It was Napoleon who gave currency to the word ideologue in its new sense by using it as a favorite expression of contempt for all those who ventured to defend freedom against him.11.49 And he did not content himself with abuse. The man who understood better than any of his imitators that ``in the long run the sword is always beaten by the spirit'' did not hesitate to carry his ``repugnance for all discussion and the teaching of political matters''11.50 into practice. The economist J. B. Say, a member of the ideologist group and for some years editor of its journal, the Décade philosophique, was one of the first to feel the strong hand. When he refused to change a chapter in his Traité d'économie politique to suit the wishes of the dictator, the second edition was prohibited and the author removed from the tribunat. 11.51 In 1806 Destutt de Tracy had to appeal to President Jefferson to secure the publication of at least an English translation of his Coinmentaire sur l'esprit des lois which he was not allowed to publish in his own country.11.52 A little earlier (1803) the whole of the second class of the Institut, that of the moral and political science, had been suppressed.11.53In consequence, these subjects remained excluded from the great Tableau de l'état et des progrès des sciences et des arts depuis 1789 which the three classes of the Institut had been ordered to furnish in 1802. This was symbolic of the whole position of these subjects under the empire. The teaching of them was prevented and the whole younger generation grew up in ignorance of the achievements of the past. The door was thus opened to a new start unencumbered by the accumulated results of earlier study. Social problems were to be approached from a new angle. The methods, which since d'Alembert had so successfully been used in physics, whose character had now become explicit, and which more recently had been equally successful in chemistry and biology, were now to be applied to the science of man. With what results we shall gradually see.