÐʲô²»Í¬¡£
[22] ÊÂʵÉÏ£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔÔÚ1950 Äê´úµÄÕþÖÎÉç»á¼ÒÖÐÉõÖÁÔÚÍпËά¶ûÄÇÀïÕÒµ½¶ÔÕþÖÎÀäÄ®ÏàËÆµÄµ£ÓÇ¡£
[23] ¹ØÓÚ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý¡°ÕûºÏ¹¦ÄÜ¡±µÄÌÖÂÛ£¬¼ûBarbalet£¨1988£¬µÚ93Ò³£©¡£
[24] ¹ØÓÚµ±Ç°µÄ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÊÇÈçºÎ¡°¸ù¾ÝÄÐÐÔµÄÌØµã¡¢ÄÜÁ¦Óë»î¶¯±»½¨¹¹ÆðÀ´µÄ¡±£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚ¸¾Å®Ö»ÄÜ×÷Ϊ¡°¶þµÈ¹«Ãñ¡±¶øÏíÓй«ÃñÉí·Ý£¬Ò²¼ûÅäÌØÂüµÄÌÖÂÛ£¨Pateman 1988£¬µÚ252-253Ò³£»²ÎÔÄJames 1992£¬µÚ52-55Ò³£»Pateman 1992£©¡£
[25] ÅúÆÀÕß·´¶Ô²îÒìÐÔ¹«ÃñÉí·Ý£¬ÈÏΪËü¢ÙÎ¥±³ÁËÆ½µÈ¡£ÒòΪËüÔÚȺÌå³ÉÔ±Éí·ÝµÄ»ù´¡ÉÏÊÚȨ¸øÒ»Ð©È˶ø²»¸øÆäËûÈË£¬Õâ¾Í½¨Á¢ÆðÒ»Öֵȼ¶ÖÆ£¬ÔÚÕâÖֵȼ¶ÖÆÖУ¬Ò»Ð©¹«Ãñ±È±ðµÄ¹«Ãñ¡°¸üƽµÈ¡±£»¢ÚÎ¥±³ÁË×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄÖÐÁ¢ÐÔ¡£¹ú¼ÒÔÚÎÄ»¯ÎÊÌâÉϵÄ×÷ÓÃÓ¦¸ÃÕâÏÞÓÚά»¤Ò»¸ö¹«Æ½µÄÎÄ»¯Êг¡£»¢ÛÊÇר¶ÏµÄ¡£²¢Ã»ÓÐÔÔòÐÔ°ì·¨¾ö¶¨ÄÄЩȺÌåÓÐȨµÃµ½²îÒìÐÔµØÎ»¡£¶ÔÕâЩ·´¶ÔÒâ¼ûµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬¼ûGlazer£¨1983£©£¬Taylor£¨1991£»1992a£¬µÚ51-61Ò³£©£¬Hindess£¨1993£©£¬Kymlicka£¨1989£¬1991£©£¬Phillips£¨1992£©ÒÔ¼°Van Dyke£¨1985£©¡£
[26] ÑîÈÏΪ£¬¡°Ò»µ©ÎÒÃÇÇå³þȺÌå´ú±íÔÔòÖ»ÊÊÓÃÓÚÊÜÑ¹ÖÆµÄÉç»áȺÌ壬ÎÒÃǾͲ»±Øº¦ÅÂȺÌå´ú±í»á²»ÇÐʵ¼ÊµØ¼¤ÔöÁË¡£¡±£¨Young 1990£¬µÚ187Ò³£©È»¶ø£¬ËýËùÁгöµÄÊÜÑ¹ÖÆÈºÌåÈ´Õ¼ÁË×ÜÈ˿ڵÄ80%¡£Ëý˵£¬¡°ÔÚµ±½ñÃÀ¹ú£¬ÖÁÉÙÏÂÁÐȺÌåÒÔÒ»ÖÖ»ò¶àÖÖ·½Ê½Êܵ½Ñ¹ÖÆ£º¸¾Å®¡¢ºÚÈË¡¢ÃÀÖÞ±¾ÍÁ¾ÓÃñ¡¢Ä«Î÷¸çÒáÃÀ¹úÈË¡¢²¨¶àÀè¸÷ÈË¡¢ÒÔ¼°ÆäËû˵Î÷°àÑÀÓïµÄÃÀ¹úÈË¡¢ÑÇÒáÃÀ¹úÈË¡¢Í¬ÐÔÁµÈºÌå¡¢ÀͶ¯ÈËÃñ¡¢ÇîÈË¡¢ÀÏÈËÒÔ¼°ÖÇÁ¦ÉÏ»òÉíÌåÉÏÓвм²µÄÈË¡£¡±£¨Young 1989£¬µÚ216Ò³£©¼òµ¥µØËµ£¬³ýÁ˽¡¿µ¡¢Ïà¶Ô¸»ÓжøÓÖÄêÇáµÄÒìÐÔÁµÄÐÐÔ°×ÈË£¬Ã¿Ò»¸öÈ˶¼Êܵ½ÁËÑ¹ÖÆ¡£¼´±ãÕæµÄÈç´Ë£¬ÓÉÓÚÿһ¸öÕâÑùµÄȺÌåÖл¹ÓÐÐí¶àÑÇȺÌ壬ËûÃÇÒ²¿ÉÄÜ»áÒªÇó×Ô¼ºµÄȨÀû£¬Òò´ËÎÒÃǺÜÄÑ·¢ÏÖÕâÒ»±ê×¼ÈçºÎÄܹ»±ÜÃâ¶Ô´ú±íµÄÒªÇó¡°²»ÇÐʵ¼ÊµÄ¼¤Ôö¡±¡£±ÈÈ磬ÔÚÓ¢¹ú£¬¡°¡®ºÚÈË¡¯ÕâÒ»×ÜÀ¨ÐÔ¸ÅÄîËùÖ¸µÄÈËȺºÜ¿ì¾Í·ÖÀë³öÑÇÖÞºÚÈËȺÌåºÍ¼ÓÀձȺÚÈËȺÌ壬½Ó×ÅÓÖ¸üϸ΢µØ·ÖÀë³ö¸÷ÖÖÃñ×åȺÌå¡£ÔÚÕâÖÖÇé¿öÏ£¬Ê²Ã´²ÅËã×ö¡®Ç¡µ±µÄ¡¯Ãñ×å´ú±í£¿¡±£¨Phillips 1992£¬µÚ89Ò³£©È»¶ø£¬Ðí¶àÕþµ³ºÍ¹¤»á¶¼³ÐÈÏÁËÌØÊâµÄȺÌå´ú±íÖÆ¶øÃ»ÓÐÒýÆðÒªÇóÓëÔ¹ºÞµÄ¼±¾çÉÏÉý£¨Young 1989£¬µÚ187-189Ò³£©¡£
[27] ¡°¼¸ºõûÓа취ȷ¶¨Ã¿Ò»¸öȺÌå¸÷×ÔÐèҪʲô¡¡µ£¸ºÔðÈεÄÎÊÌâÊÇ´ú±íÖÆµÄÁíÍâÒ»¸öÎÊÌâ¡£ÔÚȱ·¦³ÌÐòȥȷ¶¨Ã¿Ò»¸öȺÌå¸÷×ÔÐèҪЩʲô¡¢ÏëЩʲôµÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ì¸ÂÛËûÃǵÄÕþÖδú±íÎÊÌâÊÇûÓÐÓõġ£ÔÚȱ·¦ÔðÈεÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Ò²ÐíÐÉÌÖÆ±È´ú±íÖÆ¸üÊʺϡ£ [28] ÕâÓë¼ÓÄôóÐí¶àÍÁÖøÈºÌ岻ͬ¡£×÷ΪÆä×ÔÖεÄÒ»²¿·Ö£¬ÕâЩȺÌåÒ»Ö±ÊÔͼ½«»Ê¼ÒÆï¾¯¶Ó¸Ï³öÆä¶¨¾ÓµØ£¬²¢Óñ¾µØµÄ¾¯²ìÁ¦Á¿È¡´úËü¡£µ±È»£¬¶àÔªÎÄ»¯È¨ÀûµÄÒªÇóÒ²¿ÉÄܲÉÈ¡Í˳öÖ÷Á÷Éç»áµÄÐÎʽ£¬´Ó¸ù±¾ÉÏ˵£¬×Ú½ÌÅɱð±ÈÖÖ×åȺÌå¸üÓпÉÄܲÉÈ¡ÕâÖÖÐÎʽ£¬Èç°¢Ã×Î÷ÈË¡£
[29] ¶øÇÒ£¬¶àÔªÎÄ»¯µÄÒªÇóÒ²²»¿ÉÄܾçÔö£¬ÒòΪËüͨ³£Éæ¼°µ½¶àÊýÅÉͳÖÎÓëÉÙÊýÅɵÄ×ڽ̻֮¼äÎÞÒâµÄ³åÍ»ÕâÖÖÃ÷ÏÔ¶ø¾ßÌåµÄÇé¿ö¡£ÓÉÓÚÊÜÑ¹ÖÆ±¾Éí¶ÔÓÚÒªÇóÕâЩȨÀû¶øÑԼȲ»ÊDZØÒªµÄ£¬Ò²²»Êdzä·ÖµÄ£¬ËüÃǾͲ»¿ÉÄÜ´Ù½øÔ¹ºÞÕþÖΡ£ [30] µ±È»£¬Èç¹ûÒ»¸öȺÌåÒªÇóʵ¼ùÆä×ڽ̻òÎÄ»¯Ï°¹ß£¬µ«ÕâÈ´»áÇÖº¦Æä³ÉÔ±µÄ»ù±¾È¨Àû£¬ÄÇô×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕßÊDz»»á½ÓÊÜÕâÖÖÒªÇóµÄ£¨È磬ÒõµÙÇгý£¬Èí½û£©¡£Çø·Ö¿ªÁ½ÖÖȺÌåȨÀûÊǺÜÖØÒªµÄ£¬ÎÒÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ³ÆÖ®Îª¡°ÈºÌåÄÚ²¿È¨Àû¡±Ó롰ȺÌåÍⲿȨÀû¡±¡£ÄÚ²¿È¨ÀûÊÇÒ»¸öȺÌåÕë¶ÔÆä³ÉÔ±µÄȨÀû£¬ÓÃÀ´Ç¿ÖÆÈºÌå³ÉÔ±×ñÊØ´«Í³Ï°Ë×»òȨÍþ¡£ÍⲿȨÀûÊÇȺÌåÕë¶ÔÒ»¸ö¸ü´óÉç»áµÄȨÀû£¬ÓÃÀ´·´¶ÔÔÚÎÄ»¯Í¬»¯ÉÏÀ´×ÔȺÌåÍⲿµÄ¾¼ÃÓëÕþÖÎѹÁ¦¡£ÔÚÎ÷·½ÃñÖ÷ÖУ¬²îÒìÐÔȺÌåȨÀû¼¸ºõ×ÜÊÇÍⲿȨÀû£¬ÒòΪÄÚ²¿È¨ÀûÓë×ÔÓÉÃñÖ÷µÄ¹æ·¶Ã÷ÏÔ²»Ò»Ö¡£¼ûKukathas£¨1992£©¼°Kymlicka£¨1992£©µÄ»ØÓ¦¡£
[31] ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ£¬¹ú¼Ò²»¿É±ÜÃâµØÒª¹«¿ªµØ³ÐÈÏÌØÊâµÄȺÌåÉí·Ý¡£±Ï¾¹£¬Õþ¸®±ØÐë¾ö¶¨ÄÄÖÖÓïÑÔ½«×÷ΪѧУ¡¢·¨Í¥ÓëÁ¢·¨»ú¹¹µÄ¹Ù·½ÓïÑÔ¡£
[32] ¶ÔÂÛÊöÁª°îÖ÷ÒåµÄÕÜÑ§Öø×÷Ëù×öµÄ×ÛÊö£¬¼ûNorman£¨1993b£©¡£
[33] Èç¹ûÕþ¸®ÏëÓù«ÃñÉí·ÝÈÏͬȥ´Ù½øÃñ×åͳһ£¬¾Í±ØÐë²»½öʹ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÓë¶ÔÕýÒåÔÔòµÄ½ÓÊÜÏà·û£¬¶øÇÒÓëÊÜÇé¸ÐÓ°ÏìµÄÉí·Ý¸Ðе÷Ò»Ö£¬ÕâÐèÒªÀûÓÃһЩ¹²ÏíµÄ·ûºÅ»òÀúÊ·Éñ»°¡£¶ÔÕâÖÖ²ßÂÔµÄÌÖÂÛ£¬¼ûNorman(1993a)¡£
[34] Å·ÖÞµÄÕÜѧ¼ÒÈÕÒæÃæÁÙÕâЩÀ§¾³£¬ÒòΪËûÃÇÊÔͼÀí½âÅ·¹²ÌåµÄ±¾ÖÊÒÔËüËùÒªÇóµÄ¹«ÃñÉí·ÝÐÎʽ¡£¹þ±´Âí˹¼°Æä×·ËæÕßÈÏΪ£¬Å·ÖÞµÄͳһ²»Äܽ¨Á¢ÔÚ×÷ΪÃñ×å¹ú¼ÒµäÐÍÌØÕ÷µÄ¹²Í¬´«Í³¡¢ÎÄ»¯ÓëÓïÑԵĻù´¡ÉÏ¡£Ïà·´£¬Å·Ö޵Ĺ«ÃñÉí·Ý±ØÐëµì»ùÓÚÒÔ¹²Í¬µÄÕýÒåÓëÃñÖ÷ÔÔòΪ»ù´¡µÄ¡°ºóÃñ×åµÄ¡±ÏÜ·¨ÐÔ°®¹úÖ÷Ò壨constitutional patriotism£©Ö®ÉÏ£¨Habermas 1992£»Berten 1992£»Ferry 1992£©¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÐÈËÈ´ÈÏΪÕâÑùÒ»¸öͳһµÄ»ù´¡Ì«¡°µ¥±¡¡±ÁË¡£ÕýÈçÌ©ÀÕËùÖ¸³ö£¬¼´Ê¹ÊµÐÐÏÜ·¨ÐÔ°®¹úÖ÷Òå×î³É¹¦µÄ¹ú¼Ò£¨Èç·¨¹úºÍÃÀ¹ú£©Ò²ÐèҪһЩÃñ×å¹ú¼ÒµÄÍâÔÚ±êÖ¾£¬°üÀ¨½¨¹ú´«Ëµ¡¢Ãñ×åµÄÏóÕ÷¡¢ÔÚÀúÊ·ÉϾßÓаëÃñ×å³ÉÔ±Éí·ÝµÄÀíÏëÈËÎTaylor 1992b£¬µÚ61Ò³£»²ÎÔÄLenoble 1992£»Smith 1993£©¡£Ì©ÀÕÈÏΪ£¬ÕÜѧ¼ÒÃDz»Ó¦¸ÃÈ¥¹æ¶¨Ê²Ã´ÊǺϷ¨µÄ»òÄÜΪÈ˽ÓÊܵĹ«ÃñÉí·ÝµÄÏÈÑ飨a prior£©ÐÎʽ£¬¶øÓ¦¸ÃȥѰÕÒ¶ÔÈËÃñ×Ô¼º¶øÑÔ¾ßÓÐÖØÒªÒâÒåµÄÉí·ÝÐÎʽ£¨Taylor 1992b£¬µÚ65Ò³£»Berten 1992£¬µÚ64Ò³£©¡£
£¨´ËÎÄ·¢±íÓÚÐí¼ÍÁØÖ÷±à¡¶ÖªÊ¶·Ö×ÓÂÛ´Ô¡·£¨µÚ2¼£©¡¶¹²ºÍ¡¢ÉçȺÓ빫Ãñ¡·£¬½ËÕÈËÃñ³ö°æÉ磬2004Äê1Ô¡££©