¹« ·¨ ÆÀ ÂÛ |
ΩԸ¹«Æ½Èç´óË®¹ö¹ö£¬Ê¹¹«ÒåÈ罺ÓÌÏÌÏ£¡ |
¸ÊÑô£º¡¶ÕþÖÎÕÜÈËÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹¡·ºó¼Ç
¡¡¡¡Õâ±¾ÂÛÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕþÖÎÕÜѧµÄÎÄ×Ö£¬ÔÊÇΪÖÐÎİæÎå¾í±¾¡°Ê©ÌØÀÍË¹Öø×÷¼¯¡±ËùдµÄÒ»
¸ö³¤Æªµ¼ÑÔ£¬[1]È¥Äê³É¸åºóÔøÒýÆð²»ÉÙÅóÓѵÄÐËȤºÍ¹Ø×¢£¬Õâ´Î³ÐÅ£½ò´óѧ³ö°æÉç³öµ¥
Ðб¾·¢ÐУ¬ÎÒÔ¸½è´Ë»ú»áÊ×ÏÈÏòÐí¶àÅóÓѱíʾ¸Ðл£¬Í¬Ê±Ò²ÔÚÕâÀïÂÔ×÷һЩ²¹³ä¡£
¡¡¡¡Ò»
¡¡¡¡´Ë´Îµ¥Ðб¾ÊÕÈëÁËÎÒÔÚ2001Äê8ÔµÄÒ»·âѧÊõͨÐÅ×÷Ϊ¸½Â¼£¬Õâ·âͨÐŵÄÄÚÈÝËäÈ»ÊÇ
¹ØÓÚÈçºÎÑо¿ÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨ºÍÏÜÕþÀíÂ۵쬵«ÓëÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕþÖÎÕÜѧÎÊÌâ¿ÉÒÔ˵ÓÐijÖÖ»òÒþ»òÏÔ
µÄ¹ØÁª¡£ÕâÊ×ÏÈÊÇÒòΪÕþÖÎÕÜѧÎÊÌâ±¾ÓëÏÜÕþÀíÂÛÓÐÃÜÇеĹØÏµ£¬µ«Í¬Ê±Ò²ÊÇÒòΪ£¬¾ÍÎÒ
×Ô¼º¶øÑÔ£¬ÎÞÂÛ˼¿¼ÕþÖÎÕÜѧµÄÎÊÌ⣬»¹ÊÇ˼¿¼ÏÜÕþÀíÂÛµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÎÒ½üÄêµÄ»ù±¾×ÅÑÛµãÊ×
Ïȶ¼Êǵ±´úÎ÷·½ÌرðÃÀ¹úµÄ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓë±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÖ®ÕùÕâÒ»ÖÐÐÄÎÊÌâ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ÔÚÌÖÂÛÊ©ÌØÀÍ
˹ÎÊÌâʱ£¬ÎÒµÄÄ¿µÄͬʱÊÇÒª¹´ÀÕ³öÎ÷·½×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÀíÂÛÓëºóÏÖ´ú×óÒíÀíÂÛµÄijÖÖͬԴÐÔ£¬
´Ó¶øÍ»ÏÖÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕþÖÎÕÜѧÊǶÔ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓëºóÏÖ´úÀíÂÛµÄË«ÖØÅúÅУ»Í¬Ñù£¬ÔÚ¹ØÓÚÑо¿ÃÀ
¹úÏÜ·¨µÄͨÐÅÖÐÎÒÒ²×ÅÖØÓÚÖ¸³ö£¬µ±´úÃÀ¹úµÄÏÜÕþ±çÂÛÆäÖÐÐÄÎÊÌâ˵µ½µ×ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓë±£
ÊØÖ÷ÒåÖ®Õù¡£ÕâÖÖ¹Û²ì½Ç¶È³ÏÈ»ÊÇÎÒ×Ô¼º·Ç³£¸öÈËÐÔµÄÒ»ÖÖÎÊÌâÒâʶ£¬µ«ÎÒȷʵÒÔΪ£¬Ö»
ÓÐץס×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓë±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÖ®ÕùÕâ¸öÖÐÐÄÏßË÷£¬ÎÒÃDzÅÄÜÕæÕý°ÑÎÕµ±´úÎ÷·½µÄÖ÷Ҫ˼ÏëÂö
ÂçºÍÕþÖÎ×ßÏò¡£´ÓÕþÖÎÕÜѧµÄ½Ç¶È¿´£¬ÈκÎ˼ÏëºÍÀíÂÛ¶¼²úÉúÓÚijÖÖÕþÖÎÉç»áÖ®ÖУ¬¶øÇÒ
Óë¸ÃÕþÖÎÉç»áµÄÖØ´ó¡°Òâ¼û¡±·×ÕùÓÐÃÜÇеĹØÏµ¡£´ÓÕâÖֽǶȿ´£¬¹ÅÏ£À°µÄ¸÷ÖÖ˼ÏëÀíÂÛ
¶¼Óë¹ÅÏ£À°³Ç°îÕþÖÎÓйأ¬¶ø¶þÕ½ÒÔºóµÄ¸÷ÖÖÎ÷·½µ±´úÀíÂÛÔòÓë¶þÕ½ºóµÄÃÀ¹úÕþÖÎÓÐĪ´ó
¹ØÏµ£¨¶þÕ½ºóµÄÅ·ÖÞ˼ÏëÀýÈç·¨¹úºóÏÖ´úµÈÊÂʵÉ϶¼ÊÇͨ¹ý¡°ÃÀ¹ú»¯¡±²Å²úÉú¸ü´óµÄÓ°Ïì
£©¡£ÎÒÃÇÓɴ˲»Äܲ»Ìرð×¢Ò⣬¶þÕ½ÒÔºóÎåÊ®ÄêÀ´ÃÀ¹úÕþÖεÄ×î»ù±¾ÂöÂç»ò×îÖØ´ó¡°Òâ¼û
·×Õù¡±¾ÍÊÇ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓë±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÖ®Õù£¬¶øÇÒÕâÖÖ·×ÕùµÄ½á¹ûÊÇ£¬ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òå´Ó±ßÔµ×ßÏò
ÖÐÐÄ£¬³ÉΪÃÀ¹úÕþÖεÄÖ÷Á÷ÒâʶÐÎ̬£¬¶øÒÔÍù¾ÓÓÚÖÐÐĵÄÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÈ´ÈÕÒæ³ÉÎªÊØÊÆÒâ
ʶÐÎ̬¡£
¡¡¡¡ÔÚÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½ÕùºóµÄ½ñÌ죬ȫÊÀ½ç¶¼ÒÑÖªµÀС²¼Ê²µÄÃÀ¹úÕþ¸®·îÐеÄÊÇËùν¡°Ð±£ÊØÖ÷
Ò塱¡£µ«Õâ¸ö¡°Ð¡±Æäʵ²¢²»Ð£¬ÒòΪС²¼Ê²µÄ±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþÖβ¢·Çд´£¬¶øÊǽü¼¸Ê®ÄêÀ´
ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþÖÎÇ¿¾¢áÈÆðµÄÒ»¸ö½á¹û¡£ÔçÔÚ1978Ä꣬¸ÇÂåÆÕÈ«¹úÃñÒâµ÷²éÒѾÏÔʾ£ºÃÀ
¹úÈËÖÐ47£¥Ñ¡Ãñ×ÔÈÏÐÅ·î±£ÊØÖ÷Ò壬ֻÓÐ32£¥ÐÅ·î×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò壬´ËÍâ10£¥ÔòÊôÓÚ¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄ
ÖмäÅÉ¡£[2]¶øÔÙ¹ýÊ®Ä꣬¼´Àï¸ù¸ß¾Ù¡°±£ÊØÖ÷Òå¸ïÃü¡±´óÆìÖ´Õþ°ËÄêÒÔºóµÄ1988Äê´óÑ¡
£¬ÃÀ¹úÕþÖÎÉú̬ÒѾ±ä³ÉËùν¡°×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåûÓÐÓµ»¤Õߺͺ´ÎÀÕߣ¬¶øÖ»Óз´¶ÔÕߺ͹¥»÷Õß¡±
( Liberalism in 1988 had no advocates or defenders, just adversaries and
attackers£©¡£[3]¾¡¹Üµ±ÄêÃÀ¹úÁùÊ®Îåλ×ÔÓÉÅÉ֪ʶ·Ö×ÓÁìÐ䩤©¤°üÀ¨Åµ±´¶û¾¼Ã½±µÃÖ÷
°¢ÂÞ£¨Arrow£©ºÍÍбö£¨Tobin£©£¬Ê·¼ÒСʩÀ³ÐÁ¸ñ£¨Schlesinger£©£¬Éç»áѧ¼ÒÄ«¶Ù£¨
Merton£©£¬ÒÔ¼°¼Ó¶û²¼À×˹£¨Galbraith£©µÈ£¬ÔøÔÚ¡¶Å¦Ô¼Ê±±¨¡·[4]·¢±íÁªºÏÉùÃ÷Ϊ×ÔÓÉ
Ö÷Òå±ç»¤£¬Ç¿ÁÒÖ¸ÔðÀï¸ùºÍÀϲ¼Ê²µÈÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÁìÐä°Ñ¡°×ÔÓÉÅÉ¡±ºÍ¡°×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò塱µÈÃÀ¹ú
´«Í³µÄÉñÊ¥×ÖÑÛ˵³ÉÊÇ¡°Ôà×ÖÑÛ¡±£¨dirty word£©£¬µ«ÊÇ×ÔÓÉÅÉÁìÐäÃǵÄŬÁ¦ÍêÈ«ÎÞ¼ÃÓÚ
Ê£¬ÒòΪ×Ô°ËÊ®Äê´úÒÔÀ´¡°×ÔÓÉÅÉ¡±ºÍ¡°×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò塱µÈ×ÖÑÛ£¨ËùνL-word£©ÔÚÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉ
°Ù°ã³°ÅªÍÚ¿àÏÂÒÑ´óΪ±áÖµ¡£½ñÌìС²¼Ê²Õþ¸®·îÐеÄËùν¡°Ð±£ÊØÖ÷Ò塱£¬Ö»ÓÐÖÃÓÚ½üÈý
Ê®ÄêÀ´ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òå³ÉΪÕþÖÎÖ÷Á÷µÄÀúÊ·±³¾°Ï²ÅÄܵõ½Àí½â¡£
¡¡¡¡ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òåѹµ¹×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕâÖÖ½á¹û¶ÔºÜ¶àÈËÀ´Ëµ¶¼¼¸ºõÓе㲻¿É˼Òé¡£ÓÈÆäÈç¹ûµ¥
´¿´ÓÎ÷·½Ñ§ÔºµÄ½Ç¶ÈÈ¥¹Û²ì£¬ÔòÈËÃǶàÄêÀ´Ìýµ½¿´µ½µÄ¼¸ºõ¶¼ÊǸ÷ÖÖ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓë×óÒíµÄʱ
ÐÂÀíÂÛ¡£µ«Ö»ÒªÔ½³öѧԺµÄСÊÀ½çÈ¥¿´ÃÀ¹úÕþÖεĴóÊÀ½çÓÈÆäÃÀ¹úµÄÑ¡¾ÙÕþÖΣ¬ÄǾͼ¸ºõ
ÊÇÍêÈ«²»Í¬µÄÒ»¸öÊÀ½ç£¬ÔÚÕâ¸öÕþÖÎÊÀ½çÖб£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÒѾÎȾÓÖ÷µ¼ÉõÖÁͳÖεĵØÎ»¡£ÕâÖÖ
ÏÖÏóʵ¼ÊÒ²ÕýºÃÓ¡Ö¤ÁËÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅɶàÄêÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö»ù±¾¿´·¨£¬¼´ÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÒíµÄÓÅÊÆÖ÷
ÒªÔÚÃÀ¹ú´óÑ§ÌØ±ðÊǾ«Ó¢´óѧ£¬µ«ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅɵÄÓÅÊÆÔòÖ²¸ùÓÚÃÀ¹úÃñÖÚ¼´Ëùν¡°´¾ÆÓµÄÈË
Ãñ¡±£¨Virtuous People£©»ò¡°³ÁĬµÄ´ó¶àÊý¡±£¨Silent Majority£©¡£Î©ÆäÈç´Ë£¬ÎÒÃDzÅ
ÄÜÀí½âΪʲôÔÚÀï¸ùºÍÀϲ¼Ê²Ö´ÕþµÄ±£ÊØÕþÖÎʱ´ú£¨1980£1992£©£¬´óѧºÍ¸ßµÈ½ÌÓýµÄÎÊ
Ì⾹Ȼ»á³ÉΪȫÃÀÕþÖεÄÖÐÐÄ£¬´Ó¶ø±»³ÆÎªÃÀ¹úÀúÊ·Éϵġ°ÎÄ»¯Õ½Õù¡±£¨Cultural War£©
Äê´ú¡£[5]Àï¸ù£Àϲ¼Ê²Õþ¸®ÈÎÃüµÄÁ½Î»½ÌÓý¹Ù©¤©¤½ÌÓý²¿³¤±´ÄÎÌØ£¨William Bennett£©
£¬ÒÔ¼°¡°¹ú¼ÒÈËÎÄ¿ÆÑ§»ù½ð»á¡±Ö÷ϯÇÐÄá·òÈË£¨Lynne Cheney£¬ÆäÕÉ·ò¼´ÏÖÃÀ¹ú¸±×ÜͳÇÐ
Äᣩ£¬ÓÈÆä³ÉΪµ±Ê±×îÓÐÕùÒéµÄÈËÎ±»ÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÒíѧÕß¿´³ÉÊÇÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÁ¦Í¼Ç¿
ÐиÄÔì´óѧµÄ¼±ÏÈ·æ¡£1988Äê±´ÄÎÌØÒÔ½ÌÓý²¿³¤Éí·ÝÇ¿ÊÆ½éÈë˹̹¸£´óѧµÄ¿Î³Ì¸Ä¸ï£¬ÔÚ
È«¹úµçÊÓÉϹ«¿ªÖ¸Ôð˹̹¸£´óѧ¸Ä¸ï¡°Î÷·½ÎÄÃ÷Ê·¡±¿Î³Ìʵ¼ÊÊÇÒª¡°°ÑÎ÷·½ÎÄ»¯µ±·ÏÎ
£¨trashing Western culture£©, [6]´Ó¶ø°Ñ´óѧµÄ¿Î³Ì¸Ä¸ïÎÊÌâ±ä³ÉÁËÈ«¹úÐÔÕþÖεÄÍ·
ºÅÎÊÌâ¡£¶øÒ»µ©°ÑÎÊÌâ´ÓѧԺÄÚ×ªÒÆµ½Éç»áÉÏ£¬ÔòÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅɼ¸ºõ¾ÍÎȲÙʤȯ£¬ÒòΪÃÀ¹ú
´ó¶àÊýÃñÖÚ×ÔÈ»²»ÄÜÈÝÈÌʲô¡°ÅúÅÐÎ÷·½ÖÐÐÄÂÛ¡±Ö®À࣬¶ø×ÔÓÉÅÉ»ò×óÒíѧÕß×ÔȻҲ±ØÐë
ÔÚÃÀ¹ú¹«ÃñÃæÇ°×ÔÎұ绤£¬Ö¤Ã÷ËûÃǾøÃ»ÓС°°ÑÎ÷·½ÎÄ»¯µ±·ÏÎ£¬¶øÖ»ÊÇÒªÃÀ¹úѧÉúͬ
ʱҲÁ˽âÒ»µã·ÇÎ÷·½ÎÄ»¯¡£[7]
¡¡¡¡ Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬ÕÆÎÕÃÀ¹úÈËÎÄ¿ÆÑ§Ñо¿²¦¿îµÄ¡°¹ú¼ÒÈËÎÄ¿ÆÑ§»ù½ð»á¡±(National
Endowment for the Humanities)£¬ÔÚÇÐÄá·òÈËÖ÷³ÖÏÂÒ²±»×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÒíѧÕ߯ձéÈÏΪʹ
ËûÃÇÉêÇë»ù½ð±äµÃÈÕÒæÀ§ÄÑ¡£ÇÐÄá·òÈ˼¸ºõºÁ²»»äÑÔÏÖÔÚÊDz¦ÂÒ·´ÕýµÄʱºòÁË¡£ÔÚËý¿´À´
£¬³¤ÆÚÒÔÀ´×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÅÉÖ÷µ¼ÁËÃÀ¹ú´óѧ¶øÇÒÓÃËûÃǵġ°ÕþÖÎÕýÈ·¡±±ê×¼¾ö¶¨´óѧ½ÌʦµÄ
ƸÈκÍÌáÉý£¬ÒÔÖÂÏÖÔÚ¡°Ò»¸ö°×ÈËÄÐÐÔ±£ÊØÅÉѧÕßÈç¹û¸ü¾°ÑöÂóµÏÑ·¶ø²»ÊÇÂí¿Ë˼¡±¾ÍºÜ
ÄÑÔÚ´óѧÕÒµ½¹¤×÷¡£[8]ÓÉ´ËÒ²¾Í¿É¼ûÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅɶÔÃÀ¹ú´óѧÊǺεÈÓÇÐÄâçâç¡£µ«ÕâÖÖ˵
·¨ÆäʵÊÇ¿ä´óÆä´ÊµÄ£¬ÒòΪ¸ù¾ÝÉç»áѧ¼ÒÃǵĵ÷²é£¬ÁùÊ®Äê´úÒÔºóµÄÃÀ¹ú´óѧУ԰²¢Ã»ÓÐ
±äµÃ¸ü¼¤½ø£¬¶øÊDZäµÃ¸üκÍÓë¸ü±£ÊØ£ºµ½1984Ä꣬ÃÀ¹ú´óѧ½ÌʦÖÐ×ÔÈÏ×ÔÓÉÅɵÄÖ»ÓÐ
33.8%,×ÔÈÏ×óÒíµÄ¸üÖ»ÓÐ5.8£¥¡£[9]µ«ÇÐÄá·òÈ˺ÍÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÈ´ÈÏΪ£¬´óѧÖÐÈËÎÄÉç»á¿Æ
ѧԺϵµÄ¡°ÖÕÉíÆ¸ÈνÌÊÚ¡±´ó¶àÎÞÒìÓÚ¡°ÖÕÉíÆ¸ÈÎ×óÅÉ¡±£¨Tenured Left£©£¬[10] »ò¡°
ÖÕÉíÆ¸È줽øÅÉ¡±£¨Tenured Radicals£©¡£[11]Òò´ËÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÔÚ80Äê´úºóÆÚµ½90Äê´ú³õ
ÆÚ¼¸ºõ¼¯ÖÐÈ«Á¦Ç¿ÁÒÅê»÷ÃÀ¹ú´óѧ£¬°Ñ¡°ÎÄ»¯Õ½Õù¡±ÍÆÏòÁ˰×ÈÕ»¯£¬ÒÔÖ¡°ÃÀ¹ú´óѧÁªÏ¯
»á¡±£¨Association of American Universities£©Ö÷ϯÂÞÉ´ÄÍþ¸ñºóÀ´²»ÂúµØËµ£¬¹¥»÷´ó
ѧ³ÉÁ˱£ÊØÅÉ×÷Õß·¢²ÆÖ¸»µÄÎÈ¿¿À´Ô´¡£[12]ȷʵ£¬´ËÆÚ±£ÊØÅɹ¥»÷´óѧµÄÖø×÷³ÉÁËÒ»´ó
³ö°æ¹¤Òµ£¬¶øÇÒÊéÃû¶¼±È½ÏÉ¿Ç飬ÀýÈ磺¡¶ÖÕÉí¼¤½øÅÉ£ºÕþÖÎÈçºÎ°Ü»µÁËÎÒÃǵĸߵȽÌÓý
¡·£¬[13]¡¶¿ÕÐÄÈË£º¸ßµÈ½ÌÓýµÄÕþÖÎÓ븯°Ü¡·£¬[14]¡¶·´×ÔÓɵĽÌÓý£ºÐ£Ô°Ê¢ÐеÄÖÖ×åÕþ
ÖÎÓëÐÔÕþÖΡ·,[15]¡¶¼ÙºÍÉÐ×øÃí£ºÃÀ¹ú֪ʶ·Ö×ÓÔÚ´Ý»ÙÎÒÃǵĴóѧ²¢Îóµ¼ÎÒÃÇ×ӵܵÄδ
À´¡·£¬[16]µÈµÈ¡£
¡¡¡¡µ«ÔÚËùÓÐÕâЩÅúÅÐÃÀ¹ú´óѧµÄÖø×÷ÖУ¬×îºä¶¯Ò²ÊÇ×îÔçÌôÆðÕû¸öÂÛÕ½µÄ£¬×ÔÈ»Ê×ÍÆÊ©
ÌØÀÍ˹µÄµÜ×Ó²¼Â³Ä·ÔÚ1987Äê³ö°æ²¢Ñ¸ËÙ³ÉΪȫÃÀÍ·ºÅ³©ÏúÊéµÄ´ó×÷£º¡¶±ÎÈûµÄÃÀ¹úÐÄÖÇ
£º¸ßµÈ½ÌÓýÈçºÎµ¼ÖÂÃñÖ÷µÄʧ°Ü£¬ÈçºÎµ¼Ö½ñÈÕ´óѧÉúÐÄÁéµÄ¿Ý½ß¡·¡£[17]©¤©¤ÕýÊÇÔÚ¹Ø
ÓÚ´óѧºÍ½ÌÓýÎÊÌâµÄÕⳡ´ó±çÂÛÖУ¬Ëùν¡°Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉ¡±µÇÉÏÁËÃÀ¹úÎÄ»¯ÕþÖεÄÎę̀£¬
¶ø´ÓǰĬĬÎÞÎŶøÇÒÔçÒÑÈ¥ÊÀµÄÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÃû×ÖÒ²µÚÒ»´Î³öÏÖÔÚÃÀ¹úýÌåÖС£
¡¡¡¡ÎÒÔÚ1989Äê½øÈëÖ¥¼Ó¸ç´óѧ¡°Éç»á˼ÏëίԱ»á¡±Çóѧʱ£¬ÃÀ¹úµÄ¡°ÎÄ»¯Õ½Õù¡±ÕýÈç»ð
Èçݱ£¬¶øÇÒ²¼Â³Ä·ÏÈÉú¾ÍÔÚÕâ¸öίԱ»áÈÎÕþÖÎÕÜѧ½ÌÊÚ£¬ËûµÄÃÜÓÑË÷¶û.±´Â¦ÏÈÉúÔòÔÚÕâ
¸öίԱ»áÈÎÎÄѧ½ÌÊÚ£¨µ±Ê±ÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÅÉѧÕß½«±´ÄÎÌØ¡¢²¼Â³Ä·ºÍ±´Â¦³Æ×÷¡°3BɱÊÖ
¡°£¬¼ÓÉÏÇÐÄá·òÈ˱»³ÆÎª¡°3B¼Ó1C¡±£©¡£ÏµÀïÆäËûÀÏʦ²»ÉÙ¶¼ÊDZ£ÊØÅÉÖÐÈË£¬ÓеÄÔøÈÎÀï
¸ùÕþ¸®µÄ°×¹¬×«¸åÈË£¬»¹ÓеĺóÀ´±»Ð¡²¼Ê²Õþ¸®ÈÎÃüΪ¡°ÉúÃüÂ×ÀíίԱ»á¡±µÄ³ÉÔ±¡£ÎÒ×Ô
¼ºµÄÁ½Î»µ¼Ê¦£¬Éç»áѧ¼Òϯ¶û˹£¨Edward Shils£©ºÍ·¨¹úÊ·¼ÒÛ®À×£¨Francois Furet£©£¬
Ò²¶¼ÓëÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÔ¨Ô´ÉõÉî¡£ÕâÖÖÖÜÔâ»·¾³ºÜ×ÔÈ»µØÊ¹ÎÒ¶ÔÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÓë×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÖ®Õù
²úÉúÌØ±ðµÄÐËȤ£¬µ«Í¬Ê±Ò²ÉîÊÜÕâÖÖÕùÂÛÖ®À§ÈÅ¡£ÎÒ·¢ÏÖ×Ô¼º¶ÔÃÀ¹úµÄ±£ÊØÅɺÍ×ÔÓÉÅɸ÷
ÓÐÒ»·ÝͬÇ飬ͬʱÓÖ¸÷Óкܴó±£Áô¡£ÎÒÒÔºóÖð½¥ÐγɵĸöÈËÁ¢³¡Òò´Ë¼È²»·ûºÏ±£ÊØÅɵÄÁ¢
³¡£¬Ò²²»·ûºÏ×ÔÓÉÅɵÄÁ¢³¡¡£»ù±¾ÉÏ£¬ÔÚÉç»áÕþÖÎÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬ÎÒ³£³£¸üͬÇéÃÀ¹úËùν×ÔÓÉÅÉ
µÄÈ¡Ïò£¬µ«ÔÚ˼ÏëÎÄ»¯ÉÏÎÒÔò±È½ÏͬÇé±£ÊØÅɵÄѧÊõÈ¡Ïò¡£ÔÚ¾ßÌåÔĶÁÉÏ£¬ÎÒÒÔΪҪÀí½â
µ±´úÊÀ½ç²»Äܲ»¶à¶Á×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÒíѧÕßµÄÖø×÷£¬µ«ÔÚÀí½âÎ÷·½¹ÅµäºÍ˼Ï봫ͳÉÏÔòÎÒÓÖÍù
Íù¸üÖØÊÓ±£ÊØÅÉѧÕßµÄÖø×÷¡£ÕâÖÖÁ¢³¡¿´ÉÏÈ¥ËÆºõÆÄΪ×ÔÏàì¶Ü£¬µ«ÎÒÈ´ÈÕÒæ¾õµÃ£¬ÔÚÎ÷
·½Ö÷µ¼µÄ¸´ÔÓµ±´úÊÀ½çÖУ¬Ò»¸öÖйú˼ÏëÕß×îÐèÒª¾¯ÌèµÄÊÇ£¬¼È²»ÒªÍêÈ«²ÉÈ¡Î÷·½×ÔÓÉÅÉ
»ò×óÅɵÄÁ¢³¡£¬Ò²²»ÄÜÍêÈ«²ÉÈ¡Î÷·½±£ÊØÅɵÄÁ¢³¡£¬·ñÔòÖ»»á³ÉΪÎ÷·½µÄ¸½Ó¹£¬¶øÊ§È¥×Ô
¼º×÷ΪÖйú˼ÏëÕßµÄÁ¢³¡¡£
¡¡¡¡¹ØÓÚÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÓë×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÖ®ÕùµÄÀúÊ·¹ý³Ì£¬ÎÒÔڱ𴦻áÓбȽÏÏêϸµÄÌÖÂÛ¡£ÕâÀï
½öÖ¸³ö£¬ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÖÐÖ÷ÕÅ¡°Êг¡·ÅÈÎÖ÷Ò塱µÄÕⲿ·ÖËäÈ»ÔÚÒâʶÐÎ̬ÉÏѹµ¹ÁËÃÀ¹úÐÂÕþ
×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò壬µ«²¢Ã»ÓÐÒ²²»¿ÉÄܵ߸²ÐÂÕþ×ÔÓÉÖ÷Ò司ÃÀ¹úµì¶¨µÄ»ù´¡¡£ÐÂÕþ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄ»ù±¾
ÒŲúͨ³£¶¼ÈÏΪ¼¯ÖÐÌåÏÖÔÚËùν¡°Éç»á±£ÕÏ¡±£¨Social Security£©ÉÏ£¬µ«ÕâÀïµÄÉç»á±£
Õϲ¢·Ç½ö½öÖ¸µÄÊǾßÌå»úÖÆ£¬¶øÊ×ÏÈÊÇÖ¸Ò»¸ö¡°¸ÅÄ¡£Õâ¸ö¸ÅÄî¾ÍÊÇ£¬ÔÚÊг¡¾¼ÃÏ£¬
Õþ¸®±ØÐëΪ¹«ÃñÌṩ×î»ù±¾µÄ¡°±£ÕÏ¡±£¬ÕâÖÖ±£ÕÏͬÑù²¢²»½ö½öÊÇÎïÖʵ쬶øÇÒ¸üÖØÒªÊÇ
¹«ÃñÐÄÀíÉϵı£ÕÏ¡£ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÎÞÂÛÔõÑù¸ß³ª¡°·ÅÈΡ±£¬´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓÐÒ²²»¸Ò´¥¶¯ÃÀ¹úÐÂÕþ×Ô
ÓÉÖ÷Òåµì¶¨µÄ¡°Éç»á±£ÕÏ¡±¸ÅÄî¼°ÆäÌåÖÆ¡£Ò²ÒòΪÈç´Ë£¬ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉÄ»ÁÅ·ðÂÞÄ·£¨
David Frum£¬ÔøÈÎС²¼Ê²°×¹¬ÃØÊ鲢ΪС²¼Ê²×÷´«£©ÊýÄêǰ°§Ì¾ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÔçÒÑËÀÍö£¬
ÒòΪÔÚËû¿´À´¡°±£ÊØÅÉÔçÒÑʧȥÁËËûÃǹĴµ×îСÕþ¸®µÄÈȳÀ£»²»ÊÇÒòΪ±£ÊØÅɾõµÃ´óÕþ¸®
ÊǺõ쬶øÊÇÒòΪËûÃÇÎÞ¿ÉÄκεØÈÏʶµ½£¬²»µ«Ï÷¼õ´óÕþ¸®ÊǺÁÎÞÏ£ÍûµÄ£¬ÉõÖÁ·ÀÖ¹´óÕþ
¸®½øÒ»²½À©´ó¶¼³¬³öÁËËûÃǵÄÄÜÁ¦¡£¡±[18]ÎÒ¸öÈ˶ԡ°Êг¡·ÅÈÎÖ÷Òå¡°ÕâÅɵı£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÒ»
Ïò³ÖÅúÅÐÁ¢³¡£¬Ò²ÊÇÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÎÒ»ù±¾ÉÏÊÇÇãÏòÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄ£¬µ«ÕâÖÖÁ¢³¡ÏÖÔÚÔÚÖйú¹ú
ÄÚ±»³ÆÎªËùν¡°ÐÂ×óÅÉ¡±£¬¶øÎÒ×Ô¼ºÔò³ÆÎª¡°×ÔÓÉ×óÅÉ¡±µÄÁ¢³¡¡£[19]
¡¡¡¡µ«Ë¼ÏëÎÄ»¯·½ÃæµÄÎÊÌâÔòԶΪ¸´ÔÓ¡£×îÀ§ÈÅÎҵϹÔÚÓÚ£¬Ëùν×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÓë±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÖ®
Õù£¬²¢·Ç½ö½öÖ»ÊÇÃÀ¹úÕþÖεĵ³ÅÉÖ®Õù£¬¶øÊÇͬʱÉî¿ÌµØÉøÍ¸ÓÚµ±´úÎ÷·½µÄ˼ÏëºÍѧÊõÖÐ
¡£ÔÚ¡°Éç»á˼ÏëίԱ»á¡±ÕâÑùÖ÷ÒªÑо¿Î÷·½Ë¼Ï봫ͳºÍÎ÷·½¾µäÖø×÷µÄµØ·½£¬ÕâЩÕùÂÛÖ±
½ÓÉæ¼°µ½ÈçºÎÔĶÁÎ÷·½Ë¼ÏëÕⲿÀúÊ·ºÍÈçºÎÔĶÁ¼¸ºõÿһ±¾¾µä¡£ÎÞÂÛÔĶÁ°ØÀͼÑÇÀïÊ¿
¶àµÂ£¬»¹ÊÇɯʿ±ÈÑÇ»òÄá²É£¬¶¼»áÃæÁÙ¡°½âÊ͵ijåÍ»¡±µÄÎÊÌâ¡£¶øÕâЩ¡°½âÊ͵ijåÍ»¡±±³
ºó£¬Êµ¼Ê×ÜÊǼä½ÓÇúÕÛµØÓëµ±´úÎ÷·½ÌرðÃÀ¹úµÄÕþÖÎÒâ¼û·×ÕùÓйء£ÓÉ´Ë£¬ÔĶÁÎ÷·½Ë¼Ïë
Ê·ËÆºõ±ä³ÉÁ˲»µÃ²»ÔڹŵäÓëµ±´ú¡¢×ÔÓÉÓë±£ÊØÖ®¼äÀ´»Ø·´¸´µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÖø×÷Õý
ÊÇÔÚÕâ·½ÃæÒýÆðÎÒµÄÌØ±ðÐËȤ¡£Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹²»ÊÇÄÇÖÖΪÈκε³ÅÉд×÷µÄÈË£¬µ«ËûµÄÖø×÷ʵ¼Ê
°Ñµ±´ú×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåºÍºóÏÖ´úµÄÎÊÌâ¶¼´ø»Øµ½Î÷·½ÏÖ´úÐÔµÄÎÊÌâÉÏ¡£
¡¡¡¡Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹Ëùν¡°ÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¡±£¬Êµ¼ÊÊÇÔĶÁÎ÷·½Ë¼ÏëÊ·µÄÒ»ÖÖÌØÊâ½øÂ·£¬ËûÒÔ¡°¹Å½ñÖ®
Õù¡±Ì¯¿ªÎÊÌ⣬ʹµÃ¹ÅµäÓëµ±´ú·¢ÉúǰËùδÓеĽôÃܹØÁª¡£°´Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÔÚÈýÊ®Äê´ú³õ¾ÍÐÎ
³ÉµÄ¿´·¨£¬ÏÖ´úÐÔ¶ÔÎ÷·½ÈËÔì³ÉµÄÎÊÌâÊÇ¡°ÔĶÁµÄÖжϡ±»ò¡°ÔĶÁµÄ²»¿ÉÄÜ¡±¡£Õâ¸ö¿´·¨
Ó뼸ʮÄêºóµÄºóÏÖ´úÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃÇ¿´µ½µÄÎÊÌâÊÇÏàͬµÄ£¬²»¹ýּȤȴÏà·´¡£¶ÔÒÔºóµÄºóÏÖ´úÅÉ
À´Ëµ£¬¡°ÔĶÁµÄÖжϡ±ÕýÒâζ¡°Ð´×÷µÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±£¬Ò༴ºóÀ´µÂÀï´ïËùν¡°ÊéµÄÖÕ½áÓëÊéдµÄ
¿ªÊ¼¡±£¨the End of the Book and the Beginning of Writing£©[20]¡£µ«Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÔÚÈý
Ê®Äê´ú¸ø×Ô¼º¶¨ÏµÄÖÕÉíÄ¿±êÈ´ÊǾܾøÕâÖÖ¡°Ð´×÷µÄ×ÔÓÉ¡±»ò¾Ü¾ø¡°ÐéÍýµÄÔ´´ÐÔ¡±£¬¶ø
ÒªÖØÐÂѰÇó¡°ÔĶÁµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¡±¡£[21]Ò²ÒòΪÈç´Ë£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄËùÓÐÖø×÷¶¼ÊǶÔÎ÷·½µä¼®µÄ
¡°ÔĶÁ¡±£¨Ëûµ±È»»á·ñÈϰØÀͼµÄ¡°¶Ô»°¡±ÊǵÂÀï´ïÒâÒåÉϵġ°Ê顱£©£¬¶øÇÒËû¼¸ºõ´ÓÀ´
²»ÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄÓïÑÔ˵»°¡£»»ÑÔÖ®£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ǿÆÈ¶ÁÕßÈç¹ûÒª¶ÁËûµÄÖø×÷¾Í±ØÐëͬʱÔĶÁÎ÷·½
µä¼®£¬·ñÔòµÄ»°µ¥´¿ÔĶÁÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹¼¸ºõûÓÐÒâÒå¡£ÔĶÁÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹Òò´Ë±ØÈ»µØ³ÉÎªÖØ¶Áµä¼®
µÄ¹ý³Ì£¬¶øÇÒ¶ÁÕßÔÚÕâÖÖÔĶÁÖбØÈ»»á²»¶Ï»³ÒÉÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÔĶÁÊÇ·ñ³ÉÁ¢£¬´Ó¶ø²»¶ÏµØÏ¸
¶ÁÔÖøÀ´Ó¡Ö¤Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÔĶÁ£¬ÕâÖÖÔĶÁÒò´Ë³ÉΪһÖÖÓû°Õ²»ÄܵĹý³Ì¡£Ò²ÊÇÒòΪÈç´Ë£¬
ËµÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÓÐʲô¡°Ë¼Ï롱ͨ³£²»ÊǺÜÓÐÒâÒ壬ÒòÎªÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹¸ù±¾·ñÈÏËû×Ô¼ºÓÐÈκÎ˼Ïë
£¬¶øÖ»ÊÇչʾËûÈçºÎÔĶÁ£¬ÕâÒ²ÊÇΪʲôËû×ÜÊǽò½òÀÖµÀ°ØÀͼ¡°µÚÆß·âÊéÐÅ¡±ÖаØÀͼ
¸ù±¾·ñÈÏÓС°°ØÀͼµÄÕÜѧ¡±¡£ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚÒò´Ë²»Äܲ»¼òÂÔµØÌ¸Ò»ÏÂÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹²»Í¬Ñ°³£µÄÔÄ
¶ÁºÍд×÷·ç¸ñ¡£
¡¡¡¡¶þ
¡¡¡¡Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÖø×÷ͨ³£¶øÑÔËÆºõ²¢²»ÏÔµÃÌØ±ð»Þɬ£¬¸üºÜÉÙÏ󺣵¸ñ¶ûÄÇÑùÉúÔìÖî¶àÊõ
Óï¶øÊ¹¶ÁÕß²»ÖªËù´Ó¡£µ«Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹д×÷·ç¸ñµÄ¶ÀÌØÖ®´¦ÔÚÓÚËûËÆºõÄþÔ¸´ó¶àÊý¶ÁÕßÎó½âËû
¶ø²»ÊÇÀí½âËû£¬ÒòΪËû³£³£ÓÐÒâʶµØ¸ø¶ÁÕßÔì³ÉijЩ´í¾õ£¬Ê¹¶ÁÕßÌØ±ðÊDz»ÊìϤËûÖø×÷µÄ
¶ÁÕßÍùÍù»á°ÑËû·´¶ÔºÍÅúÅеĹ۵㵱³ÉÊÇËûÔ޳ɺÍÖ÷ÕŵĿ´·¨¡£ÓÈÆäÔÚËûÎÄÕ»òÖø×÷µÄ¿ª
Í·£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹³£³£ÏԵúÃÏóËûҪ˵µÄ¶«Î÷¾ÍÊǶÁÕß»òÌýÖÚÔçÒÑÉîÐŲ»ÒɵÄÁ÷ÐйÛÄîºÍÖ÷ÕÅ
£¬µ«Êµ¼ÊÉÏËûµÄÕæÕýÄ¿µÄȴǡǡÊÇҪǿÁÒµØÖÊÒɺÍÅúÅÐÄÇЩÔç±»Î÷·½Éç»á¹ãΪ½ÓÊܵÄÖ÷Á÷
¹ÛÄîºÍÐÅÑö¡£ÓÃÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹±¾ÈËÒ»ÔÙÇ¿µ÷µÄ»°Ëµ£¬ÕæÕýµÄÕÜѧд×÷±Ø¸ß¶È½²¾¿¡°Ð´×÷µÄÒÕÊõ
¡±[22]£¬Æä΢ÑÔ´óÒåÖ»ÓÐÔÚÎı¾Äڵġ°Êʵ±µØ·½¡±£¨proper place£©²Å»á±í¶£¬¶øÕâ²»»á
ÊÇÔÚÎı¾µÄ¿ª¶Ë¡£[23]ͨ³£¶øÑÔ£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÈÏΪ½ÏÊʺÏ͸¶×÷Õßд×÷ÒâͼµÄ¡°Êʵ±µØ·½¡±
ÊÇÎı¾µÄÖм䡣ÀýÈçÔÚ±»Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹·îΪÎ÷·½¹ÅµäÕþÖÎÕÜѧʥ¾µÄ°ØÀͼ¡¶ÀíÏë¹ú¡·ÖУ¬ËÕ
¸ñÀµ×ÔÚ¾¹ý¡°Èý´ÎÀ˳±¡±ºóÖÕÓÚ±»ÆÈ͸¶Ëû±¾²»ÏëÃ÷ÑÔµÄ΢ÑÔ´óÒå¼´¡°×îºÃµÄÕþÖÎÊÇÓÉ
ÕÜÈË×÷¾ýÍõÀ´Í³ÖΡ±Ê±£¬ÕâÒ»¹îÃØµÄºËÐĽ̵¼ÎÞÇɲ»ÇɵØÇ¡ºÃ³öÏÖÓÚÈ«ÊéÕýÖмäµÄλÖã¨
°´°ØÀÍ¼Öø×÷µÄÎ÷·½Í¨ÓÃStephan±àÂ룬¡¶ÀíÏë¹ú¡·Æð×Ô327a,ÖÕÓÚ621d£¬¹ØÓÚ¡°ÕÜÈË£¾ý
Íõ¡±µÄÌÖÂÛʼÓÚ473c-d£¬¼´È«ÊéÕýÖУ©¡£
¡¡¡¡Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹¶Ôд×÷·½Ê½ºÍÔĶÁ·½Ê½µÄÕâÖÖ¿ÌÒâÇ¿µ÷³£³£ÏÔµÃÐþºõÆäÐþ¶øÓÖÆËË·ÃÔÀë¡£ÓÉ
´Ë¶øÀ´µÄÒ»¸ö·çÆø¾ÍÊÇÍí½üÒÔÀ´ÆÄÓÐѧÕßÒÔÕû±¾ÊéµÄƪ·ùÀ´ÆÀ×¢Ê©ÌØÀÍË¹Ò»ÆªÇøÇø¶þ¡¢Èý
ʮҳµÄÎÄÕ¡£ÀýÈçÆÄÓÐÃûÆøµÄÄá²Éר¼ÒLaurence LampertÒÔÒ»±¾×¨ÖøµÄƪ·ùÀ´ÌÖÂÛÊ©ÌØÀÍ
˹һƪ²»×ã¶þʮҳ£¬Ò»¹²38¸ö×ÔÈ»¶ÎµÄ̸Äá²ÉµÄÎÄÕ£»[24]¶øÁíһλѧÕßÔòͬÑùÒÔÒ»±¾×¨
ÖøµÄƪ·ùÀ´ÌÖÂÛÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÁíһƪÈýʮҳ×óÓÒ£¬Ò»¹²40¸ö×ÔÈ»¶ÎµÄ̸¡°ÑŵäÓëҮ·ÈöÀ䡱µÄ
ÎÄÕ¡£[25]Ö®ËùÒÔÈç´Ë£¬×ÔÈ»ÊÇÒòΪÈËÃÇÆÕ±éÈÏÎªÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹д×÷µÄ²¼ÆªÄ±¾ÖÒÔÖÂDz´ÊÔì¾ä
ÓÐÌ«¶à½²¾¿¡£Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÜ×Ó»ò¶ÔÊ©ÌØÀÍË¹ÌØ±ð¸ÐÐËȤµÄ¶ÁÕßÔÚÔĶÁÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹һƪµ¥ÆªÂÛÎÄ
ʱ£¬Òò´Ë³£³£»áÊ×ÏȼÆËã¸ÃÎÄÓɶàÉÙ×ÔÈ»¶Î×é³É£¬²¢ÓÉ´ËÍÆÇøÃÎĵIJ¼¾Ö½á¹¹ÓëÒâͼËùÔÚ
¡£¾ÙÀý¶øÑÔ£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÖøÃûÂÛÎÄ¡°Ê²Ã´ÊÇÕþÖÎÕÜѧ£¿¡±[26]Ò»¹²°üÀ¨66¸ö×ÔÈ»¶Î£¬¶øÈ«
ÎÄ¿ªÍ·ÔòËÆºõËæÒâµØÒýÓÃÁË¡¶Ï£²®À³Ê¥¾¡·ÖС°ÒÔÈüÑÇÊ顱µÄÒ»¾ä»°£¬¼´Ò®ºÍ»ª½«ÔÙ¶Èʹ
Ү·ÈöÀä³Ç³ÉΪ¡°¹«Õý²»°¢Ö®³Ç£¬ÐÅÑö¼á¶¨Ö®³Ç¡±£¨the city of righteousness, the
faithful city£©¡£[27] ÊìÏ¤Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹д×÷·ç¸ñµÄ¶ÁÕßÓÉ´Ë¿ÉÄÜ»á×¢Òâµ½£¬¡¶ÒÔÈüÑÇÊé¡·
Ç¡ºÃÒ²ÊÇÒ»¹²66Õ¡£Õâ¾ÍÒâζ×Å£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ¡°Ê²Ã´ÊÇÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¡±È«ÎÄÓÉ66¶Î×é³É£¬²»´ó
¿ÉÄÜÊÇżȻµÄÇɺϣ¬¶øÊÇÔÚÏòϸÐĵĶÁÕß°µÊ¾¸ÃÎÄÓë¡¶ÒÔÈüÑÇÊé¡·µÄijÖÖ¹ØÏµ¡£[28]µ«Èç
´ËÒ»À´£¬ÕâÆªÎÄÕµÄÔĶÁ×ÔÈ»´ó´ó¸´ÔÓ»¯£¬¶øÇÒÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹±¾È˵Ļù±¾Òâͼ¸ü±äµÃÉÁ˸²»¶¨
¶øÄÑÒÔ×½Ãþ¡£[29]
¡¡¡¡ÕâÖÖÆæÌصÄÔĶÁ·½Ê½×ÔÈ»À´×ÔÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹±¾ÈË£¬¼´ËûÖøÃûµÄËùν¡°×ÖÀïÐмäÔĶÁ·¨¡±£¨
reading between the lines£©¡£Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹±¾ÈË×î¹îÃØµÄ¡¶Ë¼Ë÷Âí»ùÑÇάÀï¡·[30]Ò»ÊéÔÚ
Õâ·½Ãæ¼¸ºõ³ÉΪµ±´úÎ÷·½Ñ§ÊõµÄÒ»´ó¹«°¸£¬ÒòΪËûÔÚÂí»ùÑÇάÀïÖø×÷µÄ¡°×ÖÀïÐм䡱¶Á³ö
ÁËÌ«¶àÁîÆäËûÂí»ùÑÇάÀïר¼ÒÃÇ´ó³ÔÒ»¾ªµÄ¶«Î÷¡£[31]ÀýÈçÂí»ùÑÇάÀïÃûÖø¡¶¶ÁÀîά¡·
(Discourses on Levy£©È«ÊéÒ»¹²ÓÉ142ÕÂ×é³É£¬ËÒ²²»»áÎÊΪʲô´ËÊé²»ÊÇ100Õ£¬²»ÊÇ
150Õ£¬¶øÊÇ142Õ¡£µ«Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ȴƫƫÌá³öÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬¶øÇÒÖ¸³öÕâ¸öÕ½ÚÊýÄ¿²¢·ÇÈÎÒ⣬
¶øÓë×÷Õß»ù±¾ÒâͼÓйء£ËûÌáÐѶÁÕß×¢Ò⣬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïËù¡°¶Á¡±µÄ¹ÅÂÞÂíÊ·¼ÒÀîάµÄ¡¶ÂÞ
ÂíÊ·¡·Ò»¹²ÊÇ142¾í[32]£¬Òò´ËÂí»ùÑÇάÀï°Ñ×Ô¼ºµÄÊé·ÖΪ142Õ£¬Êµ¼ÊÊǰµÊ¾ËûµÄÊé¶ÔÓ¦
ÓÚÀîάµÄ142¾í¡£[33]µ«Èç´ËÒ»À´£¬ÎÊÌâÁ¢¼´¾Í³öÀ´ÁË£¬ÒòΪÂí»ùÑÇάÀï´ËÊéµÄÈ«ÃûÊÇ¡¶
¶ÁÀîάµÄÂÞÂíʷǰ10¾í¡·£¨Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy£©¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´Âí
»ùÑÇάÀïÒª¿ÌÒâ˵Ã÷ËûÖ»ÌÖÂÛÀîάÊéµÄǰ10¾í£¬¶øÊµ¼ÊÉÏÈ´ÓÖ°µÊ¾ËûµÄÊé¶ÔÓ¦ÓÚÀîάÊéµÄ
È«²¿142¾í£¿Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹½øÒ»²½Ìáʾ£¬ÀîάÊéǰ10¾íÊÇÖÂÁ¦ÓÚÂÞÂí¹²ºÍ½¨¹ú³õÆÚµÄ¹âÈÙ¶¦Ê¢
£¬¶øÆäÈ«²¿142¾íÔòÊÇÒ»Ö±ÑÓÉìµ½ÂÞÂíµÄ¸¯°ÜË¥Íö£¬¶øÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄ¡¶¶ÁÀîά¡·Êµ¼ÊÒª´Ó
ÂÞÂíµÄÐËÆðÒ»Ö±½²µ½»ù¶½½ÌµÄÐËÆð£¬°µÊ¾ÂÞÂíµÄË¥ÍöÓë»ù¶½½ÌÓйء£[34]Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ָ³ö£¬
Âí»ùÑÇάÀïÖ®ËùÒÔÒªÌØ±ð±êÃ÷ËûÖ»ÌÖÂÛÀîάÊéµÄǰ10¾í£¬Ä¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇÒªÊ×ÏÈ¿ÌÒâÔì³ÉÒ»¸öÓ¡
Ïó£¬ËƺõËûµÄÄ¿µÄ¾ÍÊÇÒª¡°¸´¹Å¡±£¬ÊÇÒªÒÔ¹ÅÂÞÂí¹²ºÍΪÑù°åÀ´½¨Á¢ÏÖ´úÒâ´óÀû¹²ºÍ¹ú¡£
µ«ÊÇ£¬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïͬʱ¿ÌÒâÓÃ142ÕÂÀ´¶ÔÓ¦ÀîάµÄ142¾í£¬È´Ç¡Ç¡ÊÇÒªÏòÓлáÐĵĶÁÕß°µÊ¾
£¬ËûµÄÕæÕýÐËȤÆäʵ²¢²»ÔÚÓÚÂÞÂíµÄÐËÆð£¬¶øÇ¡Ç¡¸üÔÚÓÚÂÞÂíµÄË¥Íö£¡»»ÑÔÖ®£¬Âí»ùÑÇά
ÀïµÄÕæÕýÄ¿µÄ¸ù±¾²»ÊÇÒª¡°¸´¹Å¡±£¬¶øÊÇÒª¡°´´Ð¡±£¬Ëû¸ù±¾¾Í²»ÈÏΪÂÞÂí¹²ºÍÓ¦¸Ã³ÉΪ
ÏÖ´úÕþÖεÄÑù°å£¬¶øÊÇÐÛÐÄÍòÕɵØÈÏΪ£¬ËûÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµì¶¨µÄ¡°ÐÂÑùʽÓëÐÂÖÈÐò¡±£¨
Machiavelli¡¯s New Modes and Orders£©²ÅÊÇ´Ó½ñÒÔºóÈ«²¿ÏÖ´úÕþÖεĻù´¡£¡
¡¡¡¡Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄµÜ×ÓÂü˹·Æ¶ûµÂÒò´Ë˵£¬ËùÓеÄÈ˶¼ÈÏΪËûÃÇÄܶÁ¶®Âí»ùÑÇάÀֻÓÐÊ©
ÌØÀÍ˹¸æËßËûÃÇÆäʵËûÃǸù±¾Ã»ÓжÁ¶®¡£[35]ÏÖµ±´úÒÔÀ´Ö÷Á÷ѧ½ç°ÑÂí»ùÑÇάÀï¿´³ÉÊÇËù
ν¡°¹Åµä¹²ºÍÖ÷Ò崫ͳ¡±³ÐǰÆôºóµÄÖÐÊàÈËÎÔÚÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ºÍÂü˹·Æ¶ûµÂ¿´À´Æäʵ¶¼ÎóÈë
Æç;¡£[36]ÒòΪËûÃÇֻץסÁËÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄ±í²ãÒâͼ£¬È´ÍêȫûÓж´²ìÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄÉî²ã
Òâͼ¡£Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÒÔÆä¡°×ÖÀïÐмäµÄÔĶÁ·¨¡±²ã²ãÂÛÖ¤£¬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄµÚÒ»¸öÄ¿±êÊÇÒª½èÖú
ÀîάºÍ¹ÅÂÞÂíµÄȨÍþÀ´µß¸²»ù¶½½ÌµÄȨÍþ£¬Òò´ËËûÔÚ¡¶¶ÁÀîά¡·µÄ¿ª¶ËÊ×ÏÈÒª¿ÌÒâÊ÷Á¢Àî
άºÍÂÞÂíµÄȨÍþµØÎ»£»[37]µ«Óë´Ëͬʱ£¬¡¶¶ÁÀîά¡·È«Êé´ÓµÚÒ»¾íµ½µÚÈý¾íµÄ¹ý³ÌÔ½À´Ô½
Ã÷ÏԵرíÃ÷£¬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïÔÚ¡°×ÖÀïÐм䡱¸ü½øÒ»²½Í¬Ê±µß¸²ÁËÀîάµÄȨÍþºÍ¹ÅÂÞÂíµÄ´«Í³
¡£Âí»ùÑÇάÀïÐÄÀï¸ù±¾¾ÍûÓаÑÀîάºÍÂÞÂíµ±×÷ȨÍþ£¬¶ø´¿´âÊÇ¡°½èÖÓØ¸´ò¹í¡±¶øÒÑ£¨Ê©
ÌØÀÍË¹ÌØ±ðµã³ö£¬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄ¡¶¾ýÖ÷ÂÛ¡·´ÓδÌá¼°ÀîάµÄÃû×Ö£©¡£[38]È·ÇеØËµ£¬Âí»ù
ÑÇάÀï¸ù±¾¾ÍûÓÐÏóÀîάºÍÀÏÂÞÂíÈËÄÇÑù°Ñ¡°¹ÅµÄ¡±¾Íµ±³É¡°ºÃµÄ¡±£¬Ç¡Ç¡Ïà·´£¬Âí»ùÑÇ
άÀïÈÏΪ¡°Ðµġ±²ÅÊÇ¡°ºÃµÄ¡±£¬ËûÒªÔì¾ÍµÄÊÇÏÖ´úµÄ¡°Ð¾ýÖ÷¡±£¬¶ø¾ø²»ÊÇÑԱسÆÂÞÂí
µÄÐÂÙªÈå¡£ÕýÊÇÔÚÕâ¸öÒâÒåÉÏ£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÈÏΪÂí»ùÑÇάÀïÊÇÎ÷·½¡°ÏÖ´úÐÔ¡±µÄµÚһλ¿ª¹ú
ÔªÊ×£¬ÒòΪÂí»ùÑÇάÀï²»½öµß¸²ÁË»ù¶½½ÌµÄȨÍþ£¬Í¬Ê±¸ü½øÒ»²½Í¬Ê±µß¸²Á˹ÅÏ£À°ÂÞÂíµÄ
ȨÍþ£¬´Ó¶øÊ¹Î÷·½ÏÖ´úÐÔ×ßÉÏÓëÎ÷·½Á½´ó´«Í³Í¬Ê±¾öÁѵIJ»¹é·¡£
¡¡¡¡Î÷·½Ö÷Á÷ÅÉѧÕß³£³£·ßŵØÖ¸ÔðÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÕâÖÖ¡°ÔĶÁ·½·¨¡±ÊÇÓÐÒâʶµØ°ÑÄѶÁµÄÊé
ŪµÃ¸üÄѶÁ£¬¶ø°Ñ²»ÄѶÁµÄÊéҲŪµÃÏóÌìÊé¡£[39]µ«ÔÚÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹¿´À´£¬ÕâÖ»±íÃ÷ÏÖ´úѧÕß
ʵ¼Ê²»ÔÙÖªµÀʲôÊÇ¡°ÔĶÁ¡±£¬ÒòΪÏÖ´úѧÕßÒѾ¡°ÒÅÍü¡±Á˹ŴúÕÜÈ˵ġ°Ð´×÷·½Ê½¡±¡£
ÔÚ¡°·¨À±ÈÈçºÎÔĶÁ°ØÀͼµÄ¡¶·¨Æª¡·¡±[40]Ò»ÎÄÖУ¬Ê©ÌØÀÍË¹ÔøÌáÇëÈËÃÇ×¢ÒâÖйŰ¢À
²®´óÕÜ·¨À±ÈµÄ¡¶°ØÀͼµÄ·¨Æª¡·£¬ÒòΪ·¨À±ÈÔÚÄÇÀïÖ¸³ö£¬°ØÀͼµÄд×÷·½Ê½²¢²»½ö½ö
ÔÚÓÚËûÔÚÆä¶Ô»°ÖдóÁ¿Ê¹ÓÃÏóÕ÷ÓïÑÔ¡¢ÃÕÍÅÓïÑÔ¡¢»ÞɬÓïÑÔ¡¢·Ñ½âÓïÑÔ£¬¶øÇÒ¸üÔÚÓÚ£¬°Ø
ÀͼÔÚÊ×ÏÈÔì³ÉÕâÖÖÆäд×÷³äÂúÒþÓ÷µÄÓ¡Ïóºó£¬ÓÐʱ¼´·ÅÐĵØÒÔÃ÷ÑÔ¶øºÁÎÞÒþÓ÷µÄ·½Ê½Ö±
ÑÔËû¶ÔÒª½ôÎÊÌâµÄÕæÕý¿´·¨¡£·¨À±È˵£¬°ØÀͼÕâЩÃ÷ÑÔµÄÕæÕý¿´·¨Í¨³£¶¼»á±»¶ÁÕߺöÊÓ
£¬ÕýÒòΪ´ó¶àÊý¶ÁÕßÒѾÈ϶¨°ØÀͼ´Ó²»Ö±ÑÔ£¬´Ó¶øÏ뵱ȻµØÈÏΪÕâЩֱ°×Ã÷ÑÔµÄ˵·¨¡°
²»»áÊǰØÀͼµÄ¿´·¨¡±£»Ö»ÓÐÉÙÊýÕæÕý°ÑÎÕÁ˰ØÀͼд×÷·½Ê½µÄÈ˲ÅÄÜÁ˽⣬°ØÀͼÓÐʱ
Ã÷°×Ö±ÑԵϰ¾ÍÊǰØÀͼµÄÒâͼ¡£[41]»»ÑÔÖ®£¬Ëùν¡°Ëװ׽̵¼¡±£¨exoteric teaching
£©Óë¡°Òþ»ä½Ìµ¼¡±£¨esoteric teaching£©Ö®Çø±ð²¢²»Äܵ¥´¿´Ó×ÖÃæÉÏÈ¥Àí½â£¬ÒòΪÓÐʱ
¿´ÉÏÈ¥¡°Ëװס±µÄ½Ìµ¼Ç¡Ç¡¾ÍÊÇ¡°Òþ»ä¡±µÄ½Ìµ¼£¬ÓÃÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ»°Ëµ£º¡°ÊÂÎï±íÃæ¹ÌÓеÄ
ÎÊÌ⣬¶øÇÒΩÓÐÊÂÎï±íÃæµÄÎÊÌ⣬²ÅÊÇÊÂÎïµÄºËÐÄ¡±¡£[42]Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÈÏΪ£¬ÏÖ´úѧÕßÓÉÓÚ
²»ÄÜÕÆÎÕÕâÖֹŵäµÄ¡°Ð´×÷·½Ê½¡±£¬²»½ö²»ÄÜÔĶÁ°ØÀͼ£¬¶øÇÒҲͬÑùÎÞ·¨ÔĶÁÂí»ùÑÇά
Àï¡£ÀýÈçÎÞÊýÏÖ´úѧÕß²»Ô¸ÒâÏàÐÅ£¬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄÕæÕý½Ìµ¼¾ÍÊÇ¡¶¾ýÖ÷ÂÛ¡·ÖÐÄÇÑùÃ÷°×Ö±
ÑԵġ°Ð°¶ñ¡±½Ìµ¼£¬ËûÃÇÒò´Ë×ÜÏ£ÍûÔÚÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄ¡¶¶ÁÀîά¡·Öз¢ÏÖËûµÄ¡°ÕæÕý½Ìµ¼¡±
»ò¡°¹Åµä¹²ºÍÖ÷Ò塱µÄ½Ìµ¼¡£µ«Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ȴÂÛÖ¤£¬Âí»ùÑÇάÀïÕâÁ½±¾ÊéµÄ½Ìµ¼²¢ÎÞ¶þÖ£¬
¡¶¾ýÖ÷ÂÛ¡·ÖÐÃ÷°×Ö±ÑԵġ°Ð°¶ñ¡±½Ìµ¼¾ÍÊÇÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµÄÕæÕý½Ìµ¼¡£
¡¡¡¡Èý
¡¡¡¡Ö±µ½ÎÒÈ¥Äêд×÷ºÍÍê³ÉÕâÆªµ¼ÂÛÎÄ×Öʱ£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÔÚÃÀ¹úµÄÓ°ÏìÈÔÈ»·Ç³£ÓÐÏÞ¡£ÒÔÊ©
ÌØÀÍ˹ÕâÑùÆæ¹Ö·½Ê½ÔĶÁºÍд×÷µÄÈË£¬ÏÔÈ»²»Ïó½ñÌìÎÞÊýµÄѧÕß×÷¼Ò°ãÏ£Íû×Ô¼ºµÄ¶ÁÕßÔ½
¶àÔ½ºÃ¡£¶øÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ˼¿¼ÏÔȻҲºÜÄÑͨË×»¯£¬°´ÀíÊDz»´ó¿ÉÄܲúÉúÌ«´óÓ°ÏìµÄ¡£³ÏÈ»£¬
ÃÀ¹úÖ÷Á÷ýÌåÒѾÁ½´Î³´×÷¹ýËûµÄÃû×Ö©¤©¤µÚÒ»´Î¾ÍÊÇÉÏÊö1987-88Äê¼ä²¼Â³Ä·Òý·¢µÄÃÀ
¹úÎÄ»¯ÂÛÕ½£¬ÄǴγ´×÷ʹÈËÃÇ¿ªÊ¼ÖªµÀÃÀ¹úÓÐÕâôһ¸öËùνµÄ¡°Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉ¡±£¬²¢±»¿´
³ÉÊÇÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÔÚ´óѧºÍ˼ÏëÎÄ»¯½çµÄÖ÷Òª´ú±í¡£[43]µÚ¶þ´ÎÔòÊÇ1994Ä꣬±³¾°Êǵ±Äê
µÄËùν¡°¹²ºÍµ³¸ïÃü¡±£¬¼´¹²ºÍµ³È¡µÃÔڲΡ¢ÖÚÁ½Ôº¶¼³ÉΪ¶àÊýµ³µÄÀúÊ·ÐÔʤÀûʱ£¬ÃÀ¹ú
Ö÷ҪýÌåÖ¸³Æµ±Ê±ÒѾȥÊÀ¶þÊ®ÄêµÄÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÊÇ¡°¹²ºÍµ³¸ïÃüµÄ½Ì¸¸¡±£¬ÈÏΪÕâλÔÖ¥¼Ó
¸ç´óѧÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¼ÒÊÇ¡°µ±½ñÃÀ¹úÕþÖÎ×îÓÐÓ°ÏìµÄÈËÎïÖ®Ò»¡±¡£[44]µ«ÕâÁ½´Î³´×÷¶¼Ã»Óвú
ÉúʲôЧ¹û£¬²»ÒªËµÃÀ¹ú¹«ÖÚ£¬¼´Ê¹ÃÀ¹ú´ó¶àÊý֪ʶ·Ö×ÓÒ²ÈÔÈ»¶ÔÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹·Ç³£ÉúÊè¡£Õâ
×ÔȻҲÊÇÒòÎªÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹±¾È˵ÄÖø×÷¿´ÉÏÈ¥ÓëÃÀ¹úÕþÖηçÂíÅ£²»Ï༰¡£
¡¡¡¡µ«ÓÐÒâ˼µÄÊÇ£¬ÔÚ½ñÄêµÄÃÀ¹ú¶ÔÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½Õù±¬·¢ºó£¬ÃÀ¹úýÌå·×·×ÔٴδóÌ¸Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹
£¬ÈÏΪС²¼Ê²Ð±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþÖεÄ˼Ïë×ÊÔ´Ö÷ÒªÊÇÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¡£Õâ´Î³´×÷µÄ¹æÄ£´ó´ó
³¬³öǰÁ½´Î£¬¼¸ºõµ½ÁË·²ÌáС²¼Ê²±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÀ´Ô´¾Í±ØÌá¼°Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹Ãû×ֵĵز½¡£[45]Èç¹û
ÎÒÃǰÑÃÀ¹úýÌåÔÚ1987¡¢1994¡¢ºÍ2003ÄêÕâÈý´Î³´×÷ÁªÏµÆðÀ´¿´£¬ÄÇô²»ÃâµÃ³öÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹
ѧÅɵÄÓ°ÏìÔ½À´Ô½´óµÄÓ¡Ï󣺵ÚÒ»´Î³´×÷ʱ£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹˼ÏëºÍѧÅÉÉÐÖ÷ÒªÊÇÃÀ¹ú´óѧºÍ˼
ÏëÎÄ»¯½çµÄÒ»ÖÖÏÖÏó£»¶øµÚ¶þ´Î³´×÷ʱ£¬ÔòÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÒѾ±»Ëµ³ÉÊÇÃÀ¹ú¹²ºÍµ³µÄ¡°½Ì¸¸¡±
£¬Ò༴¶ÔÈ«ÃÀÕþÖβúÉúÁËÖ±½ÓÐÔµÄÓ°Ï죻¶ø×î½üµÄµÚÈý´Î³´×÷£¬ÔòÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉËÆºõÒѾ
×óÓÒÁËÃÀ¹ú¾üÊÂÍâ½»µÄÕ½ÂÔ·½Ïò´Ó¶øÓ°Ïìµ½Á˹ú¼ÊÕþÖεķ¢Õ¹£¡Í¬Ê±£¬ÓÉÓÚÕâ´ÎÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½
Õù¶ÔÕû¸ö¹ú¼ÊÉç»áµÄÖØ´óÓ°Ï죬С²¼Ê²Ð±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÓëÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕþÖÎÕÜѧµÄ¹ØÏµÒ²¿ªÊ¼³ÉΪ
¹ú¼ÊýÌåµÄ»°Ì⣬°üÀ¨´ó½¡¢Ïã¸Û¡¢Ì¨ÍåÈýµØµÄÖÐÎÄýÌå¶¼ÒÑÓб¨µÀ»òÎÄÕÂ̸ÂÛÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹
ѧÅÉÓ벼ʲ±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþ¸®µÄ¹ØÏµ¡£
¡¡¡¡µ«ÎÒÒÔΪËùÓÐÕâЩÓëÆä˵ÊǶÔÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþÖεÄÀí½â£¬²»Èç˵¸ü¶àÊÇÒ»ÖÖÎó½â¡£Èç
ǰËùÑÔ£¬Ð¡²¼Ê²µÄËùνб£ÊØÖ÷Òå²¢·ÇͻȻ·¢Éú£¬¶øÊǽüÈýÊ®ÄêÀ´ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òå·¢Õ¹µÄ½á
¹û¡£ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òå²¢²»µÈÓÚÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉ£¬¶øÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉÒ²²¢²»µÈÓÚÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òå¡£Ëù
Î½Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÓëС²¼Ê²Õþ¸®¡°Ð±£ÊØÖ÷Ò塱µÄ¹ØÏµÆäʵÓÐЩ¶¼ÊÇÏ뵱Ȼ¡£ÀýÈç¾ÍĿǰÈËÃÇ×î
¹Ø×¢µÄ²¼Ê²Õþ¸®µÄ½ø¹¥ÐÔÈ«ÇòÕ½ÂÔ¶øÑÔ£¬ÓëÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹²¢ÎÞ¹ØÏµ£¬ÒòΪÕâÖÖÈ«ÇòÕ½ÂÔÊÂʵÉÏ
ÊÇÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉ´ÓÀäÕ½³õÆÚ¾ÍÌá³öµÄÒ»¹áÖ÷ÕÅ¡£ÀäսʱÆÚÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅÉ×îÓÐÓ°ÏìµÄÈËÎïÖ®Ò»²¼
¶÷º£Ä·£¨James Burnham, 1905-1987£©ÔÚÕûÕûÎåÊ®Äêǰ³ö°æµÄ¡¶¶ôÖÆ»¹Êǽâ·Å£¿¡·£¨
Containment or liberation?£©ºÜ¿ÉÒÔ¿´³ÉÊÇÕâ·½ÃæµÄÏÈÉù¡£[46]²¼¶÷º£Ä·Ôø³¤ÆÚÈÎÖÐÑë
Ç鱨¾Ö¹ËÎÊ£¬²¢ÔÚÃÀ¹ú¸÷´ó¾üÊÂԺУ¶¨ÆÚ½²ÑÝ£¬¶ÔÃÀ¹ú¾ü·½Ó°ÏìÉõ´ó£¬ÈÏΪµ¥´¿¡°¶ôÖÆ¡±
Õþ²ßÖ»ÊÇ·ÀÊØÐԵģ¬ÃÀ¹ú±ØÐëÓоöÐÄ¡°½â·Å¡±ÊÀ½ç¡£½ñÌìËùν¡°½â·ÅÒÁÀ¿Ë¡±ÕýÊDz®¶÷º£
Ä·ÒâÒåÉϵĽâ·Å¡£ÕâλǰÕÜѧ½ÌÊÚÔÚ50Äê´ú³õ·ÅÆú½ÌÖ°£¬°ïÖú°Í¿ËÀ³£¨William Buckley
£©´´°ìÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÅɵĵÚÒ»¸öÈ«¹úÐÔÖÜ¿¯¡¶¹ú¼ÒÆÀÂÛ¡·£¨National Review£©£¬ ËûÔڸÿ¯¿ª
ÉèµÄ³¤ÄêרÀ¸¼´ÌâΪ¡°µÚÈý´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½¡±¡£ÔÚËû¿´À´¶þÕ½½áÊøºóµÚÈý´ÎÊÀ½ç´óÕ½¾ÍÒѾ¿ª
ʼ£¬ÊÂʵÉÏÔçÔÚ¶þÕ½¸Õ¸Õ½áÊøµÄ1947ÄêËû¾ÍÌá³ö£¬¡°ÃÀ¹ú²»¹ÜÔ¸²»Ô¸Òâ¶¼±ØÐ뽨Á¢³ÉÒ»¸ö
µÛ¹ú¡±¡£[47]¿ÉÒÔ˵£¬¼´Ê¹´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓйýÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹Õâ¸öÈË£¬´ÓÀ´Ã»ÓйýÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉ£¬Ð¡²¼
ʲÕþ¸®Í¬Ñù¿ÉÒÔÐγÉÏÖÔÚÕâÖÖ½ø¹¥ÐÔÈ«ÇòÕ½ÂÔ¡£¾¡¹ÜС²¼ÊâÕþ¸®µÄ¹ú·À²¿¸±²¿³¤ÎÖ¶û¸£Î¬
×È£¨Paul Wolfowitz£©ÊôÓÚÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÅɵÜ×Ó£¬µ«ÎÖ¶û¸£Î¬×ÈÔÚÕ½ÂÔÉϵÄ˼ÏëÖ÷ÒªÀ´×ÔÓÚËû
µÄÁíÒ»¸öÀÏʦÎÖ¶ûË¹Ì©ÌØ£¨Albert Wohlstetter£©£¬[48]ͬÑùÓëÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹Î޹ء£
¡¡¡¡ ³ÏÈ»£¬ÈËÃÇ»òÐí²»ÄÑÓ÷dz£Í¨Ë×µÄÓïÑÔ˵Ã÷ËùÎ½Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹˼ÏëÓ벼ʲÕþ¸®µÄ¹ØÏµ¡£
ÀýÈçÔøÖøÓС¶Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÓëÃÀ¹úÓÒÅÉ¡·[49]µÄһλ¼ÓÄôó×ÔÓÉÅÉѧÕߣ¬ÔÚÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½Õùºó¸ü¼ò
Ã÷µØ½«Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±¸ÅÀ¨ÎªÈýµãÒÔ˵Ã÷ÎªÊ²Ã´Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÊÇС²¼Ê²Õþ¸®µÄ¡°½Ì¸¸¡±£º
µÚÒ»£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÉîÊÜÂí»ùÑÇάÀïÓ°Ï죬Ö÷ÕÅͳÖÎÕß±ØÐë¡°ÆÛÆ¡±¹«Ãñ²ÅÄÜÓÐÁ¦µØÖ÷µ¼ÕþÖÎ
£¬ÒòΪ¹«ÃñÃÇ×ÜÊÇÐèҪǿÓÐÁ¦µÄͳÖÎÕ߸æËßËûÃÇʲôÊÇ¡°ÉÆ¡±Ê²Ã´ÊÇ¡°¶ñ¡±£»µÚ¶þ£¬Ê©ÌØ
ÀÍ˹ÉîÊÜ»ô²¼Ê¿Ó°Ï죬ÈÏΪÿ¸öÈ˶¼ÓëËûÈË´¦ÓÚDZÔÚµÄÕ½Õù״̬£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚ¡°ÎÒ×åÖ÷Ò塱»ù
´¡ÉÏÐγɵÄÇ¿´ó¡°¹ú¼Ò¡±²ÅÄÜʹÈËÔÚͬһ¸öÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåÖеõ½Ô¼Êø£»µÚÈý£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÈÏΪ
Ò»¸öÕþÖι²Í¬ÌåÖ»ÓÐÔÚÃæÁÙÍⲿÍþвʱ²ÅÄÜÁªºÏÆðÀ´£¬Èç¹ûûÓÐÍⲿµÐÈË·´¶ø¿ÉÄÜÏÝÈëÄÚ
²¿·×ÕùºÍÄÚÕ½¶øÍ߽⣬Òò´ËÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹Åɶ¼ÐÅ·îÓÀ¾ÃµÄÕ½Õù£¬¶ø²»ÊÇÓÀ¾ÃµÄºÍƽ£¬Õâ¾ÍÊÇΪ
ʲôС²¼Ê²Òª·¢¶¯ÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½Õù¡£[50]
¡¡¡¡ÎÒÃÇÔÝÇÒ²»ÂÛÕâЩ¸ÅÀ¨ÊÇ·ñÕýÈ·£¬µ«²»·Á¿ÉÒÔÌá³öÕâÑùÒ»¸öÎÊÌ⣺¼ÙÈçÕâ¾ÍÊÇÊ©ÌØÀÍ
˹µÄ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±£¬ÎªÊ²Ã´ÕâÑùµÄ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±Æ«Æ«ÔÚÃÀ¹úÌØ±ð³É¹¦µØ³ÉÁËÕþÖÎÖ÷µ¼ÉõÖÁ¹ú²ß»ù´¡
ÄØ£¿ÕâÑùµÄ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±ÄѵÀ²»ÊÇÓ¦¸Ã¸üÊʺÏÓÚÈø´ïÄ·µÄÒÁÀ¿ËÕþ¸®Âð£¿ÎªÊ²Ã´Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹˼Ïë
ûÓÐÊ¢ÐÐÓÚÈø´ïÄ·µÄÒÁÀ¿Ë£¬µ¹Ê¢ÐÐÓÚС²¼Ê²µ±ÕþµÄÃÀ¹ú£¿ÊÇÒòΪÃÀ¹úÈËÃñ±ÈÒÁÀ¿ËÈËÃñ
¸üÓÞ´À£¬¸üÈÝÒ×±»¡°ÆÛÆ¡±£¿½øÒ»²½¶øÑÔ£¬Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹Ôڵ¹úÓеÜ×Ó£¬ÔÚ·¨¹úµÄµÜ×Ó¸ü¶à£¬
ËûÃǶ¼ÏóÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÃÀ¹úµÜ×ÓÒ»Ñù²»ÒÅÓàÁ¦µØ´«²¥Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±£¬µ«¼¸ºõ¿ÉÒԿ϶¨
£¬Èç¹ûÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄµÂ¹úµÜ×Ó»ò·¨¹úµÜ×ÓҪʹÉÏÊöµÄËùÎ½Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹¡°½Ìµ¼¡±³ÉΪ½ñÈյ¹ú»ò
½ñÈÕ·¨¹úµÄÕþÖÎÖ÷Á÷ºÍ¹ú²ß»ù´¡£¬ÄÇôËûÃÇÊÇ×¢¶¨²»¿ÉÄܳɹ¦¶øÖ»Äܱ»È˳ÜЦµÄ¡£ÎªÊ²Ã´
ÕâÑùµÄ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±Æ«Æ«ÔÚÃÀ¹úÈç´Ë³É¹¦ÄØ£¿ÊÇ·ñÒòΪµÂ¹ú·¨¹ú±ÈÃÀ¹ú¸ü×ÔÓÉ»ò¸üÃñÖ÷£¿ÎÒÏà
ÐÅÕâλ¼ÓÄôó×ÔÓÉÅÉѧÕß½«ÎÞ·¨»Ø´ðÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÎÒÃÇÉõÖÁ»¹¿ÉÒÔÒÔÎÒÃÇÖйú×Ô¼ºÎªÀýÀ´Ìá³öͬÑùµÄÎÊÌ⣬ÒòΪ°´ÕÕÃÀ¹ú¡¶²¨Ê¿¶Ù»·Çò
±¨¡·½ñÄê5ÔÂ11Èյı¨µÀÒýÓÃÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÜ×ÓÂÞɽÌÊÚ£¨Stanley Rosen£© µÄ˵·¨£¬ÏÖÔÚÊ©
ÌØÀÍ˹ѧ˵ÐÅ·îÕß×î¶àµÄµØ·½ÄËÔÚÖйú´ó½£¡[51]ÎÒÃÇÒò´Ë²»·Á¼ÙÉ裬Èç¹ûÖйú´ó½³öÏÖ
ÁËÒ»¸öËùÎ½Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉ£¬²¢ÇÒÊÔͼ°ÑÉÏÊöµÄÈýÌõÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹¡°½Ìµ¼¡±Í¬ÑùÓ¦ÓÃÓÚÖйú£¬ÊÔ
ÎÊËûÃÇÓпÉÄܳɹ¦Â𣿿ÉÒԿ϶¨µØËµ£¬¾ø²»¿ÉÄܳɹ¦¡£ÒòΪÕâÈýÌõûÓÐÒ»ÌõÊÇ¿ÉÒÔʹ½ñÌì
µÄÖйúÈ˽ÓÊܵġ£¾ø´ó¶àÊýÖйúÈ˽ñÌìÊ×ÏȾͷ´¶ÔͳÖÎÕß¿ÉÒÔ¡°ÆÛÆ¡±ÃñÖÚÕâÖÖ¡°½Ìµ¼¡±
£¬´ó¼Ò¶¼ÏàÐÅÕþÖÎÓ¦¸Ã¡°Í¸Ã÷»¯¡±£¬²»È»¾ÍÊÇ¡°ÓÞÃñÕþ²ß¡±£»Æä´Î£¬¾ø´ó¶àÊýÖйúÈ˽ñÌì
ÓÈÆä²»Ï²»¶¡°¹ú¼Ò¡±¶øÏ²»¶Êг¡£¬ÏàÐÅÈËÓëÈ˵ĹØÏµ²»Ó¦¸ÃÊÇͨ¹ý¡°¹ú¼Ò¡±ÐγɵÄÕþÖÎŦ
´ø¹ØÏµ£¬¶øÓ¦¸ÃÊÇͨ¹ý¡°Êг¡¡±Ðγɵľ¼Ã½»»»¹ØÏµ£»ÓÈÆäÈËÈ˶¼ÖªµÀ¡°ÎÒ×åÖ÷Ò塱»òÃñ
×åÖ÷ÒåÊDZØÐëÅúÅеÄÏÁ°¯µÄ²»¿ª»¯Ãñ×åµÄ±íÏÖ£»×îºó£¬ÖйúÈ˽ñÌì½²µÄ×î¶àµÄ¾ÍÊÇÈ«Çò»¯
¡¢µØÇò´å£¬Òª×÷¡°ÊÀ½ç¹«Ãñ¡±¿ÉÒÔÓë¡°¹ú¼Ê½Ó¹ì¡±£¬ËÒªÊÇÈÏΪÌìÏÂÊÇÓÀ¾ÃÕ½Õù¶ø²»ÊÇÓÀ
¾ÃºÍƽ±ØÈ»±»ÖйúÈËÈÏΪÊÇÕ½Õù·è×Ó¡£ÖйúÈËÒ»¶¨»áÎÊ£¬×î×ÔÓÉÃñÖ÷µÄÃÀ¹úÔõô»á½ÓÊÜÈç
´Ë¿ïÃýµÄÕâÖÖËùÎ½Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹¡°½Ìµ¼¡±ÄØ£¿ÊÇ·ñÃÀ¹úÕþÖαÈÖйúÕþÖθü²»¡°Í¸Ã÷¡±ËùÒÔÈËÃñ
¸üÈÝÒ×±»¡°ÆÛÆ¡±£¬»¹ÊÇÒòΪÃÀ¹úÈ˱ÈÖйúÈ˸üÂäºó¸ü²»¿ª»¯£¬¸üÏÝÓÚ¡°ÎÒ×åÖÐÐÄÖ÷Ò塱
¶ø²»ÄܽÓÊÜ¡°ÊÀ½ç¹«ÃñÖ÷Ò塱£¿ÎÒÏàÐÅÕâλ¼ÓÄôó×ÔÓÉÅÉѧÕß½«Í¬ÑùÎÞ·¨»Ø´ðÕâ¸öÎÊÌâ¡£
¡¡¡¡ÎÒÃÇÏÖÔÚ¿ÉÒÔ½øÒ»²½ÈÏΪ£¬²»µ«ÕâλÊôÓÚÆÕͨ³£¼û×ÔÓÉÅɵļÓÄôóѧÕßÎÞ·¨»Ø´ðÉÏÊö
ÎÊÌ⣬¶øÇÒÖ»ÅÂÁ¬ÂÞ¶û˹¡¢¹þ±´Âí˹¡¢»òµÂÀï´ïµÈ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåºÍºóÏÖ´úÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃÇÒ²¶¼ÎÞ·¨»Ø
´ðÉÏÃæÌá³öµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½ÕùµÄ˼ÏëÊ·ÒâÒå»òÐí¾ÍÔÚÓÚ£¬Ëü±íÃ÷Á˵±´úÎ÷·½×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåºÍ
ºóÏÖ´úÖ÷ÒåµÄÀíÂÛÆ¶À§¡£ÕâÒ²ÊÇΪʲôÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½Õù±¬·¢ºóÎ÷·½Ö÷Á÷˼Ïë½çÀíÂ۽綼Ã÷ÏÔÏÝ
È롰ʧÓïÖ¢¡±µÄÔÒòËùÔÚ¡£³ÏÈ»£¬ÎÒÃÇÖªµÀ¹þ±´Âí˹ºÍµÂÀï´ïµÈÈ˶¼ÔÚ·¢±íÕâÑùÄÇÑùµÄÉù
Ã÷£¬¿ÉÊÇÕâÀàÉùÃ÷Ö»²»¹ýÊÇËùÓÐÆÕͨ·´Õ½ÈºÖÚ¶¼ÓеÄÒ»ÖÖ³£Ê¶Á¢³¡»ò̬¶È£¬²¢²»ÐèҪʲô
ÕæÖª×Æ¼û¡£ÎÊÌâÔÚÓÚÕâЩÀíÂÛ¼ÒÃÇûÓÐÒ²ÎÞ·¨ÓÃËûÃÇ×Ô¼ºµÄ×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÀíÂÛ»òºóÏÖ´úÀíÂÛÀ´
ÌṩһÖÖ¡°½âÊÍ¡±£¬ËûÃÇÖ»²»¹ýÓëÆÕͨ³£ÈËÒ»ÑùµØ¾ÚÉ¥ÓÚÎÞ·¨×èÖ¹ÕⳡսÕù£¬È´²¢²»±ÈÆÕ
ͨ³£È˸ü¶àµØÀí½âÕⳡսÕù¡£ËûÃÇͬÑùµØ²»ÄܽâÊÍΪʲô¡°ÃÀ¹úÈËÃñ¡±»òÖÁÉÙ¾ø´ó¶àÊýÃÀ
¹úÑ¡ÃñÈç´ËÇ¿ÁÒµØÒª´òÒÁÀ¿ËÕ½Õù£¬²¢ÇÒ²»¹ÜÈκιú¼ÊÓßÂÛ·´¶Ô¶¼ÈÔÈ»¼á¶¨µØÖ§³ÖС²¼Ê²
Õþ¸®µÄÕ½Õù¡£°´ÕÕËûÃǵġ°ÀíÂÛ¡±£¬ÕâÑùµÄÊÂÇéÓ¦¸ÃÊDz»»á·¢ÉúµÄ£¬ÖÁÉÙÊDz»Ó¦¸Ã·¢ÉúÔÚ
ÃÀ¹úµÄ¡£ÖÁÓÚ¸÷ÖÖÖ÷Á÷ýÌåÈÈÖÔÓÚ̸ÂÛС²¼Ê²Õþ¸®ÓëÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ¹ØÏµ£¬Ö»²»¹ý±íÃ÷ýÌåÀú
À´µÄÎóµ¼¶øÒÑ£¬ÒòΪÕâЩ˵·¨Ò»·½Ãæ¹ý·Ö¿ä´óÁËÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹¼°ÆäѧÅɶÔÃÀ¹úÕþÖεÄÓ°Ï죬ͬ
ʱȴǡǡÊÇÓÐÒâÎÞÒâµØ»Ø±ÜÁËÕæÕýÐèÒªÃæ¶ÔµÄÎÊÌ⣬Õâ¾ÍÊǵ±´úÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþÖÎԶΪÉî
ºñµÄÃñÖÚ»ù´¡¡£
¡¡¡¡´Ó»Ø¹ËµÄ½Ç¶È¿´£¬Î÷·½×ÔÓÉÅɺÍ×óÅÉÀíÂÛ½çʵ¼Ê×ÜÊÇÒ»´ÎÓÖÒ»´ÎµØµÍ¹ÀÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷Òå
µÄÉîºñµ×ÔÌ£¬×ÜÊÇÒÔΪÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÖ»²»¹ýÊǶÌÔݵģ¬ºÜ¿ì¾Í»áÏûʧµÄÏÖÏó¡£µ«ÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØ
Ö÷ÒåµÄÐËÆð²¢²»ÊÇ¿ÉÒÔÄÇôÇáÒ׺öÊÓµÄÏÖÏ󣨰üÀ¨ÃÀ¹ú´óѧÏÖÔÚÎÞÒɱÈÒÔÍùÈκÎʱºò¶¼¸ü
±£ÊØ£©¡£ÕâÖÖ±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåµÄÐËÆð²»ÊÇÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ËùÔì³É£¬Ò²²»ÊÇÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉËùÄÜÓªÔ졣ǡǡ
Ïà·´£¬Ö»ÓдÓÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÐËÆð²¢È¡´úÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕâÒ»±³¾°ÖУ¬ÎÒÃDzÅÄÜÀí½âΪʲôʩ
ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉËùν¡°·¨ÂɹغõµÄÊǹ«ÃñµÄµÂÐÔ¡±ÒÔ¼°¡°Õþ¸®µÄÊ×ÒªÖ°ÔðÔÚÓÚËÜÔìÈËÃñµÄÆ·µÂ
¡±ÕâÑù·´×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåµÄÂÛÊö¿ÉÒÔÇÐÈëÃÀ¹úµÄÏÜÕþ±çÂÛ¡£[52]Ò²Ö»ÓдÓÃÀ¹ú±£ÊØÖ÷ÒåÕþ½ÌÌåÖÆ
µÄ±³¾°ÖУ¬ÎÒÃDzÅÄܽâÊÍΪʲôÏóÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕâÑùÖ÷ÕÅ¡°µÂÐÔ¸ßÓÚ×ÔÓÉ¡±µÄÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¿ÉÒÔÓÐ
Ô½À´Ô½´óµÄÓ°Ïì¡£
¡¡¡¡2003Äê6ÔÂ
×¢ÊÍ£º
[1] Ê©ÌØÀÍË¹Öø×÷¼¯Îå¾í±¾½«Óɱ±¾©ÈýÁªÊéµêÂ½Ðø³ö°æ£¬ÄÚÈÝÈçÏ£º¡¶ÕþÖÎÕÜѧÒýÂÛ¡·£¨
ÉÏ¡¢ÏÂÁ½²á£©£»¡¶Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÔçÆÚÖø×÷£¬1921£1932¡·£»¡¶×ÔȻȨÀûÓëÀúÊ·¡·£»¡¶³Ç°îÓëÈË
¡·£»¡¶°ØÀͼ·ÏòµÄÕþÖÎÕÜѧÑо¿¡·¡£ÆäÖС¶×ÔȻȨÀûÓëÀúÊ·¡·ÒѾÓÚ2003Äê1Ô³ö°æ¡£
[2] William Berman, America¡¯s Right Turn: From Nixon to Clinton (The John
Hopkins Universtity Press, 1998), p. 65.
[3] ²ÎPatrick M. Garry, Liberalism and American Identity (The Kent Sate
University Press, 1992), µÚÒ»Õ£¬ÐðÊöÃÀ¹ú°ËÊ®Äê´úÒÔÀ´¡°×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåÕþÖÎËÀÍö¡±µÄÃü
ÔË£¬ÌرðÄÜ·´Ó³ÆÕͨÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÅÉѧÕß¶Ô¡°ÃÀ¹ú×ÔÓÉÖ÷ÒåËÀÍö¡±Ö®½¹ÂÇÐÄÇé¡£
[4] ¡¶Å¦Ô¼Ê±±¨¡·1988Äê10ÔÂ26ÈÕ.
[5] ÃÀ¹úµÄÕⳡ¡°ÎÄ»¯Õ½Õù¡±×ÔÈ»¿ÉÒÔ×·Ëݵ½¸üÔçµÄʱÆÚ£¬¿É²ÎIra Shor, Culture
Wars: School and Society in the Conservative Restoration 1969-1984 (Routledge,
1986).
[6] ²Î¼ûWilliam Spanos, The End of Education: Toward Posthumanism
(University of Minnesota Press, 1993), pp. 209-210.
[7] ¹ØÓÚ˹̹¸£´óѧ¿Î³Ì¸Ä¸ïµÄ×îÏ꾡²ÄÁÏ»ã±à¿É¼û£¬¡°The Discussion About
Proposals to Change the Western Culture Program at Stanford University,¡±
Minerva, Review of Science, Learning and Policy 27£¨Summer-Autumn 1989£©, pp.
223-411.
[8] ²ÎÇÐÄá·òÈ˱¸ÊÜÕùÒéµÄ¹Ù·½Äê¶È±¨¸æ£¬Lynne Cheney£¬Telling the Truth: A
Report on the State of the Humanities in Higher Education (Washington, D.C:
National Endowment for the Humanities, 1992), p. 28.
[9] ²Î¼ûRichard Hamilton and Lowell Hargens, ¡°The Politics of Professors:
Self-Identification,1969-1984¡± Social Forces 71:3 (March 1993), p. 608ÒÔÏ¡£
[10] Stephen Balch and Herbert London, ¡°Tenured Left,¡±in Les Csorba, ed.,
Academic License: The War on Academic Freedom (Evanston, UCA Books, 1988),
esp.p. 45.ÕâÁ½Î»×÷ÕßÊDZ£ÊØÅɵġ°È«¹úѧÕßÁªÃË¡±£¨National Association of
Scholars£©µÄÖ÷Òª·¢ÆðÈË¡£
[11] Roger Kimball, Tenured Radicals: How Politics has Corrupted Our Higher
Education, (Harper and Row, 1990).
[12] ²ÎRobert M. Rosenzweig, The Political University (The Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1998), pp.40-41.
[13] Roger Kimball£¬Ç°Òý¡£
[14] Charles Sykes, The Hollow Men: Poltitics and Corruption in Higher
Education (Regney Gateway, 1990).
[15] Dinesh D¡¯Souza, Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on
Camps £¨Free Press, 1991£©.
[16] Martin Anderson, Impostors in the Temple: American Intellectuals are
Destroying Our Universities and Cheating Our Students of Their Future (Simon
and Schuster, 1992).
[17] Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind: How Higher Education Has
Failed Democracy and Impoverished the Souls of Today's Students (Simon and
Schuster Inc.1987).
[18] David Frum, Dead Right (New York: A New Republican Books/Basic Books,
1994), p.3.
[19] ¸ÊÑô£¬¡°Öйú×ÔÓÉ×óÅɵÄÓÉÀ´¡±£¬¡¶ÕþÖÎÀíÂÛÔÚÖйú¡·£¬³Â×æÎªµÈ±à£¨Ïã¸Û£ºÅ£½ò
´óѧ³ö°æÉ磬2001£©£¬pp.218£232.
[20] Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, tr. by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
(The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), pp. 6-26.
[21] ²ÎÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬The Early Writings (1921-1932), ed. by Michael Zank (State
University of New Yewk Press, 2002). Pp. 214-215. ÓÖ²ÎÆä Philosophy and Law
(State University of New York Press, 1995), pp. 135-136.
[22] ²Î¼ûÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬Persecution and the Art of Writing (Chicago: The University
of Chicago Press, 1952). ÒàÌØ±ð²Î¼ûÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬¡°On a Forgotten Kind of
Writing,¡±in his What is Political Philosophy? (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1959), pp.221-232;
[23] Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬On Tyranny (Revised and Expanded Edition)£¬edited by Victor
Gourevitch and Michael Roth (New York: The Free Press, 1991)£¬p. 28.
[24] Laurence Lampert, Leo Struass and Nietzsche (Chicago: The University
of
Chicago Press, 1996).
[25] Susan Orr, Jerusalem and Athens (Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
Inc,
1995) .
[26] Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬¡°What is Political Philosophy?¡± ÊÕÈëÊÏÖøWhat is Political
Philosophy? (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp. 9-55.
[27] ͬÉÏ£¬p.9.Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ÒýÓÃʱ½ö¼ÓÒýºÅ¶ø²¢Î´¸ø³ö³ö´¦£¬ÊÂʵÉÏÕâÆª³¤ÎÄûÓÐÒ»¸ö×¢
ÊÍ£¬µ«ÒýÎijö×ÔÓÚ¡°ÒÔÈüÑÇÊ顱µÚÒ»ÕÂ26½Ú¡£
[28] ¶àÄêǰ±ÊÕßÒò²»Öª´ËÒýÎijö´¦¶øÇóÎʵ±Ê±ÉлîµÃÏÊÁú»îÌøµÄ²¼Â³Ä·½ÌÊÚ£¬ËûÔÚ¸æÖª
³ö´¦ºóÁ¢¼´Ëæ¿ÚÎÊÓзñ×¢ÒâÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹´ËÎÄÒ»¹²¶àÉÙ¸ö¶ÎÂ䣬ÉÐδµÈÎһشð£¬ËûÒѾÒÔÒ»ÖÖ
Ð˷ܵÄÓïµ÷˵£º¡°66£¡¾ÍÏó¡°ÒÔÈüÑÇÊ顱һÑù£¡¡±Ëûµ±Ê±ÄÇÉñÇéÖÁ½ñÈÃÈ˼ÇÒäÓÌС£²»¹ý
Æù½ñΪֹ£¬ËƺõÉÐδ¼ûÓÐÈËרÃŴӴ˽ǶÈ×÷ÎÄÕ¡£
[29]ÊÂʵÉÏÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÕâÆªÎÄÕµĵÚÒ»¶Î¾ÍÒÑÈÃÐí¶à¶ÁÕß¾õµÃÀ§»ó¡£ÒòΪËûÊ×ÏÈ˵ÊÀ½çÉÏû
ÓÐÈκÎÒ»¸ö³Ç°î»áÏóҮ·ÈöÀäÄÇÑùÈÏÕæ¶Ô´ý¡°ÕþÖÎÕÜѧ¡±µÄÖ÷Ì⣬µ«ËûÂíÉϾÍ˵ËûÏÂÃæ½«
²»µÃ²»¶ÔҮ·ÈöÀä±£³Ö¡°³ÁĬ¡±£¬¶ø½«°Ñ¶ÁÕß´øµ½¡°Ñŵ䡱ȥ£¬ÒòΪÑŵäÊÇÎ÷·½ÕþÖÎÕÜѧ
µÄ¹ÊÏ磬µ«Óë´ËͬʱËû¡°½«Ò»¿Ì²»ÍüҮ·ÈöÀä´ú±íµÄÊÇʲô¡±¡£»»ÑÔÖ®£¬´ËÎÄÒ»¿ªÊ¼¾ÍÒÑ
ÏÈ̯³öÁË¡°Ñŵ仹ÊÇҮ·ÈöÀ䡱ÕâÒ»Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹ËùνµÄÎ÷·½ÎÄÃ÷Ê×ÒªÎÊÌ⣬µ«ËæºóÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹
ÔÚÏÂÎÄÖоÍËÆºõÍêÈ«À뿪ÁËÕâ¸öÎÊÌ⣬¶øÈöÁÕß×Ô¼ºÈ¥×ÁÄ¥¡£
[30]Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬Thoughts on Machiavelli (Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1958).
[31] Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹´ËÊéÒý·¢µÄÆÀÂÛÉõ¶à£¬¿É²Î£ºFelix Gilbert, book review, Yale Reivew
48 (1958): 466-69; Robert McShea, ¡°Leo Strauss on Machiavell,¡± Western
Political Quarterly 16 (1963): 782-97; Dante Germino, ¡°Second Thoughts on
Strauss¡¯s machiavelli,¡± Journal of Politics 28 (1966): 794-817;ÒÔ¼°µ±´ú¡°¹²
ºÍÖ÷Òåʷѧ¡±´óʦÆÕ¿¼¿Ë£¨J. G. A. Pocock£©µÄ³¤ÆªÅúÆÀ:¡°Prophet and Inquisitor,
¡± Political Theory, vol. 3, no.4 (November 1975): 385-401.
[32] ÀîάµÄ¡¶ÂÞÂíÊ·¡·142¾í½ñ±¾½ö´æ35¾í£¬¼´¾í1£10£¬¾í21£45£¬ÓÐÆó¶ì¹Åµä´ÔÊéËÄ
¾í±¾ÐÐÊÀ£ºLivy, The Early History of Rome (Books 1-5); Rome and Italy (Books
6-10); The War with Hannibal (Books 21-30); Rome and Mediterranean (Books
31-45). Penguin Books 1960, 1982, 1965, 1976.
[33] Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬Thoughts on Machiavelli, pp. 48-53.ËûÔÚÕâÀï½ÓÏÂÈ¥¾ÍÎÊΪʲô¡¶¾ý
Ö÷ÂÛ¡·Ò»¹²26Õ£¬µÈµÈ¡£
[34] Thoughts on Machiavelli£¬p.88ÒÔÏ¡£
[35] Harvey C. Mansfield, Machiavelli¡¯s Virtue (Chicago: The University of
Chicago Press, 1996), p. 219.
[36] µ±´ú¡°¹²ºÍÖ÷Òåʷѧ¡±µÄÖ÷Òª´ú±íÊ×ÍÆÆÕ¿¼¿Ë£¨J.G.A.Pocock£©ºÍ˹½ðÄÉ
(QuetinSkinner)¡£²Î¼ûPocock, The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political
Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1975); Skinner, Machiavelli (New York: 1981). ÆÕ¿¼¿ËÔÚËûÕâ±¾Öø×÷ÖжÔÊ©
ÌØÀÍ˹һ×Ö²»Ìᣬµ«ÔÚ·¢±íÕâ±¾Öø×÷µÄͬÄêÈ´¾õµÃ²»Äܲ»ÒÔ³¤ÆªÆÀÂÛÀ´ÅúÆÀÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ¡°
Âí»ùÑÇάÀ½âÊÍ£¬¼ûǰÒý¡°Prophet and Inquisitor,¡± Political Theory, vol. 3,
no.4 (November 1975): 385-401.˹½ðÄÉÔÚÉÏÒýÊéµÄ½áβÔòʵ¼Ê°µÊ¾ËûµÄÄ¿µÄÖ®Ò»¼´ÔÚ
ÇåËãÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹½âÊ͵ÄÁ÷¶¾¡£µ«Ëû¶ÔÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÂÛµãµÄ¸ÅÀ¨ÔòÊÇÖ»ÒýÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ÊéµÄ¡°¿ªÆª¡±Ëµ
·¨£¬ÒòΪËûÊÔͼʹ¶ÁÕßÏàÐÅÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹²»¹ýÖØ¸´ÁË¡°´«Í³¡±Ëµ·¨¼´Âí»ùÑÇάÀïÊÇ¡°Ð°¶ñµÄ½Ì
ʦ¡±¡£µ«Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ¶ÀÌØÐÔʵ¼ÊÔÚÓÚÌá³öÂí»ùÑÇάÀïµÚÒ»¸ö¿ª±ÙÁËÎ÷·½ÏÖ´úÐÔ¡£
[37] Thoughts on Machiavelli£¬p.92ÒÔÏ¡£
[38] Thoughts on Machiavelli, p.122ÒÔÏÂ
[39] ¼ûMyles Burnyeat, ¡°Sphinx without a Secret,¡± New York Review of Books,
30 May 1985, 30-36¡£
[40] Ê©ÌØÀÍ˹£¬¡°How Farabi Read Plato¡¯s Laws?¡± ÊÕÈëÊÏÖøWhat is Political
Philosophy? (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1959), pp. 134-154.
[41] Alfarabi, ¡° Plato¡¯s Laws¡±,tanslated by Muhsin Mahdi, in Medieval
Political Philosophy, edited by Ralph Lerner and Muhsin Mahdi (Cornell
University Press, 1963), pp.84-85.
[42] Thoughts on Machiavelli, p.13.
[43] ¿É²ÎJames Altas, ¡°Chicago¡¯s Grumpy Guru: Best-Selling Professor Allan
Bloom and the Chicago Intellectuals,¡±New York Times Magazine (3 January
1988), pp.12-31.
[44] ÀýÈ硰ŦԼʱ±¨¡±1994Äê11ÔÂ28ÈÕÆÀÂÛ£º¡°Undermocratic Vistas: The
Sinister Vogue of Leo Struass¡±; Óָñ¨1995Äê1ÔÂ29ÈÕÆÀÂÛ£º¡°A Very Unlikely
Villain (or Hero)¡±.
[45] ½ÏÔçµÄ¿É²ÎÀýÈ硰ŦԼʱ±¨¡±2003Äê4ÔÂ5ÈÕ·¢±íµÄ¡°How Books Have Shaped U.S.
Policy¡±£¬¸üÍí½üµÄ¿É²Î¡¶Å¦Ô¼ÊéÆÀ¡·2003Äê6ÔÂ12ÈÕÆÚ·¢±íµÄÓÉÃû¼ÇÕßElizabeth Drew
ËùдµÄ¡°The Neocons in power¡±¡£ÕâÀàÎÄÕÂÏÖÔÚÒѶàÈçţ룬µ«´ó¶à¶¼ÊǾõµÃֻҪ̸
С²¼Ê²ÄÚ¸ó¾ÍµÃÌáÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄÃû×Ö£¬²¢ÎÞ¾ßÌå·ÖÎö¡£
[46] James Burnham, Containment or liberation? An inquiry into the aims of
United States foreign policy. (New York, 1953).
[47] James Burnham, The Struggle for the World (New York 1947), p. 184.
[48] ¹ØÓÚÎÖ¶ûË¹Ì©ÌØµÄÕ½ÂÔÖø×÷¿É²ÎÏÂÁÐÍøÖ·£ºhttp://www.rand.
org/publications/classics/wohlstetter/
[49] Shadia Drury, Leo Strauss and the American Right (St. Martin¡¯s Press,
1997).
[50] Shadia Drury¶ÔÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹˼ÏëµÄÕâЩ¿´·¨Òà¿É²ÎÆä×îÔçµÄThe Political Ideas
of Leo Strauss (St. Martin¡¯s Press, 1988). ÕâÊÇÎ÷·½×ÔÓÉÅÉѧÊõ½ç¹ØÓÚÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹µÄ
µÚÒ»±¾×¨Öø¡£
[51] Jeet Heer, ¡°Straussians abroad,¡± Boston Globe (11 May 2003).
[52] ²Î¼ûÊ©ÌØÀÍ˹ѧÅÉ×îÔç½éÈëÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨±çÂÛµÄÖø×÷£¬Walter Berns, Freedom, Virtue
and the First Amendment (Louisiana State University Press 1957; Henry Regnery
Co., 1965).