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¡¡¡¡ÀýÈ磬ÔÚ¡°±¶¿ËËß¿¨¶û¡±£¨ Baker V. Carr, 1962 Ä꣩°¸ÖУ¬ÎÖÂ×·¨ÔºÅж¨£¬²»ËæÈ˿ڱ䶯µÄ»®·ÖÑ¡ÇøµÄ·ÖÀà±ê×¼£¬Î¥·´Á˵ÚÊ®ËÄÐÞÕý°¸µÄ¡°Æ½µÈ±£»¤¡±Ìõ¿î¡£ [32] ÓÖÈ磬ÔÚ¡°¹þçêË߸¥¼ªÄáÑÇÖÝÑ¡¾ÙίԱ»á¡±£¨ Harper. V. Virginia State Board of Election, 1966 Ä꣩°¸ÖУ¬ÎÖÂ×·¨ÔºÅж¨£¬ÒԲƸ»±ê×¼½øÐÐÑ¡Ãñ·ÖÀࣨÈËͷ˰×÷Ϊѡ¾Ù×ʸñ±ê×¼£©£¬ÊÇÎ¥·´¡°Æ½µÈ±£»¤¡±Ìõ¿îµÄ¡£×ÜÖ®£¬ÒÔÉó²éÏÖÐз¨ÂɵĺÏÀíÐÔΪÖ÷ҪĿµÄ¡°Æ½µÈ±£»¤¡±Ìõ¿î£¬ÊÇÒ»ÖÖÁ¦Ç󡰸ıäÏÖ×´¡±µÄ¡°Ïòǰ¿´¡±µÄ·¨ÂÉ¡£ [33]

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¡¡¡¡×¢£º

¡¡¡¡ [1] ´Ë°¸ÊÇÃÀ¹ú±£Êصġ°ÊµÖÊÐÔÕýµ±³ÌÐò¡±Ö÷Ô×¾­¼ÃÁ¢·¨µÄʱÆÚµÄ±êÖ¾¡£¸ÃʱÆÚÖÁÂÞ˹¸£ÐÂÕþ²Å¸æ½áÊø¡£

¡¡¡¡ [2] ´Ë°¸±êÖ¾×Å·çÆðÔÆÓ¿µÄºÚÈËÃñȨÔ˶¯µÃµ½×î¸ß·¨ÔºÖ§³ÖµÄ¿ª¶Ë¡£

¡¡¡¡ [3] ´Ë°¸±êÖ¾×ŶéÌ¥ºÏ·¨»¯Ô˶¯µÄ¿ª¶Ë¡£

¡¡¡¡ [4]The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Section

1.

¡¡¡¡ [5]The Federalist Papers, No. 45. A Mentor Book edition, p. 292. ÐèÒªÖ¸³ö£¬ÂóµÏÑ·´Ë´¦¹ØÓÚÖÐÑëÕþ¸®È¨Á¦¡°ÉÙ¶øÇÒÓн綨¡±µÄ˵·¨£¬ÓëËû±¾È˺óÀ´¹ØÓÚÖÐÑëÕþ¸®¾ßÓС°Ä¬Ê¾È¨Á¦¡±µÄ˵·¨£¬ÓÐËù³åÍ»¡£Õâ¿ÉÄÜÊÇÒòΪ¡¶Áª°îµ³ÈËÎ·Ö¼ÔÚ˵·þ¡°·´Áª°îµ³ÈË¡±£¬¹ÊÂóµÏÑ·ÓÐÒâÇ¿µ÷ÖÐÑëȨÁ¦¡°ÉÙ¶øÇÒÓн綨¡±¡£Ïê¼ûÏÂÎÄ¡£

¡¡¡¡ [6] Òý×Ô Paul Finkelman, An Imperfect Union, p. 325, University of Carolina Press, 1981.

¡¡¡¡ [7] ¡°¶þÔªÁª°îÖÆ¡±µÄ³¹µ×ÖÕ½áÒªµÈ£±£¹£³£·ÄêµÄÐÂÕþ¡°ÏÜ·¨¸ïÃü¡±¡£

¡¡¡¡ [8] ÃÀ¹ú¸÷ÖÝÖ³ÃñµØÊ±ÆÚµÄ·¨ÂÉÉîÊÜÓ¢¹ú¡°ÆÕͨ·¨¡±£¨ common law £©µÄÓ°Ïì¡£¡°ÆÕͨ·¨¡±Ôø³¤ÆÚ±»ÈÏΪÊÇÄê´ú¾ÃÔ¶¡¢²»¿É×·ËÝÆðÔ´µÄ¡°¹Å´úÏÜ·¨¡±£¬µ«ÖøÃûÓ¢¹úÀúʷѧ¼ÒÃ·ÌØÀ¼£¨ F. W. Maitland £©·¢ÏÖÁË¡°ÆÕͨ·¨¡±Êµ¼´·â½¨ÐÔ·¨ÂÉ¡£Ïê¼û J. A. Pocock µÄ¾­µäÖø×÷ The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law, Cambridge University Press, 1957.

¡¡¡¡ [9] ÕâÒ»¸ÅÄîÊÇ´ï¶û£¨ Robert Dahl £©Ìá³öµÄ£¬¼ûÆä Democracy and Its Critics,

Chapter 15, Yale University Press, 1989.

¡¡¡¡ [10] Òý×Ô A. T. Mason, et al, American Constitutional Law, p. 140, 7th edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1983.

¡¡¡¡ [11]M. K. Curtis, No State Shall A bridge: The Fourteenth Amendment and the Bill of Rights, p. 19, Duke University Press, 1986.

¡¡¡¡ [12]Louis Fisher, American Constitutional Law, 382, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990.

¡¡¡¡ [13]Harold Laski, "The Obsolescence of Federalism", The New Republic, May 3, 1939.

¡¡¡¡ [14] È¥µô¡°¶þÔªÁª°îÖÆ¡±µÄ¡°Áª°îÖ÷Ò塱£¬Êµ¼ÊÉϵÈÓÚ¡°Ãñ×åÖ÷Ò塱¡£Áª°îµ³ÈËʵΪ¡°Ãñ×åÖ÷ÒåÕß¡±¡£¼û Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism, pp. 427-428, Harrard University Press, 1992.

¡¡¡¡ [15]Laurence Tribe, American Constitutional Law, second Edition, p. 62, 1988. The Foundation Press.

¡¡¡¡ [16] ͬÉÏ£¬ p.61

¡¡¡¡ [17] ͬÉÏ£¬ p.61

¡¡¡¡ [18] ´Ë°¸±»¹«ÈÏΪÊÇ¡°Ë¾·¨Éó²é¡±µÄ¿ª¶Ë¡£

¡¡¡¡ [19] Òý×Ô V. Earle, ed. Federalism, p. 10, Peacock Publishers, 1968.

¡¡¡¡ [20]Mark Tushnet, Red, White, and Blue, p. 73, Harvard University Press, 1988.

¡¡¡¡ [21]Richard Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought. 1860-1915, 1945.

¡¡¡¡ [22] »ôķ˹£¨£±£¸£´£±£­£±£¹£³£µ£©ÊÇÃÀ¹úÏÜ·¨Ê·ÉϵĴ«ÆæÈËÎï¡£ËûÔÚÄϱ±Õ½ÕùÖÐÉí¸ºÈýÉË£¬ºóÓëÕÜѧ¼Òղķ˹£¨ William James £©µÈ×é³ÉÑо¿Ð¡×飬³ÉΪÃÀ¹ú¡°½ø²½Ô˶¯¡±£¨ progressive movement £©Ê±ÆÚµÄ¾«ÉñÁìÐäÖ®Ò»¡£ËûÒ²ÊǽñÈÕ¡°ÅúÅз¨Ñ§Ô˶¯¡±µÄÖØÒªË¼ÏëÀ´Ô´Ö®Ò»¡£

¡¡¡¡ [23] ÕâÒ»¹ÛµãµÄÏ꾡ÂÛÖ¤£¬¼û V. Hattam, Labor Visions and State Power, Princeton University Press, 1993

¡¡¡¡ [24]B. Schwartz, Inside the Warren Court, p. 119. Doubleday & Company,

Inc. 1983.

¡¡¡¡ [25] ͬÉÏ£¬ p. 120. ÇÇÖÎÑÇÖÝÒéԺͨ¹ý¾öÒ飬Ҫµ¯ÛÀÊ×ϯ´ó·¨¹ÙÎÖÂס£°¬É­ºÀÍþ¶û˵¡°ºìÉ«ÐÇÆÚÒ»¡±ÊÇËû¡°Ò»ÉúÖÐ×î·è¿ñµÄÒ»Ì족¡£

¡¡¡¡ [26] ͬÉÏ£¬ p. 117. Ê·ÃÜ˹·¨°¸ÊÇ£±£¹£´£°Äêͨ¹ýµÄ£¬½ûÖ¹¹Ä¶¯Óñ©Á¦ÍÆ·­Õþ¸®ÊÇÆäÒªÖ¼¡£Ëü³ÉΪ¹ú»á¡°·ÇÃÀ»î¶¯Î¯Ô±»á¡±µÄ·¨ÂÉ»ù´¡¡£

¡¡¡¡ [27] ²®Àû£¨ Adolf Berle £©Ôø°ÑÎÖÂ×·¨ÔºÊ±ÆÚ³ÆÎª¡°¸ïÃü¡±µÄʱÆÚ£¬¶øÎÖÂ×È´ÏÈÊÇ¡°¸ïÃüίԱ»á¡±£¨¼ûËûµÄ The Three Faces of Power, Harcourt, 1967 £©¡£²®ÀûÊÇ¡¶ÏÖ´ú¹«Ë¾Óë˽ÓвƲú¡·Ò»ÊéµÄºÏÖøÕߣ¬¡°ËùÓÐȨºÍ¿ØÖÆÈ¨µÄ·ÖÀ롱¶øÎªÎÒ¹ú¾­¼Ãѧ¼ÒËùÊìÖª¡£

¡¡¡¡ [28]John Ely ÂÛÖ¤ÁË¡°Õýµ±³ÌÐò¡±ºÍ¡°Æ½µÈ±£»¤¡±Ìõ¿îÊDZ»Æð²ÝÈ˹ÊÒâÓá°Ò»°ã»¯¡±ÓïÑÔд³ÉµÄ£¬¼ûËûµÄ Democracy and Distrust Ò»Ê飨 p. 30, Harvard University Press, 1980 £©¡£

¡¡¡¡ [29] ¡°°¢ÂÞ²»¿ÉÄÜÐÔ¶¨Àí¡±£¨ Arrow's Impossibility Theorem £©Ö¤Ã÷ÁË¡°¶àÊýÔ­Ôò¡±µÄ×ÔÎÒÑ­»·ÐÔÊÇºÜÆÕ±éµÄ£¬¼´¶àÊýÔ­ÔòÍùÍù²úÉú³ö A>B £¬ B>C £¬µ« C ÓÖ´óÓÚ£¨Æ«ºÃÓÚ£© A µÄ×ÔÎÒÑ­»·½©¾Ö¡£

¡¡¡¡ [30] ±ÈÀý William Eskridge ÔÚÆä Dynamic Statutory Interpretation £¨ Harvard

University Press, 1994, p. 35 £©Ò»ÊéÖÐÓÐÏêϸ½âÊÍ¡£

¡¡¡¡ [31]C. Wolfe, The Rise of Modern Judicial Review, p. 287, Littlefield Adams Quality Paperbacks, 1994.

¡¡¡¡ [32] ÎÖÂ×Ê×ϯ´ó·¨¹Ù˵£¬¹ØÓÚÖØ»®Ñ¡ÇøÒ»°¸µÄÅоö£¬ÊÇËûÈÎÆÚÄÚ×î´óÕùÒéµÄÅоö¡£

¡¡¡¡ [33]Cass Sunstein, "Sexual Orientation and the Constitution: A Note on

the Relationship between Due Process and Equal Protection", The University of Chicago Law Review, 1988. Vol. 55, p. 1161.

¡¡¡¡ [34] ¾­¼ÃÉú»îÖС°²»Îȶ¨È¨Àû¡±µÄÀý×ÓÊÇ¡°·´Â¢¶Ï·¨¡±¡£¡°Â¢¶Ï¡±ÍùÍùÊÇ×Ô·¢Ðγɵ쬵«Ðë¡°·´µô¡±¡£

¡¡¡¡ [35] Ïê¼û Roberto Unger, The Critical Legal Studies Movement, Harvard University Press, 1986.

¡¡¡¡ [36] ͬÉÏ£³£³×¢£¬ p. 1171.

¡¡¡¡ [37] ͬÉÏ£±£µ×¢£¬ p. 61.