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CATO'S LETTERS
OR
Essays on Liberty, Civil and Religious, and Other Important Subjects
By John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon
1720-23
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Introduction by Jon Roland
Note on dates
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VOLUME ONE
NO. 1. Reasons to prove that we are in no Danger of losing Gibraltar.
NO. 2. The fatal Effects of the South-Sea Scheme, and the Necessity of
punishing the Directors.
NO. 3. The pestilent Conduct of the South-Sea Directors, with the reasonable
Prospect of publick Justice.
NO. 4. Against false Methods of restoring publick Credit.
NO. 5. A further Call for Vengeance upon the South-Sea Plunderers; with a
Caution against false Patriots.
NO. 6. How easily the People are bubbled by Deceivers. Further Cautions against
deceitful Remedies for the publick Sufferings from the wicked Execution of the
South-Sea Scheme.
NO. 7. Further Cautions about new Schemes for publick Redress.
NO. 8. The Arts of able guilty Ministers to save themselves. The wise and
popular Conduct of Queen Elizabeth towards publick Harpies; with the
Application.
NO. 9. Against the projected Union of the Three Great Companies; and against
remitting to the South-Sea Company any Part of their Debt to the Publick.
NO. 10. The Iniquity of late and new Projects about the South-Sea considered.
How fatally they affect the Publick.
NO. 11. The Justice and Necessity of punishing great Crimes, though committed
against no subsisting Law of the State.
NO. 12. Of Treason: All Treasons not to be found in Statutes. The Right of the
Legislature to declare Treasons.
NO. 13. The Arts of misleading the People by Sounds.
NO. 14. The unhappy State of despotick Princes, compared with the happier Lot
of such as rule by settled Laws. How the latter, by abusing their Trust, may
forfeit their Crown.
NO. 15. Of Freedom of Speech; That the same is inseparable from publick
Liberty.
NO. 16. The Leaders of Parties, their usual Views. Advice to all Parties to be
no longer misled.
NO. 17. What Measures are actually taken by wicked and desperate Ministers to ruin
and enslave their Country.
NO. 18. The terrible Tendency of publick Corruption to ruin a State,
exemplified in that of Rome, and applied to our own.
NO. 19. The Force of popular Affection and Antipathy to particular Men. How
powerfully it operates, and how far to be regarded.
NO. 20. Of publick Justice, how necessary to the Security and Well-being of a
State, and how destructive the Neglect of it to the British Nation. Signal
Instances of this.
NO. 21. A Letter from John Ketch, Esq. asserting his Right to the Necks of the
overgrown Brokers.
NO. 22. The Judgment of the People generally sound, where not misled. With the
Importance and Probability of bringing over Mr. Knight.
NO. 23. A memorable Letter from Brutus to Cicero, with an explanatory Introduction.
NO. 24. Of the natural Honesty of the People, and their reasonable Demands. How
important it is to every Government to consult their Affections and Interest.
NO. 25. Considerations on the destructive Spirit of arbitrary Power. With the
Blessings of Liberty, and our own Constitution.
NO. 26. The sad Effects of general Corruption, quoted from Algernon Sidney,
Esq.
NO. 27. General Corruption, how ominous to the Publick, and how discouraging to
every virtuous Man. With its fatal Progress whenever encouraged.
NO. 28. A Defence of Cato against his Defamers.
NO. 29. Reflections occasioned by an Order of Council for suppressing certain
impious Clubs that were never discovered.
NO. 30. An excellent Letter from Brutus to Atticus; with an explanatory Introduction.
NO. 31. Considerations on the Weakness and Inconsistencies of human Nature.
NO. 32. Reflections upon Libelling.
NO. 33. Cautions against the Encroachments of Power.
VOLUME TWO
NO. 34. Of Flattery.
NO. 35. Of publick Spirit.
NO. 36. Of Loyalty.
NO. 37. Character of a good and of an evil Magistrate, quoted from Algernon
Sidney, Esq.
NO. 38. The Right and Capacity of the People to judge of Government.
NO. 39. Of the Passions; that they are all alike good or all alike evil,
according as they are applied.
NO. 40. Considerations on the restless and selfish Spirit of Man.
NO. 41. The Emperor Galba's Speech to Piso, with an Introduction.
NO. 42. Considerations on the Nature of Laws.
NO. 43. The natural Passion of Men for Superiority.
NO. 44. Men not ruled by Principle, but by Passion.
NO. 45. Of the Equality and Inequality of Men.
NO. 46. Of the false Guises which Men put on, and their ill Effect.
NO. 47. Of the Frailty and Uncertainty of human Judgment.
NO. 48. The general unhappy State of the World, from the Baseness and Iniquity
of its Governors in most Countries.
NO. 49. Of the Power of Prejudice.
NO. 50. An Idea of the Turkish Government, taken from Sir Paul Ricaut.
NO. 51. Popularity no Proof of Merit.
NO. 52. Of Divine Judgments; the Wickedness and Absurdity of applying them to
Men and Events.
NO. 53. Dr. Prideaux's Reasoning about the Death of Cambyses, examined; whether
the same was a Judgment for his killing the Egyptian God Apis.
NO. 54. The Reasoning of Dr. Prideaux about the Fate of Brennus the Gaul, and
of his Followers, examined; whether the same was a Judgment for an Intention to
plunder the Temple of Delphos.
NO. 55. The Lawfulness of killing Julius Caesar considered, and defended,
against Dr. Prideaux.
NO. 56. A Vindication of Brutus, for having killed Caesar.
NO. 57. Of false Honour, publick and private.
NO. 58. Letter from a Lady, with an Answer, about Love, Marriage, and
Settlements.
NO. 59. Liberty proved to be the unalienable Right of all Mankind.
NO. 60. All Government proved to be instituted by Men, and only to intend the
general Good of Men.
NO. 61. How free Governments are to be framed so as to last, and how they
differ from such as are arbitrary.
NO. 62. An Enquiry into the Nature and Extent of Liberty; with its Loveliness
and Advantages, and the vile Effects of Slavery.
NO. 63. Civil Liberty produces all Civil Blessings, and how; with the baneful
Nature of Tyranny.
NO. 64. Trade and Naval Power the Offspring of Civil Liberty, and cannot
subsist without it.
NO. 65. Military Virtue produced and supported by Civil Liberty only.
NO. 66. Arbitrary Government proved incompatible with true Religion, whether
Natural or Revealed..
NO. 67. Arts and Sciences the Effects of Civil Liberty only, and ever destroyed
or oppressed by Tyranny.
NO. 68.. Property and Commerce secure in a free Government only; with the
consuming Miseries under simple Monarchies.
VOLUME THREE
NO. 69. Address to the Freeholders, &c. about the Choice of their
Representatives.
NO. 70. Second Address to the Freeholders, &c. upon the same Subject.
NO. 71. Polite Arts and Learning naturally produced in free States, and marred
by such as are not free.
NO. 72. In absolute Monarchies the Monarch seldom rules, but his Creatures
instead of him. That Sort of Government a Gradation of Tyrants.
NO. 73. A Display of Tyranny, its destructive Nature, and Tendency to dispeople
the Earth.
NO. 74. The Vanity of Conquerors, and the Calamities attending Conquests.
NO. 75. Of the Restraints which ought to be laid upon publick Rulers.
NO. 76. The same Subject continued.
NO. 77. Of superstitious Fears, and their Causes natural and accidental.
NO. 78. The common Notion of Spirits, their Power and Feats, exposed.
NO. 79. A further Detection of the vulgar Absurdities about Ghosts and Witches.
NO. 80. That the two great Parties in England do not differ so much as they
think in Principles of Politicks.
NO. 81. The Established Church of England in no Danger from Dissenters.
NO. 82. The Folly and Characters of such as would overthrow the present
Establishment.
NO. 88. The vain Hopes of the Pretender and his Party.
NO. 84. Property the first Principle of Power. The Errors of our Princes who
attended not to this.
NO. 85. Britain incapable of any Government but a limited Monarchy; with the
Defects of a neighbouring Republick.
NO. 86. The terrible Consequences of a War to England, and Reasons against
engaging in one.
NO. 87. Gold and Silver in a Country to be considered only as Commodities.
NO. 88. The Reasonableness and Advantage of allowing the Exportation of Silver
and Gold, with the Impossibility of preventing the same.
NO. 89. Every Man's true Interest found in the general Interest. How little
this is considered.
NO. 90. Monopolies and exclusive Companies, how pernicious to Trade.
NO. 91. How exclusive Companies influence and hurt our Government.
NO. 92. Against the Petition of the South-Sea Company, for a Remittance of Two
Millions of their Debt to the Publick.
NO. 93. An Essay upon Heroes.
NO. 94. Against standing Armies.
NO. 95. Further Reasonings against standing Armies.
NO. 96. Of Parties in England; how they vary, and interchange Characters, just
as they are in Power, or out of it, yet still keep their former Names.
NO. 97. How much it is the Interest of Governors to use the Governed well; with
an Enquiry into the Causes of Disaffection in England.
NO. 98. Address to the Members of the House of Commons.
NO. 99. The important Duty of Attendance in Parliament, recommended to the
Members.
NO. 100. Discourse upon Libels.
NO. 101. Second Discourse upon Libels.
NO. 102. The Contemptibleness of Grandeur without Virtue.
NO. 103. Of Eloquence, considered politically.
NO. 104. Of Eloquence, considered philosophically.
NO. 105. Of the Weakness of the human Mind; how easily it is misled.
VOLUME FOUR
NO. 106. Of Plantations and Colonies.
NO. 107. Of publick Credit and Stocks.
NO. 108. Inquiry into the Source of moral Virtues.
NO. 109. Inquiry into the Origin of Good and Evil.
NO. 110. Of Liberty and Necessity.
NO. 111. The same Subject continued.
NO. 112. Fondness for Posterity nothing else but Self-love. Such as are Friends
to publick Liberty, are the only true Lovers of Posterity.
NO. 113. Letter to Cato, concerning his many Adversaries and Answerers.
NO. 114. The necessary Decay of Popish States strewn from the Nature of the
Popish Religion.
NO. 115. The encroaching Nature of Power, ever to be watched and checked.
NO. 116. That whatever moves and acts, does so mechanically and necessarily.
NO. 117. Of the Abuse of Words, applied more particularly to the covetous Man
and the Bigot.
NO. 118. Free States vindicated from the common Imputation of Ingratitude.
NO. 119. The same Subject continued.
NO. 120. Of the proper Use of Words.
NO. 121. Of good Breeding.
NO. 122. Inquiry concerning the Operations of the Mind of Man, and those of
other Animals.
NO. 123. Inquiry concerning Madness, especially religious Madness, called
Enthusiasm.
NO. 124. Further Reasonings upon Enthusiasm.
NO. 125. The Spirit of the Conspirators, Accomplices with Dr. Atterbury, in
1723, considered and exposed.
NO. 126. Address to those of the Clergy who are fond of the Pretender and his
Cause.
NO. 127. The same Address continued.
NO. 128. Address to such of the Laity as are Followers of the disaffected
Clergy, and of their Accomplices.
NO. 129. The same Address continued.
NO. 130. The same Address continued.
NO. 131. Of Reverence true or false.
NO. 132. Inquiry into the Doctrine of Hereditary Right.
NO. 133. Of Charity and Charity-Schools.
NO. 134. What small and foolish Causes often misguide and animate the
Multitude.
NO. 135. Inquiry into the indelible Character claimed by some of the Clergy.
NO. 136. The Popish Hierarchy deduced in a great Measure from that of the
Pagans.
NO. 137. Of the different and absurd Notions which Men entertain of God.
NO. 138. Cato's Farewell.
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AN APPENDIX CONTAINING ADDITIONAL LETTERS BY CATO
NO. 1. That ambitious Princes rule and conquer only for their own Sakes;
illustrated in a Dialogue between Alexander the Great and a Persian.
NO. 2. Considerations upon the Conditions of an absolute Prince.
NO. 3. The same Subject continued.
NO. 4. The same Subject continued.
NO. 5. Considerations upon the Conditions of Prime Ministers of State.
NO. 6. The same Subject continued.
INDEX
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