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˾ýĸӹϵϵ
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Ҫý˾ϵΪ漰ҪֵijͻһָӵĹϵǶһּĹϵý˾Ĺϵ˾Ĺϵһģýල˾ĹӦͨˣͨһýԶ˾дýΪۣ˾ͨijƺͶýԶͨͨƴﵽֹڼӰ˾Ժͱ˫Ŀġ˾ýijЩǷιʱӦýҪ֤ȨȨһ̶Ͽֲڵļ飻ýͨԼıӰIJþͨȥѨλУý˾һϵ
ؼʣ˾ ӹϵ ϵ
The complex and simple relationship between media and justice
GAO Yi-fei
(Southwest University of Political Science and LawChongqing 400031China)
Abstract: The relationship between media and judicial independence is complex because the two are the equal important values in a democratic society; but the relationship also is simple, because the media is equal to the normal citizens on the on the freedom of speech. As the normal citizens, the media can communicate (report) the case and comment on the justice, and the judicial system protect the case from the passion of the citizens and guard the other social goodness by a good judicial procedure and the limitation to the media as long as to the normal citizens. When the conflict between media and justice happens, the media have the right of appeal.
Key words: Judicial independence, Freedom of speech, Complex relationship, Simple relationship.
Ϊ˾Ҫ侲Եҹһ棬˳˾巨Ժԡ֪ͨʽɱýԺȴΪȻΪûзȷԺýʲôһ棬ý˾ۣΪ ۲ӦԷԺЧͷƷ㡱[1]ЩýҲȨǶȻָý屨øԤУǷι֮ɡ[2]Դָý岻ܶо෴ıۡԺġ֪ͨЩ߶ý˾ϵϣò֮䣬ʵһж֮£ҪýۼලȨʵϣɺ˾ĹʹԼǣýֻҪɵһ淶κʱԽ˾෴Ķۣ˾Ҫýļ˾ԵӰ죬ⲻͨýIJͬڹ˵رʵֵģͨ˾ơýμͥʱڷͥ¼¼ʵ֡ˣý˾ijͻֵּҪһָӵĹϵýල˾ȨȷıһּĹϵ ý˾Ĺϵϣý˾ϵ[3]һҪġֲΪйѧϤĹɹʷѧЭ˾ʦķּڸݹԼľ͡ý˾ϵļ.1994818ա20գڹʷѧЭ˾ʦĵټ֮ 40صĽܳķѧҺýۣý1985Ϲ˾ȷ˾֮Ĺϵϵͳ淶˾ϵĹ ӹԼĹʹԼҲûдʲôµĹ淶ݣǶѾеĹԼݵͽ֮͡ҪͣΪʹԼвûרԡ˾ý塱ݣ˾ɵȹȨĹ涨СĽ棬һýڶ˾беľݣָ˾ýʲôƣǿ˾ʵýȨijƣǿýԲݺͱʽ¼¼ȨӹԼȻʽĹʹԼȴǶԹʹԼȨ֮ͣͨΪ編ɴͨһжԸ˾ָáǹʹһ֣ҲǹʷҪԨԴڹʹԼǿ˵빫Լͬ塣 Ҷ˾ýϵľ忼Ǹݡľеġ
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һ˾Ĺ֮һάȨΪڵһԱߣܵɵʱҲѰ˾İΪһֶȨ˾Ҳе鹫ȨǷһְַ𡣡ý˾ϵڵоָýDZɵһ֣ʵзεĻٵdzϺʵɣ÷ʱɵĽֻܸ͡ݡȨȨʹԼʾȨܶýơ
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ҹûȷʱ˾ԭȷԺʹȨԺʹȨԭҹܷͬҲ涨ۡȨԹһصļලȨ顢ߡظ桢Ȩͬͨýලһʽʵ֡ǣ˾ȨȨìܵʱ˾ؿԶýЩƣʽķûġϸľԺԺʽ˾УֻԺ1999ġԺϸִйƶȵɹ涨19993ţ¼ơɹ涨1011漰ýͥɷñ⡣顢صְΪινýļලû˾͵Ĺ涨ˣҹͬ˹˾Ȩ빫Ȩ֮ĸӹϵ˾Ȩ빫Ȩìܵʱ˾ηֹڼӰԲУ˾ԶýЩƣڼӰ˰ĹָδɣЩǸӵĹϵ
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һΪڵļ鲻ܳΪý屨˾ɡýDZɵһ֣ʵзεĻýɸ˾Ȩ䱾ǹȨڹȨýмල˾ȨԪϣ֮һķ˹ܷѷйһΪԣԭΪİ˾ȨڵĹ----עûбֽбֽҲκγɵѡߡ
[6]Ƕ˾ȻҪֵ߽ƽʱӦǷڵһλġ
Ϊ˾ԭýرƣ˾ý岻ۺͱⷶΧֵijͻ⣬ʵͻĻкࣺܶܶԡЧʡȨȵȣΪǿһֵҪԶһĺϷҪܡ˽Ⱥȣ֮⣬ġڼ顱ӰӷΧ϶ijһܱ۵رƣΪɵɾͻᱻ潫ᵽȻ˵˾ҪӰ죬˵ͨɴﵽӰĿġ
ΪýɲӦܵʽƣͨþۻԻʽǽýбﲻӦ𡣱ִһȨЩأݡȨȨʹԼ19һȨţܸ档ɷȨȨѰܺʹݸϢ˼ɣ۹磬Ҳۿͷġдġӡˢġȡʽġͨѡκý顣ڶ涨ȨʹΣ˵ijЩƣЩֻӦɷɹ涨Ϊ裺 ()˵Ȩ ()ϹҰȫ¡һҪΪᣬӦöԹ˼и߶ȱýDZֽ־鼮ֲᡢӰӣ½硣
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ɵĻǹڵ֪ȨɱɵϢˣҲȨӱõϢΪ֪ҪලĻ˵ɵýDZġŷȨԺ˵ȨõϢ˼룬ýӦ䵱ڵĿŹ[9]˾˵ֻý˽˾Ḷ́ܽ˾κġˣýֻͨɵĹߺʽûɶý۱ʽرơ ɲӦʽϵơһŵᣬһܹͨϢ൱ܹͨý˿ţ˾ûбҪýرơ1979Smith v. Maryland[10]оָԴκι˾ȡ绰Ϊ˸˽Ϊκ˵ĵ绰ǻͨ˴ģKates[11]Сʧܵѡ ԭʹͨ˵绰벻ҪˣͨҲܼΪŵԣѾ˵ϢΪܡˣֻҪǵ绰룬Ӧǿκ֪Ծӵ绰˾õ绰룬˾ϲѯй¶˽ͬһ˵ĵ绰ṩκý幫Ҳֻǵ⣬ΥԺûݵͨԹϢڡʧܵѡ ԭζйڹȻҲζýԱ
ý˾Ϊб֣ӡý˾ϵĹ涨˾ýƣܵ˵ǶýرƣǶйơĽͣ˾ý壨Ͷͨƾ˵ ڰĵСݡý˾ϵ涨ýȨռ͵鹫Ϣ˾ۡûҪЩݲܽе飬ԣýֻǣɷʱⲻܹIJϣýͬý岻ܲ÷ǷȡܣܹİýҲûȨμӣԲľýȻ飬ǿвμӶӰ취ͥģΥַܹһܺҷͥΪصĹɷýжȨ¼пʹõĵ鷽ͬ˾Ϊý˾ĶȨ¼ĵȨͬģ˵ֻӦ棺һֻɹùȨǿʹõȨý岻ʹǶڱȷΪֵܻijϢӦΪýĶ ڰСý˾ϵ1涨ýȨڲƶԭǰ£ǰкİۡ кýۣرƣǰƣֻƶԭһûе-Ƿ̰裬ûκʵԵķɶýڡƶԭʱƲôʩһԵγƲõԭʵܼΪͨ˶ԣֻз̰Υ֪ΪܹΥý嵱ȻҲֻͨ˵ʵýҷıһ̶ϵġƶƣֻͨýǿԼ
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ġýʲôͨۻӰ˾ṫ
ǰκιһý嶼Ӱ˾ɵҪԣ˾ýӰֻͨ˾صijƶͨýرɡ˾ܵýӰ죬κιҶɱ⣻ҹ˾صijԭýԭ˾ýӰءʱýӦַۼලãԼ֪ȥӰ˾ͬڵᷨɺýְҪýʱرල˾㹫ڵ֪Ȩý˾[19]ϹͨϡȨȨʹԼɵľҲϡý˾ϵľ涨ýͨ۱Լڰṫ
һЩΪ˾˾ ɾǷɡκصӰ죬ʵһǶǵĹ۵㣺ȣӡ˾˾ΪýӦȥӰ˾뷨Ƕ˾ýϵ⣻˵˾ܱҪܵ˾Ӱ[20]ýҪʩӺõӰ졢Ӱ죬ά˾֮⣬ͨIJʵƵĿġΣӡɾǷɡΪ˾ֵֵĹ۵㣬Dz˽˾ɵĹ۵㡣ͨ˾ʵ塱ʵ壬һ壬Ҳ˵˾ֵ˵ƽȡȨȼֵ
ʵԱͷԱýӰ죬̳Уıý˾Ӱ졣ͨ˵ķֹСʵǷԵģʵȷʵҪԣҪϹڶ˾еӰ죬ΪֻһٲӦɲȨоСޡޡ̷棬Ժķԭȥ̣һԺġ̵顱ƶȾǿ ۡĽ[21]
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塢ϵӻĽý˾ϵͻʱЭ
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1112涨緽ýȨ̶֪ϤƵɣҪԴбܵȨЩ硣°УзȨΪ˱˽˺ϷԹơרϺӵķԹȨơʹԹ涨ȨƣҲֻԾ͵ij̶Ⱥ̵ʱ䣬ýϵȵķﵽĿʱʹýϸȵķһǹڷԺڲ尸ʱijġ¼㺬壺 һǸݹȨȨʹԼ14Щܽбĵˡʦ֤˲̸ܶ۰顣ǣýȨ֪ƵɣȻԺɸ֪ý塣
ɲʱ˫ԸһֳΡԡ12涨°УзȨΪ˱˽˺ϷԹơ˫˶ģȻǵȨȹڵ֪ȨҪӦ ڹҵȨý廹вͬڵԸһЩȨҪȨǣеİýԶԵҪΪɣҪԺΪǵ֮飬һԹΪݵĹΪر°ˣж֪Ȩ1986౨ҵݷԺһPress enterprise v. Superior court, 478 U.S. 1(1986)[25]У߷ԺͬýĹ۵㣬ΪԺΥ˵һȨΪ˵Ȩڵ֪Ȩƽ֮ΪýıԹγɷԵ˵ԸǷԸֻǷԺǵĸֵּ֮һڽڶ˾ġý幫ˣԺۺƽǣΪвӰ쵱˵Ȩ棬ʹҪԺҲӦ ɲȨʱרϺӣӦܽ˵İ̶ȵĹǹȷΧһҪ⣬İۡ
ҹ˾ùеijϴڵǣһûй涨Ժ˵ɵûȷ涨Ժڹij̶ϵѡмĹ벻ѡˣǷʱǷ¼¼¼ɷѡҲбҪͨϸ ˾İýȨҪȡڡֹIJȴʩ8涨ֻҪʵʩԹ涨ȨƣýȨҪ֤ͽߡŷޣȴʩͬͬӢһƷﰸûйŷȨస漰棬Ӱ칫[26]
ҹȻûй涨нǰȴʩҹϷ191ҲԡΥСΪԺ϶ԭЧɣǵ˾DZһ㲻Υй涨ЧԺУӦȷýڹеȨ涨ԺӵýҪкԺӦ鲢Ծȼôʩ⣬˾غý˫ϷһЩ飬˾غýԸԼĹ齨ԼΪ淶
һýṩϢ
ڡ¼ʵʩIJԡָӦйشýĹ涨Ӧṩǣ浽İоļдʽýṩϢܶڷٻشýͨĹ涨ٲӦֹش˾йص⡣涨Ծͷý彻ķʽ涨
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ꡰᡱϣȫ˴ԺͼԺӦŷƶȡ[27]˴һͨǿʵʩġӦһ飬˾صŷƶȡ⣬ڡ¼ʵʩIJԡᵽʽϢҲӦΪ˾ȷķٶý幫Ϣķʽ
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ڡ¼ʵʩIJԡлָ˾ȨɡȺرδ˺ҪṩⱣˣȨ֮ƽ⣬ǷdzȡõġԶصĸ˻Ⱥ壬Ȼеһֻ߶ַӦԣýЭ̡ýϻᡢýҵڲƶýְҵǰ涨ǰСкýľԼ⣬ýڲԼһҪķʽ
żߵְҵ2020ڿʼϵͳ롣ŴԱɵҲм(Creed of Journalism Ethics) ҹҲýƶƵɹ硶ձɹԼҵְҵϾǵ¹淶ӦģЧĹ淶Ƿɷ档
ۣ˾Ӧý幫
ý˾ĹϵϣûȺ֮ءԡýDZɵһ֣ʵзεĻٵdzϺʵɣ÷ʱɵĽֻܸ͡ݡȨȨʹԼʾȨܶýơ11涨ʹԹ涨ȨƣҲֻԾ͵ij̶Ⱥ̵ʱ䣬ýϵȵķﵽĿʱʹýϸȵķֻǹ涨ɵͱ߱ȷ˵˾ýĹϵǹȨ빫ȨĹϵߴȺĹϵɴȵĵλʹԼֻǹ涨Ӧ̶ϵɡһȵĹʱʹýиɣȴܸ١Ϊṩһı
˾ýĹϵϣ֮ӦɷڵһλԭڹȨӦȨֻˣֹܷ˾Ϊѹܰ˾ΪڵκӰ죬ල˾һʽӰ˾Ҳеһʽ˾뷨ٶìܣҪĽڵIJǵļδеijɼӰ˾ ҹںܶ෨Ժ涨شһ㰸ͱҪԺʵ˹֪ȨýȨݡڴý˾ϵͱӦԡ桰ǣ˽ƶУͥ͡Ա̫ࡢͥɣΪ˿ҹܶ෨ԺȻһΥġˣDZͨؿý˾ļලý˾ĺϵ
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[1]Ѧר۲ӦԷԺЧͷƷ㣬www.dffy.com/fayanguancha/sd/200408/20040819203617.htm - 19k2004-8-19 20:35:23
[2]Ϸбۣ鲻ڱ ػعרҵ 20050912ա
[3] The Madrid Principle on the relationship between the media and judicial independent. CJJL yearbook. vol 4(1995).
[4] Mathhew D. Bunker, Justice and the media, 1997 Mahwah ,New Jersey,P1.
[5] SiracusaһСе˷ɳ
[6]ѷ£顤֪.1993(1325)
[7] е˰abridgeɡᡱDzȷģӦΪʱΪȨЭɽƻߡᡱɵʵݲܼ١
[8] usinfo.org/mgck/usinfo.state.gov/ regional/ea/mgck/archive01/media.htm - 4k.
[9] Thorgeirson v.Iceland,.The centre for independence of judges and lawyers (CIJL),year book ,Volume IV,1995.11,p17.
[10] Smith v. Maryland(442 U.S 735,1979).
[11] Katz V. United StatesʹܷʱҲʹѲĶøΪӡKatzһУԱKatzʹõĹõ绰ͤԱûн绰ͤδ룬¼ԺΪKatz̸ʱδѲ顣߷ԺΪǡdzˡȡǷ볡ǷѲ顣ĵͼ¼Ϊַʹøõ绰ʱڴ˽Ȩ˹ɵָѲѺSherry F. Colb: The Qualitative Dimension of Fourth Amendment Reasonableness, Columbia Law Review 10, 1998, p1642.ѲĶɴתΪ˽к˽ڴΪʹܵļ顱See 1Wayne R. LaFave, Search and Seizure: A Treatise on the Fourth Amendment, p375 (3rd Ed.1996).Ϊ˽ڴһΪܷܲѲѺ˽ͨdzϵ˽棬㺬壺һǹ֤ʵۣ˽ڴᣨͨԺΪ˽ڴǺġCalifornia v. Greenwood, 486 U. S. 35, 39(1988)
[12] Justice P.N Bhagwait, The pressures on and Obstacles to the Independence pf the Judiciary(1989),23CIJL Bulletin 14 at 25.
[13]죬ԱѡѾγ˱ȽϿѧĿCross sectionѡƶȣһֳԱѡÿһѡѡͬأjury poolԱԡһͨ1975һTaylar v. Loisiana,419 U.S. 522(1975)ȷԱаһϴΪһȺеijһ˴ųôűΪΥܵĶЧй˱ȽϤ1988ɼ˾ŹѾƷĺRodkney.KingһΪų˺ԱЧðУܲΪģΪõ˽٣ȡѡʱûѡϺˣò֯ΪȷŵԣڽԱټƶȡԱѡɷټѡٻԺԱһԺϽѡΣǴӵ绰벾ѡԱһһЩָԲķʽѡųЩװ绰ˡͨʹѡ绰벾ǼԼѡĿʹܹԽ塢÷ƫʹйͬʱҲʹлμӵ˾С
[14] Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717(1961).Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,1417.
[15] Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,P1422.
[16] Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,P1422.
[17] Ҧң塪뷨ѧȶ,http://www.yannan.cn/data/detail.php?id=8745,2005.9.16.
[18]ΪͨʱסߵȻȨȻȱľ涨Ǵ˾صκһڱˣֻҪʱסңʱ䳤̣ɶйϽȨͿܳΪԺĵˣȨ˽ҵУˣùһͬȵIJμӷԺȨȨƽȡ˲ܱ˾ȨĹϽγڡ²ȨַȨˣӡκڱϵ˶пܳΪԺϽĶϿԺУм֤ΪǶģһס˷ʱ䳤̣ȻȨκֻҪǺϷڻʱһҾסȥԺʱӦ֤----Ժ°ʱԺԱ֪ǵʱסˣԺԱҪʾ֤Ҳκ˵ֻ֤ǽаȫ顣μһɣͥϿšơ200517ڡ
[19] ý˾лʱhttp://legal.people.com.cn/GB/42731/3750178.html20051009ա
[20] Gregg Barak, Media, Criminal justice and mass culture, Monsey, New York, U.S.A, 1999,p7.
[21]֮Ҫ̳ԭ֮һʱῼǰ˷ԭܽ״ڵġ̵鱨桱The Pre-sentence Investigation and Report PSI
[22] Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S 335,(1963), Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Procedure, Third Edition, LexisNexis,2001.P601,455.
[23] Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S 436(1966), Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Procedure, Third Edition, LexisNexis,2001.P601,455.
[24] Ѩλ2005091608:37 http://society.people.com.cn/GB/1063/3700465.html
[25] Kamisar, Advanced criminal procedure, Thomson west,2002,P1420.
[26] The Sunday times case (27 October 1978) Series A, No. 30 Handbook at 175-77(Eur. Court H.R).
[27] ־㣬ԺͼԺŷƶȣhttp://www.people.com.cn/GB/shizheng/8198/31983/32189/2388938.html,2004.3.13.