ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

 

˾ýĸӹϵ򵥹ϵ

һ

Ҫý˾ϵΪ漰ҪֵijͻһָӵĹϵǶһּ򵥵Ĺϵý˾Ĺϵ˾Ĺϵһģýල˾ĹӦͨˣͨһýԶ˾дýΪۣ˾ͨijƺͶýԶͨͨƴﵽֹڼӰ˾Ժͱ˫Ŀġ˾ýijЩǷ񹫿ιʱӦýҪ֤Ȩ͸Ȩһ̶Ͽֲڵļ飻ýͨԼıӰIJþͨȥѨλУý˾һϵ

ؼʣ˾ ӹϵ 򵥹ϵ

The complex and simple relationship between media and justice

GAO Yi-fei

(Southwest University of Political Science and LawChongqing 400031China)

Abstract: The relationship between media and judicial independence is complex because the two are the equal important values in a democratic society; but the relationship also is simple, because the media is equal to the normal citizens on the on the freedom of speech. As the normal citizens, the media can communicate (report) the case and comment on the justice, and the judicial system protect the case from the passion of the citizens and guard the other social goodness by a good judicial procedure and the limitation to the media as long as to the normal citizens. When the conflict between media and justice happens, the media have the right of appeal.

Key words: Judicial independence, Freedom of speech, Complex relationship, Simple relationship.

Ϊ˾Ҫ󷨹侲Եҹһ棬˳˾巨Ժԡ֪ͨʽɱý󣬷ԺȴΪȻΪûзȷԺýʲôһ棬ý˾ۣΪ ۲ӦԷԺЧͷƷ㡱[1]ЩýҲȨǶȻָý屨øԤУǷι֮ɡ[2]Դָý岻ܶ԰о෴ıۡԺġ֪ͨЩ߶ý˾ϵϣò֮䣬ʵһ󵼣ж֮£ҪýۼලȨʵϣɺ˾ĹʹԼ׼ǣýֻҪɵһ淶κʱ򶼿Խ˾෴Ķۣ˾Ҫýļ˾ԵӰ죬ⲻͨýIJͬڹ˵رʵֵģͨ˾ơýμͥʱڷͥ¼¼ʵ֡ˣý˾ijͻֵּҪһָӵĹϵýල˾Ȩȷı׼һּ򵥵Ĺϵ ý˾Ĺϵϣý˾ϵ׼[3]һҪġֲΪйѧϤĹ׼ɹʷѧЭ˾ʦķּڸݹԼľ͡ý˾ϵļ.1994818ա20գڹʷѧЭ˾ʦĵټ֮ 40صĽܳķѧҺýۣý1985Ϲ˾ȷ˾֮Ĺϵϵͳ淶˾ϵĹ ӹԼĹʹԼҲûдʲôµĹ淶ݣǶѾеĹԼݵͽ֮͡ҪͣΪʹԼвûרԡ˾ý塱ݣ˾ɵȹȨĹ涨С׼Ľ棬һýڶ˾беľݣָ˾ýʲôƣǿ˾ʵýȨijƣǿýԲݺͱʽ¼¼񣩵ȨӹԼȻʽĹʹԼȴǶԹʹԼȨ֮ͣͨΪ׼編ɴͨһжԸ˾ָáǹʹһ֣ҲǹʷҪԨԴڹʹԼǿ˵빫Լͬ塣 Ҷ˾ýϵľ忼Ǹݡ򡷵ľеġ

һ˾ýĸӹϵҪֵijͻ
ȨȨʹԼ14һȷ˾ԭ򡣹涨еڷͥͲǰһƽȡжκκָػȷһϰеȨʱʸһĺϸġĺƫеķͥйĺ͹ѶϸĴ߼˵ΪӦǰģһӡر𱻷ǿڹҪ塣ȻýĹ ִһȨЩأݡȨȨʹԼ19һȨţܸ档ɷȨȨѰ󡢽ܺʹݸϢ˼ɣ۹磬Ҳۿͷġдġӡˢġȡʽġͨѡκý顣һҪΪᣬӦöԹ˼и߶ȱýDZֽ־鼮ֲᡢӰӣ½硣

ɵĻǹڵ֪ȨɱɵϢˣҲȨӱõϢΪ֪ҪලĻ͸˵ɵýDZġý˾ĹϵԴͳһ

һ˾Ĺ֮һάȨΪڵһԱߣܵɵʱҲѰ˾İΪһֶȨ˾Ҳе鹫ȨǷ񱻹һְַ𡣡ý˾ϵ׼ڵоָýDZɵһ֣ʵзεĻٵdzϺʵɣ÷ʱɵĽֻܸ͡ݡȨȨʹԼʾȨܶýơ

ǹ˾һҪdz򹫿ζҲӦý幫ýĹۣ˾һҪݺʽҲǿ˾ĺͼǿãԣ˾ҲҪý壬ܴﵽ

ͳһЭ׺ͼ򵥵飬Ҳһ־ԵȨҲҪҰȫ򡢹ڵĽ£˵˽ܵơĸӦʲôʱܵʲôơ

˾ͼ˾̵ĹԱijȨijһܹ[4]ˣ˾ý彨Ĺϵܵ˵Ǻгij̶ֳϵĶԿͽšô˾ľеӦȥֶԿĹϵأ

׼ڶߵĹϵرָ˾ܰᡶȨȨʹԼ涨Ȩֻи1984ڹȨȨʹԼƵ˹ɳԼ[5]ܶԹȨȨʹԼĹ涨б롣

ҹûȷʱ˾ԭ򣬵ȷԺʹȨԺʹȨԭҹܷͬҲ涨ۡȨԹһصļලȨ͹顢ߡظ桢Ȩͬͨýලһʽʵ֡ǣ˾ȨȨìܵʱ˾ؿԶýЩƣʽķûġϸľԺԺʽ˾УֻԺ1999ġԺϸִйƶȵɹ涨19993ţ¼ơɹ涨1011漰ýͥɷñ⡣顢صְΪινýļලû˾͵Ĺ涨ˣҹͬ˹˾Ȩ빫Ȩ֮ĸӹϵ˾Ȩ빫Ȩìܵʱ˾ηֹڼӰԲУ˾ԶýЩƣڼӰ˰ĹָδɣЩǸӵĹϵ ˾ýļ򵥹ϵ˾ලýͨĴ
ý˾Ĺϵļ֮ڣ˾ýƣܳͨƣ˾ý岻жͨƣ򵥵˵ǣý˾ļලȨͨĴ˾Ϊʲôýı۵ͨͬرƣ

һΪڵļ鲻ܳΪý屨˾ɡýDZɵһ֣ʵзεĻýɸ˾Ȩ䱾ǹȨڹȨýмල˾ȨԪϣ֮һķ˹ܷѷйһΪԣԭΪİ˾ȨڵĹ----עûбֽбֽҲκγɵѡߡ

[6]Ƕ˾ȻҪֵ߽ƽʱӦǷڵһλġ

Ϊ˾ԭýرƣ˾ý岻ۺͱⷶΧֵijͻ⣬ʵͻĻкࣺܶܶԡЧʡȨȵȣΪǿһֵҪԶһĺϷҪ󣨱ܡ˽Ⱥȣ֮⣬ġڼ顱ӰӷΧ϶ijһܱ۵رƣΪɵɾͻᱻ潫ᵽ⵱Ȼ˵˾ҪӰ죬˵ͨɴﵽӰĿġ

ΪýɲӦܵʽƣͨþۻԻʽǽýбﲻӦ𡣱ִһȨЩأݡȨȨʹԼ19һȨţܸ档ɷȨȨѰ󡢽ܺʹݸϢ˼ɣ۹磬Ҳۿͷġдġӡˢġȡʽġͨѡκý顣ڶ涨ȨʹΣ˵ijЩƣЩֻӦɷɹ涨Ϊ裺 ()˵Ȩ ()ϹҰȫ򹫹򣬻򹫹¡һҪΪᣬӦöԹ˼и߶ȱýDZֽ־鼮ֲᡢӰӣ½硣

ųDZɵһִ֣ᣬҲDZɵҪʽɳͨͨѶ̸ۡ⣬㷺ǽýʵ֡Լر涨ʹЩʱ۹磬Ҳۿͷġдġӡˢġȡʽġͨѡκý顣ý顱Ӧ磬ǵѸ١ЧĴý顣ɡɾôýʵֵĽɡΪƶȻʯּܷάɵʮȨ(Bill of Rights)Dz179113ݵ׼ġеĵһȷýȨżȻܷһ(First Amendment)һι涨᲻ƶйķɣabridge[7]ɻųɣݡܷ롶ȨĿǿֶͨDZֽСӡڹ˼۵ý塣ˣһʹ"ų"ˣܷһᵽfreedom of the press ָɣfreedom of the press ָɡfreedom of the expressionʾ[8]

ɵĻǹڵ֪ȨɱɵϢˣҲȨӱõϢΪ֪ҪලĻ͸˵ɵýDZġŷȨԺ˵ȨõϢ˼룬ýӦ䵱ڵĿŹ[9]˾˵ֻý˽˾Ḷ́ܽ˾κġˣýֻͨɵĹߺʽûɶý۱ʽرơ ɲӦʽϵơһŵᣬһܹͨϢ൱ܹͨý˿ţ˾ûбҪýرơ1979Smith v. Maryland[10]оָԴκι˾ȡ绰Ϊ˸˽Ϊκ˵ĵ绰ǻͨ˴ģKates[11]Сʧܵѡ ԭʹͨ˵绰벻ҪˣͨҲܼΪŵԣѾ˵ϢΪܡˣֻҪǵ绰룬Ӧǿκ֪Ծӵ绰˾õ绰룬˾ϲѯй¶˽ͬһ˵ĵ绰ṩκý幫Ҳֻǵ⣬ΥԺûݵͨԹϢڡʧܵѡ ԭζйڹȻҲζýԱ

ý˾Ϊб֣ӡý˾ϵ׼򡷵Ĺ涨˾ýƣܵ˵ǶýرƣǶйơ׼Ľͣ˾ý壨Ͷͨ񣩵ƾ˵ ڰĵСݡý˾ϵ׼򡷹涨ýȨռ͵鹫Ϣ˾ۡûҪЩݲܽе飬ԣýֻǣɷʱⲻܹIJϣýͬý岻ܲ÷ǷȡܣܹİýҲûȨμӣԲľýȻ飬ǿвμӶӰ취ͥģΥַܹһܺҷͥΪصĹɷýжȨ¼пʹõĵ鷽ͬ˾Ϊý˾ĶȨ¼ĵȨͬģ˵ֻӦ棺һֻɹùȨǿʹõȨý岻ʹǶڱȷΪܻ򱣻߼ֵijϢӦΪýĶ ڰСý˾ϵ򡷵1涨ýȨڲƶԭǰ£ǰкİۡ кýۣ׼򼸺رƣǰƣֻƶԭ򡱡һûе-Ƿ̰裬ûκʵԵķɶýڡƶԭʱƲôʩһԵγƲõԭʵܼ򵥣Ϊͨ˶ԣֻз̰Υ֪ΪܹΥý嵱ȻҲֻͨ˵߼ʵýҷıһ̶ϵġƶ޷ƣֻͨýǿԼ

ڷˡ˵۲ƣǶڽҷıڸΪǡƶԭ򡱵ģΪԵõʵΪģڼල˾ؼǿ˵ʹǶԡƶԭ򡱵ҲҪԴ˾ʵ϶۲ܡƶԭ򡱣ṩõʵܱΪǡƶԭ򡱡

з˵ºǰIJþӰ죬ΪþʱٵĽᵽһ̶ҲӰ˾еĶ[12]ΪԷٵͲǶ˾𺦣ӢΪº޷γɶԷͥӣΪͥѾȫͬӹʹԼĹ涨ӢӺʡǣ۶˾ӰеģǣΪӰɣ˾ԱҲڵһԱ˾һ̶ϿⲢǻ£ڼල˾ıֻ֣Dzڵļвþ

˾ʲô˾ƱýӰ
˾ýûرƣⲢζţ˾ȻҪýӰ죬Ϊýڼʹ˾ԵؽвС˾ҪͨԼĴʩﵽڼӰĿģΪˣ˾ýĹϵֻáЭҪΪ һͨӢϵҵġš½ϵҵļƶʵ֡һư֯ʱѡģǰܲӴϡʵ߹һ壨ձһֽ壩йաͥ󷨹٣Աܸ󵱼о˵ܵ÷ܹڡýӰ죬С˵ǣԺЩУͥʼþȫУԱڷͥùϢʱܿκźۡͨѶ硣ʹ£ҲųԱԺǰܹź͸ַʽۡ ͨѡ[13]ֹܵýӰԱš1961߷ԺΪԱоܵýӰƷһŲþ[14]Ϊð370ѡԱ90%ܵýӰǰΪġԣѡԱΪǷֹýӰ졢γɡýСҪĴʩѡԱܵýӰγƶ˿Υ򡱵ܷȨΪҪСҹûƶȣԱͷܵýӰ̫Ϊرܵд ͥԷͥΪɲڷܱͥͥԱܵ¼¼Ҳнֱֳ40ݷԺϵͳԷͥн¼¼񡣵Ϊ¼¼Ĺ׶ԷٺԱϵӰ죬ֻ޵ƹ¼¼豸ڷͥϵ˿ĵط¼¼񣬶Ҳýֱֳ[15]ǼߵͽбǵȻȨ

ijЩضͰᣨý壩硶׼򡷵4ָ׼򲢲ų˾׶ζԷܵıء912涨ȨΪδ˻ȺбҪԻ涨ȨơɿΪҪԷйصĻ涨ȨƣΪ˷ֹԱ˵ƫΪ˷ֹγɶ֤˵ѹԱͱ𺦡ΪҰȫɶԻƣƲԵ˵Ȩ绤ȨγΣա˰Ϊġڼ顱ԭ򣬶Ϊ˱عܡ˽Ⱥ

ͨٺԱĵɡȻûоĴʩԺҪвȨķٺԱڰڼ䲻Ҫ۰Ҫͥ밸صϢķͥϣַǻϻؼҵԱĶԣ⣬ʹͥУԱ߷ڻؼҵʱǷ۰Ƿţֻܿɡ ǵ˶ΪýļӰ˾ĹģΪҪԭЧɡʱԵȴһʱ䣬⼤ѾԺҲԽתƵܵýӰСĵ򷨹ٽ[16]һַdzҪķֹýСº󲹾ȴʩһʩܲʱͷɱýЧʣȴάһȨֱ˾ԵһƽԴʩýУ˾Ӧô⡣˵ֳµĴʩᡰҪԴ˷ѡ

ԣijҲܲýӰ죬νڵļ˾ԵӰ޷⣻ⰸʹü˵ķʽֻܼӰѡҦ˵úãҪȶûҪΪDzǷ٣ҪҪ󷨹ı׼ҪͨˡǷӦȡĻϣΪԭԺְҵԵ˼ǷɵȱݺͲ֮ӶڲþȡơĽɣʵϵĹ[17]Ӧڼ뷨IJ

˰ýһӰΪıʵǶýõһ֪ϴûһ۵Ĺý¼ۻɡ˵ıΪý岢ֱӵоߣⲢǹͶƱܵýӰķٽооʱܵýӰķٻԸ˼ҵľѡýӦָΪ˵ıһý۰Ҳ˱ôҲǶģӦвСȨԼȷġСȻȨܵɡ йûκǰֹýڵļӰ˾ȱݡȻҲͨýͨƴﵽĿġЩԺȴǷdzģΪܻͨͨõϢӦý嶼ܻãʲôֻͨȴɱأ[18]ͬʲôɿͨͶ԰в෹ۣȴý屨۰Լأԣֻܶý¼¼ֱֳʩƣ˶ΪͨȨ

ýڼʹ˾ԵؽвУ˾ҪͨԼĴʩﵽڼӰĿġ˵Ҳʹá˾ý塱˵ʹá˾ýӰ족һᷨΪ˾ýӰ족У˾ͨýرʵֵģͨɺͳЧֻʵֵġ ġýʲôͨۻӰ˾ṫ
ǰκιһý嶼Ӱ˾ɵҪԣ˾ýӰֻͨ˾صijƶͨýرɡ˾ܵýӰ죬κιҶɱ⣻ҹ˾صijԭ򣨶ýԭ򣩵˾ýӰءʱýӦַۼලãԼ֪͹ȥӰ˾ͬڵᷨɺýְҪýʱرල˾԰㹫ڵ֪Ȩý˾[19]ϹͨϡȨȨʹԼɵľҲϡý˾ϵ׼򡷵ľ涨ýͨ۱Լڰṫ

һЩΪ˾˾ ɾǷɡκصӰ죬ʵһǶǵĹ۵㣺ȣӡ˾˾ΪýӦȥӰ˾뷨Ƕ˾ýϵ⣻򵥵˵˾ܱҪܵ˾Ӱ[20]ýҪʩӺõӰ졢⻵Ӱ죬ά˾֮⣬ͨIJʵƵĿġΣӡɾǷɡΪ˾ֵֵĹ۵㣬Dz˽˾ɵĹ۵㡣ͨ˾ʵ塱ʵ壬һ壬Ҳ˵˾ֵ˵ƽȡȨȼֵ

ʵԱͷԱýӰ죬̳Уıý˾Ӱ졣ͨ˵ķֹСʵǷԵģʵȷʵҪԣҪϹڶ˾еӰ죬ΪֻһٲӦɲȨоС޾ޡޡ̷棬Ժķԭȥ̣һԺġ̵顱ƶȾǿ ۡĽ[21]

ͨķۺֵۣκιҶģʷͨ1963ļ϶IJ[22]ȷκе벻ʦ˵ķԮġ϶򡱣ͨ1966ﰸ[23]IJУȷ˱гĬȨ IJУһµۺͼֵƽIJûԵĸΪ׼ʵ£Ϊά壬ƷԭIJСʹϹشı仯ҲʹڹˡȨȨĹϵ˻ʱش仯ʷעЩٵֽЩı˵֡ķɹһʷ

Ϊ̲κý۵Ӱ죬ʵͷֵӰ뷨DzʵģҲͬûġΪЩӰ죬ͨڵýӦ䵱ĽɫøȥӰ˾ʹýΪ߽вģܴﵽڴﵽͬʱͨʵĿģҲκһҵ˾ĵȻĿġýڱһʱ򣬱ĶʵĿģӦ֮塣ԺڲʱβοƽýǷٵȨ ҹ˾IJʹ˾ûκʹٸڹӰĻƣý԰бۣͨ尸᲻ƶȵĿ飬ӶٽĸԸ ý˾ϵʵ幫Ĺϵ˾Ĺϵý嶼ͨһԼһЩýѧߵ飬ѰζֲڵĽײȲг˼ǣѾΪձԸܣڶκп͹᲻źţӦ߶񡣡[24]һ̶Ͽֲڵļ飻ýͨԼıӰIJþͨȥѨλУý˾һϵ

塢򵥹ϵӻĽý˾ϵͻʱЭ
ý壨˵ɣ˾ìܣʱᷢͻζЩìܽЭʹԼ˸ָ׼

׼򡷵1112涨緽ýȨ̶֪ϤƵɣҪԴбܵ񣩣ȨЩ硣°УзȨΪ˱˽˺ϷԹơרϺӵķԹȨơʹԹ涨ȨƣҲֻԾ͵ij̶Ⱥ̵ʱ䣬ýϵ޶ȵķﵽĿʱʹýϸ޶ȵķһǹڷԺڲ尸ʱijġ¼㺬壺 һǸݹȨȨʹԼ14߼Щܽбĵˡʦ֤˲̸ܶ۰顣ǣýȨ֪ƵɣȻԺɸ֪ý塣

ɲʱ˫ԸһֳΡԡ򡷵12涨°УзȨΪ˱˽˺ϷԹơ˫˶ģȻǵȨȹڵ֪ȨҪӦ ڹҵȨý廹вͬڵԸһЩȨҪȨǣеİýԶԵҪ󲻹ΪɣҪԺΪǵ֮飬һԹΪݵĹΪر°ˣж԰֪Ȩ1986౨ҵݷԺһPress enterprise v. Superior court, 478 U.S. 1(1986)[25]У߷ԺͬýĹ۵㣬ΪԺΥ˵һȨΪ˵Ȩڵ֪Ȩƽ⿼֮ΪýıԹγɷԵ˵ԸǷ񹫿ԸֻǷԺǵĸֵּ֮һڽڶ˾ġ󹫿ý幫ˣԺۺƽ⿼ǣΪвӰ쵱˵Ȩ棬ʹҪ󲻹ԺҲӦ ɲȨʱרϺӣӦܽ˵İ̶ȵĹǹȷΧһҪ⣬İۡ

ҹ˾ùеijϴڵǣһûй涨Ժ˵ɵ񣻶ûȷ涨Ժڹij̶ϵѡ񣬶м򵥵Ĺ벻ѡˣǷʱǷ¼¼񡢼¼ɷѡҲбҪͨϸ ˾İýȨҪȡڡֹIJȴʩ򡷵8涨ֻҪʵʩԹ涨ȨƣýȨҪ֤ͽߡŷޣȴʩͬͬӢһƷﰸûйŷȨస漰棬Ӱ칫[26]

ҹȻûй涨нǰȴʩҹϷ191ҲԡΥСΪԺ϶ԭЧɣǵ˾DZһ㲻Υй涨ЧԺУӦȷýڹеȨ涨ԺӵýҪ󹫿кԺӦ鲢𸴡Ծȼôʩ⣬׼򻹶˾غý˫ϷһЩ飬˾غýԸԼĹ齨ԼΪ淶 һýṩϢ
ڡ¼ʵʩIJԡָӦйشýĹ涨Ӧṩǣ浽İоļдʽýṩϢܶڷٻشýͨĹ涨ٲӦֹش˾йص⡣涨Ծͷý彻ķʽ涨

ýṩϢĹ涨涨У

1ɡֹܽٻش˾йص⡱Ҳ˵ٻشý͹ڵ⣬ΪһصǹұϹ֪ȨһַʽֹܽһҲٵȻԾܾشڵ⣬ҪǿǵӦͳȻ

2ӦйشýĹ涨Ӧṩǣ浽İоļдʽýṩϢdzķԺŲϣַʽڷýıַʽǡӦģֹܽôвΪҪֱӽӴý壬Է١ӼӰ첻 3涨Ծͷý彻ķʽ涨˾ضŷƶʵ֡򡷵һ涨ҹûй涨ýĽʽʵ̽Žֽġ

ꡰᡱϣȫ˴ԺͼԺӦŷƶȡ[27]˴һͨǿʵʩġӦһ飬˾صŷƶȡ⣬ڡ¼ʵʩIJԡᵽʽϢҲӦΪ˾ȷķٶý幫Ϣķʽ

ýԼ
ڡ¼ʵʩIJԡлָ˾ȨɡȺرδ˺ҪṩⱣˣȨ֮ƽ⣬ǷdzȡõġԶصĸ˻Ⱥ壬Ȼеһֻ߶ַӦԣýЭ̡ýϻᡢýҵڲƶýְҵ׼򡣡ǰ涨ǰСкýľԼ⣬ýڲԼһҪķʽ

żߵְҵ2020ڿʼϵͳ롣ŴԱɵҲм(Creed of Journalism Ethics) ҹҲýƶƵɹ硶ձɹԼҵְҵ׼Ͼǵ¹淶ӦģЧĹ淶Ƿɷ档

ۣ˾Ӧý幫
ý˾ĹϵϣûȺ֮ء׼򡤵ԡýDZɵһ֣ʵзεĻٵdzϺʵɣ÷ʱɵĽֻܸ͡ݡȨȨʹԼʾȨܶýơ11涨ʹԹ涨ȨƣҲֻԾ͵ij̶Ⱥ̵ʱ䣬ýϵ޶ȵķﵽĿʱʹýϸ޶ȵķֻǹ涨ɵͱ׼߱׼ȷ˵˾ýĹϵǹȨ빫ȨĹϵߴȺĹϵɴȵĵλʹԼֻǹ涨Ӧ̶ϵɡһ޶ȵĹʱ׼ʹýиɣȴܸ١Ϊṩһı׼

˾ýĹϵϣ֮ӦɷڵһλԭڹȨӦȨֻˣֹܷ˾Ϊѹ񡣲ܰ˾ΪڵκӰ죬ල˾һʽӰ˾Ҳеһʽ˾뷨ٶìܣҪĽڵIJǵļδеijɼӰ˾ ҹںܶ෨Ժ涨ش󰸼һ㰸ͱҪԺ׼ʵ˹֪ȨýȨݡڴý˾ϵ׼򡷣ͱӦԡ桰ǣ˽׵ƶУͥ͡򡱣Ա̫ࡢͥ޷ɣΪ׼˿ҹܶ෨ԺȻһ׼ΥġˣDZͨؿý˾ļලý˾ĺϵ

οף


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

[1]Ѧר۲ӦԷԺЧͷƷ㣬www.dffy.com/fayanguancha/sd/200408/20040819203617.htm - 19k2004-8-19 20:35:23

[2]Ϸбۣ鲻ڱ ػعרҵ׼ 20050912ա

[3] The Madrid Principle on the relationship between the media and judicial independent. CJJL yearbook. vol 4(1995).

[4] Mathhew D. Bunker, Justice and the media, 1997 Mahwah ,New Jersey,P1.

[5] SiracusaһСе˷ɳ

[6]ѷ£顤֪.1993(1325)

[7] е˰abridgeɡᡱDz׼ȷģӦΪʱΪȨЭɽƻߡᡱɵʵݲܼ١

[8] usinfo.org/mgck/usinfo.state.gov/ regional/ea/mgck/archive01/media.htm - 4k.

[9] Thorgeirson v.Iceland,.The centre for independence of judges and lawyers (CIJL),year book ,Volume IV,1995.11,p17.

[10] Smith v. Maryland(442 U.S 735,1979).

[11] Katz V. United StatesʹܷʱҲʹѲĶøΪӡKatzһУԱKatzʹõĹõ绰ͤԱûн绰ͤδ룬¼ԺΪKatz̸ʱδѲ顣߷ԺΪǡdzˡȡǷ볡Ƿ񹹳Ѳ顣ĵͼ¼Ϊַʹøõ绰ʱڴ˽Ȩ˹ɵָѲѺSherry F. Colb: The Qualitative Dimension of Fourth Amendment Reasonableness, Columbia Law Review 10, 1998, p1642.ѲĶɴתΪ˽к˽ڴΪʹܵļ顱See 1Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment, p375 (3rd Ed.1996).Ϊ˽ڴһΪܷܲѲѺ˽ͨdzϵ˽棬㺬壺һǹ֤ʵۣ˽ڴᣨͨԺΪ˽ڴǺġCalifornia v. Greenwood, 486 U. S. 35, 39(1988)

[12] Justice P.N Bhagwait, The pressures on and Obstacles to the Independence pf the Judiciary(1989),23CIJL Bulletin 14 at 25.

[13]죬ԱѡѾγ˱ȽϿѧĿCross sectionѡƶȣһֳԱѡÿһѡѡͬأjury poolԱԡһͨ1975һTaylar v. Loisiana,419 U.S. 522(1975)ȷԱаһϴΪһȺеijһ˴ųôűΪΥܵĶЧй˱ȽϤ1988ɼ˾ŹѾƷĺRodkney.KingһΪų˺ԱЧðУܲΪģΪõ˽٣ȡѡʱûѡϺˣ󲻵ò֯ΪȷŵԣڽԱټƶȡԱѡɷټѡٻԺԱһԺϽѡΣǴӵ绰벾ѡԱһһЩָԲķʽѡųЩװ绰ˡͨʹѡ绰벾ǼԼѡĿʹܹԽ塢÷ƫʹйͬʱҲʹлμӵ˾С

[14] Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717(1961).Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,1417.

[15] Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,P1422.

[16] Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,P1422.

[17] Ҧң塪뷨ѧȶ,http://www.yannan.cn/data/detail.php?id=8745,2005.9.16.

[18]ΪͨʱסߵȻȨȻȱ׼ľ涨Ǵ˾صκһڱˣֻҪʱסңʱ䳤̣ɶйϽȨͿܳΪԺĵˣȨ˽ҵУˣùһͬȵIJμӷԺȨȨƽȡ˲ܱ˾ȨĹϽγڡ²ȨַȨˣӡκڱϵ˶пܳΪԺϽĶϿԺУм֤ΪǶģһס˷ʱ䳤̣ȻȨκֻҪǺϷڻʱһҾסȥԺʱӦ֤----Ժ°ʱԺԱ֪ǵʱסˣԺԱҪʾ֤Ҳκ˵ֻ֤ǽаȫ顣μһɣͥϿšơ200517ڡ

[19] ý˾лʱhttp://legal.people.com.cn/GB/42731/3750178.html20051009ա

[20] Gregg Barak, Media, Criminal justice and mass culture, Monsey, New York, U.S.A, 1999,p7.

[21]֮Ҫ̳ԭ֮һʱῼǰ˷ԭܽ״ڵġ̵鱨桱The Pre-sentence Investigation and Report PSI

[22] Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S 335,(1963), Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Procedure, Third Edition, LexisNexis,2001.P601,455.

[23] Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S 436(1966), Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Procedure, Third Edition, LexisNexis,2001.P601,455.

[24] Ѩλ2005091608:37 http://society.people.com.cn/GB/1063/3700465.html

[25] Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,P1420.

[26] The Sunday times case (27 October 1978) Series A, No. 30 Handbook at 175-77(Eur. Court H.R).

[27] ־㣬ԺͼԺŷƶȣhttp://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/8198/31983/32189/2388938.html,2004.3.13.