ΩԸƽˮʹ罭ϣ
et revelabitur quasi aqua iudicium et iustitia quasi torrens fortis

ȫϲ ӵѧ

ӵ

ӵ۵һݣҲѧһҪķ棬ѧ˵ƶԵ֧šвƲȨ۵ĺġԴˣԼȷָûܹɣƲȶռеЭ飬ȷһҪ[1]ȶռеĹȷ᲻õģǾԱġ[2]Үġ?ӵķѧѧһΪڡۡйءƲȨԴǸ½УԡΪķʽҪĹס[3]ƲȨʵ⣬ӶŲͬΪȻȨ۵⣬һֻ۵ѧ˵˵ѧķɹҪıйȷȶռеIJƲȨۣеĵһΣ򣬼ͬIJƲתƺŵУڵһεIJƲȨĻ֮γɵĵڶεĹDzͷḻȶռеIJƲȨ

һڲƲȨһ

ڡָۡеĸ֣һĵ⣻ŵ㣻Ƕƾͺ˶õáڵһָܣǾ԰ȫǵġڶֿԴ϶ȥǶڰЩŵȴûκ棬ֻһ֣ȿԱ˵ıȡֿԾתƶκʧ仯ͬʱֲƸû㹻Թÿ˵ҪˣЩҪһǵռеIJȶǵϡȴҪϰڡ[4]˵úǰֵָùۣΪ˺ûйϵֻеֶ˵ȴҪģֱӹϵÿ˵棬˺ᷢʵԹϵһҪġ

ʵһҪйزƲռУƲȨ⡣ڲƲȨ⣬Ӣ1718˼һش⣬ҲӢ뷢չصһʵ⣬Ȧ˶ʼӢṹѾشı仯رҵó׵ķչʹһ˵׼ǿˣڲƲȶռУȡúϷԱϣѰ֧ţ׼ձҪں֮£ȥйزƲȨĴͳۣѾӦ׼ΪӢҪһ˵ʱڵӢΧŲƲȨ⣬̳۵·һΪȨ۵IJƲȨۣһΪĹ۵IJƲȨۡȻ·ڻӦӢҪӳ׼ŽһķɡȷȫһµģйزƲȨԴԼصȷ棬ȴͬںij϶ڽ˼شӰ졣

һҲǴӲռУpossessionʼIJƲȨ۵ģѭ·ȴ֮ͬռصĵһ̽ռеĶʲô˵Ϊռռһֹϵںε³Ϊռеһ˵ռеĶΪһƷȻ˵еûʲôʵȻԡڣһȻﲢ˾ͳΪһֱռеƷobject߸׼ȷ˵ΪһֲgoodsƷڲƲռйϵвǸԣΪָһĹϵǾƷܹ֮ΪռеĶΪ˷˹ϵһ˵IJƲ(property)йϵijƷ[5]ӿ˵Ĺϵһ˵ҪĹϵˣڲռΪռеҪܹ˵Ҫ˵ռһֿ˵ȻƷ

ڲƲϵ϶ƷӢѧھDZ֪Ĵ˵ĸо͹ıԲ˵ҪֶƷĽⶨӲƲȨ۵һ㡣ȻƷܹ˵Ҫɴ˳ΪռеIJһͳˣ˵Ĺϵе˾ˣҪġƷ֮ԳΪΪ˾һͨռҪ˵ҪЩݣأʵֻصӵǡǡѧĸΪij㡣дҪIJɣһлģǾк֪ԣȷеäĿû֪Եָͻʹ಻[6]ез˵ΪȻҪ[7]Ȼопһ¡Բò˵˽شġ[8]رǴڡҰ͹״̬¡ǣе̰˽ǽġҪϰ[9]һڲƲȨȾͰڳأһܹ˵ĸҪƷ˵ĶԣرԵ˽̰ĹϵͨʲôʽܹʹȻƷΪ˵ҪĶΪúӵУͳռ⡣ָƲȨȻڶijֹϵֹϵǶĹϵΪЩϵdzڶǡԵĴߵĹϵǹɲƲȨıʵIJڵġεĹϵΪֹϵ֮䣬෽ҲͬڣЩɲƲȨˣƲȨdzijڵĹϵҲ˵ڶڹϵΪӵijӰ졣[10]

ɵIJռйϵһйزƲȨ۵ij߼سΪһʵռйϵӿҪһҪIJȻԴѷĻ״̬֪1718͵Ӣŷ޴½˼磬ձйȻ״̬ļ衣磬˹ѧһȻԴľѷ֮ϣΪνԭʼ״̬£Ȼܹṩ˵ԴǼ޵ģˣΪԼرͰȫҪƱؽΪƷеĶǼпΪǵ״Ҳǻڴˣ˵Դʹ໥佨Լһᡣ֮£˵Ĺ۵֮ͬһȻԴΪԣļ裬ΪǰȻ״̬£ָȻƷdzģ˵ĸҪйؽԼǻ˵츳Ȩ˹ȣΪνȻ״̬Ȳ˹˵ļѷҲûдﵽ˱µʮֳԣij̶ȣһȻԴѷ״̬[11]

˵̰޵ģȻܹ˵̰Ʒ޵ģˣΪԼĸָ̰ҪƱҪȡijַʽռѷƷʹΪԼ֧䡢֡õƷƷܵ˵ҲνIJ[12]ȻԶ˵ҪһֿϸµĻ֣ǿһЩֱ˵Ҫʳ·ҲǹߡأݳƷƷȵȡЩӲûĺڸṩһҪϵ[13]עIJЩݣռеķʽǿռԼռеĺϷԣӢŵ˼ǵĺ⣬ҲDzƲȨԼҪݡ

ܵ˸߶ȵӡ˵IJƲȨһֻȨ۵IJƲռۣǾȻԡǡϵ۵ʾ˵һȨʳԼȻӦάǵƷ[14]ۣԼеһУͬӵУ˵ձȻȨ֮⣬ÿֶڡԼһȨ֮κ˶ûȨµͶ˫еĹǿ˵ġ[15]ǣѧǰµΪǹеصһȻƷγΪҵ˽˲ƲأʹһؼԵ⣬ձȨȨ֮תϵڴˣͨͶ롱ۼԽģΪÿͶԼӵһȻȨˡֻҪʹκζȻṩĺǸ״̬ѾͶμԼеijЩʹΪIJƲȻʹȻŸһ״̬ôͶһЩӶų˵ĹͬȨΪȻͶͶߵ޿ôһĶûܹȨڻ㹻ͬõĶе£ˡ[16] ջ¶⣬ɸԼͶͻɴ˲뵽ȻȥӶʹȻƷΪУΪ˽˵IJƲԣƲȨһֻ˵ձȻȨȨͨͶԼȨתƵƷӶʹƷΪռΪIJˣƲȨһͨͶƷռС[17]

ӵĹ۵˲ͬǵIJռзʽǻ˵ȻȨνȻȨ֮ĶȻ˵ȫڣǶڽƲȨⲢʵĸ壬˲ͨȻȨ죬ͨͶܹòռȨؼⲻǷ;ռƷȻȨδﵽȶռСռУҪһȶԵռУͲܻνȻȨҪѰµĻΪǹɹΪʲô˿ȶԵռأ⻹漰ʡȻԴѷһЩȻƷһЩͨ˵IJͶõƷij˵ռͶͳΪȶģΪκһֲ˭ȡ˾ͿΪԼݡͺô˵õ˾ͻԼĺôʹԼʧһͳΪ֮໥ȡĶȻṩǷdz޵ģ˵̰ȴ޵ģԣδҰ磬˶Բκһռжȶģڱ仯֮Уÿ˶ƾԼȡ˵IJˣΪ˿˷ֲȶֻܲȡȵİ취дע⵽ҪԴνЩ֮תƶȶʱʱǾһҪȥѰһֲȰ취跨ܵذЩںеЩ̶ġ㳣ŵȵĵλ[18]

ռвﵽȶԵռвϵһشƽζγɡӿȶռвﲢǿ˵ȻȨܱ֤ģνѧ裬ͨ˵IJͶֻۣǰռ޶˵ĶԣΪܹƾԼȨռеijԺȶԣɴ֤Ϸԣ[19]ӿDzȡġΪƾ˱ȻȨDzܴﵽȶռеģʹһĸ˾Ȼԣ޷˶ԼƲĽȡˣҪȶԵռУΪƳһֲȵİ취ΪʩͷȻ״̬µֿԡһʵѾζ˳ԽȻ״̬뵽һᣬ˵뵽˵ᡣ

̸۲ƲȨ̸ȶռвƲķʽϷԣͱһΪǰᣬȷĹΪǰᡣˣνƲȨһȻȨȨֻۣһĹۣΪȶԵռֻͨͨΪƵĴʩõϡһʵҲƷνȻ״̬ʵڣȻ״ֻ̬һ۵ļ裬Ͳʵشڹ˵˾ݴԼģǼٶһռвƲȻɣʵɲ֧ʵᡣʵIJƲȨΪƣͨ໥֮ЭƳһ׹رǷɹ򣬲ҰתΪϰߣͨһƶȻ 2ƲȨ

ǰѾָȶԵռжһҪģ˵κһᶼǽڲƲȶռһ֮ϵģȶռвĹϵӲһ˼ԵѧңҲ֮̽便һ߼ȵ⣬[20]עֻȷȶռеIJƲȨһĹؼ塣дûܹɣƲȶռеЭ飬ȷһҪȷĺ֮ͬ󣬶ڽһƵĺгЭ˵ûжҪˡ[21]

ͲƲȨ͹ڲƲռһ⣬Ҳ˵ijʱͶнⶨƲռеĸϰסȣ񷨴ȫʮУйزƲռСתá̳С⸶Ⱦ꾡Ĺ涨ӵйӷѧҵרҵǶ·ûʲô¶ǣӦָϵIJƲȨ1718˼ֵ̽IJƲȨ⣬һѧ¹⣬һѧҪ⣬ԴͱеĹϵij˵Խһȹ̵Ļ磬άΪʷѧɾֹ̽ƲռлƲȨᣬر徫֮Ĺϵ⡣[22]ʾIJƲȨۣͬһϷĹؼ塣[23]

ڡᡱpolitical societyʵйŵĺͽ̬ڹϣijǰᣬƵĺһιͬ塢ᣬʿµġѧֵ̽ıйعŴǰϵᣬΪһƪдǼÿһǰУijһ壬һĽĿΪijЩҵDDÿһΪԼ䱾ȡijһƹȻһ嶼ҵΪĿģôҲ˵߶һ֣ҵҲһ߶ģ߶㺭νǰţţ[24]ҵIJΪһбڹŴǰҵµṲͬ壬ҲͱȻسΪ˼ǿо⡣磬˹оȷĸΪɳ񹹳ɵڹ֮µ̬[25]˵Ʒ˻˹ĹҾȨţΪᡱɹ໥֮ԼɵṲͬ壬֮ϲνĸߵĹʵ塣[26]ӻǰ˼ҵι۵㣬жչ˶磬ۡԴʵҲһĻƶȿܣڡԭоһУְѡᡱΪһ½רۡνһᣬͨΪƵĹһͬȻιͬ塣[27]

ǿָǣܹŴ˼ǹͬעᣬ֮ȴһԵIJͬŴۻȱйزƲȨĿ죬رйظ˲ƲȨ˼еĵλǼҪġܹŴijǰҳ˸ָ̬ǼǽһūƵʹĻ֮ϵģŴǰҵеľùϵǸ˲ƲȨϵūͶڸţûۼǵĸ߶ӡŴȣ췭ظı仯ĵһDzƲȨΪ࣬˼ձΪκһij֣ƶȿܱһǰᣬһʲƸķɻƣˣ˲ƲȨͲǶ֮ĵ¹⣬һ⣬һ֧õ֧⡣ûвƲȨûжԲƲȶԵռУDzܽġǿйزƲȨĽתΣʵһشᱳڹŴūѲڣݻΪһ׼ռᣬ[28]ͼѲƲȨһֹƵIJϵΪ׼˼ңˡ¡ڸһǵۺضȷƲȨΪҪ⡣[29]

ƲȨӵѧеĹֻӵвƲ齨ᣬ˲ӵвƲԽġĹȻų˽вƲûзΪһιҵĹͬ壬˼˵Ĺһͳν׼ĹҵΪһͬҲڣͬȴȻڡͬȻ˵õԶҪƶԵĻͬʵֻʹɵģֻܴ˼ִδĹǿѧĹ壬⡣˵˼ʵһɣۼͨѽ׼Ϊħ˸ΪδΪʹˣּʵ壬׼ľ˲еĶЩħδĹҲʹ˼ΪʷΨ壬ʵ塣аΪŦϵһιͬеĹֻһٵġᡱ[30]ȻϵᣬһԵᣬһɷɹᡣΪȷ˶ڲƲȶռУƲȨ˵һҪԴͷֻȷ˸˵IJƲȨܹỮҵĶҵĶָǵǵҪԵϡ٣Ŵ̼˽Ϊ˽űȰԼֿԼĺ˵IJ𡣡[31]

˿ӵӢĹŵ˼ǶڲƲȨĸ߶ӣǵӷ۵ĽǶǵģDzְҵķѧңֵ̽IJƲȨ⣬ûо񷨵Ľޣһ⣬һ⣬һѧӸϼԽ⡣һ£˼˹ˡºͺڸֵ̽IJƲȨ⣬ͻᷢеش塣˵ġۡȷ˲ƲȨĺĵλ˼ʷǻʱģΪĽγɣҵְ𣬶ǸݲƲȨģշڲƲȨǰָģ˵IJƲȨһȨ۵IJƲȨۣȻȨܳȨȨ۵IJƲȨ۾һ⣬νȶռеĹ⣬ֻǴӹ˵ԳһֲƲȨĸռۣôڶĸ֮ȱڵϵ¶Ϊǿ˵У޹ҵȻ״̬빫֮һѺۣУԼһؼԵת۵㡣[32]ͼͨԼۣͨһԵƣ⣬ɴ˿ٳ˽ѧһش·ǿȻǿƲȨҪλǿƲȨһйؼõȷ棬ǴһµģIJͬڣӲΪܹͨȻȨܣͨԵԼͨϵ˵ֳĶĸһͬƶǺЧϵһģаݵ޵ģһֹͨϵн飬[33]ˣ¿ٳһϵнƣǾһйزƲȨĹԼΪ۵ͬۡ[34]

ӿռвƲƲȨͬε⣬ռвȶԵռвֻһ־ϵʵ˵ʵؼҪתΪʽҪΪһַɵĹ򣬲ƲȨʵǶһֳռеķϵͬմ½˵һִӷ϶ռвƲʸȨ[35]ԣڡۡԡȷƲȨĹΪƪģIJƲȨܵ˴½Ӱ죬˵ܵļո񷨵Ӱ죬봿Ӣͨġǣ˴½IJݣû½ѧʵ巨ȤǾIJƲռ⣬dzȨʸ⣬ľѧйأܵӢӰйء[36]ָ಻ԸʹƲȨ̵ʱڣգ߸ͷҴһ·⣬ǻ˵ռǵע⣻ԭһ㣬Ǿû˿ɰѲƲȨκһּռˡ[37]

⣬Ҫ˵Ȩ۵ģ˲ƲȨ۵һ©ͶΪһֲƲÿ˶ԼͶһֲƲȨʵϾͰռ⡰աˣһͻᵼ½ĸȻһطԳԣָǡ˵ֻǽԼͶǸijָı䡣γ֮һֹϵɴ˾ͣǰԭ򣩷˲ƲȨ[38]ˣӼ̳Ӣ˼ʷеΨ۴ͳΪҪȷƲȨĹ򣬱ءȷطռеĺ壬ӶϵĿ͹ԵġԻΨʵµһϵѡһӹڲƲռеIJƲȨۣͽ뵽һ漴塢ȷʱռУرʱռв档ָȻȶռеĹȷ᲻õģǾԱģͣͳ˵;ܴﵽκĿġ[39]ԣΪйزƲȨռлƵһ˵ϣǻDzģҪȷؾռСĺ壻Ⲣdzʱס[40]ΪȷƲȨĹҪ⡰ͳı׶ˣؼֲƲռʱϵIJ̬ͬΪνȶԵռвʵϾ漰һʱ⡣ʱ߶ȣνıҵġijַʹǽ˿ԻijЩIJӦijУųռк֮⡣[41]ΪˣʱΪ׼ֳIJռеķʽռ졢ʱЧͼ̳С[42]

ӿԵIJƲռ⣬Եı׼νĹЧ棬һᣬԶ׼£ȷȶռеһЭ޽ԺĵһѾǣηǵָÿڽȻԶеⲿ֡Ѳ赲Ǻܾã̻ῴȻİ취ǣÿ˼ʱռеĶƲȨȨǰ档[43]ƲȨȻγһ˺һĹϵԾͺȻҪijǰĹϵϣҲƲȨȻֻᷨȷһȨԾͺȻҪʵռϣʵռռƵһֹϵΪֹϵҲӰ졣һĹϵȻģôЩƵĹϵ͹Ĺϵ͸Ȼˡ[44]ӻʵʵĿǣʱռзռеʱ׼Եλ۵Եġ

йزƲȨռУռһֱһۼ۲ݵѵ㣬Դоȷռ񷨵ȡ÷ʽ[45]ƺҲռҪԣ˵˭ռƷ˭ӵƷȨҪռоͱͨͶķʽ[46]⣬Ҳûʲô壬ƺһؿеѵ㡣Ϊо˼ӣϣֳŹ˭ӵһdzصȨӿһ⣬ԼҲΪϲܵõĴ𰸡[47]ռ⣬˵IJͶռѧ˵ƺṩһЧĽȻ壬ͶǷһֲƲֵ飬ԵͶΪڶ̶ʹñͶΪҵġƲ͸һ⣬ԣҲ⵽ŵ˵ָ[48]

ԭΪռȨΪʱ䳤öΪҹڲƲȨִܷҲ޷£ռлʱЧprescriptionȻطãʹһ˶еκζóֵIJƲȨıԲκκ̶ܴȵľȷԣҲԶ׷ԴԱжǵ״[49]ˣǿڵʵռԭҪ壬ΪʱڵijãʵռеĹϵǿˣռеĹϵȴʱԶˣϵֱ仯ڲƲҲͻӦı仯

ij˵һֶռеĿռϵĻ֣Ҫ漰ռƷϵĹϵijЩѾΪDzƲĶϵšͬʱֱȺ߽Ϊ΢СʱǾͽϵaccessionǰ߻òƲȨ[50]ǣӿҲһЩҪ磬йػľķָ⣬ں󡢺ĹȨ⣬ȵȣϵ⡣ڼ̳Уָ̳ȨsuccessionһֺȻȨһĸĸ׵ͬ⣬Ĺ涼ҪǵIJﴫ׽ˣʹdzΪڷܺͽڼ󡣡[51]Ȼ̳Ҳһʱ⣬һ̳̳֮ʱϵʱѲǹؼ⣬ָ̳еIJƲ˭ǹؼ

ᣬƲȶռйȻʮֱҪģһζȷƲȶDzܵģҲûвҪģΪIJƲǴڱ仯֮еģģһʼӵУζԶȶ䡣ʵϣIJƲռдDZ仯ģʱЧͼ̳оǶռʱռеijתڷֹͬھڸָĹϵ㷺ŲƲı仯תƣеԭռеIJƲռˣе˰˵IJƲתΪԼĶӿһвƲתƶ˵DZҪģȻģҲģһؼ⣬תƵʲôʲôвƲתƣ˵ƶȵһ⡣ΪƲתƲdzڱİᣬҲͨƭֶζãǻһͬ⣬ƲͬIJƲתƲǹģҲΪġĹҪڽӲȶԺֱ仯ĵ취֮䡢Ѱһн顣ʵнǸԵķͬͲƲһ֮⣬ͲƲԶӦȶġ[52]

ĵŵУдһŵֻַ˲ͬеһּԼҿԶ϶вһ㶼޷֤ģҴ󵨵ضԣŵҪΪķ[53]һ漰ŵԼΪŵõУһķɹǵŵУ֮ɥʧƲתҲ޷ɣƲȶռҲ޷õϡӿڵϲûʲôŵԵöںܶʱԸԼŵԣûʲôֵģDZԵ˽ŵҪΪķ[54]

Ӧָӵ۵ŹںͼΪʱӢľ÷չΪӢ۹ĹóףΪʱƷãṩǿķݣ˵ʾǽγ뷢Ĺؼ֮ڡĺƽ밲ȫȫϸأЩ⵽ӵĵطҲܽõĽϵҸԱģЩάҲͬġЩ˵пԼʲôԼЩеֻеһָΪΪϸķ[55]

ƲȨIJ

ӿҪﵽȶռвʵѾȻϵڴһҪĹ۵㣬ȶԵռвﲻȻϵһĵ¹ϵǵIJƲֻDZᷨɡҲDZķȷΪԺ㳣ռеЩˣЩ˲˵ԴʹòƲȨȨʣ˵оӦЩʣǶ˼󣬶κμʵĻϽһ˵IJƲйϵijƷֹϵȻģǵµģǽġˣȳֵ˽ıԣָԴΪĴʩƣκβƲǾͺܻˡ[56]˿˵˵һҪȱݾڰֹϵΪһֵȻϵΪܹȻȨ෴ΪƲϵһΪĵ¹ϵҪͨһƺΪزģ򵥵ƷϵĹӣϵIJƷԼӡ¹ʳҪءȶռǣҲЩռ﷢ϵᷢϵͨͶͶƷIJռУ͸ҪȷһռеĹҪصƶϡ[57]

һйزƲȨ۾ͽ뵽һµIJΣǾǵ²Ρڵ£Ҫڴһ1718͵Ӣŵѧһ̺ܹѧƣͬ20ѧѧڵʱΡڵݡ磬˹Ϊ˹ƵѧڣڵѧͰ˵ѧȻѧѧѧಿ֡[58]˹ܵġۡӵġۡѧȣȻѷǽյĵѧͬô1718͵Ӣѧ˵νĵѧľʲôأΪ⣬׼ȷ˵Ĺ⣬ƶ⣬ȷе˵붯صĵƶ⡣ǻʶڡۡĵڶ¡塱ȿ˶⡣ ָȻһزٵһ£Ӷƶ˵Ϊóһ˵ûжڵ¸еijֲΪĶκΪĻڵƵġ[59]ʵϴźܴ⡣ΪˣӾһǮǮӡһ˽һǮұڼڹ黹ǮǼڵԼ֮ҪһǮҾͻһ⣺ʲôɻ򶯻ҪǮأȻǿԴӦþеθкУӶԼΪޣ˵ұ뻹ǮɡӦָǣЩ鶼һ״̬оѵͽ˲ž߱ģδġȻ״̬£ȴҵһӦûǮijʵĶָ˾䱾˵Ȼؾ;УԴӶƳǮDzֵģճľǣǻծԼ͵ΪΪһЩеĶΪǸо֮ǣΪܹ֤ԼijԶ棬ΪҲܹ˶ԴңԣһֹͬоǽծǮΪDzûعκĻձĶصĹ͹⣻ΪκΪ粻ijֶĶͲܳΪĻйģһԵĹѭˣdzdzϣȻȷһֹ磬ʹΪȻĺͲɱģôǾͱϣͷĸоȻģΪɽЭ鷢ġ[60]

ӿĵ¹ϵһϵƶ⣬ƶһ⣬ԭ⣬ͨͲƲռȨĵ¹ϵȻûнʾƵıʡȻȻȨѧ˵޷ͲƲȨIJƣĵѧҲ޷ͲƲȨIJƣô˵ͳһش⣺ʲô˶ȶռеĵ¹ϵҰתΪһֲƲȨķɹأӲƲȨ۵һҪ㣬Ҳ˵ĵһ⣬ʲôʽ±Ϊʩȷ⡱[61]ӵIJƲȨۼȲͬ˵˵ȻȨۣҲͬڹѷ˵ĵͻһйزƲȨIJƵµ˵ǾǡͬСΪֹͬʹƲȨһΪƺʹʩΪܵҪԭҲDzƲȨĺϷԵոԴҲνĸָӵһйعͬе˼ʷоش壬ٳһµѧ·ǹ۵IJƲȨ۵ۻʯ ڽһ֮ǰһǰԵĹ۵㣬Ǿ⡣ʲôأƲȨĺ׼ȲȨϣҲ۵ϣϡдǵ޽˽ȡЭ飬ÿ˶ȶԺʱ̾ͷͷĹҲ˲ƲȨȨĹǰߣ޷ߡԴ˵˲ƲԴͬһΪʩߡġȻĵ¸мȻеıϣʹչԼѣȻ˵ˣˣȻȻ̶ȨƲȨһ£Ϊֶʹ෴ķ򣬲ҲκЭͬԼ[62]ȻӶڵѧбڴͳĻƶ⣬֮һԴĻܹ֮Ϊÿ˶֮ҲϵľΪÿ˷˸ԵȨͨһΪƣرͨһķɹƶȿܵĴʩʹĴڳΪʵһУÿ˶ǶˣҲӰĴӰ֧һ֮Ȼ˵˸Ϊһᡣɴ˿ɼڴ˵壬һԵĹ壬Ȩ壬[63]ֹͨڵƵԣʹֶ۵ѭҲȨ۵裬ӶΪṩһʵݡ

ڣһ徿βأڴĹͬеѧ˵ΪһֹͬеıֻнڹͬϣųΪܣųΪӰأӶһĹ򡣹ڹͬУģ˵ڱϵ˽̰Լ޵Ŀ˵ϵУͻ᲻ԾشﵽһϵЭƽ⣬ȻƲȶռж˵ʮֱҪģôڱȽлʶ໥֮Ϊǰݣ˵IJռеIJȶͲȫҹͬشһΪĴʩȷһǹͬصЭ͹񲻶е˵Ϊ棿Ϊÿ˴ԼǶȳ᲻ԾظеһԶıȽϣȻ̰ͼǰ棬ͼӶ˵IJΪԼãĽͬʱҲԼĸ˺ΪҲͬȥܹʱǰ棬ѡһָΪԶ棬Ǿͻ໥Э飬ͬشһִҹͬصĹ򣬲ֹ֤Զĸ档 дַֻͨάᣬǵĸʹҲͶԼĸʹһҪġЭʶۣһŵpromiseΪŵҲԴЭ飬ǺῴЭֻһĹͬоָоȫԱʾģյijЩǵΪҹ۲쵽ñռIJģҲͬضԴҡоΪҲֹͬͬоʾΪ˫˽ʱͲһʵľĺΪǡسΪ֮ЭͬȻм䲢ûвһŵΪ˫ԵΪնԷΪЩΪʱҲٶԷҪijΪڴϻʱһֺͬЭµģȻDZ˴˴δκŵڲռеȶĹȻ𽥷ģͨḶ̌ͨһپ鵽ƻIJ㣬ŻЧ򲢲˾ͲЭġ෴־黹ʹȷţĸоѳΪȫԱеģʹǶΪδĹԷһģǵĽֻǽڴϵġ[64]

νĹͬУʵһָ빫ƽ⣬ӿƽⲢһԵķ㣬һڵĸоȻǶԴ˲ûԹƾһڵĸоָŸԵΪﵽһֶڴҾĿԤڽɷϣӵIJƲȨIJưѲйϵΪǿָ͹涨ȨضķɣԽóͬһۡЩɺ͹µΩһĿġΪĺƽ棬ɻȱIJǵIJƲӦֻ֣ѭĹӦЩܱһΪĹ򡣡[65]ɴ˿ɼӲѧ˵漰⣬ΪҪı׼ǿǹͬγɵĹˣһݵĹ壬һֹĹ塣[66]

Ȼйظ빫ĸӹϵȲģݹҮ˵оոʱ˹Ӻ˵˼оͲһǻۣǾȻ˽Ķп벻ṫĽоƧʶĵ17͵ά֮£˵Ĺ۵ֻʵظܵ˽빫֮صԽܵĹ˼άһȫվһȫµĸ߶ȣν˽빫֮ϵ˲ͬڵĿ磬άƪġ۷ԢԡһʾĹ۵㣬֮еձ鶯԰Իһȡ׷ŬҲٽڵ档˷ʱŷ˼е𾪡άĹ۵˵˹ܡӵոѧɵάֱӼ̳ӣҵĽȷģӵķչάƷ[67]д巨һֽΪӶΪķʽȻԭġIJ巨Դһ˵ĺ˵ļȻ෴ģЩԵļƽоͲò÷ijΪϵˣŸϵԹȻģȻԭķ˲ΪĿġ[68]

˵άijĽʾǻģôΪ˽ΪƷijƶģʽ˹ܵľѧȴõ˸Ϊḻ֤˹йгûеġ֡геij֮󻯵ı˹֮ÿ˿ƶ׷ԼľĿģΪԼƸ󻯶ͽǣǵľûУһгȴˣгĹϵǵľûȴھûʶƣдģ˵Ϊ׷󻯵ľʵеĸƷֵġϵȴǵ¹˼еʵԵĹɣһֳձκθ˵Ĺϵͳÿֻѭ׹򣬲ܹеõԤڵ㣬ʶĻʶģ˭ѭ׹ܹ棬ѭ׹ͽ𣬹ڴڤڤе֮ڵָŸᾭеĸֹϵӶʵָĵ䣬ȿԵij󻯣Ҳдٽ己Դˣ˹дҵķʽĿʹļֵܹﵽ̶ȣҲֻԼ棬ֳϣೡһһֵָֻȥŬﵽһҪﵽĿġⲢΪ·dzڱ⣬Ͷк׷Լ棬ʹܱڱ¸Чشٽ档[69]˵Ȼһṫ棬ÿ˶洦ġ

ɴ˿ɼƶģʽгĸƷȴаżҪãȡ˸˽ΪĵλΪĺݡӴһʷѧҵĽǶȣ˹ʾгеġ֡ݵĹܣһΪһ׷ɹͷƶȣرǼʵΪ˵IJƲȨƶ档ӿǵ׷󾡹Ƕֶģв˽ijɷݣǿԼٶÿ˶׷Լ˽Ŀģǣ׷УһַɹϵڶȻسˣַ̬ͻ־˽˵IJƲȨƶȡӵУƲȨȻһԸ˽ֳԽ˸˾ĿĵĹIJȨƶȣֳIJƲȨƶȶԸ˵ĺϷȨṩǿķɱɴ˹һ

ԣָΪ䱾ǣ˽ҲȶԹ棻Ǻ룬һοһdzֱΪھɵԸķǸĺΪʱֹͣáΪȻΥ˽ƻȷǴά͸˵ҸģڶǾԱġΪû壬Ȼ壬ÿһ˱ȻҰ͹״̬״̬뵽Ҫ򱶡[70]Ƿɺƶģ棬ͨԸЭ齨ƶȡƶһЩЭ齨Ժ󣬾һǿҵĵ¸Ȼֵ֮¸ֻǶͬдٽijЩȻĵеһǾ˵ˡ[71]

2ƲȨ

۹ӵIJƲȨۣǷֲ֣̽ƲȨڲ⡣ǵһϵһIJƣͨɢڡۡйزƲȨǿԼʵѾĵѧһйزƲȨƵԭĹͬСЭԼΪĴʩȣIJƲȨ۵ݣ棬Ĺ۵ȲͬȻȨѧ˵Ҳͬڵ¶ѧ˵һֹ۵ѧ˵ͨͬеתƣ˶Բȶռһķɹһϣְһ뵽֯ΪһƶȻԴڵڻڴˣԲƲȨȷΪĵİͨͬIJƲתԼŵеڵν򣬴ӶΪ춨˹۵ķɻ һŹͬ׷ȥǷ֣ӵĵ»ѧıر漰йزƲռеʵ棬һIJƲȨ⡣ڴֵ̽ģְҵѧǾϷ硵йռϵԼ̬ϵ嶨̽ռеۻƣ½ѧ֮ǰЩԶҲ˵ռ⣬ؼǷһĴǾǰռΪһ͹۵ʵԵʵ˵Ǵ½һ󼲡ΪȷʵIJƲռеĹһƣеʱԭģһνʱʵģһʵԵʱʵ壬Դ˿͹۵ػֲͬռзʽ磬̸ռʱΪʱϵȷձֵģһжȻʱвģʱһжȷûһʵڵģɴ˶õĽ۾ǣƲȨȻDZʱģǶдŵκʵڵĶΨһʱӰIJ[72]

Э鼴ͬеIJƲȨۣȨ۵ԼشIJ죬໥֮侭໥ͬƶԼһֻԵĿǣаҪãӵЭȴԵĽбȻԣһָоЭΪ֤һ㣬ѧϸһµ֤໥֮йеϵһֿ͹۵ıȻԵϵһֽڼ䡢۸ϵϵΪˣϵʽƹϵӽϵϵ[73]ȻЩϵԭͬʵԭ򡢱ȻԭȣһָоϵʽһֽϵϵʽһᣬƾһֹͬоʶıҪԣرѭıҪԣΪһԤ⣬ǸеֻҪѭŹͬĹ򣬾ܹʵԤڵĽдƸıʾڻеĿֺʵıķӵĸȻԣʹǽһĻٵȥԤֵֿڡֵֿԤڱһֺܴĿֵֿ֣ԭȻеģйϵijƲ[74]

ǻڹͬоһķƣɴ˲Э͹򣬾Ϊȶռṩˡ¡ĻΪǡǡĻвģ岢߼һĸовԵṩģɹͬṩģѭԤУ빫ﵽƽ⣬ӶһֹͬоֹͬоʵԵĹ棬ǻ˹ĺڸ˵ֹҵȨ棬ֻһоָоûʵеģǷڸģһֹͬеǰ£DzؽƣӶһ׵ķɹϵƲȨһַɹ򡣡ʹȷ巨ǶԼ͹ĹУȷʵһǣʹǷֹеIJκιĹϵǵӡ뿪ЩȻÿﶼǶĮȻ޹صģ˿ӰǡˣвǽǵĹ棬ǽǵӡϵġǻԽһ֤ʵǰ⣬ǣеЩӡȻеģǷΪʩЭ顣Ϊκش仯Ȼͬͷ壬һֱ仯ֻֽڸıԼĺ͹棻ˣȻĽǣȷЩͬġȻ׷ģĵ׷ģôǾͲ뵽ҪЩԼͬʱǶ׷Լ棬˿ûκԤֶΣôǾͻֱײַͱСˣЩΪģۺͼӵķʽﵽǵĿģҲЩ棬ҲȻġδԭ׷һ档[75]

ڴˣΪ˸õӵIJƲȨۣǾбҪصӵѧڡۡĵһ̸йΪγɵ⣬ΪνȻԲ֮ȻʵԵϵһֽĹܶϵϵһ⡣νֻDZijЩϵŵһѲ֪ͬ伯壬رΪһȫĵԺͬһԡ[76]ƲȨӾȷԵĽǶ漰Ȼ⣬ƲռеĺһϵΪһռDZ仯ĺͲģˣռǾԵ壬ռھȷIJϻʱIJϼ֤ɣ漰ϵдֱӽӴκζʱǿ˵ռҵǶֶһֹϵȥʹԼǰԸƶıʱҲ˵ռǸˣֹϵһϵƲȨȻֻЭһȶռУҲӦͬϵǿע⣬谭ĸȻ֮Сʹκζȷ̶ҲдС谭ĸȻԼȻԲ֪ӣ¾ͲܾռǴӺʱʼʱֹҲûȷ׼Ըһˡ[77]

ɴ˿ڲƲռ֮Իᵼһϵеѵ㣬ΪرǺڸûпǵƲȨʵһϵʵԵĹϵϵĹؼ˵ءϵ˵ռеʱ仯ʵǸĹϵǿģΪӻйزƲռеһЩʽռ졢ʱЧͼ̳еȡǿӵĻֲǸܳģǽһϵϵģϵĽ̶ܳ϶ɵĸ̶ܳȶֵģһһεĹͬϵIJƲȨ֣һֿ͹ʱ̬ϵĻ֣ذʱĿ͹ֵ̬Ļᵼǰһϵϸ󣬵ǣĸܣЩͻݹͬеĵڶõ[78]

3ˡڸƲȨ֮Ƚ

ǰָƲȨǽ˼һҪ棬رŽIJ͹Ƹ͹ԣй˽˲ƲȨһֱڶ˼ǿһҪ㡣˼ԨԴ˵IJƲȨۿݵŴȻȻǽƲȨ۵㣬ӴıӢŷ޴½˼ԲͬӢ˼ǶȻҪΨ۵⣬½˼ҪΨʵ۵⡣йȻУƲȨΪһȨȨȻȨ17ŷ޹ңرǷ˼õǿ18ӢĵѧҲҵ˻Ӧ19͵ĵ¹ŵѧΪһ־ԵĹҾ񡣴ϿȻ۾½ĺӢٵ¹һߣǷϵIJƲȨۣϵһϵҪڴ½ոռλһͨӢԼӢֳռλйزƲȨ۱˼ԨԴǸӵģӢܶȻҪһΨ۵򣬵ҲشеΪ˵IJƲȨӵIJƲȨ۵IJͬ͸ķΧ˵˺ӹͬɵӢIJƲȨ½ҵIJƲȨۣرǵ¹ĿºͺڸIJƲȨۣһγ˲ͬ˺ͺڸƲȨһȽϷչʾ171819ͲƲȨ۵ĸԺԣⷴӵIJƲȨۡ

˵IJƲȨۣǰѶ˵ڲƲȨܵ˵ĺܴӰ죬ǶΪȷƲȨһķѧ⣬һ漰ƶȵ⣬ѲƲȨΪۺͷ۵ij㣬˹ͬһµĵطǵжʮǿƲȨľҪԣΪȷ˲ƲȨķɵλһҲ޷Щ۵㹹1718ӢƲȨ۵ĻҲ˽۵ҪԴʵΪķƶȺƶȣΪµгúʱƷóṩһµ˵һͬı֮£Ӧֳָž޴IJ𣬸Դ1718Ӣŵ˼йزƲȨֲͬ·

ΪһԼ۵ۼңΪƲȨ˵ֱӵĹϵǸԵֱ֡ΪͨͶͿԾвƲȨƲȨ˵һĴڣĹƶȲ֮ǰͨͶռоѾ߱вƲȨ˲ƲȨ˵ĹصһȻȨ͹ҵĽǰָеIJƲȨתΪһƶȲϵıϣɻĹҷɣԣIJƲȨԼۣ˵ļٶȻĹϵһġӵIJƲȨ۲ͬˣΪ֮ǰ;вƲȨȻȨҲǵͨԼͶͿԹռвƲƲȨӿһϵIJϰߣṲͬ𽥲ġΪһֻȨƲȨڸ˶ڲƲijռй𽥵õϵһȨ漰֮ϵ漰ϰߡͳĻ˵ƲȨһĹϵһֵµĹϵһϵϵ漰ԤڵȶԵϵˣӶڲƲȨǿڣ˶ڲƲӵнķƶϵһ˲ؾ;вƲȨڵṲͬĹϵȶģûǣijDzܵģûǣеԤҲDzܵġ[79]

ʵϣ˵IJƲȨ漰һѧ⣬ǾǶԴԵ̬ĿرǶԴصķɹĿҲһѧϵľߣ˹һǵľѧתΪκͷɵʱȴֳһǿõǿȻձһֻԵձԣķԵıΪķɹۣǿһֹԣȻӢͨĴͳ룬ӢǿͼԵͨķ취ͳͬ෴ӶڷɵʶһȻҲܵո񷨵Ӱ죬ǿϰߡͳеãǿķʵȷƲȨϵеãʵֶͨɭָӵͨͳ벩һ£Щ˼ǿʷչŹͬĻ[80]ΪڷеǷdz޵ģɵĹؼڸԣ˵кУͬкԼСͬĵǷɹѧҲͬDzƲȨ۵ѧˣӰѲƲȨ漰ŵһͬеĻΪһַɵһֻڹͬе壬Ȼձ塣

˵ʱָڸһ֮Ƕ趨һĸˣǿĹϵΪƲȨһԵȨ򡣲ҲӦָڸźܶһµķ棬ǶʵԵȨΪͨͶĶ󻯿ʵ˸񣬶Щ棬ڸ˵һ֮ҪǵIJ죬[81]෴ֶγش𣬿˵ڸͬҪԶԶСǵIJ㡣ָϵĸΪԵǸдԵڸѧ֮ĻǶ˵IJƲȨ۵طӦпɼһߡ˶ܳ˵ļ˸塣ƲȨϵΪڵϰߣڵкĴڣǸһֽһġθСںڸƲȨϵڵ໥ijϡӺͺڸ֮ռƲȨDzģ˵ƲȨǡȶռСȶĽںڸ˵ֻеռиҵ־ֻеҵ־б˳ϵʱ򣬲DzƲȨ[82]

֪ڸIJƲȨ۵һͻʵ廯Ȩתƺ˸ʵ֣Ļ˵ͨԲƲռжԼʺ־ˣֶ󻯵Ͷʹÿ͹۵IJƲ˵ԣӶΪӵСˣһֿ͹۵Ȩѧ˵󻯵Ͷ־Ķ󻯺ͲƲ˸񻯴ﵽͳһӶһЧIJƲȨ֤ɣһǺڸѧһйس󷨵һԭ򡣺ڸΪͨ˵ԵĻͶⲿռУͰԼĵ־ʵֳˣӶﵽһʶͬһԡдͬһԹֹ涨ԡˣ־ͳΪһ־DDˡ˸һȨҹɳĴӶγɵķĸַ䱾ҲdzĻԷǣΪһˣΪˡֱӷʽԼֱӶڣռУȨһ־ɣߣǽԼйصĵ˵ɡΩ˸ܸȨ˸ȨϾȨνָһģһ˵ڵЩҵڡ˸Ȩ[83]ɴ˿ɼڸȻ˵кܴ𣬵ڳȨʵԷ棬ڴ˸ȨȨܵڱȻԷ棬ͶﻯԼ־ʵֵȷ棬źܶ๲ͬһ֮Щ˼Ͷֵѧ˵شӰ졣[84]

˵Ĺ۵شIJͬΪڴ˶ռԼתƵȷ棬ſ͹۵ʵȨֻһ۵Ľϵϵһָ˶ɺĸܶϵ໥ϵ໥ϵУ˶ڲʱԵռԼеĹϵʵԵĹϵһָԵйϵһֹͬеۻá˵ڲƲȨϵ˵ɺҸǿ͹۶󻯵Ͷֻ۵ƽ⡣ڴˣͶ⻯Լ־ﻯռкĵ壬෴Ʒռеϵĸ̶ܳԼǸģˣƸûп͹۵ij߶ȣݵ۵ĸܣɲǿ͹۵ɣ۵ɣҲ־ѧ˵ء[85]

֪ڸIJƲȨʵΪһ˸񡱣˸ѧҲ漰˵˸⣬ʵԵ˸ͬһԡָǾ鹹һЩꡢҡʵĸͬһϵԵIJͬͬһԲЩ֪Խϵһֶֻ֪һʣ֮ˣΪǷʡЩ֪ʱǵĹнԵʡˣͬһƹϵӽϵϵֹϵеijֹϵġ[86]ԣΪƲȨ鹹˸ͬһԣҲ־Ե־ֻһֽƹϵӽϵϵϵΨ۵˸ϵ

ӿ˾䱾˵Զ̰ͼǰ棬ӳԶ棬ˣΪ˱˻ó棬뽨һΪĴʩͨЩʩı˵˽ԣʹܹǰͳԶ֮ﵽһƽ⣬һƲȨԼصķɹƶҲͳˡڴˣҲʹһ⣬Ҳ棬ӺͺڸIJƲȨʾijһ֮˶ΪйزƲⲻǹģģһеIJƲȨ⡣ڸڡѧаѲƲȨΪԽķɻΪƲȨ漰빫ĹϵֻвܵõƲIJǾԵĸ棬ձϵһ졣

ǣӦָڸ˼еһֻԵģҪΪӿһ֮ϵңǡǡ෴ɵΪģĿڶڵġΪҲԴ壬ֻΪΧڵĸƶԵƣְڸߵβʵʩԲƲȨԭΪĵΪָģ˵ı˽ġ̰ģˣΪάһᣬҪһֹȨǣҪرָǣʵԵĿģһڸԵIJΪﲢûһ֮ϵңˣҵĿIJͨһֹȨʵʩԲƲȨΪĵķɹ򣬴Ӷϸƽ⣬ʵһЧת

෴ڸڳԵλ֮һߵҵʵ壬ΪȨĻǻڸ˲ƲȨǻڸߵĹ棬һ־ԵĹҾۣƲȨֻڳΪ󷨵һݶ֧򣬵֮ϵĹңƲȨʧЧˡдңΪ־ɶԵɣձǿ͹۵ɡһʵĺлľ񣬣ףһģңͨ徫໥ϵʷʵԼʾΪձ羫һձ龫ķߵķ[87]˹ŷָڸѧǽڲƲȨĻ֮ϵģΪʹܹ֮ԽƲȨúڸĻ˵ƲȨ뱻ͬʱõͳԽͨijԼ־Ծ嶨ڵij󷨵IJϣڸƺŲƲȨ˼ͥʱƲϱ˹ͬӵеIJƲ˹ϵʵ壬ƲȨתΪҵIJƲȨȻڸûȷҲƲȨ˵֮ϵĹңǸ˵һȨȻҲ˲ƲȨӦñȥľԹͬ塣[88]ڸΪҵְʵһڸ˲ƲȨĸߵĹĿģΪĿģ˵ĻȨȻҲƲȨˣڸйزƲȨһԹΪĻۣϣͨҵĿһߵᡣȻڸѧ18Ӣ˼Ÿģӡ˹ܣˣǶһҵĴڣΪƲȨһĵ֧ˣڲƲȨֻ壬[89]ΪһֻͨԼȨְϸ˵IJƲȨַͨһ壬ԷֹʵţӶһɵԸ˲ƲȨıΪĿĵƶȡ[90]

Ϊ

1718͵Ӣŵ˼бڹϣ[91]еĵѧһĹԣƶλ⡣ʵһֱ˼ʷϵһؼ⡣ʲô壿ʲôǷ壿һ˼ǽʾ֭ǧ⣬ӵԲƲȨΪĵͬǻĿϸжӵ˼룬Ƿ֣һֱΪۣΪ˼֧ϵȻĴͳۣΪ˼һ֣ǻԵس˼֮Сʱƽеģ[92]ʱֲƽеģž޴˼еһѵ㣬[93]ķᴥ⣬ɴӵ˼뱳ԴԶȻͳйأӵ۸йء[94]

֪Ȼ˼йŴ̬˹ѧΪĹŴȻйŻѧϴ֮16ŽҺ𣬵õһشĸˣӸ˹շҵ򡢻˹ˡѷйȻ˼УԿŷ޵ʱձӰ졣[95]ܶȻŲͬ⣬˼ǶȻҪԭʶȻǴͬġһȻԴŵ˼е崫ͳ֮дһձķ߸˹˹ǵ˼ΪȻеԵʵԡȻйŽ̸ѧĸ죬ȻΨʵΨ̬֮£ӢһȻ˼ܵΨ۵Ӱ졣ڶȻΪһֵԵķ򣬻˵һļֵԣֱΪһȻ塣Ȼ岢DzIJ͵ȼ򣬶ΪÿﶼԼıԹԲ򣬶˵ȻȻȨ[96]˰Լıؾ;ҪƽȶԴȨЩȨرΪȨȨƲȨȡ[97]

һĴڣˣȻʵڷȻ嵽壬֮ιɵģǷŲɿԽѺۣӢĹŵ˼˵Ȼܵ˵ھĴ󱳾ȷʵڵؾвͬ·ά˹ָȻǸʱʶУˡӲȡѿ˹ŵɯĵ˼ģϲҲԳ֮Ϊ塣DZעеʶ̬ĺ壬ΪѡͬʱҲһͬġ塯ڵʾΪ˵Ȼ˹塢Ļ̵İͼӵ޵˵ġܣеľûһʵԵݣ֮ͨԡӵľ塯[98]

ܵ˵1718Ӣ˼·Ϊ֣һӢ˼ΪǿõѧԻ˹Ϊһո˼룬ǿСϰߺʹͳҪãӺ˹ΪǰΪȻһԵķ򣬴Ȼ״̬ȻȻ嵽ᣬзԵãͨȻ״̬Ѻ۾ͿԹͨͿ˷ǿȻ״̬ɣǻ˹һֱȻֹɣԣݵάΪһҵĺϷǻڹһڵĻ֮ϵġΪȷҵͳΣԵĿǶƳһ׷ƶȺʩӶЧңˣǹΪһʵԴڵɡ˼ʵ֤ѧͷѧҪӰ죬ΪҾƶɣʵʩͳΣҵ־Ĺ֮ͱʵڵķɣҵijķDZϰ߷Ϊ߼ķɡ[99]νȻ岻ĶʵᲢڣһγˣȻҲʧˣνԼԣʵ˵ڹԣǽ֮ϵԼڴ֮ûԡ[100]ɴһ͵˹µķ룬޵£·һ۵㣬ʵϾΪʵһ·ִƻһ·֮鲻ݵҪڷĵ»⡣[101]

ӻ˹Ȼ˵Ȼ嵽ִķƶֵ棨value-freeѧһ۵Ե·ʤΣͬУֱȻˡҪָǣӢĹŵ˼Уһ·ǾӺ˹ΪĹŵ˼룬DzǼ򵥵ذֿ̽һֲͬȻĵ»ейΪ֮СڡۡһһȻΪֵĹ۵㣬Ϊ֣һȻģһΪġȻĵϵֱӶԼʹԼ죬ԣΪǹȻãҪΪֻܴһȻ״̬һͻʧЧӲͬ˹˵νȻ״̬ӿȻ״̬˵Լ裬Ȼ״̬Ƕˣ˱ضҪᣬĶΪˣһȻݽĹ۵㣬ΪΪĵԽγƣҪһΪĶȻĵԡ

ӿȻڵֻ˵ıֵܿĻ򣬴˵ǷǷȻԭʹ˸еֵıƣʹ˸еʹıǶһȻϵƶۡǣγһķֹڴ˾ͳһؼ⣬Ǿδտԭ׷ʱĹϵ⡣ȻȻڶṫĽΪģԣӲǼȻҲӵȻֻһ⣬ȻȻᡣΪˣӷһֶ£ȻͬΪƺIJ˵ģΪ˱ҷȻĵʱȻһʣΪһʶġʵһ˵κԭȻûбȵ¸иΪȻģҲûһֵ±ΪȻġڷģһַĺ;ԱҪʱôҲǡ˵Ȼģ粻˼ʡýֱӷԭʼԭκһĹȻΪģġЩΪȻҲDzνȻġһָκһеĶԣǰרָǸܷԡ[102]

ȻӵġΪġ˵ضĺ壬ָͨ˵ʶƶģֲģҲģʶΧһͼչġ漰йȻ⣬һйijȶȻһ޹żȻӵġȻӦŵĵһ֣ڶ졣ǿʵͨһָ͵ƿرйȻΪıԵĶΪͳȻȻȻؼ˵żȻ޹Ȼͼһ޴ѧİϷΪȻıϵĶʵDzܵġһ˼ۼңȤIJ׷֮߼ϵǻڡ顱͡۲족[103]һֹͨȻΪʵ;ǾϰߡһָΪƲǻԣǻ˵кԸڴͳϰγɵġ˵Ϊں̶ܴǿԤڵģʱгֳһĿѭĹΪǿãΪͨ˵ϰܹشĸı䣬γɳ־Եƶȡ

ӵ۵㣬Ү˸˽һȻΪת֣Ȼġ˵Ƶġ˵Ϊַ˵ĿƵġǿֳַͨһȻڡ˵Ϊֲ˵ĿƵġͣʹñ˼ŵһЩѵõ˽ųԽı׶ˣйϰߡͳǿ˳ӶʾһƶȲơ[104]ij˵ȻΪ֮ȷʵһַ϶û˵ΪġֿԷΪԽ뽥ԵģҮͨΪĶַԽģӶδʾĶȷر¶ɴ˿νΪ壬֮Բͬڻ˹½־ԻʵԣؼһӲΪܹȾһȫͼĿģΪͼĿĶϵͳؽһ˵ǣҲӷĿ۵һҪ㡣[105]

ӿȻķΧǷdz޵ģΪ˲ᣬ˵ʵϵڣֻҪ֮УͱȻ漰ˣͱȻĽޣ˵һϵпʹĸо[106]ҲµģһΪһֵϵĹȷ㡢໥֮Ľ޵ij߶ȣͳΪزٵġʹ˶ԣɹάϵһΪƻIJˣɹеĹϵ˵ɹֿԳ֮ΪӦÿӵһΪĹ۵˼ʷϾشת塣

ӢĹŵѧӡ˹ܣ֮ǰĻ˹ܵ˵ھѧϵ½Ψˣǵѧʵ϶һ⣬ǾδӸȻݳһԡڹϣ˼Ŀ۵ģԣԼĿĵһʵԣ߸˹ǡġӢ˼ǷģǿǸԾӡ󡢹ȻĿ֡ͬ飬δƳһ壬ȷʵһѵ㡣Ƕ˹ʵ϶һѧϵĶѣͨԵǿ֣֮ԼȨΪɽһ˵ĿָкеϣӶķɹ򡣵ǣǵȴһ⣬ǾǵѧʶдڴҪλԣΪʲôǵĹһзԵأڴȻ״̬״̬аԷŵһҪλãΪҵԵΪǵѧʵǷѵģ޷Ծβ⣬޷δе⡣һǡǡ˹һӢŵ˼۵ľ֤ɭڡۡΪۣͼΪǰѧͳṩһϵн顣ȻӶھԺѧıʲȤȻų½ȻʥΨ־۵áӵĸ˼ȲڵĹ죬ҲҪָΨ˹׵شζѧڽϰԷˣλ˼ҹ״ȴó˲ͬĽۣӶԵĿ൱ΡӶ֮ϵ۵IJͣڴ˻˹ĸȻ壬ȻڸϣӲһ˹ߡ[107]

2

ΪԵڷααڶԹʵڹϵʵʴںʵķϻ򲻷ϡԣԡӦáΪҪĵ²ֵ֪ܷκʵ塣岻DZģֻһֻڷɹ壬ν򣬲򣬶һڹе壬塣[108]Ӣδͳ˵ǿɹҪԣҪԨԴӵԼڡۡõķ˵ķɹԵĴ½ϵһ㲻֣ոϲӢ֮ǰԺ൱һʱڣոܵ˷ƵӰ죬ڴ½ϵӢͳͨϵ˹Ҳͬˣ˹ڡڷɡ졢뼰ݽķۣҲԴ½ϵΪգչ˽ķϵչġҲӦָķɹְźܶӢͨݻأְҵѧڲͬϵŻ֮ĵЩɹһеĹ淶壬ˣոӢͨһֱ򣬲ΪһĻʯɭָӵȶΪĻ룬˾֮УЩ򺭸Ȼϵ֮е˽ֵĺݡǰЩȻĺͻõȨıرƲȨ̳ȨԼΪʵ˸Ȩı[109]

֪ʵ֤ѧ֮ܳⷨڷɵľӰ죬Ϊֻзɲſܵ壬ϷֵǿɲݹȨƶһϵΪ淶ɹҰ䲼ģɵĻڹҵȨͬ⡣ˣ˵νɵĻҲ棺һķɳij壬һʵʩʱеĺϷԣlegality塣ʵ֤ѧһֱܵսرԸȻΪĿȻѧɵǿķԣ20ͳ൱һʱڵԸ޶˹Ȼ壬뿭ɭصķѧۣʵϱΧŷǷ塢ɵ徿ǷԵΪһЩչġӦָĴͳӢŵ˼ȲȻѧɵ·Ȼѧǿ뷨ɵڹȻۣ֧֣ȻҲûпٳʵ֤һߡɭصŵʽѧҲͬ[110]·źܴҲ˵Ȼѧɺʵ֤ѧ֮⣬ӿٳһɶԵ·һеֱȻΪӣеҪҮ˹֮ԹŵӣҪָǣҮ˵˵ķDzȫģƬģΪǶӺ˹˼йصԼٵķḻ

Ĺؼִѧ۵ķµĹϵ⣬ǹŵѧеķ⡣ΪɵҪԲԵĹҽϣҮ˵ķй׵ģΪָ֮Щݽзõϰסͳ͹ȻҲһЩƶķɣЩġ͡δġɹᷢչݽġ[111]Ƕȿ븻֮ķɾԴȻȨǹȨۣҪѷ⣬ƶϵһ𣬽ֻǰ۶йƶı׼ȻйȻͻԳֻᵼ·ɵѣΪǵʵϵģһ붯򣬾ͻַʧЧ⣬ǵԶ޷ġǣǰDzΪµ⣬ΪԵ⣬Ҳ˵ΪɹξԵģôΪԾͱƶ񶯻ĵ¸塣Ӣŵ˼ҲǿкͿָо֮ͨԵλ뵽֮Уڷɹ⣬һ⡣Ϊʵǡǡǰ˺ʵ֤ѧɵ·ٳһͨɹ·ߣһҲյóʵһƶҪ۵㡣 رֵָǣӰйزƲȨ뷨ɹijϵɴ˽ʾƲȨƶȵ屾ʡΪƲȨΪһƶȻĹؼڼ򵥵ȷڸάһֳԵķƶȣάκһ˶ԼƲȨͻdzԣԵķƶȲǾԵƶȡдеƲȨȻ˽һԵģֻעеijЩƣῼʿλԼ˼ʹϵ⣬ҲῼЩκضеᵼµκضһã༴ûгֵʸãijЩƲôģЩҲԥذЩƲȫЩƲһѾ޶ʲ˽ĹҪһȷĹԲƲеңЩΪڹһͬĿĶDzɵģȴضĿѣҲʹÿһĺƻܹ֧ɻȱĻҲ˶һϴѹ˶Ǿ㹻ˡ[112]

˿ȲȻĿԭ֮УҲڳԹ֮Уֻƶ֮У˵ƶеԵļֵ˵һε¡ӵĹ۵㣬άرǻ˹·DzȡģΪûнδ˵Ȼתƶȵ屾Ե⣬ʵ֤ѧɻ߰Ϊһۣ֮߰򵥵صͬڷɵƶʵʩΪ壬ͬҲƶļֵˡո˼ȴͼΪķɹѰһƶȵֵһƶȼֵҲͷ˱仯DZµѲǻ˹ϵġά̹Ŵijǰңһιͬ壬һƶϵָɺƶģ棬ͨԸЭ齨ƶȡ[113]Ϊʹһdzı˵ķƶȶ˵֧õĹֻ֧ˣĵΪһשһ߲ž壬һˣôĵٶҲǺġҸͷԴʰһԵĵԼ֧ͺñȳԫ֣֮һשһʯʹߣӵĸ߶λڷܺ͹ػȡҸһԵĵԼ֧ͺñȹĽ죬ʯͷе䵽棬ĽṹΩͨӦֵ໥Ԯϲ֧[114]

Ǵ½ϵķɵ伮ͨ˾ʵŴľķɹ򣬾ݲͬķ׼Ի鲻ͬУֳɲͬĵȼֵעǣӲûѡķɹΩѡȷƲȨĹԼͬеIJƲתƺŵ򣬰ΪӵһȻģ̵ģֵ˼

һָһ˵ΪһַƶȵĴʩʮֱҪģû˹ۼѡҷ򹫷еһЩɹΪݡ磬ӵ˼ʮֽӽ˹ܣɵݽоǴӹʼģΪҪԸ˽[115]ӵ˼ȴDzͬȻûнһΪϵͳķۣ[116]ҲûжԾķѧרŻоĺĵķȴʮȷʮͻģʹ˵ķɹֱѧأ˵ѧһҪ֡ǿǷɵ壬ˣڶķɹѡȷ˽ԭΪҪġԵķɹ򣬲ΪΪʲôҪѡԲƲȨΪ˽ݵķɹΪķɻأϲȡһµ֤;ȷƲȨȲһԵҲȨǷԵĹͬеơҲ˵ƲȨֻζŶڲռУһַϵռвƲȨһйؾΪķϵȷϣԣƲȨһַϵĹ ҮΪӵ˼۵ĺݣڶԾҪƶȵĻзʱʾΪֻijЩ͵ķƶȵõչĵطܹӵӶΪѧһЩҪĹסЩʱľѧ˵ѧѧ˵ǽϵһģӵȻۼ֮һʶӵĹɴ˲֮Ĺϵ[117] ǿӵҮһǾǿ˽رDzƲȨһ򾭼γɵʶкܴһԣǶ޳йȻԹ۵㣬ԽڷγеλΪΪĺIJĺƽ밲ȫ򲢲ȻĵԣҲǴ˵ԷƵġ˵˵ӲΪܹԼֱӵǺģģڴȻݽ𽥻ϰסɵġʹģԸЭΪʩˣΧ˵Щ巨ӦΪΪġǸһ˹֮ЩȻزԶطһֵ¸СȻֵ¸лһµΪʩǿμǵĹ̵ĸ˽˽ʹڶ˵IJƲϸԼԼΪʱ򣬷һкС[118]

ǿӵ˼лһҪķ棬Ǿ˲ƲȨ֮漴չйۣΪ˵ġһµķ[119]˿ԲƲȨΪɹ˵һҪġǰ˲ȫȻԼӡĻһõҲָտɴˡԣΪʵʩĹ˲һηƶԵδʩǵǺǵȻϵŵģǰߵķҪΪ˺ߣҪĿҲǿȻ򡣡[120]ΪƲȨҪأҲҪӣزƲȻȻDZҪģӶҲͬҪġǰһҪһĸҸҲͬҪġ[121]ԴǵĹеԼͳζ˵ȨǽڹڹĿȨ֮ȨĿ͹ڲƲȨĿ֮ϵġȷʵЩҪأ桢־͸ȵȿΪȷƻıǵáɶԣûЩҪزܵãֻ˵ǴҪĶҪԭ򡣡[122]

˼еһҪݣڵǣIJƲȨķιкιϵأȻҲһҪĹؼ⣬ʾ˼ԭһбڴͳ۵µķۣһ˫ķ۵ijΡһǰӵIJƲȨһ˽ϵĹӿһزٵΪƻʱ֮ΪҪġȷƲȨ壬ԼĹͬе۷Ƶȣڴ˲׸ӵ⣬εĵһ㺬ԭ˽ϵĹ֮ΣͨȷƲȨȣγˣṩһȻܲõĵ֮ȴһ֮ڣ˵ȻԲǣDzܹʵ϶Ǵķһָ޴Ц˽ֻǰ棬Զ棬زƲȨĹΪ˵ijԶĸԵ棬ΪάһĴԣһηһµĶǾȹƶȡûʲôַΪģʹȳݵز[123]Ȼһ֣ʹ⸴ˣȻڵIJƲȨȹѾԼƶԵˡ

ӵȨDzʵҪȨҪķ𾴣ҲDZزٵģӶԴ˲壬ڡۡжԴ˸˳ֵ˵ȻһȨʹ䲻ãͳΪһͷҪ飬ڴ˷εıҪԡҲ˵Ϊƶصķɹʹͳߵͳзһϣ˹˵˲ͬرǿҷҪ壬ҲΪƶʵڷڷƶȷռҪλãǰһȥƶûֱӹϵ˽ر漰ƲȨķɹλΪʵʩķͳ˵Ϊʵ˽ִУһͨʽʵʩ˽ķۣʵǡǡǽʾ˽бڹŴķεʵڡӶڷεǿѾõģдۡʱ˲ƲȶռСͬתԼŵȻԴ񷨣ѧѾ񷨹һѧƶȿ֮ڣĻƶȣѧ塣ӿһĺϷݣҲԵĻͳǹѡִ٣ǶѭɹͨͳΡӢƶ֮ԱºͶɵʵΪӢһֱһعϵķƶȵδͳҸֲĵ֮Сʮ͵ɴ£ԶŵԺɭֵķƶȣֱ18ӢʵǾ˹ٸĶھĹϵķɴͳȴһֱûţܾƵĽعϴͳεϰߣɵƶȽһ𣬴ӶʹӢ崹ھԶ[124]ɭָ򡮷ΡӢα롮ϵijй͹ʡĴĹ͹Ӣġ塯ⳡĹ֮һǣȶԺͱԵΪȶԺͱԵвֵطָһ񷨹ľԾƣһܹʵʩβҷڹġڶӢġɡҲרƲ𺦹[125]

ϸӵķʵһ˫ķۣشķӦسַɹһҪԲƲȨΪ˽һƶĹҷɣȻҲͲǵһַɵͳΣַֻɵĻ֮ΣͨȨǿʵʩԱϲƲȨΪ˽֮Ρǿӵһ˼20͵˼ҹҮõϵͳķӣҮ˵νͨķιȻǴӵ˼лСڴˣȽһӶڹҮ˼ӰζģȻ˶ڹҮ˵ӰǾ޴ģһ޿顣ڹҮ˵ҪУرġԭһУҮ˶˵йءȨƲȨȨڹҮ˵˼Եӡۣ˻ȻȨ۵ġۡڹҮһʱڵ˼Ҳشġǣֵעǣ˵η˼˵ԴڴӢͨͳرֳŷ޴½˼ɫʣرй츳ȨĹȻȻ˼ϵͨĹ[126]Ӷͨʶ˲ͬҮָȻĸΪϵĴͳҪӢͨѧߣǰ»?˺?ڶλͻ˹ķ̳Ѷƶ֮ɳ⴫ݸˣطѾؽƶȵȡ[127]ΪһλʷѧңͬʱҲǷɺѧң˼봫Ӣ˼봫ͳǿǷɹijԡԣ뾭ûĹϵ磬ƲȨҪΪһȨҪΪһֳĹ˽ƶݽеˡ֮ĹϵˣӶӢƶȺͻԭIJ˵ӢͳıʡڹҮ˵ĺУγԼΪΪĵķ˼ʱ˺˼еλþͷ˺ܴı仯˵൱һʱ˶ԹҮ˼Ӱǿӣôĺ˼УرڡɡɡһУ˵ӰԼڹҮ˼еĵλйĹ۵㣬Լ˽빫桢뾭õĹϵ״̬ʶȣԹҮ۵ijʮֹؼá[128]

ǿӵͨƹȨ˼룬˹ܵľѧеõʵǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽȷ涨˹ΪȨޣָȻɵƶȣֻӦ񡪡Ҫһġһᣬʹַڶܱϸˣʹκ˵ֺѹȣ˵Ҫ˾ء貢άijЩҵijЩƣ佨ά־Ϊκ˻κ˵棩ҵʩɴᾭӪʱܲѶ࣬ɸ˻˾Ӫ;ܲѡ[129]Ӧóϣӡ˹ܵҮˣһһഫ·ߣԴˣҮ˲ԺָӲѧе춨巨ѧĻڡӢʷ1754-1762һУӢʷͳһ𽥳ֵḶ́˼봫Ӣ֮⡣ǵ?˹ܵľԹףǶһԷɵ˵ֻǡķɹԼһԷزġƸʺԭоűκһ鶼õر־Žķˡʹ˽⵽ڶκרȨijײζȨȡƴʩӢ÷ٵҪԭ򡣡[130]

ǰָӵѧһҪ⣬Ȼġ롰Ϊġ֮ìܻϵһֱ޷ϸ׷ӵ֤Կһ۵IJԡһΪƲȨȷɹΪƣбȻһ̬һֲϴһЩȫȻĵ壬Ҳһ־ŵʵƷСȻܶΪļͨɹƶȵãɽϰסĻӰ𽥲ģǣȻмЭأȻϵͬ͹ͨоΪСʲôϵأ˵ǰںߣôͬ͹ͨȻ޷ΪƶṩϵݣǰΪôֺαҪһƶϵΪأȻͬĺ͹ͨвҲܹĸоΪнķɹʵϾһ⣬ȻԶֱӵĿָмԵָͬʱͬȴ޷ʵԵ˵ij˵ֻðijֲ֪򣬻ùҮ˺Ļ˵Բ

ʵϣҲʶԣƺ²⵽һµĽȻΪ֮Ѻ۵н飬Ǿ趨һԹߵĽɫ֮ͨϵ磬ڡۡͬĻʱٳһ߷ӣдǵǻ෴ӳľӣⲻΪ黥෴ӳǵΪСЩߣԻ෴䣬Բ֪ʧһIJƲõĿ֣ͶԹʱֺأڱ֪֮ͬĿ֣һȷֳ֮ΪԹ߷ֺصµĻƸʹһȤǶڲƸȷʵһԭʼĿ֡DzƸıԺͱʣȻɲƸһеԴЩҪһ־DZ˵İصУΪĿַͬġ[131]⣬ڡԭоһĸ¼Ľһ˼УҲ̸Թߣķɣ¡ƥҵģӦԶΪУָȻǽߣͻʹҵգͻӱʹҲ죬ͻᴥÿһλԹߡ[132]Ȼֹһε̸ԹߣΪԹֻнܷͬȤ[133]ܵ˵ԹвռҪĵλֻһֲԵ˵

֮£Թ˹ȴΪĹؼ˹ɴһԹߵۡ˹ڶԴʱȡӲͬһֿ췽ʽͬӵΪĹ۵㣬Ϊ޷ǰȻìܡӲͬ˹ܶȻһԼĶ⣬µġȻȻѧϵĻѧϵȻԣ˹Ȼ˵ѧϵȻѧϵȻ֮ͬһ˹ܱȻҲԼʶˣûȷָĹȻΪֵԵĻ֣׵һϵĻҡɭָһ˹ӹڹù鷳֮ԼǡĺԹΪжϵĻҪأôеúͶ˵ΪͶ˸ʶأ˹ܵоʹûзӵֵԴԷ֮ϵ˹ܴûйȻΪ֮磬ϤǽһҪ㡣˹ܶԴѵʶ߼ʹʶDzö֪[134]

ǿ˹һҲΪһַɷ壬IJƲȨͬ˹Ҳдʥ巨ɾЩھӵȫķɣЩ˲ƲȨķɣЩνȨŵ黹Ķķɡ[135]ֵעǣ˹ܽһԹߵļ裬һӵΪȻ֮Ѻ˹ͨԹһӽǶõ˿˷νԹߣָһվԹ۵λͨͨеͬƶܵ˵Ϊ˹деЩ˽ԭʼļ˵Լĺ֮ʧԵñһûϵ˵Ҫö࣬ἤijָΪĸ˻ˣijָΪǿҵĿӶֻҪһЩ;ᱻͬԼһҪȥκڴٽǵ𺦵顣ҪܹıȽϣȸıһԼĵλDZȲԼĵλҲĵλȲԼ۹Ҳ۹⣬Ǵӵĵλõߵ۹ǡͬûʲôĹϵ֮ûƫжϡ[136]˹ͨԹߡһؼĸӶ˸˵˽뷨ɹìܡ˹ܵĹ۵㣬ʵϰֽɫһֽɫһߣ׷Լ˽㣬˵ĹϵһԼϵΪĵϵǣһϵ滹Dzģ˵һֽɫԹߣֿԳȻؿеĸϵԼϵ

ϸ˹ĹԹߵĹ۵㣬ͻְᷢƶȺݡȾƶȲڻޣȷÿӦı׼ǽΪԼȥ˺ˡˣһϵеķɹƶʵʩΪṩһij߶Ⱥͱ׼ɲΪijһЩרƶģṲͬijеߺ壬Ƿе˵ġɵձҲʹһֳԽڸ֮ϵĵλԣij˵ɱһԹߵϵһֻʽ϶˶ӰĹνԹʵҲһַɹԺʽԣӢͨƶеһϵƣšƵȶ˵DzȡֹԹߵӽǣԴ˵֮ϾףӶﵽһĽͬʱ˹ִ֮ܵһϣеĽǶһԹߵãͨصشһԹߵλ˷˵˽ӶͨٵȻΪ֮ѺۣΪ֮ΪȻƶȡṩһѧĻ

Թһеȫ۲첢ÿ˵ΪһӽζûܹɵƫԼΪԼһ׼˹ܿĿIJڵıԣύеĹΪһѧۣΪһеΪֻǾܵر񣬵˲ûͨԶȫ˷ڲʺ羡ͷûáˣ˹дʣʵдһֺԣӦõõӦںԵȫͬΪĺʵУԣֵøмڼ£ֻһ£ֹȥ˺ΧˡһȥַھӵƲˣȷʵֻһʵŵ㡣ȻȴرΪȫ棬˵λͬȵǿʵǿȥΪȥܸ账һ顣Ǿͨµķйȫ桱[137]

ָ˵ĵһȻԣһΪԣΪǰһֹȻʵģҪΪԣرǴΪ壬ӵ˼УΪ۵ĻʯһûнǾ޷ԴȻ嵽Ϊݱһ˵˹ܻǿӵѣŴͬĻеһԹߵԹ˹˳ԽȻΪԣΪһ͹۵Ľɫ˹ܿԹߵһȻ壬ȻֲͬȻϵȻһΪеȻΪвɵءһ˹ܶȻʵϾ봫ͳȻ۷ƫ룬֮ΪȻĶij˵ǡǡӳ֮ΪΪĶԣ˵˵IJ𲢲иԵ壬ֻͬһ˲ͬƶѡΪӺ˹˵Լɴ˽ľáۣӦ÷ŵͬ˼뱳⣬׵˼ĻңΪո˼УӺ˹֮иԵ۲ʵ˲ûʵʵIJͬǶȷ԰˵ͬȻȻᣬҲȫ˵ϰ봫ͳһľ͹ƶȣ۵ĹؼһͬƶԼ壬ֻɵƶȣӸϲ֮ΪΪģ˹ϲ֮ΪȻģҲӵΪġᡱ˹ܵġȻƶȡ֮

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[1] ۡ£532ҳ

[2] ۡ£542ҳ

[3] Studies in Philosophy,Politics and Economics, Routledge and Kegan 1967,pp.106-121.

[4] ۡ£528ҳ

[5] ۡ£531ҳ

[6] ۡ£533-534ҳ

[7] ۡ£525ҳ

[8] ۡ£527ҳ

[9] ۡ£543ҳ

[10] ۡ£567ҳ

[11] ۡ£525ҳϢڵϵһж֮УȻŰƺ޹࣬ȻҪڻЩҪȴԱֶΡҪάʳﲻΪѰٺͽӽҪͶ໹뱸·ͷݣΪϮȻۣȻû׳֫壬ҲûҲûȻIJܣκγ̶ӦôҪ

[12] A.M.HonoreġȨһйعȨʮһ֡׼ҪʱѡռȨΪһ֣дռȨضϵƣڸǰ¾еֿƣȨϲ㽨ĻɷΪ棺ض↑ʼƵȨҪȨԼάֿƵȨҪδøȨضƶΪʵЩĿ꣬ṩһЩͳǾͲ˵ƶDZȨġμA.M.Honore,Oweership,in A.G.Guest,Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence,London University Press,1996,p.114.

[13] μѧԭ204ҳͨ˵ͶԼͨһ˵ͶҪ㣬ʹҪõн飬˵õDDҪϵ

[14] ۡ£18ҳ

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[16] ۡ£19ҳ

[17] J.WaldronΪ۵ĺģһرȨΪIJƲȨ֤ͨȻ״̬еԴͶһ˾Ͷǻȡ棻ӵµĹ۵㿴dzҪ֧⣺ˣδͬ⣬вôȡЩԴ񡣵ǣ˵ûлȡձȨӵеΨһձȨǣܵϵȨıĻڴձȨڼ£ȡʣƷԼʹáǣϽţֹ̫ۣ¶ϵձȨͨ˽жʵֵرȨָͬһĿģһٵᣬдIJƽȣǣÿ˶Ϻõرṩһᣨͨ˽к;ҵӮJ.Waldron,The Right to Private Property,Oxford University Press 1988,pp.251-253.

[18] ۡ£529530ҳμ˹ġά̹96ҳһ״ĽDZûвƲûͳȨûСġҵġ֣֮ÿһܵõֵĶܱסʱڱġ˵ľǵʹʵʴڵĶ״Ȼ״ȴпܳѡһҪǵļ飬һҪǵԡ

[19] ۡ£20ҳԺԼֵĹйϵпǴӹеĶȡκһֲʹȻõ״̬ſʼвƲȨģеĶͺôˡȡһһ֣ȡһй˵ͬ⡣ҵԵIJݡҵIJƤԼͬ˹ͬпȨĵطھĿʯΪҵIJƲκ˵ͬ⡣ҵͶʹԭĹͬ״̬ȷҶǵIJƲȨ [20] 磬µѧ˵һֵ͵ռۣʵԵľԳǹĻԵĵλд֯еȻȨָһЩȨʽǿԴһЩԭݳΪ֣֯ˣ֮֯ǰDDųDDһڵġҵĺġ뱻ΪǿܵģһһȨȥǿпǷκˣһһ֯Сҵĺġܹõ֤ҲһռУΪһְȫ״̬׼ռֻܽڹ־ķ֮ϡˣ֮ǰռУҪ״̬Ŀһ£һʱĻʱķռУռ״̬нΪʵʴڵġԵĻб֤ռСζѧԭ69ҳ

[21] ۡ£532ҳ

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[23] ҮڡԸһдڴ?Ӽ18͵һЩոѧҺѧ߿IJƲõϣȻ־Ŀʼ淶ȨĹƺһеµĹؼ֮ڣʹӰµġۡ󲿷ƪ⡣ԼӢʷУѹҵǿʢ鹦ƲȨܵơ34ҳ

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[25] ά̹174ҳҲƷˣǸݹҵȨߵȨġ˽dzԼ֮֯ģǸ˵Ȩġ

[26] ۡ£59ҳɡƽȺͶģ粻ñ˵ͬ⣬ܰκ״̬֮⣬ʹһ˵Ȩκ˷ȻɲڹƵΨһķͬЭΪһͬ壬ıDZ˴˼ʡȫͺƽԱ㰲ȵǵIJƲиıֹͬκ˵ַ

[27] ɼ壬й˼˹ܴһµģдֻᣬֲȱݣſԺƾУȡơʹ˵Щ㶼õ˲״̬УȻʱ࣬IJȴҲʹڸ涼Ұ͹״̬ܴﵽľظ⣬Ҹ˵ءֻΪԼͶʱ(1)ڵκشĹ(2)ͶΪĸֲͬҪκ⼼շ涼ܴﵽɫijɾͣ(3)ͳɹһʱȵģԲһ⵽ۣɱҪͿѡֲṩ˲ȡЭǵˣŷֹǵIJˣŻǾͽ⵽żȻ¼ϮͽָӵͰȫŶΪġۡ£526ҳ

[28] ˹ͼָΣӷչĸձԭ򣺾ûӦܵŵġġڽ̵ġơٶġԡеĸˣضǸΪŴƾûūơʿ˶޳ɹƣǵIJͬڣʿСġӵũҵ͹ڴҵ͹ֹҵѧũҵóסμStewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,pp.297-301.

[29] ҮӹϣֱڣֲƲɺԴڵǰһģϵķɡʹκθκʱ䶼Ծ˭κξƷ֧ȨóȷĿԸ29ҳ

[30] μնġŵἰˡей

[31] ۡ£535ҳ

[32] ¶˵˵˼źܴĻңһΪλʶһḶ́ڳڵΪ֪شӼͥģͬʱһ棬ֿ޹ҵȻ״̬͹֮һԵѺۣԵȥ׷ʣڸȨƵķչУԼǺʱģȻ״̬ǺʱģǺ˵ҵ𰸡μJ.Waldron,The Right to Private Property,Oxford University Press 1988.pp.137-253.

[33] ׼ȻΪ͸һӰ죬ԵȻĽǣЩ׼ԵΪκӰ죬һǰѾ֤ˡ׼̼УֹΪһȫģ˵¹򲢲ԵĽۡۡ£497ҳ

[34] ӵͬԼ˹ܵĵۣμҵġӵѧ¡Ӣŵѧ [35] ˸ɭڸ˲ƲȨйԶ壬ΪһԴ֣תãԼʹõȨһκsocial functionΪȨMacpherson,Democratic Theory,p.126.

[36] ָβܴ洫ͳϮIJƲȨΪҪǵԸܣǽǸϸµʹЩӵƲȨռСռʱЧͼ̳УԭģѭĹܣںǸʱո񷨡Divid Miller,Philosophy and Ideology in Humes Political Thought,Oxford University Press,1981,pp.67-68.ǿ˹ܵķһҲһǶܵ˴½Ӱ졣ⷽμHutcheson,A System of Moral Philosophy,Glasgow,1755,P.Stein,Law and Society in Eighteenth-Century Scottish Thoughtin N.T.Phillipson and R.Mitchison,Scotland in the Age of Improvement,Edinburgh,1970.

[37] ۡ£546ҳ

[38] ۡ£546ҳӽעָһʣһеĹϵʱ׸һָӵĹϵԱ㲹ֽϣںܶ£ָӵĹϵͨƶϲγɵġij˵ƲȨҪȷġ [39] ۡ£542ҳ

[40] ۡ£546ҳܶ˵һġȷĿۡ£568ҳ

[41] ۡ£542ҳ

[42] ⣬˹ӵĹ۵ǴһµģΪƲַȡõġһͨռУռдǰκ˵Ķڶͨһ˶ԼȨҲȨ磬ͨʱЧڳʱ䲻ϵռжһһ˵ĶȨģ̳ͨǵȻκαˣǸǸû壬ͨԶ룬һ˰ԼȨøһˡǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ126ҳչɭ⣬ӵһЩ۵ּȻͨأԣԶģ˹ܰΪһķѧϵ֮С˹ͨӵԹߵĽʹӶչӵĻ˼룬ʹΪ֧ҸȷΪһزٵضʷķչ̡K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,p.28.

[43] ۡ£543544ҳ

[44] ۡ£545ҳ

[45] μܖԭۡӡ1996棬339ҳ

[46] ¶˵˵ۣȻԴʼûҪȨܹͨͶһʹãfirst useռУoccupationȡȨرȨΪȨۡ˵˽еͶۣLabour Theory of AppropriationЩʱ򳣺͡ȡռ۷һȽϣǶʹõӶԣֱȽϲû̫塣ڵռɹϲժƻɱһͷ¹ЩȿΪԴռȡҲΪǵͶڴˣ˵ʵǡͶFirst LabourֻۣеһԴռлͶ˲ܳΪߣͶֻ߶µͶԣеIJƲȨȨԴӵеܿȨʵʷʵȷģDzϵȷձȨƺûг׽ӺͿµ߷˵һССȱڡһܹһƬ֮ǰȱȡռų˵ʹã򣬹ȨʹʹĿѲʵ֡ϣӺͿ·˴ѾءߣδIJ˽߱ΪѵĿĶųƬ֮ȨûбȨȨôȨľijֱĶǿѡûбȨôĿѽȷӶ֮ϣӶȷκȨͶۣҪôǶģҪôDzֵġJ.Waldron,The Right to Private Property,Oxford University Press 1988.pp.137-253.

[47] μۡ547ҳעе꾡ۡ

[48] μа179ҳΪʲôʹһ˵Ͷijᣬʹ˳ΪһƷأҲΪһ˶ͶȨҲͶԵԭġ͸ͶijȨȨһ޷֭ҰʹӾȵ󺣣Ҿ˶ӵ𣿡 [49] ۡ£548549ҳ

[50] ۡ£549ҳ

[51] ۡ£553ҳ

[52] ۡ£554ҳ

[53] ۡ£559ҳ

[54] ۡ£556ҳ

[55] ۡ£566ҳ

[56] ۡ£531ҳ

[57] ⣬¶˵IJƲȨһۣջ¶⣬Ϊ˽˲ƲȨȻ״̬ǿܵģȷҪ˵ͬ⣬Ǹߵĵ˽ΪνеȨ˽˲ƲȨǹԻʱģձĺͱȻģڽ빫֮ǰѾȷеشˣֻǶѾȷ˽˲ƲȨ·ѡμ J.Waldron,The Right to Private Property, pp.137-253J.Tully,A Discourse on Property:John Locke and his Adversaries,p.110-120.˵ƺģΪΪ֮ǰIJƲȨûг쵽ձԵij̶ȣΪҲǶ˽˵IJƲȨ·䣬дڱʵ޽ĻЭ飬һʹǶЩЭ飬ǿʹͬĺشٽijֹĿģԼ档μۡµ578ҳ

[58] 171819͵Ӣ˼Уѧѧĺǵͬģûе¹ŵѧ֡(sittlichkeit)롰¡moralit?tıμǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ߿ϵĵġԭۡ

[59] ۡ£519ҳ

[60] ۡ£523ҳ

[61] ۡ£525ҳ

[62] ۡ£532533ҳ

[63] ɭָĵºѧкʹôͳȨ֮ˣǷȨΪ˱⵱ʱǶȨ⣬ȻȨĿۺ۵Ŀ֮СӱͬһȻĵϵģԸȨȥֻ֤ڵż漰ƲȨԼȨͳεȨʱ̸ȨӲԸʹȨΪͳϵȨĿζһֹ۵ΪȨΪ˵ıʣеĵ¡еĵ»ƣƲȨȨƣҪһֹ۵ΪȨ˵ҪǴӹڸ˵ȨȻܳġμK.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,pp.182-221.˵ԸʹùĹ۵㣬ӵ˼ΪҮ˵̳뷢ӣҮ˾Ϊν壬ʼζij˻ijЩӦӦȡijжνġӦԤ˶ijЩijϣЩ綨һϵƣЩУijضΪDZֹģDZҪȡġɡɡڶ52ҳμ׾塪Ү˵ķ˼롷һ¡Ϊ򡱵й˿˵Ϊ֮񣬹ؼڳǷѭ˵ΪҪķֽãһĶۺͽ޷ﵽġѧƶԽСһ𣬶ȴǿΪܵĹؼնͽ綨˵Ϊôսʹ˷һСĿռУӶʵϸ˵ɡǵԤڡĿǧģҲǸģÿ֮DzͬģͬһڲͬʱҲDzͬģֶԹ֮һȻһԪᣬһʵᡣǾһ⣬ڶ˵νһ֮ȥᣬǾһԪᣬÿ˶ѭųԼĻ׷Ԥڵʵ֣˵ĵʹֻǻߣÿ˵ʵʽȴַǹܹԾģܡռۺģ˵һ˫εģôһֳֺ֮أ˵ľ壿˵ǷΪ֮أЩ⣬Ү˲DzǡǡҪ֮岢ζžĽһֳķֽ磬Ҳ˵һĻô岻ǽ壬ֻǹ壬رdz塣μ58ҳ

[64] ۡ£530531ҳ

[65] ԭо44ҳ

[66] ҮΪʽһʵԵĹݹ壬һʽԵĹ塣һ˲еļֵDzɵĶʱ׼ΪʲôӦŷ׷ʣôͿԱһߡݴˣʿ¡˹?ǺʹΪ?ӣԱΪǹߣΪĹҲȫԱ֮ΪһĹ۵㡣ɡɡڶ24ҳμRoland Kley,Hayek`s Scial and Political Though,pp.216-220.ν壬ָǷɡƶȡ塢ֵȣ֮˵壬DzݣֿϵĴҲ޶˹֤һ֪֮Ļ֮µԤ衣Ƕ˵ĹϵһֹĹϵһܹٽÿʵԤڵԹϵֻֿ͹ۼֵÿ˵ֹϵӡҮ˵˿ƵضĿıֳģһֳĹϵͳֳġԵƿȥֱӷھĿģǡǡܸ˴洦ᵼʧ磬һгżһӵϵͳϵͳÿ˶ѭųϷΪôDZԸԼIJܡԡŬ²ͬĽȻȥûرʩijЩ˻ijˣȴʹÿ˶ɵ״̬״̬˵ʩϵͳ洦֯ͨһЩָǿƸԤӵżϵͳôµĽֻǽϵͳеɶɱӶʹÿ˵涼ܵ𺦡μ׾塪Ү˵ķ˼롷¡ɡ塱 [67] Simon ,Patten,The Development of English Thougth,New York,1910,pp.212-213.

[68] ۡ£569ҳ

[69] μ뾭򡷣տ룬ѧԺ磬1991棬7ҳ

[70] ۡ£538ҳ

[71] ۡ£622ҳӽָ˽ǽԭʼڹֵͬĵԴۡ£540ҳ

[72] ۡ£549ҳշ˵ΰѲƲȨʾǵأͨʹǰѲƲȨϰϵ˺Ͷ֮ȻϵһɵġѰһָAMNZɶԵķʽAN֮䣬BO֮һȻĹϵҲˣôûзɵ£ԵķɷʽҲANBO˵ȵȡμDivid Miller,Philosophy and Ideology in Humes Political Thought,pp.68-69.

[73] 鲻ڳʱʼչ̶һϣҼ㾡ŬҲܴﵽһֺ㶨̶ȡǵ˼벻׸ı䣬ڱ仯вȫûκιͷġ˼֮еĹһ֮ơӽΪĶ󡣵һʱЩϵκιȻֵ֮Ƚ˳ؽ顣ۡ£317ҳ

[74] ۡ£351ҳ

[75] ۡ£536ҳ

[76] ۡϣ234ҳͬһ⣬дȷʵ֪Ψһ֪Щ֪ʶֱӳǣǻǿҵͬ⣬һн۵ԭʼһĴƶһĴڵǸΩһĽۣƾϵϵָмһֹϵԼһĴһĴڵġϵĹɹȥľģŹȥľǷִ֣㳣һ𣬲ԶͬʱСdz֪⣬ȻûУԽǣǿһЩ֪֮۲쵽һֽϻϵԶ֪Ͷ֮۲쵽ֹϵˣ֪ĴڻκʣγɹڶĴڵκνۣǵԡۡϣ239ҳ

[77] ۡ£546ҳ

[78] ԴԡΪ֤дǸΪжһйϵͨеĹϵDzƲȨϵƲȨԱһϵǿ⴦ƷɣǿƷõ档ĹϵӡĹϵǣƣˣÿκοֻʹǴһڲƲȨǷϵĶʱǾͿԶ϶ֹϵĽϱȻᷢǫǰۼ۸ּȷʵĻǷˣֻҪԵع۲һϾͿԵõ㡣ۡ£345-346ҳ

[79] ָڴ˹˵IJƲȨۡΪһӵвƲΪ˸ͲͶûһӵĹϵۡ˵ƲȨϵڱ˵ĴڣǽӰȶռеЭ顣෴˵һ׿Խ˵ĸۣΪ޷ֱӵظĽ˵ĵλأӵļٶ˽ṩռеĽ˵DzƲȨĽ˵μJ.Berry,Hume,Hegel,and human nature,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1982,pp.77-78.

[80] K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,p.21.

[81] RadinڡƲȨ˸һ˵ۺͺڸ۵ΪͶȨ֮ԴںڸȨ־еĸ˶ԲƲȻȨڸȨDDκɨDD߼Ȩеϵɺͻֵ֮ʷڣڸ۵ijмڰѲƲȨΪģ۵׷ڱָ塣μBeki,Political Freedom and Hegelian Metaphysics,16Pol.Stud.365,1968.

[82] J.Berry,Hume,Hegel,and human nature,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1982,pp.205-206.оμpp.113-124193-207.D.Forbes,Humes Philosophical Politics,Cambridge,1975.J.G.A.Pocock,Politics,Language and Time,New York,1973.

[83] ֱѧ444648ҳ

[84] ˵˾ڸ˼չֵĻйȨĿ͹ıһ߼ȻйͶֵУ˼֮Ҳ𣬶Դˣ¶˷ָȣͶ˵һ˿յ䣬Ҳ˼˵Ͷʵֵһַʽ롣˶ԣͶҪԽǹԵģdzҪǾͶʵԼǵijʶΪͷܣDzòhave toͶΣеļֵʹüֵuse-Value˼ĵҪǽֵexchange-Value˶ƷгϽ໥κε趨ĽһоɲμRyan,Porperty and political Theory,pp.5-12J.Waldron,The Right to Private Property, pp.137-253.

[85] ڡָۡˡ롰ķӡ֮𣬲Ϊڳġֻк߲˵ռвƲĻйءӵһƫ֣ǰձĸΪ۵֧㣬ͶͶΪȼ֣ȡνijͶһ㡢һ㡢ֵһ㣬ˡڸ˼μۡ£347ҳ

[86] ۡ£290-291ҳ

[87] ѧԭ41ҳ

[88] Peter G.Stillman,Hegels Analysis of Property in the Philosophy of Right,Property Law ,pp.76-116.

[89] ˹дֻһԵ£ֹȥ˺Χˡۡ100ҳ

[90] ȷָڸĻд֮һ仰ӵԺι̵øȻ磬ڸԺøڳԽȻľμJ.Berry,Hume,Hegel,and human nature,p.207.

[91] ϣ˼һѧո׵ʶۿ԰ͼʿΪһַ壬ѧɡΪ1718͵Ӣ˼ҪǼ̳˹ϣķѧ˼룬ΪռĵѧصǣӢ˼벢ûϣǰȡĹ۵㣬෴ȴֳһעṫεĵѧǡǡǹϣ򣬴ӷǵȴһ򹫹ۣ֮ⲻܲ˵Ӣ˼Ķһ·йʵǻƵ˼봫ͳ˵֮塣 [92] 磬̸ʱдǶÿһֵµĸоȻģЩֺ֮ӦĻҪõΪʩơۡ£517ҳ

[93] ۣⷽμC.E.Cottle,Justice as Artificial Virtue in Humes Treatise,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,pp.16-25. K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,pp. 4-39.

[94] Դˣ̫νӵӢ߸Ĺ۵㣬μ˭֮壿ֺԣ׷Ѱ¡̫۵ķӦμй½ڡ

[95] ˹ͼָҴӸ˹ʼΪȻ˼뵼½ŷޣΣرġսƽŷ˼ǿӰ죬ҳԶ˵Ǹ˹֯ӵǰԼϿʼStewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,Princeton University Press 1992,p.15.ɭ˵18ͳڣȻΪѧѧҪĿγ̣е½ŷ޹ұڣǵ־ʿ˹άǣܿʹոȻӢ岻Ź̵ѧԺDZĴѧK.Haakonssen,Natural law and moral philosophy,Cambridge University Press 1996,p.61.ⷽоμD.Forbes,Humes Philosophical Politics,Cambridge,1975.J.A.Herdt,Religion and Faction in Humes Moral Philosophy,Cambridge University Press 1997.

[96] СRightָȨָ塱ǵľ΢𣬲μʩ˹ġȻȨʷ룬2003档

[97] ˵ġƲȨġԡΪ׷ҸȨĶԭ򣬰W.M.Treanor˵ԡ߽ѷڲ⡶ԡIJɰȨ嵥ʱûʹáɺͲƲһ׼ʽı﷽ʽתáɺ׷ҸĶΪΪƲһɰȨһ˼ǻڹһʶǾǹҿ԰ƲȨԴٽ档μҮ³ۡ94W.M.TreanorġܷƽԴԭ⡱˵ȻȨѧ˵Լ빲Ĺϵ꾡оμG.Wood,The Creation of the American Republic,1776-1787,1969J.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment Revisited:A Study in History and Ideology,1981.

[98] Donald W.Livingston,Philosophical Melancholy and DeliriumHumes Pathology of Philosophy,p.4. Chicago University Press,1998.

[99] μά̹207ҳΪ߾ƶɵˣȻΨйҲܹ涨dzΪɵķ棻֮ұߡҲˣͨҲ޷κ飻߾ȨߣȨ߱Ψһߡ

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[101] ޶˹ġۡʵȻһ⡣

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[104] μҮˡɡɡйμ׾塪Ү˵ķ˼롷ڶ¡򡱵й

[105] ˵ǡҲӦеŬ˷ͷ֮⣬Ҳκְ񡣡ۡ£453ҳ˹ͼָӴû˵DzҪġ Stewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,p.141.Ӳ˵Ϊһ棬ϡԺѧĽۡϣ8ҳֻΪԴһ޶ȣȫڴϵ֪Ҳǵ΢ԭ򣬳ƾ֪Ϊʵ⣬Ҳٲɡۡϣ9ҳɴ˿ӵ˼ҮйءԲ˼кܴԡ

[106] ӰзΪֱУȻڼС

[107] K.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,p.186.

[108] 磬ָ˵ܿȥ̸زƲȨ϶Dzܵģѧ˵ƲȨDzɷġC.E.Cottle,Justice as Artificial Virtue in Humes Treatise,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,p.19.

[109] K.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,p.201.

[110] ָӺͱ֮ɴij֮ߺܿƫӶתڷǿͬǿ˾оıԡӳԽȻ˥ͱߵĶڷѧһסΪӵķ˼뿪20ʵȺӣΪһ󣬲ɷϣӵķ˼ʵijɷ֣ӶֵǿȴĻķ˹ӵġμC.E.Cottle,Justice as Artificial Virtue in Humes Treatise,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,pp.16-25.

[111] ɭָʶһ⽨ķչ̣ĺ͡ӢʷǷ򾿾ڶ̶ڽ⣬ȴǿɵġȷʵǺж׵йԣӵѧСĽΪˣɭ⣬ΪǶ˵ҪģӵʷĹϵֵĹϵ仰˵ں˵ǻԵĹ򣿲μK.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,pp.36-39.

[112] ԭо167ҳμɡɡڶ103ҳ

[113] ۡ£622ҳ

[114] ԭо157ҳ

[115] ƲȨں̶ܴ໥ġƲȨıͲƲIJƽԭ򣬶ƲȨ״̬Ȩʽͬ񷨼Ȼ˵ƲȨȨһ˵ƲȨȨȻۼͥÿһַеһЩŵ㣬ܵ˵ѧҵķƺʤһǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ35ҳ

[116] ֮£˹ȴһϵͳķѧϵijΣֻΪݽ壬в걸ָģѧϣ˺ϵ˹ļƻͼ̽˽𽥷չ̣ҰʱʱָЩάʹٽƸ۵ļʹɺηӦĸƻҲҪֵͶʵ׸ڡһͼڡۡĩβᵽδǰʵ֡󲿷ֵĽУЩǻڷԭǻȨԭּҵIJƸͷٵͼ£ҵڽԼйصƶȡЩϽڵĶźԡƸʺԭоΪһݡǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ߿ϵĵġԭۡȻ˹ܵĺܶ˼붼ܵӵشӰ죬οƲȨȷɹҪԷ棬رο˽ĵλϣĹ۵ӵ˼г룬̡

[117] áѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷558ҳ

[118] ۡ£574ҳR.Mcrae˵ӿһǵԺͻ𲽵ݽģûƵԼȥֱӽһʶЭĽʵвҪĽɫϰ߳ΪҪĽɫʱϰƣǾЧҵĶ󣬲ЩΪеΪ֮ȨƫǡǡǻЩ֮ϡˣεĴߡӢۣժڣϰ߱ΪμR.Mcrae,Hume as Political Philosopher,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,p.31.

[119] ۡ£584ҳӿһһַҴԴʷɿġۡ£583ҳ

[120] ۡ£584ҳ

[121] ۡ£585ҳ

[122] ѡ20ҳ⣬й۵꾡ۣμ¡ѧۡ

[123] ۡ£597ҳ

[124] һǿ߲ӦһδȫڻᣬӦṩһֿƹķϵ֮ѡ14ҳ

[125] K.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,p.201.

[126] μáѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷552ҳȻ˵ȻȨۣԼ˵츳Ȩ˼룬Ĵ½ԷΪȨۣر20ҶġȨԡۣڹҮ˿شģΪˣ˺ȻۡȻ˵ȻȨڹҮνȻ˼롣ʵڵȻ˼ӢͨҲձӰ죬ƿˡ˹ͨӵ˾ͬȻȨ˼룬ӢȨ֤ӼڷͨԭʱҲ֮ԡȻġԭ򡣲ˣͨеȨ½ȨǰǻڹȨǻȨ⿨˹ӶڱȨı˵ǻڸȨۣ˵ǻһֶԹȨ֮ΣյıԵǿһ˵йȷռеȶͬתúŵļı⣬άڶЩȻ򡯵Ĺ۲졣Ȼӵ˼Уе˶һ漰Ȼ빫ԭĻǡϰףЩںƽάõ档Chandran Kukathas,Hayek and modern liberalism,pp.30-31.

[127] áѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷553ҳ

[128] ԣѹָΪҮ˲޳κĵͽۣһǵ仯ĵϰʵһЩĺ־õݣЩܵ˵ģġΪ˿յ⣬ﵽڹҮ˵¹ĸձ⣬бҪܻӵ˼룬߶ԹҮ˵ĵºѧӰǶһ޶ĺԶġJohy Gray, Hayek on liberty ,3rd edp.58.

[129] ǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ252ҳ

[130] áѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷331ҳ

[131] ۡ£402ҳ

[132] ԭо162ҳ

[133] ۡ£401ҳ˹ͼָųΨ־壬ת˵ıԺԹߣѰᷨ׼ԴStewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,p.314.

[134] K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,p.79.

[135] ǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ103ҳ

[136] ۡ164ҳ

[137] ۡ100-101ҳ