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ȫϲ ӵѧ
ӵ
ӵ۵һݣҲѧһҪķ棬ѧ˵ƶԵ֧šвƲȨ۵ĺġԴˣԼȷָûܹɣƲȶռеЭ飬ȷһҪ[1]ȶռеĹȷõģǾԱġ[2]Үġ?ӵķѧѧһΪڡۡйءƲȨԴǸ½УԡΪķʽҪĹס[3]ƲȨʵ⣬ӶŲͬΪȻȨ۵⣬һֻ۵ѧ˵˵ѧķɹҪıйȷȶռеIJƲȨۣеĵһΣͬIJƲתƺŵУڵһεIJƲȨĻ֮γɵĵڶεĹDzͷḻȶռеIJƲȨ
һڲƲȨһ
1ռ
ڡָۡеĸ֣һĵ⣻ŵ㣻Ƕƾͺ˶õáڵһָܣǾȫǵġڶֿԴ϶ȥǶڰЩŵȴûκ棬ֻһ֣ȿԱ˵ıȡֿԾתƶκʧ仯ͬʱֲƸû㹻Թÿ˵ҪˣЩҪһǵռеIJȶǵϡȴҪϰڡ[4]˵úǰֵָùۣΪ˺ûйϵֻеֶ˵ȴҪģֱӹϵÿ˵棬˺ᷢʵԹϵһҪġ
ʵһҪйزƲռУƲȨ⡣ڲƲȨ⣬Ӣ1718˼һش⣬ҲӢ뷢չصһʵ⣬Ȧ˶ʼӢṹѾشı仯رҵóķչʹһ˵ǿˣڲƲȶռУȡúϷԱϣѰ֧ţձҪں֮£ȥйزƲȨĴͳۣѾӦΪӢҪһ˵ʱڵӢΧŲƲȨ⣬̳۵·һΪȨ۵IJƲȨۣһΪĹ۵IJƲȨۡȻ·ڻӦӢҪӳŽһķɡȷȫһµģйزƲȨԴԼصȷ棬ȴͬںij϶ڽ˼شӰ졣
һҲǴӲռУpossessionʼIJƲȨ۵ģѭ·ȴ֮ͬռصĵһ̽ռеĶʲô˵Ϊռռһֹϵںε³Ϊռеһ˵ռеĶΪһƷȻ˵еûʲôʵȻԡڣһȻﲢ˾ͳΪһֱռеƷobject߸ȷ˵ΪһֲgoodsƷڲƲռйϵвǸԣΪָһĹϵǾƷܹ֮ΪռеĶΪ˷˹ϵһ˵IJƲ(property)йϵijƷ[5]ӿ˵Ĺϵһ˵ҪĹϵˣڲռΪռеҪܹ˵Ҫ˵ռһֿ˵ȻƷ
ڲƲϵ϶ƷӢѧھDZ֪Ĵ˵ĸоıԲ˵ҪֶƷĽⶨӲƲȨ۵һ㡣ȻƷܹ˵Ҫɴ˳ΪռеIJһͳˣ˵Ĺϵе˾ˣҪġƷ֮ԳΪΪ˾һͨռҪ˵ҪЩݣأʵֻصӵǡǡѧĸΪij㡣дҪIJɣһлģǾк֪ԣȷеäĿû֪Եָͻʹ[6]ез˵ΪȻҪ[7]Ȼопһ¡Բò˵˽شġ[8]رǴڡҰ״̬¡ǣе̰˽ǽġҪϰ[9]һڲƲȨȾͰڳأһܹ˵ĸҪƷ˵ĶԣرԵ˽̰ĹϵͨʲôʽܹʹȻƷΪ˵ҪĶΪúӵУͳռ⡣ָƲȨȻڶijֹϵֹϵǶĹϵΪЩϵdzڶǡԵĴߵĹϵǹɲƲȨıʵIJڵġεĹϵΪֹϵ֮䣬ҲͬڣЩɲƲȨˣƲȨdzijڵĹϵҲ˵ڶڹϵΪӵijӰ졣[10]
ɵIJռйϵһйزƲȨ۵ijسΪһʵռйϵӿҪһҪIJȻԴѷĻ״̬֪1718͵Ӣŷ½˼磬ձйȻ״̬ļ衣磬˹ѧһȻԴľѷ֮ϣΪνԭʼ״̬£Ȼܹṩ˵ԴǼģˣΪԼرͰȫҪƱؽΪƷеĶǼпΪǵ״Ҳǻڴˣ˵Դʹ佨Լһᡣ֮£˵Ĺ۵֮ͬһȻԴΪԣļ裬ΪǰȻ״̬£ָȻƷdzģ˵ĸҪйؽԼǻ˵츳Ȩ˹ȣΪνȻ״̬Ȳ˹˵ļѷҲûдﵽ˱µʮֳԣij̶ȣһȻԴѷ״̬[11]
˵̰ģȻܹ˵̰ƷģˣΪԼĸָ̰ҪƱҪȡijַʽռѷƷʹΪԼ֧䡢֡õƷƷܵ˵ҲνIJ[12]ȻԶ˵ҪһֿϸµĻ֣ǿһЩֱ˵Ҫʳ·ҲǹߡأݳƷƷȵȡЩӲûĺڸṩһҪϵ[13]עIJЩݣռеķʽǿռԼռеĺϷԣӢŵ˼ǵĺ⣬ҲDzƲȨԼҪݡ
ܵ˸߶ȵӡ˵IJƲȨһֻȨ۵IJƲռۣǾȻԡǡϵ۵ʾ˵һȨʳԼȻӦάǵƷ[14]ۣԼеһУͬӵУ˵ձȻȨ֮⣬ÿֶڡԼһȨ֮κ˶ûȨµͶ˫еĹǿ˵ġ[15]ǣѧǰµΪǹеصһȻƷγΪҵ˽˲ƲأʹһؼԵ⣬ձȨȨ֮תϵڴˣͨͶ롱ۼԽģΪÿͶԼӵһȻȨˡֻҪʹκζȻṩĺǸ״̬ѾͶμԼеijЩʹΪIJƲȻʹȻŸһ״̬ôͶһЩӶų˵ĹͬȨΪȻͶͶߵôһĶûܹȨڻ㹻ͬõĶе£ˡ[16] ջ¶⣬ɸԼͶͻɴ˲뵽ȻȥӶʹȻƷΪУΪ˽˵IJƲԣƲȨһֻ˵ձȻȨȨͨͶԼȨתƵƷӶʹƷΪռΪIJˣƲȨһͨͶƷռС[17]
ӵĹ۵˲ͬǵIJռзʽǻ˵ȻȨνȻȨ֮ĶȻ˵ȫڣǶڽƲȨⲢʵĸ壬˲ͨȻȨ죬ͨͶܹòռȨؼⲻǷ;ռƷȻȨδﵽȶռСռУҪһȶԵռУͲܻνȻȨҪѰµĻΪǹɹΪʲô˿ȶԵռأ漰ʡȻԴѷһЩȻƷһЩͨ˵IJͶõƷij˵ռͶͳΪȶģΪκһֲ˭ȡ˾ͿΪԼݡͺô˵õ˾ͻԼĺôʹԼʧһͳΪ֮ȡĶȻṩǷdzģ˵̰ȴģԣδҰ磬˶Բκһռжȶģڱ仯֮Уÿ˶ƾԼȡ˵IJˣΪ˿˷ֲȶֻܲȡȵİ취дעҪԴνЩ֮תƶȶʱʱǾһҪȥѰһֲȰ취跨ܵذЩںеЩ̶ġ㳣ŵȵĵλ[18]
ռвﵽȶԵռвϵһشƽζγɡӿȶռвﲢǿ˵ȻȨܱ֤ģνѧ裬ͨ˵IJͶֻۣǰռ˵ĶԣΪܹƾԼȨռеijԺȶԣɴ֤Ϸԣ[19]ӿDzȡġΪƾ˱ȻȨDzܴﵽȶռеģʹһĸ˾Ȼԣ˶ԼƲĽȡˣҪȶԵռУΪƳһֲȵİ취ΪʩͷȻ״̬µֿԡһʵѾζ˳ԽȻ״̬뵽һᣬ˵뵽˵ᡣ
̸۲ƲȨ̸ȶռвƲķʽϷԣͱһΪǰᣬȷĹΪǰᡣˣνƲȨһȻȨȨֻۣһĹۣΪȶԵռֻͨͨΪƵĴʩõϡһʵҲƷνȻ״̬ʵڣȻ״ֻ̬һ۵ļ裬Ͳʵشڹ˵˾ݴԼģǼٶһռвƲȻɣʵɲ֧ʵᡣʵIJƲȨΪƣ֮ͨЭƳһرǷɹҰתΪϰߣͨһƶȻ 2ƲȨ
ǰѾָȶԵռжһҪģ˵κһᶼǽڲƲȶռһ֮ϵģȶռвĹϵӲһ˼ԵѧңҲ֮̽便һȵ⣬[20]עֻȷȶռеIJƲȨһĹؼ塣дûܹɣƲȶռеЭ飬ȷһҪȷĺ֮ͬڽһƵĺгЭ˵ûжҪˡ[21]
ͲƲȨڲƲռһ⣬Ҳ˵ijʱͶнⶨƲռеĸϰסȣȫʮУйزƲռСתá̳С⸶Ⱦ꾡Ĺ涨ӵйӷѧҵרҵǶ·ûʲô¶ǣӦָϵIJƲȨ1718˼ֵ̽IJƲȨ⣬һѧ¹⣬һѧҪ⣬ԴͱеĹϵij˵Խһȹ̵Ļ磬άΪʷѧɾֹ̽ƲռлƲȨᣬر徫֮Ĺϵ⡣[22]ʾIJƲȨۣͬһϷĹؼ塣[23]
ڡᡱpolitical societyʵйŵĺͽ̬ڹϣijǰᣬƵĺһιͬ塢ᣬʿµġѧֵ̽ıйعŴǰϵᣬΪһƪдǼÿһǰУijһ壬һĽĿΪijЩҵDDÿһΪԼ䱾ȡijһƹȻһ嶼ҵΪĿģôҲ˵߶һ֣ҵҲһ߶ģ߶㺭νǰţţ[24]ҵIJΪһбڹŴǰҵµṲͬ壬ҲͱȻسΪ˼ǿо⡣磬˹оȷĸΪɳɵڹ֮µ̬[25]˵Ʒ˻˹ĹҾȨţΪᡱɹ֮ԼɵṲͬ壬֮ϲνĸߵĹʵ塣[26]ӻǰ˼ҵι۵㣬жչ˶磬ۡԴʵҲһĻƶȿܣڡԭоһУְѡᡱΪһ½רۡνһᣬͨΪƵĹһͬȻιͬ塣[27]
ǿָǣܹŴ˼ǹͬעᣬ֮ȴһԵIJͬŴۻȱйزƲȨĿ죬رйظ˲ƲȨ˼еĵλǼҪġܹŴijǰҳ˸ָ̬ǼǽһūƵʹĻ֮ϵģŴǰҵеľùϵǸ˲ƲȨϵūͶڸţûۼǵĸ߶ӡŴȣ췭ظı仯ĵһDzƲȨΪ࣬˼ձΪκһij֣ƶȿܱһǰᣬһʲƸķɻƣˣ˲ƲȨͲǶ֮ĵ¹⣬һ⣬һ֧õ֧⡣ûвƲȨûжԲƲȶԵռУDzܽġǿйزƲȨĽתΣʵһشᱳڹŴūѲڣݻΪһռᣬ[28]ͼѲƲȨһֹƵIJϵΪ˼ңˡ¡ڸһǵۺضȷƲȨΪҪ⡣[29]
ƲȨӵѧеĹֻӵвƲ齨ᣬ˲ӵвƲԽġĹȻų˽вƲûзΪһιҵĹͬ壬˼˵ĹһͳνĹҵΪһͬҲڣͬȴȻڡͬȻ˵õԶҪƶԵĻͬʵֻʹɵģֻܴ˼ִδĹǿѧĹ壬⡣˵˼ʵһɣۼͨѽΪħ˸ΪδΪʹˣּʵ壬ľ˲еĶЩħδĹҲʹ˼ΪʷΨ壬ʵ塣аΪŦϵһιͬеĹֻһٵġᡱ[30]ȻϵᣬһԵᣬһɷɹᡣΪȷ˶ڲƲȶռУƲȨ˵һҪԴͷֻȷ˸˵IJƲȨܹỮҵĶҵĶָǵǵҪԵϡ٣Ŵ̼˽Ϊ˽űȰԼֿԼĺ˵IJ𡣡[31]
˿ӵӢĹŵ˼ǶڲƲȨĸ߶ӣǵӷ۵ĽǶǵģDzְҵķѧңֵ̽IJƲȨ⣬ûоĽޣһ⣬һ⣬һѧӸϼԽ⡣һ£˼˹ˡºͺڸֵ̽IJƲȨ⣬ͻᷢеش塣˵ġۡȷ˲ƲȨĺĵλ˼ʷǻʱģΪĽγɣҵְ𣬶ǸݲƲȨģշڲƲȨǰָģ˵IJƲȨһȨ۵IJƲȨۣȻȨܳȨȨ۵IJƲȨ۾һ⣬νȶռеĹ⣬ֻǴӹ˵ԳһֲƲȨĸռۣôڶĸ֮ȱڵϵ¶Ϊǿ˵УҵȻ״̬빫֮һѺۣУԼһؼԵת۵㡣[32]ͼͨԼۣͨһԵƣ⣬ɴ˿ٳ˽ѧһش·ǿȻǿƲȨҪλǿƲȨһйؼõȷ棬ǴһµģIJͬڣӲΪܹͨȻȨܣͨԵԼͨϵ˵ֳĶĸһͬƶǺЧϵһģаݵģһֹͨϵн飬[33]ˣ¿ٳһϵнƣǾһйزƲȨĹԼΪ۵ͬۡ[34]
3Ĺ
ӿռвƲƲȨͬε⣬ռвȶԵռвֻһ־ϵʵ˵ʵؼҪתΪʽҪΪһַɵĹƲȨʵǶһֳռеķϵͬմ½˵һִӷ϶ռвƲʸȨ[35]ԣڡۡԡȷƲȨĹΪƪģIJƲȨܵ˴½Ӱ죬˵ܵļոӰ죬봿Ӣͨġǣ˴½IJݣû½ѧʵ巨ȤǾIJƲռ⣬dzȨʸ⣬ľѧйأܵӢӰйء[36]ָԸʹƲȨ̵ʱڣգ߸ͷҴһ·⣬ǻ˵ռǵע⣻ԭһ㣬Ǿû˿ɰѲƲȨκһּռˡ[37]
⣬Ҫ˵Ȩ۵ģ˲ƲȨ۵һ©ͶΪһֲƲÿ˶ԼͶһֲƲȨʵϾͰռ⡰աˣһͻᵼ½ĸȻһطԳԣָǡ˵ֻǽԼͶǸijָı䡣γ֮һֹϵɴ˾ͣǰԭ˲ƲȨ[38]ˣӼ̳Ӣ˼ʷеΨ۴ͳΪҪȷƲȨĹءȷطռеĺ壬ӶϵĿԵġԻΨʵµһϵѡһӹڲƲռеIJƲȨۣͽ뵽һ漴塢ȷʱռУرʱռв档ָȻȶռеĹȷõģǾԱģͣͳ˵;ܴﵽκĿġ[39]ԣΪйزƲȨռлƵһ˵ϣǻDzģҪȷؾռСĺ壻Ⲣdzʱס[40]ΪȷƲȨĹҪ⡰ͳıˣؼֲƲռʱϵIJ̬ͬΪνȶԵռвʵϾ漰һʱ⡣ʱ߶ȣνıҵġijַʹǽ˿ԻijЩIJӦijУųռк֮⡣[41]ΪˣʱΪֳIJռеķʽռ졢ʱЧͼ̳С[42]
ӿԵIJƲռ⣬ԵıνĹЧ棬һᣬԶ£ȷȶռеһЭԺĵһѾǣηǵָÿڽȻԶеⲿ֡Ѳ赲Ǻܾã̻ῴȻİ취ǣÿ˼ʱռеĶƲȨȨǰ档[43]ƲȨȻγһ˺һĹϵԾͺȻҪijǰĹϵϣҲƲȨȻֻᷨȷһȨԾͺȻҪʵռϣʵռռƵһֹϵΪֹϵҲӰ졣һĹϵȻģôЩƵĹϵĹϵȻˡ[44]ӻʵʵĿǣʱռзռеʱԵλ۵Եġ
йزƲȨռУռһֱһۼ۲ݵѵ㣬Դоȷռȡ÷ʽ[45]ƺҲռҪԣ˵˭ռƷ˭ӵƷȨҪռоͱͨͶķʽ[46]⣬Ҳûʲô壬ƺһؿеѵ㡣Ϊо˼ӣϣֳŹ˭ӵһdzصȨӿһ⣬ԼҲΪϲܵõĴ𰸡[47]ռ⣬˵IJͶռѧ˵ƺṩһЧĽȻ壬ͶǷһֲƲֵ飬ԵͶΪڶ̶ʹñͶΪҵġƲһ⣬ԣҲŵ˵ָ[48]
ԭΪռȨΪʱ䳤öΪҹڲƲȨִܷҲ£ռлʱЧprescriptionȻطãʹһ˶еκζóֵIJƲȨıԲκκ̶ܴȵľȷԣҲԶԴԱжǵ״[49]ˣǿڵʵռԭҪ壬ΪʱڵijãʵռеĹϵǿˣռеĹϵȴʱԶˣϵֱ仯ڲƲҲͻӦı仯
ij˵һֶռеĿռϵĻ֣Ҫ漰ռƷϵĹϵijЩѾΪDzƲĶϵšͬʱֱȺ߽ΪСʱǾͽϵaccessionǰòƲȨ[50]ǣӿҲһЩҪ磬йػľķָ⣬ںĹȨ⣬ȵȣϵ⡣ڼ̳Уָ̳ȨsuccessionһֺȻȨһĸĸͬ⣬Ĺ涼ҪǵIJﴫˣʹdzΪڷܺͽڼ[51]Ȼ̳Ҳһʱ⣬һ̳̳֮ʱϵʱѲǹؼ⣬ָ̳еIJƲ˭ǹؼ
ᣬƲȶռйȻʮֱҪģһζȷƲȶDzܵģҲûвҪģΪIJƲǴڱ仯֮еģģһʼӵУζԶȶ䡣ʵϣIJƲռдDZ仯ģʱЧͼ̳оǶռʱռеijתڷֹͬھڸָĹϵ㷺ŲƲı仯תƣеԭռеIJƲռˣе˰˵IJƲתΪԼĶӿһвƲתƶ˵DZҪģȻģҲģһؼ⣬תƵʲôʲôвƲתƣ˵ƶȵһ⡣ΪƲתƲdzڱİᣬҲͨƭֶζãǻһͬ⣬ƲͬIJƲתƲǹģҲΪġĹҪڽӲȶԺֱ仯ĵ취֮䡢Ѱһн顣ʵнǸԵķͬͲƲһ֮⣬ͲƲԶӦȶġ[52]
ĵŵУдһŵַֻ˲ͬеһּԼҿԶ϶вһ㶼֤ģҴضԣŵҪΪķ[53]һ漰ŵԼΪŵõУһķɹǵŵУ֮ɥʧƲתҲɣƲȶռҲõϡӿڵϲûʲôŵԵöںܶʱԸԼŵԣûʲôֵģDZԵ˽ŵҪΪķ[54]
Ӧָӵ۵ŹںͼΪʱӢľ÷չΪӢ۹ĹóףΪʱƷãṩǿķݣ˵ʾǽγ뷢Ĺؼ֮ڡĺƽ밲ȫȫϸأЩӵĵطҲܽõĽϵҸԱģЩάҲͬġЩ˵пԼʲôԼЩеֻеһָΪΪϸķ[55]
ƲȨIJ
1ͬ
ӿҪﵽȶռвʵѾȻϵڴһҪĹ۵㣬ȶԵռвﲻȻϵһĵ¹ϵǵIJƲֻDZᷨɡҲDZķȷΪԺ㳣ռеЩˣЩ˲˵ԴʹòƲȨȨʣ˵оӦЩʣǶ˼κμʵĻϽһ˵IJƲйϵijƷֹϵȻģǵµģǽġˣȳֵ˽ıԣָԴΪĴʩƣκβƲǾͺܻˡ[56]˿˵˵һҪȱݾڰֹϵΪһֵȻϵΪܹȻȨ෴ΪƲϵһΪĵ¹ϵҪͨһƺΪزģƷϵĹӣϵIJƷԼӡ¹ʳҪءȶռǣҲЩռϵᷢϵͨͶͶƷIJռУҪȷһռеĹҪصƶϡ[57]
һйزƲȨ۾ͽ뵽һµIJΣǾǵ²Ρڵ£Ҫڴһ1718͵Ӣŵѧһ̺ܹѧƣͬ20ѧѧڵʱΡڵݡ磬˹Ϊ˹ƵѧڣڵѧͰ˵ѧȻѧѧѧಿ֡[58]˹ܵġۡӵġۡѧȣȻѷǽյĵѧͬô1718͵Ӣѧ˵νĵѧľʲôأΪ⣬ȷ˵Ĺ⣬ƶ⣬ȷе˵붯صĵƶ⡣ǻʶڡۡĵڶ¡塱ȿ˶⡣ ָȻһزٵһ£Ӷƶ˵Ϊóһ˵ûжڵ¸еijֲΪĶκΪĻڵƵġ[59]ʵϴźܴ⡣ΪˣӾһǮǮӡһ˽һǮұڼڹ黹ǮǼڵԼ֮ҪһǮҾͻһ⣺ʲôɻҪǮأȻǿԴӦþеθкУӶԼΪޣ˵ұ뻹ǮɡӦָǣЩ鶼һ״̬оѵͽ˲ž߱ģδġȻ״̬£ȴҵһӦûǮijʵĶָ˾䱾˵Ȼؾ;УԴӶƳǮDzֵģճľǣǻծԼ͵ΪΪһЩеĶΪǸо֮ǣΪܹ֤ԼijԶ棬ΪҲܹ˶ԴңԣһֹͬоǽծǮΪDzûعκĻձĶصĹ⣻ΪκΪ粻ijֶĶͲܳΪĻйģһԵĹѭˣdzdzϣȻȷһֹ磬ʹΪȻĺͲɱģôǾͱϣͷĸоȻģΪɽЭ鷢ġ[60]
ӿĵ¹ϵһϵƶ⣬ƶһ⣬ԭ⣬ͨͲƲռȨĵ¹ϵȻûнʾƵıʡȻȻȨѧ˵ͲƲȨIJƣĵѧҲͲƲȨIJƣô˵ͳһش⣺ʲô˶ȶռеĵ¹ϵҰתΪһֲƲȨķɹأӲƲȨ۵һҪ㣬Ҳ˵ĵһ⣬ʲôʽ±Ϊʩȷ⡱[61]ӵIJƲȨۼȲͬ˵˵ȻȨۣҲͬڹѷ˵ĵͻһйزƲȨIJƵµ˵ǾǡͬСΪֹͬʹƲȨһΪƺʹʩΪܵҪԭҲDzƲȨĺϷԵոԴҲνĸָӵһйعͬе˼ʷоش壬ٳһµѧ·ǹ۵IJƲȨ۵ۻʯ ڽһ֮ǰһǰԵĹ۵㣬Ǿ⡣ʲôأƲȨĺȲȨϣҲ۵ϣϡдǵ˽ȡЭ飬ÿ˶ȶԺʱ̾ͷͷĹҲ˲ƲȨȨĹǰߣߡԴ˵˲ƲԴͬһΪʩߡġȻĵ¸мȻеıϣʹչԼѣȻ˵ˣˣȻȻ̶ȨƲȨһ£Ϊֶʹ෴ķҲκЭͬԼ[62]ȻӶڵѧбڴͳĻƶ⣬֮һԴĻܹ֮Ϊÿ˶֮ҲϵľΪÿ˷˸ԵȨͨһΪƣرͨһķɹƶȿܵĴʩʹĴڳΪʵһУÿ˶ǶˣҲӰĴӰ֧һ֮Ȼ˵˸Ϊһᡣɴ˿ɼڴ˵壬һԵĹ壬Ȩ壬[63]ֹͨڵƵԣʹֶ۵ѭҲȨ۵裬ӶΪṩһʵݡ
ڣһ徿βأڴĹͬеѧ˵ΪһֹͬеıֻнڹͬϣųΪܣųΪӰأӶһĹڹͬУģ˵ڱϵ˽̰ԼĿ˵ϵУͻԾشﵽһϵЭƽ⣬ȻƲȶռж˵ʮֱҪģôڱȽлʶ֮Ϊǰݣ˵IJռеIJȶͲȫҹͬشһΪĴʩȷһǹͬصЭе˵Ϊ棿Ϊÿ˴ԼǶȳԾظеһԶıȽϣȻ̰ͼǰ棬ͼӶ˵IJΪԼãĽͬʱҲԼĸ˺ΪҲͬȥܹʱǰ棬ѡһָΪԶ棬ǾͻЭ飬ͬشһִҹͬصĹֹ֤Զĸ档 дַֻͨάᣬǵĸʹҲͶԼĸʹһҪġЭʶۣһŵpromiseΪŵҲԴЭ飬ǺῴЭֻһĹͬоָоȫԱʾģյijЩǵΪҹ۲쵽ñռIJģҲͬضԴҡоΪҲֹͬͬоʾΪ˫˽ʱͲһʵľĺΪǡسΪ֮ЭͬȻм䲢ûвһŵΪ˫ԵΪնԷΪЩΪʱҲٶԷҪijΪڴϻʱһֺͬЭµģȻDZ˴˴δκŵڲռеȶĹȻģͨḶ̌ͨһپ鵽ƻIJ㣬ŻЧ˾ͲЭġ෴־黹ʹȷţĸоѳΪȫԱеģʹǶΪδĹԷһģǵĽֻǽڴϵġ[64]
νĹͬУʵһָ빫ƽ⣬ӿƽⲢһԵķ㣬һڵĸоȻǶԴ˲ûԹƾһڵĸоָŸԵΪﵽһֶڴҾĿԤڽɷϣӵIJƲȨIJưѲйϵΪǿָ涨ȨضķɣԽóͬһۡЩɺµΩһĿġΪĺƽ棬ɻȱIJǵIJƲӦֻ֣ѭĹӦЩܱһΪĹ[65]ɴ˿ɼӲѧ˵漰⣬ΪҪıǿǹͬγɵĹˣһݵĹ壬һֹĹ塣[66]
Ȼйظ빫ĸӹϵȲģݹҮ˵оոʱ˹Ӻ˵˼оͲһǻۣǾȻ˽Ķп벻ṫĽоƧʶĵ17͵ά֮£˵Ĺ۵ֻʵظܵ˽빫֮صԽܵĹ˼άһȫվһȫµĸ߶ȣν˽빫֮ϵ˲ͬڵĿ磬άƪġ۷ԢԡһʾĹ۵㣬֮еձ鶯ԻһȡŬҲٽڵ档˷ʱŷ˼еάĹ۵˵˹ܡӵոѧɵάֱӼ̳ӣҵĽȷģӵķչάƷ[67]д巨һֽΪӶΪķʽȻԭġIJ巨Դһ˵ĺ˵ļȻ෴ģЩԵļƽоͲò÷ijΪϵˣŸϵԹȻģȻԭķ˲ΪĿġ[68]
˵άijĽʾǻģôΪ˽ΪƷijƶģʽ˹ܵľѧȴõ˸Ϊḻ֤˹йгûеġ֡геij֮ı˹֮ÿ˿ƶԼľĿģΪԼƸͽǣǵľûУһгȴˣгĹϵǵľûȴھûʶƣдģ˵ΪľʵеĸƷֵġϵȴǵ¹˼еʵԵĹɣһֳձκθ˵ĹϵͳÿֻѭܹеõԤڵ㣬ʶĻʶģ˭ѭܹ棬ѭͽ𣬹ڴڤڤе֮ڵָŸᾭеĸֹϵӶʵָĵ䣬ȿԵijҲдٽ己Դˣ˹дҵķʽĿʹļֵܹﵽ̶ȣҲֻԼ棬ֳϣೡһһֵָֻȥŬﵽһҪﵽĿġⲢΪ·dzڱ⣬ͶкԼ棬ʹܱڱ¸Чشٽ档[69]˵Ȼһṫ棬ÿ˶洦ġ
ɴ˿ɼƶģʽгĸƷȴаżҪãȡ˸˽ΪĵλΪĺݡӴһʷѧҵĽǶȣ˹ʾгеġ֡ݵĹܣһΪһɹͷƶȣرǼʵΪ˵IJƲȨƶ档ӿǵǶֶģв˽ijɷݣǿԼٶÿ˶Լ˽ĿģǣУһַɹϵڶȻسˣַ̬ͻ־˽˵IJƲȨƶȡӵУƲȨȻһԸ˽ֳԽ˸˾ĿĵĹIJȨƶȣֳIJƲȨƶȶԸ˵ĺϷȨṩǿķɱɴ˹һ
ԣָΪ䱾ǣ˽ҲȶԹ棻Ǻ룬һοһdzֱΪھɵԸķǸĺΪʱֹͣáΪȻΥ˽ƻȷǴά˵ҸģڶǾԱġΪû壬Ȼ壬ÿһ˱ȻҰ״̬״̬뵽Ҫ[70]Ƿɺƶģ棬ͨԸЭ齨ƶȡƶһЩЭ齨Ժһǿҵĵ¸Ȼֵ֮¸ֻǶͬдٽijЩȻĵеһǾ˵ˡ[71]
2ƲȨ
۹ӵIJƲȨۣǷֲ֣̽ƲȨڲ⡣ǵһϵһIJƣͨɢڡۡйزƲȨǿԼʵѾĵѧһйزƲȨƵԭĹͬСЭԼΪĴʩȣIJƲȨ۵ݣ棬Ĺ۵ȲͬȻȨѧ˵Ҳͬڵ¶ѧ˵һֹ۵ѧ˵ͨͬеתƣ˶Բȶռһķɹһϣְһ뵽֯ΪһƶȻԴڵڻڴˣԲƲȨȷΪĵİͨͬIJƲתԼŵеڵνӶΪ춨˹۵ķɻ һŹͬȥǷ֣ӵĵ»ѧıر漰йزƲռеʵ棬һIJƲȨ⡣ڴֵ̽ģְҵѧǾϷ硵йռϵԼ̬ϵ嶨̽ռеۻƣ½ѧ֮ǰЩԶҲ˵ռ⣬ؼǷһĴǾǰռΪһ۵ʵԵʵ˵Ǵ½һΪȷʵIJƲռеĹһƣеʱԭģһνʱʵģһʵԵʱʵ壬Դ˿۵ػֲͬռзʽ磬̸ռʱΪʱϵȷձֵģһжȻʱвģʱһжȷûһʵڵģɴ˶õĽ۾ǣƲȨȻDZʱģǶдŵκʵڵĶΨһʱӰIJ[72]
Э鼴ͬеIJƲȨۣȨ۵ԼشIJ죬֮侭ͬƶԼһֻԵĿǣаҪãӵЭȴԵĽбȻԣһָоЭΪ֤һ㣬ѧϸһµ֤֮йеϵһֿ۵ıȻԵϵһֽڼ䡢۸ϵϵΪˣϵʽƹϵӽϵϵ[73]ȻЩϵԭͬʵԭȻԭȣһָоϵʽһֽϵϵʽһᣬƾһֹͬоʶıҪԣرѭıҪԣΪһԤ⣬ǸеֻҪѭŹͬĹܹʵԤڵĽдƸıʾڻеĿֺʵıķӵĸȻԣʹǽһĻٵȥԤֵֿڡֵֿԤڱһֺܴĿֵֿ֣ԭȻеģйϵijƲ[74]
ǻڹͬоһķƣɴ˲ЭΪȶռṩˡ¡ĻΪǡǡĻвģ岢һĸовԵṩģɹͬṩģѭԤУ빫ﵽƽ⣬ӶһֹͬоֹͬоʵԵĹ棬ǻ˹ĺڸ˵ֹҵȨ棬ֻһоָоûʵеģǷڸģһֹͬеǰ£DzؽƣӶһķɹϵƲȨһַɹʹȷ巨ǶԼĹУȷʵһǣʹǷֹеIJκιĹϵǵӡ뿪ЩȻÿﶼǶĮȻصģ˿ӰǡˣвǽǵĹ棬ǽǵӡϵġǻԽһ֤ʵǰ⣬ǣеЩӡȻеģǷΪʩЭ顣Ϊκش仯Ȼͬͷ壬һֱ仯ֻֽڸıԼĺ棻ˣȻĽǣȷЩͬġȻģĵģôǾͲ뵽ҪЩԼͬʱǶԼ棬˿ûκԤֶΣôǾͻֱײַͱСˣЩΪģۺͼӵķʽﵽǵĿģҲЩ棬ҲȻġδԭһ档[75]
ڴˣΪ˸õӵIJƲȨۣǾбҪصӵѧڡۡĵһ̸йΪγɵ⣬ΪνȻԲ֮ȻʵԵϵһֽĹܶϵϵһ⡣νֻDZijЩϵŵһѲ֪ͬ伯壬رΪһȫĵԺͬһԡ[76]ƲȨӾȷԵĽǶ漰Ȼ⣬ƲռеĺһϵΪһռDZ仯ĺͲģˣռǾԵ壬ռھȷIJϻʱIJϼ֤ɣ漰ϵдֱӽӴκζʱǿ˵ռҵǶֶһֹϵȥʹԼǰԸƶıʱҲ˵ռǸˣֹϵһϵƲȨȻֻЭһȶռУҲӦͬϵǿע⣬谭ĸȻ֮Сʹκζȷ̶ҲдС谭ĸȻԼȻԲ֪ӣ¾ͲܾռǴӺʱʼʱֹҲûȷԸһˡ[77]
ɴ˿ڲƲռ֮Իᵼһϵеѵ㣬ΪرǺڸûпǵƲȨʵһϵʵԵĹϵϵĹؼ˵ءϵ˵ռеʱ仯ʵǸĹϵǿģΪӻйزƲռеһЩʽռ졢ʱЧͼ̳еȡǿӵĻֲǸܳģǽһϵϵģϵĽ̶ܳ϶ɵĸ̶ܳȶֵģһһεĹͬϵIJƲȨ֣һֿʱ̬ϵĻ֣ذʱĿֵ̬ĻᵼǰһϵϸǣĸܣЩͻݹͬеĵڶõ[78]
3ˡڸƲȨ֮Ƚ
ǰָƲȨǽ˼һҪ棬رŽIJƸԣй˽˲ƲȨһֱڶ˼ǿһҪ㡣˼ԨԴ˵IJƲȨۿݵŴȻȻǽƲȨ۵㣬ӴıӢŷ½˼ԲͬӢ˼ǶȻҪΨ۵⣬½˼ҪΨʵ۵⡣йȻУƲȨΪһȨȨȻȨ17ŷңرǷ˼õǿ18ӢĵѧҲҵ˻Ӧ19͵ĵ¹ŵѧΪһ־ԵĹҾϿȻ۾½ĺӢٵ¹һߣǷϵIJƲȨۣϵһϵҪڴ½ոռλһͨӢԼӢֳռλйزƲȨ۱˼ԨԴǸӵģӢܶȻҪһΨ۵ҲشеΪ˵IJƲȨӵIJƲȨ۵IJͬķΧ˵˺ӹͬɵӢIJƲȨ½ҵIJƲȨۣرǵ¹ĿºͺڸIJƲȨۣһγ˲ͬ˺ͺڸƲȨһȽϷչʾ171819ͲƲȨ۵ĸԺԣⷴӵIJƲȨۡ
˵IJƲȨۣǰѶ˵ڲƲȨܵ˵ĺܴӰ죬ǶΪȷƲȨһķѧ⣬һ漰ƶȵ⣬ѲƲȨΪۺͷ۵ij㣬˹ͬһµĵطǵжʮǿƲȨľҪԣΪȷ˲ƲȨķɵλһҲЩ۵㹹1718ӢƲȨ۵ĻҲ˽۵ҪԴʵΪķƶȺƶȣΪµгúʱƷóṩһµ˵һͬı֮£ӦֳָžIJ𣬸Դ1718Ӣŵ˼йزƲȨֲͬ·
ΪһԼ۵ۼңΪƲȨ˵ֱӵĹϵǸԵֱ֡ΪͨͶͿԾвƲȨƲȨ˵һĴڣĹƶȲ֮ǰͨͶռоѾ߱вƲȨ˲ƲȨ˵ĹصһȻȨҵĽǰָеIJƲȨתΪһƶȲϵıϣɻĹҷɣԣIJƲȨԼۣ˵ļٶȻĹϵһġӵIJƲȨ۲ͬˣΪ֮ǰ;вƲȨȻȨҲǵͨԼͶͿԹռвƲƲȨӿһϵIJϰߣṲͬġΪһֻȨƲȨڸ˶ڲƲijռйõϵһȨ漰֮ϵ漰ϰߡͳĻ˵ƲȨһĹϵһֵµĹϵһϵϵ漰ԤڵȶԵϵˣӶڲƲȨǿڣ˶ڲƲӵнķƶϵһ˲ؾ;вƲȨڵṲͬĹϵȶģûǣijDzܵģûǣеԤҲDzܵġ[79]
ʵϣ˵IJƲȨ漰һѧ⣬ǾǶԴԵ̬ĿرǶԴصķɹĿҲһѧϵľߣ˹һǵľѧתΪκͷɵʱȴֳһǿõǿȻձһֻԵձԣķԵıΪķɹۣǿһֹԣȻӢͨĴͳ룬ӢǿͼԵͨķ취ͳͬ෴ӶڷɵʶһȻҲܵոӰ죬ǿϰߡͳеãǿķʵȷƲȨϵеãʵֶͨɭָӵͨͳ벩һ£Щ˼ǿʷչŹͬĻ[80]ΪڷеǷdzģɵĹؼڸԣ˵кУͬкԼСͬĵǷɹѧҲͬDzƲȨ۵ѧˣӰѲƲȨ漰ŵһͬеĻΪһַɵһֻڹͬе壬Ȼձ塣
˵ʱָڸһ֮Ƕ趨һĸˣǿĹϵΪƲȨһԵȨҲӦָڸźܶһµķ棬ǶʵԵȨΪͨͶĶʵ˸Щ棬ڸ˵һ֮ҪǵIJ죬[81]෴ֶγش𣬿˵ڸͬҪԶԶСǵIJ㡣ָϵĸΪԵǸдԵڸѧ֮ĻǶ˵IJƲȨ۵طӦпɼһߡ˶ܳ˵ļ˸塣ƲȨϵΪڵϰߣڵкĴڣǸһֽһġθСںڸƲȨϵڵijϡӺͺڸ֮ռƲȨDzģ˵ƲȨǡȶռСȶĽںڸ˵ֻеռиҵ־ֻеҵ־б˳ϵʱDzƲȨ[82]
֪ڸIJƲȨ۵һͻʵ廯Ȩתƺ˸ʵ֣Ļ˵ͨԲƲռжԼʺ־ˣֶͶʹÿ۵IJƲ˵ԣӶΪӵСˣһֿ۵Ȩѧ˵Ͷ־ĶͲƲ˸ﵽͳһӶһЧIJƲȨ֤ɣһǺڸѧһйسһԭڸΪͨ˵ԵĻͶⲿռУͰԼĵ־ʵֳˣӶﵽһʶͬһԡдͬһԹֹ涨ԡˣ־ͳΪһ־DDˡ˸һȨҹɳĴӶγɵķĸַ䱾ҲdzĻԷǣΪһˣΪˡֱӷʽԼֱӶڣռУȨһ־ɣߣǽԼйصĵ˵ɡΩ˸ܸȨ˸ȨϾȨνָһģһ˵ڵЩҵڡ˸Ȩ[83]ɴ˿ɼڸȻ˵кܴ𣬵ڳȨʵԷ棬ڴ˸ȨȨܵڱȻԷ棬ͶﻯԼ־ʵֵȷ棬źܶͬһ֮Щ˼Ͷֵѧ˵شӰ졣[84]
˵Ĺ۵شIJͬΪڴ˶ռԼתƵȷ棬ſ۵ʵȨֻһ۵Ľϵϵһָ˶ɺĸܶϵϵϵУ˶ڲʱԵռԼеĹϵʵԵĹϵһָԵйϵһֹͬеۻá˵ڲƲȨϵ˵ɺҸǿ۶Ͷֻ۵ƽ⡣ڴˣͶ⻯Լ־ﻯռкĵ壬෴Ʒռеϵĸ̶ܳԼǸģˣƸûп۵ij߶ȣݵ۵ĸܣɲǿ۵ɣ۵ɣҲ־ѧ˵ء[85]
֪ڸIJƲȨʵΪһ˸˸ѧҲ漰˵˸⣬ʵԵ˸ͬһԡָǾ鹹һЩꡢҡʵĸͬһϵԵIJͬͬһԲЩ֪Խϵһֶֻ֪һʣ֮ˣΪǷʡЩ֪ʱǵĹнԵʡˣͬһƹϵӽϵϵֹϵеijֹϵġ[86]ԣΪƲȨ鹹˸ͬһԣҲ־Ե־ֻһֽƹϵӽϵϵϵΨ۵˸ϵ
ӿ˾䱾˵Զ̰ͼǰ棬ӳԶ棬ˣΪ˱˻ó棬뽨һΪĴʩͨЩʩı˵˽ԣʹܹǰͳԶ֮ﵽһƽ⣬һƲȨԼصķɹƶҲͳˡڴˣҲʹһ⣬Ҳ棬ӺͺڸIJƲȨʾijһ֮˶ΪйزƲⲻǹģģһеIJƲȨ⡣ڸڡѧаѲƲȨΪԽķɻΪƲȨ漰빫ĹϵֻвܵõƲIJǾԵĸ棬ձϵһ졣
ǣӦָڸ˼еһֻԵģҪΪӿһ֮ϵңǡǡ෴ɵΪģĿڶڵġΪҲԴ壬ֻΪΧڵĸƶԵƣְڸߵβʵʩԲƲȨԭΪĵΪָģ˵ı˽ġ̰ģˣΪάһᣬҪһֹȨǣҪرָǣʵԵĿģһڸԵIJΪﲢûһ֮ϵңˣҵĿIJͨһֹȨʵʩԲƲȨΪĵķɹӶϸƽ⣬ʵһЧת
෴ڸڳԵλ֮һߵҵʵ壬ΪȨĻǻڸ˲ƲȨǻڸߵĹ棬һ־ԵĹҾۣƲȨֻڳΪһݶ֧֮ϵĹңƲȨʧЧˡдңΪ־ɶԵɣձǿ۵ɡһʵĺлľףһģңͨ徫ϵʷʵԼʾΪձ羫һձ龫ķߵķ[87]˹ŷָڸѧǽڲƲȨĻ֮ϵģΪʹܹ֮ԽƲȨúڸĻ˵ƲȨ뱻ͬʱõͳԽͨijԼ־Ծ嶨ڵijIJϣڸƺŲƲȨ˼ͥʱƲϱ˹ͬӵеIJƲ˹ϵʵ壬ƲȨתΪҵIJƲȨȻڸûȷҲƲȨ˵֮ϵĹңǸ˵һȨȻҲ˲ƲȨӦñȥľԹͬ塣[88]ڸΪҵְʵһڸ˲ƲȨĸߵĹĿģΪĿģ˵ĻȨȻҲƲȨˣڸйزƲȨһԹΪĻۣϣͨҵĿһߵᡣȻڸѧ18Ӣ˼Ÿģӡ˹ܣˣǶһҵĴڣΪƲȨһĵ֧ˣڲƲȨֻ壬[89]ΪһֻͨԼȨְϸ˵IJƲȨַͨһ壬ԷֹʵţӶһɵԸ˲ƲȨıΪĿĵƶȡ[90]
Ϊ
1718͵Ӣŵ˼бڹϣ[91]еĵѧһĹԣƶλ⡣ʵһֱ˼ʷϵһؼ⡣ʲô壿ʲôǷ壿һ˼ǽʾ֭ǧ⣬ӵԲƲȨΪĵͬǻĿϸжӵ˼룬Ƿ֣һֱΪۣΪ˼֧ϵȻĴͳۣΪ˼һ֣ǻԵس˼֮Сʱƽеģ[92]ʱֲƽеģž˼еһѵ㣬[93]ķᴥ⣬ɴӵ˼뱳ԴԶȻͳйأӵ۸йء[94]
1Ȼ
֪Ȼ˼йŴ̬˹ѧΪĹŴȻйŻѧϴ֮16ŽҺ𣬵õһشĸˣӸ˹շҵ˹ˡѷйȻ˼УԿŷʱձӰ졣[95]ܶȻŲͬ⣬˼ǶȻҪԭʶȻǴͬġһȻԴŵ˼е崫ͳ֮дһձķ߸˹˹ǵ˼ΪȻеԵʵԡȻйŽ̸ѧĸ죬ȻΨʵΨ̬֮£ӢһȻ˼ܵΨ۵Ӱ졣ڶȻΪһֵԵķ˵һļֵԣֱΪһȻ塣Ȼ岢DzIJ͵ȼΪÿﶼԼıԹԲ˵ȻȻȨ[96]˰Լıؾ;ҪƽȶԴȨЩȨرΪȨȨƲȨȡ[97]
һĴڣˣȻʵڷȻ嵽壬֮ιɵģǷŲɿԽѺۣӢĹŵ˼˵Ȼܵ˵ھĴȷʵڵؾвͬ·ά˹ָȻǸʱʶУˡӲȡѿ˹ŵɯĵ˼ģϲҲԳ֮Ϊ塣DZעеʶ̬ĺ壬ΪѡͬʱҲһͬġ塯ڵʾΪ˵Ȼ˹塢Ļ̵İͼӵ˵ġܣеľûһʵԵݣ֮ͨԡӵľ塯[98]
ܵ˵1718Ӣ˼·Ϊ֣һӢ˼ΪǿõѧԻ˹Ϊһո˼룬ǿСϰߺʹͳҪãӺ˹ΪǰΪȻһԵķȻ״̬ȻȻ嵽ᣬзԵãͨȻ״̬Ѻ۾ͿԹͨͿ˷ǿȻ״̬ɣǻ˹һֱȻֹɣԣݵάΪһҵĺϷǻڹһڵĻ֮ϵġΪȷҵͳΣԵĿǶƳһƶȺʩӶЧңˣǹΪһʵԴڵɡ˼ʵ֤ѧͷѧҪӰ죬ΪҾƶɣʵʩͳΣҵ־Ĺ֮ͱʵڵķɣҵijķDZϰ߷Ϊķɡ[99]νȻ岻ĶʵᲢڣһγˣȻҲʧˣνԼԣʵ˵ڹԣǽ֮ϵԼڴ֮ûԡ[100]ɴһ͵˹µķ룬£·һ۵㣬ʵϾΪʵһ·ִƻһ·֮鲻ݵҪڷĵ»⡣[101]
ӻ˹Ȼ˵Ȼ嵽ִķƶֵ棨value-freeѧһ۵Ե·ʤΣͬУֱȻˡҪָǣӢĹŵ˼Уһ·ǾӺ˹ΪĹŵ˼룬DzǼذֿ̽һֲͬȻĵ»ейΪ֮СڡۡһһȻΪֵĹ۵㣬Ϊ֣һȻģһΪġȻĵϵֱӶԼʹԼ죬ԣΪǹȻãҪΪֻܴһȻ״̬һͻʧЧӲͬ˹˵νȻ״̬ӿȻ״̬˵Լ裬Ȼ״̬Ƕˣ˱ضҪᣬĶΪˣһȻݽĹ۵㣬ΪΪĵԽγƣҪһΪĶȻĵԡ
ӿȻڵֻ˵ıֵܿĻ˵ǷǷȻԭʹ˸еֵıƣʹ˸еʹıǶһȻϵƶۡǣγһķֹڴ˾ͳһؼ⣬ǾδտԭʱĹϵ⡣ȻȻڶṫĽΪģԣӲǼȻҲӵȻֻһ⣬ȻȻᡣΪˣӷһֶ£ȻͬΪƺIJ˵ģΪ˱ҷȻĵʱȻһʣΪһʶġʵһ˵κԭȻûбȵ¸иΪȻģҲûһֵ±ΪȻġڷģһַĺ;ԱҪʱôҲǡ˵Ȼģ粻˼ʡýֱӷԭʼԭκһĹȻΪģġЩΪȻҲDzνȻġһָκһеĶԣǰרָǸܷԡ[102]
ȻӵġΪġ˵ضĺ壬ָͨ˵ʶƶģֲģҲģʶΧһͼչġ漰йȻ⣬һйijȶȻһżȻӵġȻӦŵĵһ֣ڶ졣ǿʵͨһָ͵ƿرйȻΪıԵĶΪͳȻȻȻؼ˵żȻȻͼһѧİϷΪȻıϵĶʵDzܵġһ˼ۼңȤIJ֮ϵǻڡ顱͡۲족[103]һֹͨȻΪʵ;ǾϰߡһָΪƲǻԣǻ˵кԸڴͳϰγɵġ˵Ϊں̶ܴǿԤڵģʱгֳһĿѭĹΪǿãΪͨ˵ϰܹشĸı䣬γɳ־Եƶȡ
ӵ۵㣬Ү˸˽һȻΪת֣Ȼġ˵Ƶġ˵Ϊַ˵ĿƵġǿֳַͨһȻڡ˵Ϊֲ˵ĿƵġͣʹñ˼ŵһЩѵõ˽ųԽıˣйϰߡͳǿ˳ӶʾһƶȲơ[104]ij˵ȻΪ֮ȷʵһַ϶û˵ΪġֿԷΪԽ뽥ԵģҮͨΪĶַԽģӶδʾĶȷر¶ɴ˿νΪ壬֮Բͬڻ˹½־ԻʵԣؼһӲΪܹȾһȫͼĿģΪͼĿĶϵͳؽһ˵ǣҲӷĿ۵һҪ㡣[105]
ӿȻķΧǷdzģΪ˲ᣬ˵ʵϵڣֻҪ֮УͱȻ漰ˣͱȻĽޣ˵һϵпʹĸо[106]ҲµģһΪһֵϵĹȷ㡢֮Ľij߶ȣͳΪزٵġʹ˶ԣɹάϵһΪƻIJˣɹеĹϵ˵ɹֿԳ֮ΪӦÿӵһΪĹ۵˼ʷϾشת塣
ӢĹŵѧӡ˹ܣ֮ǰĻ˹ܵ˵ھѧϵ½Ψˣǵѧʵ϶һ⣬ǾδӸȻݳһԡڹϣ˼Ŀ۵ģԣԼĿĵһʵԣ߸˹ǡġӢ˼ǷģǿǸԾӡȻĿ֡ͬ飬δƳһ壬ȷʵһѵ㡣Ƕ˹ʵ϶һѧϵĶѣͨԵǿ֣֮ԼȨΪɽһ˵ĿָкеϣӶķɹǣǵȴһ⣬ǾǵѧʶдڴҪλԣΪʲôǵĹһзԵأڴȻ״̬״̬аԷŵһҪλãΪҵԵΪǵѧʵǷѵģԾβ⣬δе⡣һǡǡ˹һӢŵ˼۵ľ֤ɭڡۡΪۣͼΪǰѧͳṩһϵн顣ȻӶھԺѧıʲȤȻų½ȻʥΨ־۵áӵĸ˼ȲڵĹ죬ҲҪָΨ˹شζѧڽϰԷˣλ˼ҹ״ȴó˲ͬĽۣӶԵĿ൱ΡӶ֮ϵ۵IJͣڴ˻˹ĸȻ壬ȻڸϣӲһ˹ߡ[107]
2
ΪԵڷααڶԹʵڹϵʵʴںʵķϻϡԣԡӦáΪҪĵ²ֵ֪ܷκʵ塣岻DZģֻһֻڷɹ壬νһڹе壬塣[108]Ӣδͳ˵ǿɹҪԣҪԨԴӵԼڡۡõķ˵ķɹԵĴ½ϵһ㲻֣ոϲӢ֮ǰԺ൱һʱڣոܵ˷ƵӰ죬ڴ½ϵӢͳͨϵ˹Ҳͬˣ˹ڡڷɡ졢뼰ݽķۣҲԴ½ϵΪգչ˽ķϵչġҲӦָķɹְźܶӢͨݻأְҵѧڲͬϵŻ֮ĵЩɹһеĹ淶壬ˣոӢͨһֱΪһĻʯɭָӵȶΪĻ룬˾֮УЩȻϵ֮е˽ֵĺݡǰЩȻĺͻõȨıرƲȨ̳ȨԼΪʵ˸Ȩı[109]
֪ʵ֤ѧ֮ܳⷨڷɵľӰ죬Ϊֻзɲſܵ壬ϷֵǿɲݹȨƶһϵΪ淶ɹҰ䲼ģɵĻڹҵȨͬ⡣ˣ˵νɵĻҲ棺һķɳij壬һʵʩʱеĺϷԣlegality塣ʵ֤ѧһֱܵսرԸȻΪĿȻѧɵǿķԣ20ͳ൱һʱڵԸ˹Ȼ壬뿭ɭصķѧۣʵϱΧŷǷ塢ɵ徿ǷԵΪһЩչġӦָĴͳӢŵ˼ȲȻѧɵ·Ȼѧǿ뷨ɵڹȻۣ֧֣ȻҲûпٳʵ֤һߡɭصŵʽѧҲͬ[110]·źܴҲ˵Ȼѧɺʵ֤ѧ֮⣬ӿٳһɶԵ·һеֱȻΪӣеҪҮ˹֮ԹŵӣҪָǣҮ˵˵ķDzȫģƬģΪǶӺ˹˼йصԼٵķḻ
Ĺؼִѧ۵ķµĹϵ⣬ǹŵѧеķ⡣ΪɵҪԲԵĹҽϣҮ˵ķйģΪָ֮ЩݽзõϰסͳȻҲһЩƶķɣЩġ͡δġɹᷢչݽġ[111]Ƕȿ븻֮ķɾԴȻȨǹȨۣҪѷ⣬ƶϵһ𣬽ֻǰ۶йƶıȻйȻͻԳֻᵼ·ɵѣΪǵʵϵģһ붯ͻַʧЧ⣬ǵԶġǣǰDzΪµ⣬ΪԵ⣬Ҳ˵ΪɹξԵģôΪԾͱƶĵ¸塣Ӣŵ˼ҲǿкͿָо֮ͨԵλ뵽֮Уڷɹ⣬һ⡣Ϊʵǡǡǰ˺ʵ֤ѧɵ·ٳһͨɹ·ߣһҲյóʵһƶҪ۵㡣 رֵָǣӰйزƲȨ뷨ɹijϵɴ˽ʾƲȨƶȵ屾ʡΪƲȨΪһƶȻĹؼڼȷڸάһֳԵķƶȣάκһ˶ԼƲȨͻdzԣԵķƶȲǾԵƶȡдеƲȨȻ˽һԵģֻעеijЩƣῼʿλԼ˼ʹϵ⣬ҲῼЩκضеᵼµκضһã༴ûгֵʸãijЩƲôģЩҲԥذЩƲȫЩƲһѾʲ˽ĹҪһȷĹԲƲеңЩΪڹһͬĿĶDzɵģȴضĿѣҲʹÿһĺƻܹ֧ɻȱĻҲ˶һϴѹ˶Ǿ㹻ˡ[112]
˿ȲȻĿԭ֮УҲڳԹ֮Уֻƶ֮У˵ƶеԵļֵ˵һε¡ӵĹ۵㣬άرǻ˹·DzȡģΪûнδ˵Ȼתƶȵ屾Ե⣬ʵ֤ѧɻ߰Ϊһۣ֮߰صͬڷɵƶʵʩΪ壬ͬҲƶļֵˡո˼ȴͼΪķɹѰһƶȵֵһƶȼֵҲͷ˱仯DZµѲǻ˹ϵġά̹Ŵijǰңһιͬ壬һƶϵָɺƶģ棬ͨԸЭ齨ƶȡ[113]Ϊʹһdzı˵ķƶȶ˵֧õĹֻ֧ˣĵΪһשһ߲ž壬һˣôĵٶҲǺġҸͷԴʰһԵĵԼ֧ͺñȳԫ֣֮һשһʯʹߣӵĸ߶λڷܺػȡҸһԵĵԼ֧ͺñȹĽ죬ʯͷе䵽棬ĽṹΩͨӦֵԮϲ֧[114]
3֮
Ǵ½ϵķɵ伮ͨ˾ʵŴľķɹݲͬķԻ鲻ͬУֳɲͬĵȼֵעǣӲûѡķɹΩѡȷƲȨĹԼͬеIJƲתƺŵΪӵһȻģ̵ģֵ˼
һָһ˵ΪһַƶȵĴʩʮֱҪģû˹ۼѡҷеһЩɹΪݡ磬ӵ˼ʮֽӽ˹ܣɵݽоǴӹʼģΪҪԸ˽[115]ӵ˼ȴDzͬȻûнһΪϵͳķۣ[116]ҲûжԾķѧרŻоĺĵķȴʮȷʮͻģʹ˵ķɹֱѧأ˵ѧһҪ֡ǿǷɵ壬ˣڶķɹѡȷ˽ԭΪҪġԵķɹΪΪʲôҪѡԲƲȨΪ˽ݵķɹΪķɻأϲȡһµ֤;ȷƲȨȲһԵҲȨǷԵĹͬеơҲ˵ƲȨֻζŶڲռУһַϵռвƲȨһйؾΪķϵȷϣԣƲȨһַϵĹ ҮΪӵ˼۵ĺݣڶԾҪƶȵĻзʱʾΪֻijЩ͵ķƶȵõչĵطܹӵӶΪѧһЩҪĹסЩʱľѧ˵ѧѧ˵ǽϵһģӵȻۼ֮һʶӵĹɴ˲֮Ĺϵ[117] ǿӵҮһǾǿ˽رDzƲȨһγɵʶкܴһԣǶйȻԹ۵㣬ԽڷγеλΪΪĺIJĺƽ밲ȫȻĵԣҲǴ˵ԷƵġ˵˵ӲΪܹԼֱӵǺģģڴȻݽϰסɵġʹģԸЭΪʩˣΧ˵Щ巨ӦΪΪġǸһ˹֮ЩȻزԶطһֵ¸СȻֵ¸лһµΪʩǿμǵĹ̵ĸ˽˽ʹڶ˵IJƲϸԼԼΪʱһкС[118]
ǿӵ˼лһҪķ棬Ǿ˲ƲȨ֮漴չйۣΪ˵ġһµķ[119]˿ԲƲȨΪɹ˵һҪġǰ˲ȫȻԼӡĻһõҲָտɴˡԣΪʵʩĹ˲һηƶԵδʩǵǺǵȻϵŵģǰߵķҪΪ˺ߣҪĿҲǿȻ[120]ΪƲȨҪأҲҪӣزƲȻȻDZҪģӶҲͬҪġǰһҪһĸҸҲͬҪġ[121]ԴǵĹеԼͳζ˵ȨǽڹڹĿȨ֮ȨĿڲƲȨĿ֮ϵġȷʵЩҪأ桢־ȵȿΪȷƻıǵáɶԣûЩҪزܵãֻ˵ǴҪĶҪԭ[122]
˼еһҪݣڵǣIJƲȨķιкιϵأȻҲһҪĹؼ⣬ʾ˼ԭһбڴͳ۵µķۣһ˫ķ۵ijΡһǰӵIJƲȨһ˽ϵĹӿһزٵΪƻʱ֮ΪҪġȷƲȨ壬ԼĹͬе۷Ƶȣڴ˲ӵ⣬εĵһ㺬ԭ˽ϵĹ֮ΣͨȷƲȨȣγˣṩһȻܲõĵ֮ȴһ֮ڣ˵ȻԲǣDzܹʵ϶ǴķһָЦ˽ֻǰ棬Զ棬زƲȨĹΪ˵ijԶĸԵ棬ΪάһĴԣһηһµĶǾȹƶȡûʲôַΪģʹȳݵز[123]Ȼһ֣ʹ⸴ˣȻڵIJƲȨȹѾԼƶԵˡ
ӵȨDzʵҪȨҪķҲDZزٵģӶԴ˲壬ڡۡжԴ˸˳ֵ˵ȻһȨʹ䲻ãͳΪһͷҪ飬ڴ˷εıҪԡҲ˵Ϊƶصķɹʹͳߵͳзһϣ˹˵˲ͬرǿҷҪ壬ҲΪƶʵڷڷƶȷռҪλãǰһȥƶûֱӹϵ˽ر漰ƲȨķɹλΪʵʩķͳ˵Ϊʵ˽ִУһͨʽʵʩ˽ķۣʵǡǡǽʾ˽бڹŴķεʵڡӶڷεǿѾõģдۡʱ˲ƲȶռСͬתԼŵȻԴѧѾһѧƶȿ֮ڣĻƶȣѧ塣ӿһĺϷݣҲԵĻͳǹѡִ٣ǶѭɹͨͳΡӢƶ֮ԱºͶɵʵΪӢһֱһعϵķƶȵδͳҸֲĵ֮Сʮ͵ɴ£ԶŵԺɭֵķƶȣֱ18ӢʵǾ˹ٸĶھĹϵķɴͳȴһֱûţܾƵĽعϴͳεϰߣɵƶȽһ𣬴ӶʹӢ崹ھԶ[124]ɭָΡӢα롮ϵijйʡĴĹӢġ塯ⳡĹ֮һǣȶԺͱԵΪȶԺͱԵвֵطָһľԾƣһܹʵʩβҷڹġڶӢġɡҲרƲ[125]
ϸӵķʵһ˫ķۣشķӦسַɹһҪԲƲȨΪ˽һƶĹҷɣȻҲͲǵһַɵͳΣַֻɵĻ֮ΣͨȨǿʵʩԱϲƲȨΪ˽֮Ρǿӵһ˼20͵˼ҹҮõϵͳķӣҮ˵νͨķιȻǴӵ˼лСڴˣȽһӶڹҮ˼ӰζģȻ˶ڹҮ˵ӰǾģһ顣ڹҮ˵ҪУرġԭһУҮ˶˵йءȨƲȨȨڹҮ˵˼Եӡۣ˻ȻȨ۵ġۡڹҮһʱڵ˼Ҳشġǣֵעǣ˵η˼˵ԴڴӢͨͳرֳŷ½˼ɫʣرй츳ȨĹȻȻ˼ϵͨĹ[126]Ӷͨʶ˲ͬҮָȻĸΪϵĴͳҪӢͨѧߣǰ»?˺?ڶλͻ˹ķ̳Ѷƶ֮ɳݸˣطѾؽƶȵȡ[127]ΪһλʷѧңͬʱҲǷɺѧң˼봫Ӣ˼봫ͳǿǷɹijԡԣ뾭ûĹϵ磬ƲȨҪΪһȨҪΪһֳĹ˽ƶݽеˡ֮ĹϵˣӶӢƶȺͻԭIJ˵ӢͳıʡڹҮ˵ĺУγԼΪΪĵķ˼ʱ˺˼еλþͷ˺ܴı仯˵൱һʱ˶ԹҮ˼Ӱǿӣôĺ˼УرڡɡɡһУ˵ӰԼڹҮ˼еĵλйĹ۵㣬Լ˽빫桢뾭õĹϵ״̬ʶȣԹҮ۵ijʮֹؼá[128]
ǿӵͨƹȨ˼룬˹ܵľѧеõʵǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽȷ涨˹ΪȨޣָȻɵƶȣֻӦҪһġһᣬʹַڶܱϸˣʹκ˵ֺѹȣ˵Ҫ˾ء貢άijЩҵijЩƣ佨ά־Ϊκ˻κ˵棩ҵʩɴᾭӪʱܲѶ࣬ɸ˻˾Ӫ;ܲѡ[129]Ӧóϣӡ˹ܵҮˣһһഫ·ߣԴˣҮ˲ԺָӲѧе춨巨ѧĻڡӢʷ1754-1762һУӢʷͳһֵḶ́˼봫Ӣ֮⡣ǵ?˹ܵľԹףǶһԷɵ˵ֻǡķɹԼһԷزġƸʺԭоűκһ鶼õر־Žķˡʹ˽ڶκרȨijײζȨȡƴʩӢ÷ٵҪԭ[130]
4Թ
ǰָӵѧһҪ⣬Ȼġ롰Ϊġ֮ìܻϵһֱϸӵ֤Կһ۵IJԡһΪƲȨȷɹΪƣбȻһ̬һֲϴһЩȫȻĵ壬Ҳһ־ŵʵƷСȻܶΪļͨɹƶȵãɽϰסĻӰģǣȻмЭأȻϵͬͨоΪСʲôϵأ˵ǰںߣôͬͨȻΪƶṩϵݣǰΪôֺαҪһƶϵΪأȻͬĺͨвҲܹĸоΪнķɹʵϾһ⣬ȻԶֱӵĿָмԵָͬʱͬȴʵԵ˵ij˵ֻðijֲ֪ùҮ˺Ļ˵Բ
ʵϣҲʶԣƺ²һµĽȻΪ֮Ѻ۵н飬Ǿ趨һԹߵĽɫ֮ͨϵ磬ڡۡͬĻʱٳһ߷ӣдǵǻ෴ӳľӣⲻΪ黥෴ӳǵΪСЩߣԻ෴䣬Բ֪ʧһIJƲõĿ֣ͶԹʱֺأڱ֪֮ͬĿ֣һȷֳ֮ΪԹ߷ֺصµĻƸʹһȤǶڲƸȷʵһԭʼĿ֡DzƸıԺͱʣȻɲƸһеԴЩҪһ־DZ˵İصУΪĿַͬġ[131]⣬ڡԭоһĸ¼Ľһ˼УҲ̸Թߣķɣ¡ƥҵģӦԶΪУָȻǽߣͻʹҵգͻӱʹҲ죬ͻᴥÿһλԹߡ[132]Ȼֹһε̸ԹߣΪԹֻнܷͬȤ[133]ܵ˵ԹвռҪĵλֻһֲԵ˵
֮£Թ˹ȴΪĹؼ˹ɴһԹߵۡ˹ڶԴʱȡӲͬһֿ췽ʽͬӵΪĹ۵㣬ΪǰȻìܡӲͬ˹ܶȻһԼĶ⣬µġȻȻѧϵĻѧϵȻԣ˹Ȼ˵ѧϵȻѧϵȻ֮ͬһ˹ܱȻҲԼʶˣûȷָĹȻΪֵԵĻ֣һϵĻҡɭָһ˹ӹڹù鷳֮ԼǡĺԹΪжϵĻҪأôеúͶ˵ΪͶ˸ʶأ˹ܵоʹûзӵֵԴԷ֮ϵ˹ܴûйȻΪ֮磬ϤǽһҪ㡣˹ܶԴѵʶʹʶDzö֪[134]
ǿ˹һҲΪһַɷ壬IJƲȨͬ˹Ҳдʥ巨ɾЩھӵȫķɣЩ˲ƲȨķɣЩνȨŵ黹Ķķɡ[135]ֵעǣ˹ܽһԹߵļ裬һӵΪȻ֮Ѻ˹ͨԹһӽǶõ˿˷νԹߣָһվԹ۵λͨͨеͬƶܵ˵Ϊ˹деЩ˽ԭʼļ˵Լĺ֮ʧԵñһûϵ˵Ҫö࣬ἤijָΪĸ˻ˣijָΪǿҵĿӶֻҪһЩ;ᱻͬԼһҪȥκڴٽǵ顣ҪܹıȽϣȸıһԼĵλDZȲԼĵλҲĵλȲԼ۹Ҳ۹⣬Ǵӵĵλõߵ۹ǡͬûʲôĹϵ֮ûƫжϡ[136]˹ͨԹߡһؼĸӶ˸˵˽뷨ɹìܡ˹ܵĹ۵㣬ʵϰֽɫһֽɫһߣԼ˽㣬˵ĹϵһԼϵΪĵϵǣһϵ滹Dzģ˵һֽɫԹߣֿԳȻؿеĸϵԼϵ
ϸ˹ĹԹߵĹ۵㣬ͻְᷢƶȺݡȾƶȲڻޣȷÿӦıǽΪԼȥ˺ˡˣһϵеķɹƶʵʩΪṩһij߶ȺͱɲΪijһЩרƶģṲͬijеߺ壬Ƿе˵ġɵձҲʹһֳԽڸ֮ϵĵλԣij˵ɱһԹߵϵһֻʽ϶˶ӰĹνԹʵҲһַɹԺʽԣӢͨƶеһϵƣšƵȶ˵DzȡֹԹߵӽǣԴ˵֮ϾףӶﵽһĽͬʱ˹ִ֮ܵһϣеĽǶһԹߵãͨصشһԹߵλ˷˵˽ӶͨٵȻΪ֮ѺۣΪ֮ΪȻƶȡṩһѧĻ
Թһеȫ۲첢ÿ˵ΪһӽζûܹɵƫԼΪԼһ˹ܿĿIJڵıԣύеĹΪһѧۣΪһеΪֻǾܵر˲ûͨԶȫ˷ڲʺ羡ͷûáˣ˹дʣʵдһֺԣӦõõӦںԵȫͬΪĺʵУԣֵøмڼ£ֻһ£ֹȥ˺ΧˡһȥַھӵƲˣȷʵֻһʵŵ㡣ȻȴرΪȫ棬˵λͬȵǿʵǿȥΪȥܸ账һ顣Ǿͨµķйȫ桱[137]
ָ˵ĵһȻԣһΪԣΪǰһֹȻʵģҪΪԣرǴΪ壬ӵ˼УΪ۵ĻʯһûнǾԴȻ嵽Ϊݱһ˵˹ܻǿӵѣŴͬĻеһԹߵԹ˹˳ԽȻΪԣΪһ۵Ľɫ˹ܿԹߵһȻ壬ȻֲͬȻϵȻһΪеȻΪвɵءһ˹ܶȻʵϾ봫ͳȻ۷ƫ룬֮ΪȻĶij˵ǡǡӳ֮ΪΪĶԣ˵˵IJиԵ壬ֻͬһ˲ͬƶѡΪӺ˹˵Լɴ˽ľáۣӦ÷ŵͬ˼뱳⣬˼ĻңΪո˼УӺ˹֮иԵ۲ʵ˲ûʵʵIJͬǶȷ˵ͬȻȻᣬҲȫ˵ϰ봫ͳһľƶȣ۵ĹؼһͬƶԼ壬ֻɵƶȣӸϲ֮ΪΪģ˹ϲ֮ΪȻģҲӵΪġᡱ˹ܵġȻƶȡ֮
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[1] ۡ£532ҳ
[2] ۡ£542ҳ
[3] Studies in Philosophy,Politics and Economics, Routledge and Kegan 1967,pp.106-121.
[4] ۡ£528ҳ
[5] ۡ£531ҳ
[6] ۡ£533-534ҳ
[7] ۡ£525ҳ
[8] ۡ£527ҳ
[9] ۡ£543ҳ
[10] ۡ£567ҳ
[11] ۡ£525ҳϢڵϵһж֮УȻŰƺ࣬ȻҪڻЩҪȴԱֶΡҪάʳﲻΪѰٺͽӽҪͶ뱸·ͷݣΪϮȻۣȻû׳֫壬ҲûҲûȻIJܣκγ̶ӦôҪ
[12] A.M.HonoreġȨһйعȨʮһ֡ҪʱѡռȨΪһ֣дռȨضϵƣڸǰ¾еֿƣȨϲ㽨ĻɷΪ棺ض↑ʼƵȨҪȨԼάֿƵȨҪδøȨضƶΪʵЩĿ꣬ṩһЩͳǾͲ˵ƶDZȨġμA.M.Honore,Oweership,in A.G.Guest,Oxford Essays in Jurisprudence,London University Press,1996,p.114.
[13] μѧԭ204ҳͨ˵ͶԼͨһ˵ͶҪ㣬ʹҪõн飬˵õDDҪϵ
[14] ۡ£18ҳ
[15] ۡ£18ҳ
[16] ۡ£19ҳ
[17] J.WaldronΪ۵ĺģһرȨΪIJƲȨ֤ͨȻ״̬еԴͶһ˾Ͷǻȡ棻ӵµĹ۵㿴dzҪ֧⣺ˣδͬ⣬вôȡЩԴǣ˵ûлȡձȨӵеΨһձȨǣܵϵȨıĻڴձȨڼ£ȡʣƷԼʹáǣϽţֹ̫ۣ¶ϵձȨͨ˽жʵֵرȨָͬһĿģһٵᣬдIJƽȣǣÿ˶Ϻõرṩһᣨͨ˽к;ҵӮJ.Waldron,The Right to Private Property,Oxford University Press 1988,pp.251-253.
[18] ۡ£529530ҳμ˹ġά̹96ҳһ״ĽDZûвƲûͳȨûСġҵġ֣֮ÿһܵõֵĶܱסʱڱġ˵ľǵʹʵʴڵĶ״Ȼ״ȴпܳѡһҪǵļ飬һҪǵԡ
[19] ۡ£20ҳԺԼֵĹйϵпǴӹеĶȡκһֲʹȻõ״̬ſʼвƲȨģеĶͺôˡȡһһ֣ȡһй˵ͬ⡣ҵԵIJݡҵIJƤԼͬ˹ͬпȨĵطھĿʯΪҵIJƲκ˵ͬ⡣ҵͶʹԭĹͬ״̬ȷҶǵIJƲȨ [20] 磬µѧ˵һֵ͵ռۣʵԵľԳǹĻԵĵλд֯еȻȨָһЩȨʽǿԴһЩԭݳΪ֣֯ˣ֮֯ǰDDųDDһڵġҵĺġ뱻ΪǿܵģһһȨȥǿпǷκˣһһ֯Сҵĺġܹõ֤ҲһռУΪһְȫ״̬ռֻܽڹ־ķ֮ϡˣ֮ǰռУҪ״̬Ŀһ£һʱĻʱķռУռ״̬нΪʵʴڵġԵĻб֤ռСζѧԭ69ҳ
[21] ۡ£532ҳ
[22] ҮдάIJڷʱбҪεãЩУʹɵһڸԵķչֶ֧ͱһεĽߣ֤ڴ˽֮ÿ˵һɿռ䡣һߺÿɷΧĹǷɡԸ35ҳμлɵģάʷΣʷѧγɻǶȵĿ족δ壩
[23] ҮڡԸһдڴ?Ӽ18͵һЩոѧҺѧ߿IJƲõϣȻ־Ŀʼ淶ȨĹƺһеµĹؼ֮ڣʹӰµġۡƪ⡣ԼӢʷУѹҵǿʢ鹦ƲȨܵơ34ҳ
[24] ѧ1ҳ
[25] ά̹174ҳҲƷˣǸݹҵȨߵȨġ˽dzԼ֮֯ģǸ˵Ȩġ
[26] ۡ£59ҳɡƽȺͶģ粻ñ˵ͬ⣬ܰκ״̬֮⣬ʹһ˵Ȩκ˷ȻɲڹƵΨһķͬЭΪһͬ壬ıDZ˴˼ʡȫͺƽԱ㰲ȵǵIJƲиıֹͬκ˵ַ
[27] ɼ壬й˼˹ܴһµģдֻᣬֲȱݣſԺƾУȡơʹ˵Щ㶼õ˲״̬УȻʱ࣬IJȴҲʹڸ涼Ұ״̬ܴﵽľظ⣬Ҹ˵ءֻΪԼͶʱ(1)ڵκشĹ(2)ͶΪĸֲͬҪκ⼼շ涼ܴﵽɫijɾͣ(3)ͳɹһʱȵģԲһۣɱҪͿѡֲṩ˲ȡЭǵˣŷֹǵIJˣŻǾͽżȻ¼ϮͽָӵͰȫŶΪġۡ£526ҳ
[28] ˹ͼָΣӷչĸձԭûӦܵŵġġڽ̵ġơٶġԡеĸˣضǸΪŴƾûūơʿ˶ɹƣǵIJͬڣʿСġӵũҵڴҵֹҵѧũҵóסμStewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,pp.297-301.
[29] ҮӹϣֱڣֲƲɺԴڵǰһģϵķɡʹκθκʱ䶼Ծ˭κξƷ֧ȨóȷĿԸ29ҳ
[30] μնġŵἰˡей
[31] ۡ£535ҳ
[32] ¶˵˵˼źܴĻңһΪλʶһḶ́ڳڵΪ֪شӼͥģͬʱһ棬ֿҵȻ״̬֮һԵѺۣԵȥʣڸȨƵķչУԼǺʱģȻ״̬ǺʱģǺ˵ҵ𰸡μJ.Waldron,The Right to Private Property,Oxford University Press 1988.pp.137-253.
[33] ȻΪһӰ죬ԵȻĽǣЩԵΪκӰ죬һǰѾ֤ˡ̼УֹΪһȫģ˵¹ԵĽۡۡ£497ҳ
[34] ӵͬԼ˹ܵĵۣμҵġӵѧ¡Ӣŵѧ [35] ˸ɭڸ˲ƲȨйԶ壬ΪһԴ֣תãԼʹõȨһκsocial functionΪȨMacpherson,Democratic Theory,p.126.
[36] ָβܴ洫ͳϮIJƲȨΪҪǵԸܣǽǸϸµʹЩӵƲȨռСռʱЧͼ̳УԭģѭĹܣںǸʱոDivid Miller,Philosophy and Ideology in Humes Political Thought,Oxford University Press,1981,pp.67-68.ǿ˹ܵķһҲһǶܵ˴½Ӱ졣ⷽμHutcheson,A System of Moral Philosophy,Glasgow,1755,P.Stein,Law and Society in Eighteenth-Century Scottish Thoughtin N.T.Phillipson and R.Mitchison,Scotland in the Age of Improvement,Edinburgh,1970.
[37] ۡ£546ҳ
[38] ۡ£546ҳӽעָһʣһеĹϵʱһָӵĹϵԱ㲹ֽϣںܶ£ָӵĹϵͨƶϲγɵġij˵ƲȨҪȷġ [39] ۡ£542ҳ
[40] ۡ£546ҳܶ˵һġȷĿۡ£568ҳ
[41] ۡ£542ҳ
[42] ⣬˹ӵĹ۵ǴһµģΪƲַȡõġһͨռУռдǰκ˵Ķڶͨһ˶ԼȨҲȨ磬ͨʱЧڳʱ䲻ϵռжһһ˵ĶȨģ̳ͨǵȻκαˣǸǸû壬ͨԶ룬һ˰ԼȨøһˡǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ126ҳչɭ⣬ӵһЩ۵ּȻͨأԣԶģ˹ܰΪһķѧϵ֮С˹ͨӵԹߵĽʹӶչӵĻ˼룬ʹΪ֧ҸȷΪһزٵضʷķչ̡K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,p.28.
[43] ۡ£543544ҳ
[44] ۡ£545ҳ
[45] μܖԭۡӡ1996棬339ҳ
[46] ¶˵˵ۣȻԴʼûҪȨܹͨͶһʹãfirst useռУoccupationȡȨرȨΪȨۡ˵˽еͶۣLabour Theory of AppropriationЩʱ͡ȡռ۷һȽϣǶʹõӶԣֱȽϲû̫塣ڵռɹϲժƻɱһͷ¹ЩȿΪԴռȡҲΪǵͶڴˣ˵ʵǡͶFirst LabourֻۣеһԴռлͶ˲ܳΪߣͶֻ߶µͶԣеIJƲȨȨԴӵеܿȨʵʷʵȷģDzϵȷձȨƺûгӺͿµ߷˵һССȱڡһܹһƬ֮ǰȱȡռų˵ʹãȨʹʹĿѲʵ֡ϣӺͿ·˴ѾءߣδIJ˽߱ΪѵĿĶųƬ֮ȨûбȨȨôȨľijֱĶǿѡûбȨôĿѽȷӶ֮ϣӶȷκȨͶۣҪôǶģҪôDzֵġJ.Waldron,The Right to Private Property,Oxford University Press 1988.pp.137-253.
[47] μۡ547ҳעе꾡ۡ
[48] μа179ҳΪʲôʹһ˵Ͷijᣬʹ˳ΪһƷأҲΪһ˶ͶȨҲͶԵԭġͶijȨȨһ֭ҰʹӾȵҾ˶ӵ𣿡 [49] ۡ£548549ҳ
[50] ۡ£549ҳ
[51] ۡ£553ҳ
[52] ۡ£554ҳ
[53] ۡ£559ҳ
[54] ۡ£556ҳ
[55] ۡ£566ҳ
[56] ۡ£531ҳ
[57] ⣬¶˵IJƲȨһۣջ¶⣬Ϊ˽˲ƲȨȻ״̬ǿܵģȷҪ˵ͬ⣬Ǹߵĵ˽ΪνеȨ˽˲ƲȨǹԻʱģձĺͱȻģڽ빫֮ǰѾȷеشˣֻǶѾȷ˽˲ƲȨ·ѡμ J.Waldron,The Right to Private Property, pp.137-253J.Tully,A Discourse on Property:John Locke and his Adversaries,p.110-120.˵ƺģΪΪ֮ǰIJƲȨûг쵽ձԵij̶ȣΪҲǶ˽˵IJƲȨ·䣬дڱʵĻЭ飬һʹǶЩЭ飬ǿʹͬĺشٽijֹĿģԼ档μۡµ578ҳ
[58] 171819͵Ӣ˼Уѧѧĺǵͬģûе¹ŵѧ֡(sittlichkeit)롰¡moralit?tıμǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ߿ϵĵġԭۡ
[59] ۡ£519ҳ
[60] ۡ£523ҳ
[61] ۡ£525ҳ
[62] ۡ£532533ҳ
[63] ɭָĵºѧкʹôͳȨ֮ˣǷȨΪ˱ʱǶȨ⣬ȻȨĿۺ۵Ŀ֮СӱͬһȻĵϵģԸȨȥֻ֤ڵż漰ƲȨԼȨͳεȨʱ̸ȨӲԸʹȨΪͳϵȨĿζһֹ۵ΪȨΪ˵ıʣеĵ¡еĵ»ƣƲȨȨƣҪһֹ۵ΪȨ˵ҪǴӹڸ˵ȨȻܳġμK.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,pp.182-221.˵ԸʹùĹ۵㣬ӵ˼ΪҮ˵̳뷢ӣҮ˾Ϊν壬ʼζij˻ijЩӦӦȡijжνġӦԤ˶ijЩijϣЩ綨һϵƣЩУijضΪDZֹģDZҪȡġɡɡڶ52ҳμ塪Ү˵ķ˼롷һ¡Ϊй˿˵Ϊ֮ؼڳǷѭ˵ΪҪķֽãһĶۺͽﵽġѧƶԽСһ𣬶ȴǿΪܵĹؼնͽ綨˵Ϊôսʹ˷һСĿռУӶʵϸ˵ɡǵԤڡĿǧģҲǸģÿ֮DzͬģͬһڲͬʱҲDzͬģֶԹ֮һȻһԪᣬһʵᡣǾһ⣬ڶ˵νһ֮ȥᣬǾһԪᣬÿ˶ѭųԼĻԤڵʵ֣˵ĵʹֻǻߣÿ˵ʵʽȴַǹܹԾģܡռۺģ˵һ˫εģôһֳֺ֮أ˵ľ壿˵ǷΪ֮أЩ⣬Ү˲DzǡǡҪ֮岢ζžĽһֳķֽ磬Ҳ˵һĻô岻ǽ壬ֻǹ壬رdz塣μ58ҳ
[64] ۡ£530531ҳ
[65] ԭо44ҳ
[66] ҮΪʽһʵԵĹݹ壬һʽԵĹ塣һ˲еļֵDzɵĶʱΪʲôӦŷʣôͿԱһߡݴˣʿ¡˹?ǺʹΪ?ӣԱΪǹߣΪĹҲȫԱ֮ΪһĹ۵㡣ɡɡڶ24ҳμRoland Kley,Hayek`s Scial and Political Though,pp.216-220.ν壬ָǷɡƶȡ塢ֵȣ֮˵壬DzݣֿϵĴҲ˹֤һ֪֮Ļ֮µԤ衣Ƕ˵ĹϵһֹĹϵһܹٽÿʵԤڵԹϵֻֿۼֵÿ˵ֹϵӡҮ˵˿ƵضĿıֳģһֳĹϵͳֳġԵƿȥֱӷھĿģǡǡܸ˴洦ᵼʧ磬һгżһӵϵͳϵͳÿ˶ѭųϷΪôDZԸԼIJܡԡŬ²ͬĽȻȥûرʩijЩ˻ijˣȴʹÿ˶ɵ״̬״̬˵ʩϵͳ洦֯ͨһЩָǿƸԤӵżϵͳôµĽֻǽϵͳеɶɱӶʹÿ˵涼ܵμ塪Ү˵ķ˼롷¡ɡ塱 [67] Simon ,Patten,The Development of English Thougth,New York,1910,pp.212-213.
[68] ۡ£569ҳ
[69] μ뾭տ룬ѧԺ磬1991棬7ҳ
[70] ۡ£538ҳ
[71] ۡ£622ҳӽָ˽ǽԭʼڹֵͬĵԴۡ£540ҳ
[72] ۡ£549ҳշ˵ΰѲƲȨʾǵأͨʹǰѲƲȨϰϵ˺Ͷ֮ȻϵһɵġѰһָAMNZɶԵķʽAN֮䣬BO֮һȻĹϵҲˣôûзɵ£ԵķɷʽҲANBO˵ȵȡμDivid Miller,Philosophy and Ideology in Humes Political Thought,pp.68-69.
[73] 鲻ڳʱʼչ̶һϣҼ㾡ŬҲܴﵽһֺ㶨̶ȡǵ˼벻ı䣬ڱ仯вȫûκιͷġ˼֮еĹһ֮ơӽΪĶһʱЩϵκιȻֵ֮Ƚ˳ؽ顣ۡ£317ҳ
[74] ۡ£351ҳ
[75] ۡ£536ҳ
[76] ۡϣ234ҳͬһ⣬дȷʵ֪Ψһ֪Щ֪ʶֱӳǣǻǿҵͬ⣬һн۵ԭʼһĴƶһĴڵǸΩһĽۣƾϵϵָмһֹϵԼһĴһĴڵġϵĹɹȥľģŹȥľǷִ֣㳣һ𣬲ԶͬʱСdz֪⣬ȻûУԽǣǿһЩ֪֮۲쵽һֽϻϵԶ֪Ͷ֮۲쵽ֹϵˣ֪ĴڻκʣγɹڶĴڵκνۣǵԡۡϣ239ҳ
[77] ۡ£546ҳ
[78] ԴԡΪ֤дǸΪжһйϵͨеĹϵDzƲȨϵƲȨԱһϵǿƷɣǿƷõ档ĹϵӡĹϵǣƣˣÿκοֻʹǴһڲƲȨǷϵĶʱǾͿԶ϶ֹϵĽϱȻᷢǫǰۼ۸ּȷʵĻǷˣֻҪԵع۲һϾͿԵõ㡣ۡ£345-346ҳ
[79] ָڴ˹˵IJƲȨۡΪһӵвƲΪ˸ͲͶûһӵĹϵۡ˵ƲȨϵڱ˵ĴڣǽӰȶռеЭ顣෴˵һԽ˵ĸۣΪֱӵظĽ˵ĵλأӵļٶ˽ṩռеĽ˵DzƲȨĽ˵μJ.Berry,Hume,Hegel,and human nature,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1982,pp.77-78.
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[81] RadinڡƲȨ˸һ˵ۺͺڸ۵ΪͶȨ֮ԴںڸȨ־еĸ˶ԲƲȻȨڸȨDDκɨDDȨеϵɺͻֵ֮ʷڣڸ۵ijмڰѲƲȨΪģ۵ڱָ塣μBeki,Political Freedom and Hegelian Metaphysics,16Pol.Stud.365,1968.
[82] J.Berry,Hume,Hegel,and human nature,Martinus Nijhoff Publishers,1982,pp.205-206.оμpp.113-124193-207.D.Forbes,Humes Philosophical Politics,Cambridge,1975.J.G.A.Pocock,Politics,Language and Time,New York,1973.
[83] ֱѧ444648ҳ
[84] ˵˾ڸ˼չֵĻйȨĿıһȻйͶֵУ˼֮Ҳ𣬶Դˣ¶˷ָȣͶ˵һ˿յ䣬Ҳ˼˵Ͷʵֵһַʽ롣˶ԣͶҪԽǹԵģdzҪǾͶʵԼǵijʶΪͷܣDzòhave toͶΣеļֵʹüֵuse-Value˼ĵҪǽֵexchange-Value˶ƷгϽκε趨ĽһоɲμRyan,Porperty and political Theory,pp.5-12J.Waldron,The Right to Private Property, pp.137-253.
[85] ڡָۡˡ롰ķӡ֮𣬲Ϊڳġֻк߲˵ռвƲĻйءӵһƫ֣ǰձĸΪ۵֧㣬ͶͶΪȼ֣ȡνijͶһ㡢һ㡢ֵһ㣬ˡڸ˼μۡ£347ҳ
[86] ۡ£290-291ҳ
[87] ѧԭ41ҳ
[88] Peter G.Stillman,Hegels Analysis of Property in the Philosophy of Right,Property Law ,pp.76-116.
[89] ˹дֻһԵ£ֹȥ˺Χˡۡ100ҳ
[90] ȷָڸĻд֮һ仰ӵԺι̵øȻ磬ڸԺøڳԽȻľμJ.Berry,Hume,Hegel,and human nature,p.207.
[91] ϣ˼һѧոʶۿͼʿΪһַ壬ѧɡΪ1718͵Ӣ˼ҪǼ̳˹ϣķѧ˼룬ΪռĵѧصǣӢ˼벢ûϣǰȡĹ۵㣬෴ȴֳһעṫεĵѧǡǡǹϣӷǵȴһۣ֮ⲻܲ˵Ӣ˼Ķһ·йʵǻƵ˼봫ͳ˵֮塣 [92] 磬̸ʱдǶÿһֵµĸоȻģЩֺ֮ӦĻҪõΪʩơۡ£517ҳ
[93] ۣⷽμC.E.Cottle,Justice as Artificial Virtue in Humes Treatise,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,pp.16-25. K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,pp. 4-39.
[94] Դˣ̫νӵӢ߸Ĺ۵㣬μ˭֮壿ֺԣѰ¡̫۵ķӦμй½ڡ
[95] ˹ͼָҴӸ˹ʼΪȻ˼뵼½ŷޣΣرġսƽŷ˼ǿӰ죬ҳԶ˵Ǹ˹֯ӵǰԼϿʼStewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,Princeton University Press 1992,p.15.ɭ˵18ͳڣȻΪѧѧҪĿγ̣е½ŷұڣǵ־ʿ˹άǣܿʹոȻӢ岻Ź̵ѧԺDZĴѧK.Haakonssen,Natural law and moral philosophy,Cambridge University Press 1996,p.61.ⷽоμD.Forbes,Humes Philosophical Politics,Cambridge,1975.J.A.Herdt,Religion and Faction in Humes Moral Philosophy,Cambridge University Press 1997.
[96] СRightָȨָ塱ǵľ𣬲μʩ˹ġȻȨʷ룬2003档
[97] ˵ġƲȨġԡΪҸȨĶԭW.M.Treanor˵ԡ߽ѷڲ⡶ԡIJɰȨ嵥ʱûʹáɺͲƲһʽı﷽ʽתáɺҸĶΪΪƲһɰȨһ˼ǻڹһʶǾǹҿƲȨԴٽ档μҮ³ۡ94W.M.TreanorġܷƽԴԭ⡱˵ȻȨѧ˵Լ빲Ĺϵ꾡оμG.Wood,The Creation of the American Republic,1776-1787,1969J.Pocock,The Machiavellian Moment Revisited:A Study in History and Ideology,1981.
[98] Donald W.Livingston,Philosophical Melancholy and DeliriumHumes Pathology of Philosophy,p.4. Chicago University Press,1998.
[99] μά̹207ҳΪ߾ƶɵˣȻΨйҲܹ涨dzΪɵķ棻֮ұߡҲˣͨҲκ飻߾ȨߣȨ߱Ψһߡ
[100] ľμ塪Ү˵ķ˼롷һ¡Ϊ
[101] ˹ġۡʵȻһ⡣
[102] ۡ£524ҳ
[103] ۡϣ8ҳ
[104] μҮˡɡɡйμ塪Ү˵ķ˼롷ڶ¡й
[105] ˵ǡҲӦеŬ˷ͷ֮⣬Ҳκְۡ£453ҳ˹ͼָӴû˵DzҪġ Stewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,p.141.Ӳ˵Ϊһ棬ϡԺѧĽۡϣ8ҳֻΪԴһȣȫڴϵ֪Ҳǵԭƾ֪Ϊʵ⣬Ҳٲɡۡϣ9ҳɴ˿ӵ˼ҮйءԲ˼кܴԡ
[106] ӰзΪֱУȻڼС
[107] K.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,p.186.
[108] 磬ָ˵ܿȥ̸زƲȨ϶Dzܵģѧ˵ƲȨDzɷġC.E.Cottle,Justice as Artificial Virtue in Humes Treatise,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,p.19.
[109] K.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,p.201.
[110] ָӺͱ֮ɴij֮ߺܿƫӶתڷǿͬǿ˾оıԡӳԽȻ˥ͱߵĶڷѧһסΪӵķ˼뿪20ʵȺӣΪһɷϣӵķ˼ʵijɷ֣ӶֵǿȴĻķ˹ӵġμC.E.Cottle,Justice as Artificial Virtue in Humes Treatise,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,pp.16-25.
[111] ɭָʶһ⽨ķչ̣ĺ͡ӢʷǷڶ̶ڽ⣬ȴǿɵġȷʵǺжйԣӵѧСĽΪˣɭ⣬ΪǶ˵ҪģӵʷĹϵֵĹϵ仰˵ں˵ǻԵĹμK.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,pp.36-39.
[112] ԭо167ҳμɡɡڶ103ҳ
[113] ۡ£622ҳ
[114] ԭо157ҳ
[115] ƲȨں̶ܴġƲȨıͲƲIJƽԭƲȨ״̬ȨʽͬȻ˵ƲȨȨһ˵ƲȨȨȻۼͥÿһַеһЩŵ㣬ܵ˵ѧҵķƺʤһǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ35ҳ
[116] ֮£˹ȴһϵͳķѧϵijΣֻΪݽ壬в걸ָģѧϣ˺ϵ˹ļƻͼ̽˽չ̣ҰʱʱָЩάʹٽƸ۵ļʹɺηӦĸƻҲҪֵͶʵڡһͼڡۡĩβᵽδǰʵֵ֡ĽУЩǻڷԭǻȨԭּҵIJƸͷٵͼ£ҵڽԼйصƶȡЩϽڵĶźԡƸʺԭоΪһݡǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ߿ϵĵġԭۡȻ˹ܵĺܶ˼붼ܵӵشӰ죬οƲȨȷɹҪԷ棬رο˽ĵλϣĹ۵ӵ˼г룬̡
[117] áѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷558ҳ
[118] ۡ£574ҳR.Mcrae˵ӿһǵԺͻݽģûƵԼȥֱӽһʶЭĽʵвҪĽɫϰ߳ΪҪĽɫʱϰƣǾЧҵĶЩΪеΪ֮ȨƫǡǡǻЩ֮ϡˣεĴߡӢۣժڣϰ߱ΪμR.Mcrae,Hume as Political Philosopher,Hume as Philosopher of Society,Politics and History,Edited by D.Livingston,University of Rochester Press 1991,p.31.
[119] ۡ£584ҳӿһһַҴԴʷɿġۡ£583ҳ
[120] ۡ£584ҳ
[121] ۡ£585ҳ
[122] ѡ20ҳ⣬й۵꾡ۣμ¡ѧۡ
[123] ۡ£597ҳ
[124] һǿ߲ӦһδȫڻᣬӦṩһֿƹķϵ֮ѡ14ҳ
[125] K.Haakonssen,The structure of Humes political theory,Edited by D.F.Norton,The Cambridge Companion to Hume,Cambridge University Press,1992,p.201.
[126] μáѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷552ҳȻ˵ȻȨۣԼ˵츳Ȩ˼룬Ĵ½ԷΪȨۣر20ҶġȨԡۣڹҮ˿شģΪˣ˺ȻۡȻ˵ȻȨڹҮνȻ˼롣ʵڵȻ˼ӢͨҲձӰ죬ƿˡ˹ͨӵ˾ͬȻȨ˼룬ӢȨ֤ӼڷͨԭʱҲ֮ԡȻġԭˣͨеȨ½ȨǰǻڹȨǻȨ˹ӶڱȨı˵ǻڸȨۣ˵ǻһֶԹȨ֮ΣյıԵǿһ˵йȷռеȶͬתúŵļı⣬άڶЩȻĹ۲졣Ȼӵ˼Уе˶һ漰Ȼ빫ԭĻǡϰףЩںƽάõ档Chandran Kukathas,Hayek and modern liberalism,pp.30-31.
[127] áѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷553ҳ
[128] ԣѹָΪҮ˲κĵͽۣһǵ仯ĵϰʵһЩĺ־õݣЩܵ˵ģġΪ˿յ⣬ﵽڹҮ˵¹ĸձ⣬бҪܻӵ˼룬߶ԹҮ˵ĵºѧӰǶһĺԶġJohy Gray, Hayek on liberty ,3rd edp.58.
[129] ǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ252ҳ
[130] áѧΡҮ˼뾫⡷331ҳ
[131] ۡ£402ҳ
[132] ԭо162ҳ
[133] ۡ£401ҳ˹ͼָųΨ־壬ת˵ıԺԹߣѰᷨԴStewart,The Moral and Political Philosophy of David Hume,p.314.
[134] K.Haakonssen,The Science of a Legislator,Cambridge University 1981,p.79.
[135] ǵ?˹ܹڷɡ졢뼰ݽ103ҳ
[136] ۡ164ҳ
[137] ۡ100-101ҳ